-#LyX 1.5.5svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
-\lyxformat 276
+#LyX 2.2 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
+\lyxformat 508
\begin_document
\begin_header
+\save_transient_properties true
+\origin /systemlyxdir/doc/
\textclass scrartcl
\begin_preamble
% DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
% the documentation team
% email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
-
-% if pdflatex is used
-\usepackage{ifpdf}
-\ifpdf
-
-% set fonts for nicer pdf view
-\IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}
- {\usepackage{lmodern}}{}
-
-% link all cross references and URLs
-% in pdf output
- \usepackage[colorlinks=true, bookmarks, bookmarksnumbered,
- bookmarksopen, bookmarksopenlevel=1,
- linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue,
- pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true,
- pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false, pdfpagelabels,
- pdfauthor={LyX Team}, pdftex,
- pdftitle={LyX's Math Manual},
- pdfsubject={LyX-documentation about math},
- pdfkeywords={LyX, Mathed}]{hyperref}
-
-\else % if dvi or ps is produced
-
- % link all cross references and URLs in DVI output
- \usepackage[ps2pdf, colorlinks=true,
- linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue]{hyperref}
-
-\fi % end if pdflatex is used
-
-% Folgendes Problem lösen:
-% Besteht die Kapitelnummer aus zu vielen Ziffern, wird die
-% Kapitelüberschrift im Inhaltsverzeichnis direkt an oder über
-% die Kapitelnummer geschrieben.
-% Als Lösung wird mehr Platz zwischen Nummer und
-% Überschrift eingefügt.
+% solves the following problem:
+% If the dection number consits of too many numerals the section heading
+% will be printed in the TOC without a space between it and the section number.
+% As solution more space between the number and the heading is inserted:
\renewcommand{\l@subsection}{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.8em}}
\renewcommand{\l@subsubsection}{\@dottedtocline{3}{4.3em}{3.6em}}
-% To be able to enter the character ° and · directly in LyX,
-% see sec. 22.11
-\DeclareInputText{176}{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi}
-\DeclareInputText{183}{\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi}
-
% increase link area for cross-references and autoname them,
-% see sec. 22.18.1
\AtBeginDocument{\renewcommand{\ref}[1]{\mbox{\autoref{#1}}}}
-%\renewcommand{\sectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}
-\renewcommand{\subsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}
-\renewcommand{\subsubsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}
-\newlength{\abc}
-\settowidth{\abc}{\space}
-\renewcommand{\equationautorefname}{\hspace{-\abc}}
+\@ifundefined{extrasenglish}{\usepackage[english]{babel}}{}
+\@ifpackageloaded{babel}{
+ \addto\extrasenglish{%
+ \renewcommand*{\equationautorefname}[1]{}%
+ \renewcommand{\sectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}%
+ \renewcommand{\subsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}%
+ \renewcommand{\subsubsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}%
+ }
+}{}
% don't load packages twice
% see first footnote in sec. 9.3
% the pages of the TOC are numbered roman
% and a PDF-bookmark for the TOC is added
-\pagenumbering{Roman}
+\pagenumbering{roman}
\let\myTOC\tableofcontents
\renewcommand{\tableofcontents}{%
\vspace{1cm}
- \pdfbookmark[1]{Contents}{}
+ \pdfbookmark[1]{\contentsname}{}
\myTOC
\cleardoublepage
\pagenumbering{arabic}}
+% add 0.5 mm vertical space for table rows
+\@ifundefined{extrarowheight} {\usepackage{array}}{}
+\setlength{\extrarowheight}{0.5mm}
+
% insert additional vertical space of 1.5 mm between footnotes,
-% see sec. 22.16
\let\myFoot\footnote
\renewcommand{\footnote}[1]{\myFoot{#1\vspace{1.5mm}}}
-% provides caption formatting
+% makes caption labels bold
\setkomafont{captionlabel}{\bfseries}
-% used in Kap. 22.4
-\usepackage{braket}
-
-% used in Kap. 22.6
-\usepackage[samesize]{cancel}
-
-% enables calculation of values,
+% enables calculation of values
\usepackage{calc}
-% for multiple table row and column cells
-\usepackage{multirow}
+% for multiple columns used in sec. 24.7
\usepackage{multicol}
-% needed for diagrams
-\usepackage{amscd}
-
% needed in sec. 19.4
\usepackage{remreset}
-% center multirows (e.g. in sec. 13.3)
-\renewcommand{\multirowsetup}{\centering}
+% for the Fourier transformation symbol
+\usepackage{mathrsfs}
% define a color, used in sec.9.3
\definecolor{darkgreen}{cmyk}{0.5, 0, 1, 0.5}
\DeclareMathOperator*{\Lozenge}{\blacklozenge}
\DeclareMathOperator{\sgn}{sgn}
-\newcommand{\spce}{\textvisiblespace}
-
% example definitions for sec. 20.1
\newcommand{\gr}{\Longrightarrow}
\newcommand{\us}[1]{\underline{#1}}
% example macro from sec. 19.4
%\def\tagform@#1{\maketag@@@{|#1|}}
-% macro from sec. 10.2
-\def\clap#1{\hbox to 0pt{\hss #1\hss}}
-\def\mathclap {\mathpalette \mathclapinternal}
-\def\mathclapinternal #1#2{\clap{$\mathsurround =0pt #1{#2}$}}
-% redefine the greyed out note
-\renewenvironment{lyxgreyedout}
- {\textcolor{blue}\bgroup}{\egroup}
+% ------------------------------------
+% used to check for needed LaTeX packages
+\usepackage{ifthen}
+
+% check for package undertilde
+% used for the command \utilde
+\newboolean{undertilde}
+\IfFileExists{undertilde.sty}
+ {\usepackage{undertilde}
+ \setboolean{undertilde}{true}}
+ {\setboolean{undertilde}{false}}
% check for package eurosym
% used for the Euro symbol
\setboolean{eurosym}{true}}
{\setboolean{eurosym}{false}}
-% needed in sec. 22.4
% check for package braket
+% used for physical vectors
\newboolean{braket}
\IfFileExists{braket.sty}
{\usepackage{braket}
\setboolean{braket}{true}}
{\setboolean{braket}{false}}
-% needed in sec. 22.10
+% check for package cancel
+\newboolean{cancel}
+\IfFileExists{cancel.sty}
+ {\usepackage{cancel}
+ \setboolean{cancel}{true}}
+ {\setboolean{cancel}{false}}
+
% check for package upgreek
\newboolean{upgreek}
\IfFileExists{upgreek.sty}
\setboolean{upgreek}{true}}
{\setboolean{upgreek}{false}}
\end_preamble
-\options bibtotoc,idxtotoc,BCOR7.5mm,titlepage,tablecaptionabove
+\options bibliography=totoc,index=totoc,BCOR7.5mm,titlepage,captions=tableheading
+\use_default_options false
+\maintain_unincluded_children false
\language english
+\language_package default
\inputencoding auto
-\font_roman default
-\font_sans default
-\font_typewriter default
+\fontencoding global
+\font_roman "lmodern" "default"
+\font_sans "lmss" "default"
+\font_typewriter "lmtt" "default"
+\font_math "auto" "auto"
\font_default_family default
+\use_non_tex_fonts false
\font_sc false
\font_osf false
-\font_sf_scale 100
-\font_tt_scale 100
+\font_sf_scale 100 100
+\font_tt_scale 100 100
\graphics default
+\default_output_format pdf2
+\output_sync 0
+\bibtex_command default
+\index_command default
\paperfontsize 12
\spacing single
+\use_hyperref true
+\pdf_title "LyX's Math Manual"
+\pdf_author "LyX Team, Uwe Stöhr"
+\pdf_subject "LyX-documentation about math"
+\pdf_keywords "LyX, Mathed"
+\pdf_bookmarks true
+\pdf_bookmarksnumbered true
+\pdf_bookmarksopen true
+\pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1
+\pdf_breaklinks false
+\pdf_pdfborder false
+\pdf_colorlinks true
+\pdf_backref false
+\pdf_pdfusetitle false
+\pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false"
\papersize a4paper
\use_geometry false
-\use_amsmath 2
-\use_esint 1
+\use_package amsmath 2
+\use_package amssymb 2
+\use_package cancel 0
+\use_package esint 1
+\use_package mathdots 1
+\use_package mathtools 2
+\use_package mhchem 1
+\use_package stackrel 0
+\use_package stmaryrd 0
+\use_package undertilde 0
\cite_engine basic
+\cite_engine_type default
+\biblio_style plain
\use_bibtopic false
+\use_indices false
\paperorientation portrait
+\suppress_date false
+\justification true
+\use_refstyle 0
+\notefontcolor #0000ff
+\index Index
+\shortcut idx
+\color #008000
+\end_index
\secnumdepth 4
\tocdepth 3
\paragraph_separation skip
\bullet 3 2 7 -1
\tracking_changes false
\output_changes false
-\author ""
-\author ""
+\html_math_output 0
+\html_css_as_file 0
+\html_be_strict false
\end_header
\begin_body
\begin_layout Title
-LyX's detailed Math manual
+\SpecialChar LyX
+'s detailed Math manual
\end_layout
\begin_layout Author
-by the LyX Team
+by the \SpecialChar LyX
+ Team
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
-If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documenta
-tion mailing list:
+If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the \SpecialChar LyX
+ Documentatio
+n mailing list:
\family typewriter
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-href{mailto:lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyX's Math manual}{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-}
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
+target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyX's Math manual"
+type "mailto:"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
author: Uwe Stöhr
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\newline
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
\family sans
-Version 1.5.5
+Version 2.2.x
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand tableofcontents
+\begin_inset CommandInset toc
+LatexCommand tableofcontents
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Note
status open
-\begin_layout Standard
-To export this document to PDF, PS, or DVI the LaTeX-packages
-\series bold
-eurosym,
-\series default
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+To export this document to PDF, PS or DVI the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-packages
\series bold
-multirow,
+braket, cancel, eurosym, mathdots, mathtools, mhchem, undertilde
\series default
and
\series bold
was
\series default
- must be installed.
- If they are not installed you can export the document anyway but the sections
- where the packages are required won't appear in the output.
+ should be installed.
+ If they are not installed the document can be exported anyway but the sections
+ where the packages are required will not appear in the output.
+ An exception is
+\series bold
+mhchem
+\series default
+; if it is not installed, this file cannot be exported.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
The latest PDF-version of this document can be found here:
-\newline
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
\series bold
-http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/DocumentationDevelopment#Math
+http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/Manuals#Math
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\end_inset
-\newpage
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Introduction
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Introduction"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-This document explains LyX's math features and is furthermore a collection
- of LaTeX-commands used for mathematical characters and constructs.
+This document explains \SpecialChar LyX
+'s math features and is furthermore a collection
+ of \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-commands used for mathematical characters and constructs.
The explanations are designed for the usage of commands.
It is therefore required that you have read the section
\family typewriter
-Mathematical\InsetSpace ~
+Mathematical
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
Formulas
\family default
of the User's Guide.
\family sans
Insert
\series bold
-\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+\SpecialChar menuseparator
\series default
Math
\family default
-, or the
+ or the
\family sans
math
\family default
\family sans
Use AMS math package
\family default
- must be used in the document settings (menu
+ must be checked in the document settings (menu
\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\InsetSpace ~
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
Options
\family default
).
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
The option
\family sans
Use AMS math package automatically
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\end_inset
--math when math constructs are found that are supported by LyX.
+-math when math constructs are found that are supported by \SpecialChar LyX
+.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
A list with all
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\end_inset
-math commands is in the file
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\family sans
-\backslash
-href{ftp://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/macros/amstex/doc/amsguide.ps}{
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "amsguide.ps"
+target "ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/doc/amstex/amsguide.pdf"
\end_inset
-\family sans
-amsguide.ps
\family default
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-, which is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
+, which is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Section
General Instructions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sec:General-Instructions"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To create an inline formula
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! inline"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! inline
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- that is embedded into a text line, press
-\family sans
-Ctrl-m
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-mode.png
- scale 85
+ that is embedded into a text line, use one of the shortcuts
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcuts"
+arg "math-mode"
+\end_inset
+ or the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-mode"
\end_inset
+.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
To create a display style formula
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! display style"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! display style
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- that will appear bigger and in an own paragraph, press
-\family sans
-Ctrl-M
-\family default
+ which will appear bigger, has a different format, and will be in a separate
+ paragraph, use one of these shortcuts:
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcuts"
+arg "math-display"
+\end_inset
+
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To change a display style formula to an inline formula, set the cursor into
- the formula and press
-\family sans
-Ctrl-M
-\family default
- or use the menu
+ the formula and use one of the shortcuts
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcuts"
+arg "math-mode"
+\end_inset
+
+ or the menu
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change formula type
\family default
.
\backslash
displaystyle
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! D ! \\textbackslash displaystyle"
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! D !
+\backslash
+displaystyle
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-\series default
to a formula.
Then a new blue box appears in which the desired formula part is inserted.
\end_layout
\family default
can be turned on in the menu
\family sans
-View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+View\SpecialChar menuseparator
Toolbars
\family default
.
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-Math\InsetSpace ~
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
(auto)
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The TeX-mode
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "T@\\TeX-mode"
-
-\end_inset
-
- is invoked by pressing the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/ert-insert.png
- scale 85
-
-\end_inset
-
- or by using the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-T
-\begin_inset ERT
+The \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-{
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T@\SpecialChar TeX
+-mode
\end_layout
\end_inset
-e
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
+ is invoked by pressing the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "ert-insert"
\end_inset
-X Code
-\family default
- (shortcut
+ or by using the menu
\family sans
-Ctrl-l
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+TeX Code
\family default
-).
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In LyX there are three
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-proper names
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
+ (shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "ert-insert"
\end_inset
- that appear in the output with sub- and superscript letters: TeX, LaTeX,
- and LyX
+).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To avoid that these names are recognized as proper names, TeX-braces are
- set around one of the letters of the name.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
+To change the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L@\SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To change the LaTeX-preamble
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "L@\\LaTeX-preamble"
-
\end_inset
, use the menu
\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-La
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-T
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-eX
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
+LaTeX
\family default
\family sans
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To edit matrices, case differentiations, and multiline formulas subsequently,
- the menus
+To edit matrices, case differentiations and multiline formulas subsequently,
+ use the menus
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math
\family default
and
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Rows\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-&\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Rows
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+&
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
Columns,
\family default
or the
\family sans
table toolbar
\family default
- can be used.
+.
When lines and columns are swapped via the menu, the column or line where
the cursor is in is exchanged with the column to the right or the line
below, respectively.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
For multiline formulas the command
\series bold
intertext
\series default
is used, see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Text-in-multiline"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Text-in-multiline"
\end_inset
mathematical text
\emph default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Text ! in formulas"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Text ! in formulas
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Mathematical text"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Mathematical text
+\end_layout
\end_inset
is used.
- This mode is invoked with the the shortcut
-\family sans
-Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
-m
-\family default
+ This mode is invoked with the shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-default"
+\end_inset
+
or by the insertion of the command
\series bold
\backslash
text
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! T ! \\textbackslash text"
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! T !
+\backslash
+text
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\series default
.
- The text appears black in LyX and can therefore be distinguished from the
- other formula parts that appear blue.
+ The text appears black in \SpecialChar LyX
+ and can therefore be distinguished from the
+ other formula parts which appear blue.
In the output mathematical text is set upright, in contrary to other formula
parts.
\end_layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Most of the LaTeX-commands for math constructs have the following scheme:
+Most of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-commands for math constructs have the following scheme:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-A command starts always with a backslash
+A command always starts with a backslash
\begin_inset Quotes gld
\end_inset
.
To omit optional arguments, also omit the associated brackets.
The braces around the required arguments are named in this document as
- TeX-braces
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "T@\\TeX-braces"
+ \SpecialChar TeX
+ braces
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T@\SpecialChar TeX
+-braces
+\end_layout
\end_inset
.
- If you add in a formula a left brace to a command name, LyX creates automatical
-ly a TeX-brace.
- In all other cases TeX-braces are created in formulas with the command
-
+ If you add in a formula a left brace to a command name, \SpecialChar LyX
+ automatically
+ creates a \SpecialChar TeX
+ brace.
+ In all other cases \SpecialChar TeX
+ braces are created in formulas with the command
\series bold
\backslash
{
\series default
.
- TeX-braces appear red in LyX, in contrary to normal braces that appear
- blue.
- In TeX-mode no command is needed to get TeX-braces.
- TeX-braces don't appear in the output.
+ \SpecialChar TeX
+ braces appear red in \SpecialChar LyX
+, in contrary to normal braces which appear blue.
+ In \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode no command is needed to get \SpecialChar TeX
+ braces.
+ \SpecialChar TeX
+ braces don't appear in the output.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
When commands without arguments, like commands for symbols are entered in
- TeX-mode, a space character must
+ \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode, a space character must
\emph on
always
\emph default
\begin_layout Standard
A protected space is inserted with
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Space
-\family default
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcuts"
+arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected ; math-space"
+\end_inset
+
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\end_inset
-\newpage
Syntax Explanation
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-The symbol
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-This visible space character can be created with the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-textvisiblespace
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! T ! \\textbackslash textvisiblespace"
-
-\end_inset
-
-, inserted in TeX-mode.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+The symbol
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
-denotes a space character to be input.
+ denotes a space character to be input.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\end_inset
denotes the usage of the corresponding arrow key on the keyboard.
-\end_layout
+ The
+\family sans
+Tab
+\family default
+ key can often be used instead of
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+, and
+\family sans
+Shift+Tab
+\family default
+ instead of
+\begin_inset Formula $\leftarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
-Used units
+Available units
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
sideways false
status open
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
-\begin_inset Caption
+\begin_inset Caption Standard
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "tab:Used-units"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "tab:Available-units"
\end_inset
-Used units
+Available units
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Unit
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Name / Description
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
mm
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Millimeter
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
cm
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Centimeter
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
in
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Inch (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-in = 2,54\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Inch (1
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+in = 2,54
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
cm)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
pt
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Point (72.27\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-pt = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Point (72.27
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+pt = 1
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
in)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
pc
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Pica (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-pc = 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Pica (1
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+pc = 12
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
pt)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
sp
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-scaled point (65536\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-sp = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+scaled point (65536
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+sp = 1
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
pt)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
bp
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-big point (72\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-bp = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+big point (72
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+bp = 1
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
in)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
dd
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Didot (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Didot (1
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
dd
\begin_inset Formula $\approx$
\end_inset
- 0.376\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+ 0.376
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
mm)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
cc
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Cicero (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-cc = 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Cicero (1
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+cc = 12
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
dd)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
ex
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Height of letter
\emph on
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
em
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
width of letter
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
mu
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-math unit (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-mu =
-\begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{1}{18}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+math unit (1
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-em)
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-textfrac
-\series default
- is explained in sec.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Self-defined-Fractions"
-
+mu =
+\begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{1}{18}$
\end_inset
-.
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-
+em)
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\end_inset
-\newpage
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Exponents
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Exponents"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Exponents
+\end_layout
\end_inset
and Indices
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Indices"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Indices
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Superscripts|see
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Exponents
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Superscripts|see{Exponents}"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Subscripts|see
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Indices
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Subscripts|see{Indices}"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
or via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-subscript.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-subscript"
\end_inset
- , exponents with a caret
+, exponents with a caret
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_inset
or via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-superscript.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-superscript"
\end_inset
.
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
B_V
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $B_{V}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
B^V
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}B^{V}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $B^{V}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
B^
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-A
-\end_layout
+A
+\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}B^{A}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $B^{A}$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-Depending on the used keyboard settings this can also happen for other character
-s than vowels.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Depending on the used keyboard settings this can also happen for characters
+ other than vowels.
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
- To get in this case exponents, press
+ To get exponents in this case, press
\family sans
Space
\family default
\begin_layout Subsection
Fractions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Fractions"
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Fractions"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Fractions"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Fractions
+\end_layout
\end_inset
frac
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! F ! \\textbackslash frac"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! F !
+\backslash
+frac
+\end_layout
\end_inset
or via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/frac.png
- scale 50
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\frac"
\end_inset
.
The font size is adjusted automatically, depending on whether the fraction
is in an inline or display style formula.
With the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/frac-square.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\frac-square"
\end_inset
you can select different fraction types.
\backslash
dfrac
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! D ! \\textbackslash dfrac"
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! D !
+\backslash
+dfrac
+\end_layout
-\series default
- a fraction can be created that has in any case the size of a display style
- formula.
+\end_inset
+
+ a fraction can be created that always has the size of a display style formula.
With
\series bold
\backslash
tfrac
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! T ! \\textbackslash tfrac"
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! T !
+\backslash
+tfrac
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-\series default
the fraction appears always with the size of an inline formula.
An example:
\end_layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
frac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\frac{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\frac{A}{B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
dfrac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\dfrac{A}{B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\dfrac{A}{B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
dfrac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
e^
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\backslash
frac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
1
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{8mm}{}\dfrac{e^{\frac{1}{2}}}{3}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\dfrac{e^{\frac{1}{2}}}{3}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\newpage
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\end_inset
+
For nested fractions the command
\series bold
cfrac
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! C ! \\textbackslash cfrac"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! C !
+\backslash
+cfrac
+\end_layout
\end_inset
can be used.
- Here an example:
+ Here is an example:
\begin_inset VSpace -3mm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{align*}
\textrm{created with \textbf{\textbackslash frac}} & & \textrm{created with \textbf{\textbackslash cfrac}}\\
-\frac{A}{B+\frac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} & & \cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\cfrac{E}{F}}{D}}\end{align*}
+\frac{A}{B+\frac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} & & \cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\cfrac{E}{F}}{D}}
+\end{align*}
\end_inset
\series bold
\backslash
-cfrac{A
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+cfrac
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+B+
\backslash
-{B+
-\backslash
-cfrac{C+
-\backslash
-cfrac{E
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+cfrac
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-
+C+
\backslash
-{F
-\begin_inset Formula $\to\to$
+cfrac
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+E
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-{D
+F
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+D
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series default
sets the fraction always in the size of a displayed formula, also when
it is part of another fraction.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+It is possible to specify the alignment of the numerator.
+ The command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cfracleft
+\series default
+ is used to left align it, the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cfracright
+\series default
+ to right-align it.
\series bold
\backslash
cfrac
\series default
- has the following command scheme:
+ centers the numerator.
+ These fractions demonstrate the different alignments:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\cfrac[l]{A}{B+C}\,,\,\cfrac{A}{B+C}\,,\,\cfrac[r]{A}{B+C}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-cfrac[numerator position]{numerator}{denominator}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The numerator position can be
-\emph on
-l
-\emph default
- ,
-\emph on
-c
-\emph default
-, or
-\emph on
-r
-\emph default
- .
- l or r aligns the numerator to the left or right, resp.\InsetSpace ~
-with the fraction
- stroke.
- When
-\emph on
-c
-\emph default
- or no position is given, the numerator appears centered.
- These fractions demonstrate the different alignments:
-\newline
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+\backslash
+cfracleft
+\series default
+ and
\series bold
-\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac[l]{A}{B+C}$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+cfracright
+\series default
+ are no real \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ commands but represent the command
+\series bold
-,
-\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac{A}{B+C}$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+cfrac[alignment]{numerator}{denominator}
+\series default
+ .
+ Therefore you cannot use them in \SpecialChar TeX
+ code.
+\end_layout
-,
-\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac[r]{A}{B+C}$
\end_inset
frac
\series default
:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}}
+\]
\end_inset
\backslash
nicefrac
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! N ! \\textbackslash nicefrac"
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! N !
+\backslash
+nicefrac
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-\series default
:
\begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{5}{31}$
\end_inset
+ or
+\series bold
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+unitfrac
+\series default
-\begin_layout Standard
-How to define own fractions where the fraction stroke can be changed, is
- explained in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Self-defined-Fractions"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! U !
+\backslash
+unitfrac
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-.
-\end_layout
+:
+\begin_inset Formula $\unitfrac{5}{31}$
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Roots
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Roots"
+ There is furthermore the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+unitfracthree
+\series default
+ that offers to write a fraction in combination with a number:
+\begin_inset Formula $\unitfrac[2]{1}{3}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Square roots are created with
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+
\series bold
\backslash
-sqrt
+unitfracthree
\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! S ! \\textbackslash sqrt"
-
+ is not a real \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ command but the command
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
- or the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/sqrt.png
- scale 85
-
-\end_inset
-, all other roots with the command
\series bold
\backslash
-root
+unitfrac[number]{numerator}{denominator}
\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! R ! \\textbackslash root"
+ .
+ Therefore you cannot use it in \SpecialChar TeX
+ code.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- or with the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/root.png
- scale 85
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+How to define own fractions where the fraction stroke can be changed, is
+ explained in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Self-defined-Fractions"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+Multiline fractions are explained in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Multiline-Fractions"
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Roots
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Roots
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
+Square roots are created with
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sqrt
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! S !
+\backslash
+sqrt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\sqrt"
+\end_inset
+, all other roots with the command
\series bold
\backslash
-raisebox
+root
\series default
- is only used as spacer.
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! R !
+\backslash
+root
\end_layout
\end_inset
+ or with the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\root"
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-sqrt
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+sqrt
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A-B
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqrt{A-B}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{A-B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
root
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
3
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqrt[3]{A-B}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[3]{A-B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\newline
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
The
\begin_inset Formula $\beta$
\end_inset
leftroot
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! L ! \\textbackslash leftroot"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! L !
+\backslash
+leftroot
+\end_layout
\end_inset
uproot
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! U ! \\textbackslash uproot"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! U !
+\backslash
+uproot
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
Distance is the number of Big Points (unit bp;
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{72\, bp=1\, inch}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{72\,bp=1\,inch}$
\end_inset
), that the index should be moved to the left or top, resp..
The commands are written to the index.
This way the command
-\newline
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
\series bold
\backslash
beta
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\end_inset
B
-\newline
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
\series default
produces a correct typeset formula:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-Binomial coefficients
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Binomial coefficient s"
+Binomial Coefficients
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Binomial coefficients
+\end_layout
\end_inset
binom
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! B ! \\textbackslash binom"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! B !
+\backslash
+binom
+\end_layout
\end_inset
or with the submenu of the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/frac-square.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\frac-square"
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
+ As with fractions (
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+frac
+\series default
+) in addition to
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+binom
+\series default
+ there are the commands
+\series bold
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+dbinom
+\series default
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! D !
+\backslash
+dbinom
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ and
\series bold
\backslash
-raisebox
+tbinom
\series default
- is only used as spacer.
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! T !
+\backslash
+tbinom
\end_layout
\end_inset
+.
+ For other brackets around binomial coeficients there are the commands
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+brace
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! B !
+\backslash
+brace
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+ and
+\series bold
\backslash
-binom
-\begin_inset ERT
+brack
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! B !
+\backslash
+brack
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-spce
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+binom
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\binom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\binom{A}{B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-dbinom{A
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+dbinom
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-{B
+B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dbinom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\dbinom{A}{B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+<row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+tbinom
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+B
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Analog to fractions (
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-frac
-\series default
-) there are besides
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\tbinom{A}{B}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-binom
-\series default
- the commands
-\series bold
-\backslash
-dbinom
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! D ! \\textbackslash dbinom"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-tbinom
-\series default
+brack
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! T ! \\textbackslash tbinom"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula ${A \brack B}$
\end_inset
- with the following command scheme:
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-dbinom{numerator}{denominator}
-\series default
- and
-\newline
+brace
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula ${A \brace B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-tbinom{numerator}{denominator}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
+Case Differentiations
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Case differentiations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Case differentiations "
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
cases
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
B>0
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! C ! \\textbackslash cases"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! C !
+\backslash
+cases
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{cases}
A & B>0\end{cases}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
cases
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
-Ctrl-Enter
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{cases}
A & \textrm{for }x>0\\
-B & \textrm{for }x=0\end{cases}$
+B & \textrm{for }x=0
+\end{cases}$
\end_inset
\backslash
cases
\series default
- or the usage of the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/cases.png
- scale 85
-
+ or pressing the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\cases"
\end_inset
you can create new lines with the shortcut
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Return
-\family default
- or the table toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png
- scale 85
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
+\end_inset
+ or the table toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature append-row"
\end_inset
.
\series default
is also available via the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cases-Environment
\family default
.
\begin_layout Subsection
Negations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Negations"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Negations
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-By inserting of
+By inserting
\series bold
\backslash
not
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! N ! \\textbackslash not"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! N !
+\backslash
+not
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
not=
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\not=$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
not
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\not\le$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
not
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\not\parallel$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The last example shows, that not all negations look good.
- Therefore there are for some negations special commands (see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Mathematical-Symbols"
+The last example shows that not all negations look good.
+ Therefore there are special commands for some negations (see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Mathematical-Symbols"
\end_inset
and
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Relations"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Placeholders
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Placeholders"
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Placeholders"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Placeholders
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Chemical characters ! Isotopes
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Placeholders"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Isotopes|see
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+Chemical characters
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Chemical characters ! Isotopes"
+}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Isotopes|see{Chemical characters}"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When displaying e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-g.\InsetSpace ~
+When displaying e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+
isotopes
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-More about chemical symbols is written in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Typesetting isotopes and chemical symbols is described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Chemical-Symbols-and"
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Indices created with sub- and superscripts:
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $_{9}^{19}\mathrm{F}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $_{9}^{19}\mathrm{F}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
correct indices:
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $_{\phantom{1}9}^{19}\mathrm{F}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
phantom
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! P ! \\textbackslash phantom"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! P !
+\backslash
+phantom
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ or the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
- or the math toolbar button\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
can be found in the submenu of the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/space.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\space"
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/phantom.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math/phantom"
\end_inset
that creates one or more phantom characters.
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
^19
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
_
\backslash
phantom
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
1
\end_inset
9
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
F
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{}_{\phantom{1}9}^{19}\mathrm{F}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $_{\phantom{1}9}^{19}\mathrm{F}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
^235
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
_
\backslash
phantom
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
23
\end_inset
9
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
F
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{}_{\phantom{23}9}^{235}\mathrm{F}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $_{\phantom{23}9}^{235}\mathrm{F}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
Lambda^
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\backslash
phantom
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
ii
\end_inset
t
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
_MMt
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\Lambda_{MMt}^{\phantom{ii}t}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Lambda_{MMt}^{\phantom{ii}t}$
\end_inset
vphantom
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! V ! \\textbackslash vphantom"
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
- (toolbar button \InsetSpace ~
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! V !
+\backslash
+vphantom
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/vphantom.png
- scale 85
+\end_inset
+ (toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math/vphantom"
\end_inset
) and
hphantom
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! H ! \\textbackslash hphantom"
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
- (toolbar button \InsetSpace ~
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! H !
+\backslash
+hphantom
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/hphantom.png
- scale 85
+\end_inset
+ (toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math/hphantom"
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For example creates
+For example the command
\series bold
\backslash
vphantom
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-
-\series bold
a
\backslash
int
\series default
- space for the height of the integral sign,
+ creates space for the height of the integral sign,
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
The command
\series bold
int
\series default
creates an integral sign, see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Big-Operators"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Big-Operators"
\end_inset
because this is the larger character.
An example application is in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Multiline-Brackets"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Multiline-Brackets"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Placeholders can also be used for text when they are inserted via the menu
+
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Phantom
+\family default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a sentence.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Phantom Phantom
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is a sentence.
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Subsection
Lines
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Lines"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Lines
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! underlined"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! underlined
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
overline
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+A+B
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! O !
\backslash
-spce
+overline
\end_layout
\end_inset
-A+B
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! O ! \\textbackslash overline"
-
-\end_inset
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\overline{A+B}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\overline{A+B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
underline
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+A+B
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! U !
\backslash
-spce
+underline
\end_layout
\end_inset
-A+B
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! U ! \\textbackslash underline"
-
-\end_inset
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\underline{A+B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\underline{A+B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
overline
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\backslash
underline
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A+B
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\overline{\underline{A+B}}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\overline{\underline{A+B}}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To double underline e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-g.
- results, one uses
+To double underline use
\series bold
\backslash
It is possible to place up to 6 lines above or below characters.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Ellipses
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Ellipses"
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
+Custom lines can be created using the command
+\series bold
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+rule
+\series default
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are different types of ellipses available.
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-In the math toolbar in the submenu of the button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/ldots.png
- scale 85
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! R !
+\backslash
+rule
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-
+ which has the following scheme:
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- For listings dots at the baseline are used (
\series bold
\backslash
-ldots
-\series default
+rule[vertical offset]{length}{thickness}
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! L ! \\textbackslash ldots"
+\begin_layout Standard
+The optional vertical offset shifts the line upwards (or downwards, when
+ the value is negative).
+ The units listed in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "tab:Available-units"
\end_inset
-), while for operations dots are needed that are on the same height as the
- operators (
+ can be used for the values.
+ Here are two example lines created with the commands
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+rule[-2ex]{3cm}{2pt}
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+rule{2cm}{1pt}
+\series default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a sentence
+\begin_inset Formula $\rule[-2ex]{3cm}{2pt}\rule{2cm}{1pt}$
+\end_inset
+
+ with two lines.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+rule
+\series default
+ can also be used for text when a line is inserted via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Horizontal
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Line
+\family default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a sentence
+\begin_inset CommandInset line
+LatexCommand rule
+offset "0.5ex"
+width "3cm"
+height "1pt"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ with one line.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Ellipses
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Ellipses"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Ellipses
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are different types of ellipses available.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+In the math toolbar in the submenu of the button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\ldots"
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ For listings dots at the baseline are used (
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+ldots
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! L !
+\backslash
+ldots
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+), while for operations dots are needed that are on the same height as the
+ operators (
\series bold
\backslash
cdots
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! C ! \\textbackslash cdots"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! C !
+\backslash
+cdots
+\end_layout
\end_inset
dots
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! D ! \\textbackslash dots"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! D !
+\backslash
+dots
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-, LaTeX decides on the basis of the next character what type is used.
+, \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ decides on the basis of the next character what type is used.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
A_1
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
,
\backslash
dots
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
,A_n
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $A_{1},\dots,A_{n}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
A_1
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+
\backslash
dots
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+A_n
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $A_{1}+\dots+A_{n}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
A_1
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
,
\backslash
ldots
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
,A_n
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $A_{1},\ldots,A_{n}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
A_1
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+
\backslash
cdots
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+A_n
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $A_{1}+\cdots+A_{n}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
vdots
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\vdots$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
ddots
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\ddots$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-3×3\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+iddots
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\iddots$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+3×3
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
matrix with the different dots
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc}
A_{11} & \cdots & A_{1m}\\
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\
-A_{n1} & \cdots & A_{nm}\end{array}$
+A_{n1} & \cdots & A_{nm}
+\end{array}$
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
The ellipses available in menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Special\InsetSpace ~
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Special
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
Character
\family default
are
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-Specially for matrices there are ellipses that span over several columns.
- They are created with the command
+To use
\series bold
\backslash
-hdotsfor
+iddots
\series default
+, one of the options
+\family sans
+Use mathdots package (automatically)
+\family default
+ must be set in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! H ! \\textbackslash hdotsfor"
-
+Options
+\family default
+.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-, that has the following scheme:
+Using the option
+\family sans
+Use mathdots package
+\family default
+ will improve the appearance of all dots in the documents if their font
+ style or size is not the default.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+Specially for matrices there are ellipses that span over several columns.
+ They are created with the command
\series bold
\backslash
-hdotsfor[distance]{number of columns}
-\end_layout
+hdotsfor
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! H !
+\backslash
+hdotsfor
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, that has the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hdotsfor[distance]{number of columns}
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The number of columns specifies how many columns should be spanned.
dots
\series default
:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
\left(\begin{array}{cccc}
A & B & C & D\\
\hdotsfor[2]{4}\\
-q & w & e & r\end{array}\right)\]
+q & w & e & r
+\end{array}\right)
+\]
\end_inset
Note that the matrix fields that should be spanned must be empty, otherwise
- you get LaTeX-errors.
+ you get \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-errors.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
dotfill
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! D ! \\textbackslash dotfill"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! D !
+\backslash
+dotfill
+\end_layout
\end_inset
the rest of a line with dots.
- The effect of these commands is the same like with
+ The effect of these commands is the same as with
\series bold
\backslash
hfill
\series default
, see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Variable-Space"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
\end_inset
A
\backslash
dotfill
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
B
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Analog to
+Similar to
\series bold
\backslash
hrulefill
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! H ! \\textbackslash hrulefill"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! H !
+\backslash
+hrulefill
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To use the commands for text, they have to be inserted in TeX-mode.
+To use the commands for text, they have to be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Matrices
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
name "sec:Matrices"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Matrices"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Matrices
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
Matrices can be inserted via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/dialog-show_mathmatrix.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "dialog-show mathmatrix"
\end_inset
or the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Matrix
\family default
.
- You will be asked for the number of matrix columns and rows, and the alignment.
- The vertical alignment is hereby only of importance for matrices in inline
- formulas:
+ In the matrix dialog you can specify the number of columns and rows, the
+ alignment and the decoration.
+ The vertical alignment is only of importance for matrices in inline formulas:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[t]{cccc}
A & D & G & J\\
B & E & H & K\\
-C & F & I & L\end{array}$
+C & F & I & L
+\end{array}$
\end_inset
, the second middle
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{cccc}
A & D & G & J\\
B & E & H & K\\
-C & F & I & L\end{array}$
+C & F & I & L
+\end{array}$
\end_inset
-, and the third bottom
+ and the third bottom
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[b]{cccc}
A & D & G & J\\
B & E & H & K\\
-C & F & I & L\end{array}$
+C & F & I & L
+\end{array}$
\end_inset
aligned.
\emph on
c
\emph default
- centered, and
+ centered and
\emph on
r
\emph default
\series bold
×
\series default
-4\InsetSpace ~
+4
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
matrix where the first column is left aligned, the second and third are
- centered, and the last one is right aligned, one enters for the horizontal
+ centered and the last one is right aligned, one enters for the horizontal
alignment
\series bold
lccr
\series default
.
- Normally are in a matrix all columns centered, therefore the default is
- for every column is a
+ Normally in a matrix all columns are centered, therefore the default for
+ every column is a
\series bold
c
\series default
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{lll}
10000 & D & G\\
B & 10000 & H\\
-C & F & 10000\end{array}$
+C & F & 10000
+\end{array}$
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc}
10000 & D & G\\
B & 10000 & H\\
-C & F & 10000\end{array}$
+C & F & 10000
+\end{array}$
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{rrr}
10000 & D & G\\
B & 10000 & H\\
-C & F & 10000\end{array}$
+C & F & 10000
+\end{array}$
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
To add or delete rows and columns subsequently, the math toolbar buttons
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature append-row"
\end_inset
,
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.png
- scale 85
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature delete-row"
+\end_inset
+, etc.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-, etc.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
, or the menu
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Rows & Columns
\family default
can be used.
New rows can also be created with
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Return
-\family default
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
+\end_inset
+
.
\end_layout
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-Parentheses around a matrix can can either be created with the commands
+The
+\family sans
+Decoration
+\family default
+ adds parentheses in the selected style around the matrix.
+ Alternatively, parentheses can can either be created with the commands
\series bold
left
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! L ! \\textbackslash left"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! L !
+\backslash
+left
+\end_layout
\end_inset
right
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! R ! \\textbackslash right"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! R !
+\backslash
+right
+\end_layout
\end_inset
(shortcut
\family sans
-Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
-parenthesis
+Alt+M
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Parenthesis
\family default
), see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\hfill
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
bmatrix
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
2
\series bold
×
\series default
-2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
matrix
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
-\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\mathrm{i} & 0
+\end{array}\end{bmatrix}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
Bmatrix
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
2
\series bold
×
\series default
-2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
matrix
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{Bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
-\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{Bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\mathrm{i} & 0
+\end{array}\end{Bmatrix}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
pmatrix
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
2
\series bold
×
\series default
-2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
matrix
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{pmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{pmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
-\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{pmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\mathrm{i} & 0
+\end{array}\end{pmatrix}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
vmatrix
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
2
\series bold
×
\series default
-2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
matrix
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
-\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\mathrm{i} & 0
+\end{array}\end{vmatrix}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
Vmatrix
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
2
\series bold
×
\series default
-2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
matrix
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{Vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
-\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{Vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\mathrm{i} & 0
+\end{array}\end{Vmatrix}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
matrix
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
2
\series bold
×
\series default
-2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
matrix
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{matrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{matrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
-\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{matrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\mathrm{i} & 0
+\end{array}\end{matrix}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
\end_layout
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-When e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-g.\InsetSpace ~
+When e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+
\series bold
\series default
is inserted, a blue box appears between two vertical lines where the matrix
is inserted.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+Note that decorated matrices ignore the vertical alignment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
arraycolsep
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! A ! \\textbackslash arraycolsep"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! A !
+\backslash
+arraycolsep
+\end_layout
\end_inset
that is described in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Column-Separation"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Column-Separation"
\end_inset
arraystretch
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! A ! \\textbackslash arraystretch"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! A !
+\backslash
+arraystretch
+\end_layout
\end_inset
renewcommand{
\backslash
arraystretch}{stretch factor}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! R ! \\textbackslash renewcommand"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! R !
+\backslash
+renewcommand
+\end_layout
\end_inset
arraystretch
\series default
.
- To double e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-g.\InsetSpace ~
+ To double e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+
the row separation, use the factor 2.
This is then used for all following matrices.
To go back to the original separation, assign the factor 1 to
smallmatrix
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! S ! \\textbackslash smallmatrix"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! S !
+\backslash
+smallmatrix
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
This is a matrix
\begin_inset Formula $\left(\begin{smallmatrix}A & B\\
-C & D\end{smallmatrix}\right)$
+C & D
+\end{smallmatrix}\right)$
\end_inset
in a text line.
\begin_layout Section
Brackets and Delimiters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Brackets"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Brackets
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Delimiters"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Delimiters
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Vertical Brackets and Delimiters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Brackets ! vertical"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Brackets ! vertical
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\hfill
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
(
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $($
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
{
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\{$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
[
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $[$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
langle
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\langle$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
lceil
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\lceil$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
lfloor
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\lfloor$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
/
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $/$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $|$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $)$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
}
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
]
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $]$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
rangle
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\rangle$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
rceil
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\rceil$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
rfloor
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\rfloor$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\backslash$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
|
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\|$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
\end_layout
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
\series default
- In TeX-mode the command
+ In \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode the command
\series bold
\backslash
textbackslash
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! T ! \\textbackslash textbackslash"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! T !
+\backslash
+textbackslash
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\backslash
\series default
- produces there a line break.
+ produces a line break there.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Manual Bracket Size
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Manual-Bracket-Size"
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Manual-Bracket-Size"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Bracket size ! manual"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Bracket size ! manual
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The bracket size can be specified manually by the LaTeX-commands
+The bracket size can be specified manually by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-commands
\series bold
\backslash
big
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! B ! \\textbackslash big"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! B !
+\backslash
+big
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\backslash
bigg
\series default
-, and
+ and
\series bold
\backslash
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
all brackets in the same size:
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $((A+B)(A-B))^{C}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $((A+B)(A-B))^{C}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
this looks better:
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\Big((A+B)(A-B)\Big)^{C}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Big((A+B)(A-B)
\backslash
Big)^
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
C
ln(3x)
\backslash
big}^2
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
sin(x)
\backslash
Big]^
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-\newpage
Besides the
\series bold
bigm
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! B ! \\textbackslash bigm"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! B !
+\backslash
+bigm
+\end_layout
\end_inset
bigr
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! B ! \\textbackslash bigl - \\textbackslash bigr"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! B !
+\backslash
+bigl -
+\backslash
+bigr
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="middle">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
Bigm(
ln(3x)
\backslash
bigm)^2
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\series default
-
\backslash
Bigm)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Bigm(\bigm(\ln(3x)\bigm)^{2}\Bigm)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Bigm(\bigm(\ln(3x)\bigm)^{2}\Bigm)$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
Big(
ln(3x)
\backslash
big)^2
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\series default
-
\backslash
Big)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Big(\big(\ln(3x)\big)^{2}\Big)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Big(\big(\ln(3x)\big)^{2}\Big)$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
Bigl(
ln(3x)
\backslash
bigr)^2
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\series default
-
\backslash
Bigr)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Bigl(\bigl(\ln(3x)\bigr)^{2}\Bigr)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Bigl(\bigl(\ln(3x)\bigr)^{2}\Bigr)$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
bigl)
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\bigl)\ln(3x)\bigr(\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigl)\ln(3x)\bigr($
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Automatic Bracket Size
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Bracket size ! automatic"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Bracket size ! automatic
+\end_layout
\end_inset
left
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! L ! \\textbackslash left"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! L !
+\backslash
+left
+\end_layout
\end_inset
right
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! R ! \\textbackslash right"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! R !
+\backslash
+right
+\end_layout
\end_inset
or via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/dialog-show_mathdelimiter.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter"
\end_inset
.
ln(
\backslash
frac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
C
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
)
\series default
creates
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\ln(\frac{A}{C})\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\ln(\frac{A}{C})
+\]
\end_inset
left(
\backslash
frac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
C
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
right)
\series default
creates
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\ln\left(\frac{A}{C}\right)\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\ln\left(\frac{A}{C}\right)
+\]
\end_inset
\series default
the shortcut
\family sans
-Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
-bracket
+Alt+M
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Bracket
\family default
can be used.
- This has the advantage that you can see in LyX immediately the real bracket
+ This has the advantage that you can see in \SpecialChar LyX
+ immediately the real bracket
size and that the matching right bracket will be created too.
-\newline
-The command
- for the last example would then be:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+The command for the last example would then be:
\series bold
\backslash
-ln Alt-m
+ln Alt+M
\series default
\series bold
(
\backslash
frac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
left.
\backslash
frac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
B
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
creates:
\series bold
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\left.\frac{A}{B}\right\} \]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\left.\frac{A}{B}\right\}
+\]
\end_inset
\backslash
right
\series default
- will be converted by LyX to brackets in the right size when the document
- is reloaded and an omitted bracket will appear as dashed line.
+ will be converted by \SpecialChar LyX
+ to brackets in the right size when the document is
+ reloaded and an omitted bracket will appear as dashed line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-Because all popular LaTeX-Distributions use eTeX, an extension to LaTeX,
- the command
+Because all popular \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ distributions use e\SpecialChar TeX
+, an extension to \SpecialChar LaTeX
+, the command
+
\series bold
\backslash
middle
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! M ! \\textbackslash middle"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! M !
+\backslash
+middle
+\end_layout
\end_inset
is additionally available for all brackets and limits.
With this command the height of the following character is adapted to the
- one of the surrounding brackets, what is e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-g.\InsetSpace ~
+ one of the surrounding brackets, what is e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+
needed for physical vectors:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\left\langle \phi\:\middle|\: J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}\right\rangle \]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\left\langle \phi\:\middle|\:J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\,M_{J}\right\rangle
+\]
\end_inset
-For physical vectors there is a special LaTeX-package, described in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Physical-Vectors"
+For physical vectors there is a special \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package, described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Physical-Vectors"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Horizontal Brackets
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Brackets ! horizontal"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Brackets ! horizontal
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-raisebox{2.3mm}{
-\end_layout
+overbrace
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+A+B
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+^3
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! O !
\backslash
overbrace
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-A+B
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\overbrace{A+B}^{3}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-^
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
+underbrace
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+A+B
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-3
-\begin_inset ERT
+_5
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! U !
+\backslash
+underbrace
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! O ! \\textbackslash overbrace"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\overbrace{A+B}^{3}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{A+B}_{5}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-raisebox{-2.2mm}{
-\end_layout
-
+overbrace
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\backslash
underbrace
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A+B
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+A+B_w
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-_5
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-}
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+_7
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! U ! \\textbackslash underbrace"
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+^
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+C
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{A+B}_{5}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\overbrace{\underbrace{A+B_{w}}_{7}}^{C}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-overbrace
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+</lyxtabular>
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the last example it doesn't matter if
+\series bold
+\backslash
+overbrace
+\series default
+ or
+\series bold
\backslash
underbrace
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\series default
+ is inserted at first.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+If you set in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-A+B_w
-\begin_inset ERT
+Options
+\family default
+ for the package
+\series bold
+mathtools
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! mathtools
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ the option
+\family sans
+Load
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+always
+\family default
+, you have access to square backets:
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-spce
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\backslash
-\begin_layout Standard
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+overbracket
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\strikeout default
+\uuline default
+\uwave default
+\noun default
+\color inherit
+{A+B
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+^3
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! O !
\backslash
-spce
+overbracket
\end_layout
\end_inset
-_7
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\overbracket{A+B}^{3}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
+\backslash
+under
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+bracket
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\strikeout default
+\uuline default
+\uwave default
+\noun default
+\color inherit
+{A+B
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+_5
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! U !
+\backslash
+under
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+bracket
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-^
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\underbracket{A+B}_{5}$
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
+overbracket{
+\backslash
+underbracket{A+B_w
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+_7
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+^
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
C
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\overbrace{\underbrace{A+B_{w}}_{7}}^{C}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\overbracket{\underbracket{A+B_{w}}_{7}}^{C}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In the last example it doesn't matter if
+For
\series bold
\backslash
-overbrace
+overbracket
\series default
- or
+ and
\series bold
\backslash
-underbrace
+underbracket
\series default
- is inserted at first.
+ you can change the thickness of the bracket's stroke by specifying the
+ desired thickness in square brackets behind the command:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+overbracket
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\strikeout default
+\uuline default
+\uwave default
+\noun default
+\color inherit
+[3pt]
+\backslash
+{A+B
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+^3
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\overbracket[3pt]{A+B}^{3}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+under
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+bracket
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\strikeout default
+\uuline default
+\uwave default
+\noun default
+\color inherit
+[1pt]
+\backslash
+{A+B
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+_5
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\underbracket[1pt]{A+B}_{5}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-When brackets are needed that overlap each other, multiline formulas, as
- described in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+When brackets should overlap each other, multiline formulas, as described
+ in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Multiline-Formulas"
\end_inset
, must be used:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
-A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\\
- & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\underbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}_{s}\end{eqnarray*}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\:dddd\\
+ & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\underbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}_{s}
+\end{eqnarray*}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Space commands are explained in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Predefined-Space"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Predefined-Space"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-because a bracket is not handled as character, see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Binary-Operators"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+because a bracket is not handled as a character, see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Binary-Operators"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
more about
\series bold
hphantom
\series default
see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Placeholders"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Placeholders"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-It gets more complicated when brackets overlap each other, like in the following
- example:
+It gets more complicated when brackets overlap each other above and under
+ the formula, like in the following example:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
& & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\overbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}^{s}\\
-A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\end{eqnarray*}
+A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\:dddd
+\end{eqnarray*}
\end_inset
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
with the difference that the brace is above.
The second row contains the formula together with the second brace.
To avoid that there is space between the upper brace in the first row and
- the formula, the row spacing need to be reduced.
- This is not easily possible due to a bug in LyX
+ the formula, the row spacing needs to be reduced.
+ This is not easily possible due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX
+.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1505}{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-LyX-bug #1505
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-}
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "LyX-bug #1505"
+target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505"
\end_inset
\end_inset
-.
- As solution for the problem, the global formula row separation
+ As a solution for the problem, the global formula row separation
\series bold
\backslash
jot
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! J ! \\textbackslash jot"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! J !
+\backslash
+jot
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ must be changed to -6
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
- must be changed to -6\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pt before the formula with the command
\series bold
\backslash
jot}{-6pt}
\series default
- in TeX-mode.
+ in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
\series bold
\backslash
jot
\series default
- is set back after the formula to the standard value of 3\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-pt using the same
- command.
+ is set back after the formula to the standard value of 3
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+pt using the same command.
More about the row separation in formulas is explained in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Line-Separation"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Line-Separation"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Section
Arrows
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Arrows"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Arrows
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
Arrows can be inserted via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/leftarrow.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\leftarrow"
\end_inset
or the commands listed in the following subsections.
\begin_layout Subsection
Horizontal Arrows
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Arrows ! horizontal"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Arrows ! horizontal
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\hfill
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
gets
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
Leftarrow
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\Leftarrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
longleftarrow
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\longleftarrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
Longleftarrow
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\Longleftarrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
leftharpoonup
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\leftharpoonup$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
leftharpoondown
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\leftharpoondown$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
hookleftarrow
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\hookleftarrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
to
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
Rightarrow
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\Rightarrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
longrightarrow
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\longrightarrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
Longrightarrow
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\Longrightarrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
rightharpoonup
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\rightharpoonup$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
rightharpoondown
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\rightharpoondown$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
hookrightarrow
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\hookrightarrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\hfill
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
leftrightarrow
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\leftrightarrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
Leftrightarrow
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\Leftrightarrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
longleftrightarrow
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\longleftrightarrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
Longleftrightarrow
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\Longleftrightarrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
rightleftharpoons
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\rightleftharpoons$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_inset space \hspace{}
+\length 25pt
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-hspace{25pt}
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-\hfill
-
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
mapsto
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mapsto$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
longmapsto
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\longmapsto$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
leadsto
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\leadsto$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
dasharrow
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\dasharrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
\end_layout
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-Arrows used as accent like e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-g.\InsetSpace ~
+Arrows used as accents like e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+
vector arrows are listed in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Accents"
\end_inset
\end_inset
Furthermore there are the labeled arrows
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Arrows ! labeled"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Arrows ! labeled
+\end_layout
\end_inset
xleftarrow
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! X ! \\textbackslash xleftarrow"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! X !
+\backslash
+xleftarrow
+\end_layout
\end_inset
xrightarrow
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! X ! \\textbackslash xrightarrow\\vspace{4mm}"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! X !
+\backslash
+xrightarrow
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+vspace{4mm}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
F(a)
\backslash
xleftarrow
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
x=a
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}F(a)\xleftarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(x)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $F(a)\xleftarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(x)$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
F(x)
\backslash
xrightarrow
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
x=a
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}F(x)\xrightarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(a)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $F(x)\xrightarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(a)$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Vertical and diagonal Arrows
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Arrows ! diagonal"
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If you set in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Options
+\family default
+ for the package
+\series bold
+mathtools
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! mathtools
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+ the option
+\family sans
+Load
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Arrows ! vertical"
+always
+\family default
+, you have access to the following labeled arrows:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
+\end_inset
-\hfill
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Example
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
\backslash
-uparrow
+xleftrightarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\xleftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
\backslash
-Uparrow
+xLeftarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Uparrow$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\xLeftarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-updownarrow
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xRightarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\updownarrow$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\xRightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Updownarrow
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xLeftrightarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Updownarrow$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\xLeftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
\backslash
-Downarrow
+xhookleftarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Downarrow$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\xhookleftarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
\backslash
-downarrow
+xhookrightarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\xhookrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
+\end_inset
+
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Example
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-nearrow
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xleftharpoondown
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\nearrow$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\xleftharpoondown[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-searrow
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xleftharpoonup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\searrow$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\xleftharpoonup[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-swarrow
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xrightharpoondown
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\swarrow$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\xrightharpoondown[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-nwarrow
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xrightharpoonup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\nwarrow$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\xrightharpoonup[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\hfill
+\backslash
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xleftrightharpoons
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Vertical arrows can be used also as delimiter together with the commands
- described in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Manual-Bracket-Size"
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\xleftrightharpoons[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
- and
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
-
-\end_inset
-.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\newpage
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Accents
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Accents"
-
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xrightleftharpoons
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Accents"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\xrightleftharpoons[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Accents can be inserted via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/hat.png
- scale 85
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
- or the commands listed in the following subsections.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Accents for one Character
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring{
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command scheme is for all these arrows:
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-accents in text see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Accents-in-Text"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+F(a)
+\backslash
+xleftrightarrow[x=a]
+\backslash
+{x>0
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+F(x)
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $F(a)\xleftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}F(x)$
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-}{}
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-More about
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring is in section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section"
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Vertical and diagonal Arrows
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Arrows ! diagonal
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Accents-for-one"
-
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Accents ! for one character"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Arrows ! vertical
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\hfill
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
+uparrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
+\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-dot
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-A
+Uparrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dot{A}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Uparrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-ddot
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-A
+updownarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddot{A}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\updownarrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-dddot
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Updownarrow
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Updownarrow$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-A
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+Downarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dddot{A}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Downarrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ddddot{A
+downarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddddot{A}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-vec
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-A
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Vectors"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+nearrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\vec{A}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\nearrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-bar
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-A
+searrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\bar{A}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\searrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mathring
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+swarrow
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\swarrow$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-A
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+nwarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\mathring{A}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\nwarrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+Vertical arrows can be used also as delimiters together with the commands
+ described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Manual-Bracket-Size"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+Accents
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Accents"
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Accents
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+Accents can be inserted via the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\hat"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-tilde
+ or the commands listed in the following subsections.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Accents for one Character
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+texorpdfstring{
\end_layout
\end_inset
-A
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+accents in text see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Accents-in-Text"
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\tilde{A}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-hat
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}{}
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
\backslash
-spce
+texorpdfstring
+\series default
+ is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+More about
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring
+\series default
+ is in section
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Formulas-in-Section"
+
\end_inset
-A
+.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\hat{A}$
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Accents-for-one"
+
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Accents ! for one character
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-check
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-A
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\check{A}$
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+dot
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\dot{A}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-acute
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+ddot
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\acute{A}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-grave
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+dddot
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\grave{A}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\dddot{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-breve
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+ddddot
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\breve{A}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddddot{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+vec
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\hfill
+A
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Vectors
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-To create umlauts
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Umlauts"
-
-\end_inset
- in formulas, a quotation mark is inserted before the vowel.
- These two characters are then treated by LaTeX as
-\emph on
-one
-\emph default
- character when the formula part with the umlaut is marked as German.
- In contrary to
-\series bold
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-ddot
-\series default
-, with this method
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-real
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\vec{A}$
\end_inset
- umlauts are created as demonstrated in the following example:
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+bar
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+A
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bar{A}$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
+mathring
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\lang ngerman
-\begin_inset Quotes grd
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathring{A}$
\end_inset
-i
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\lang ngerman
-\begin_inset Formula $"i$
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-ddot
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+tilde
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-i
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddot{i}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\tilde{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Another advantage to
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ddot
-\series default
- is that umlauts can directly be converted to mathematical text because
- the accent commands above are
-\emph on
-not allowed
-\emph default
-
-\emph on
-in mathematical text
-\emph default
-.
- To convert an accented character to mathematical text, only the character
- under the accent may be converted.
- This applies also for all other conversions, e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-g.\InsetSpace ~
-to italic or bold.
-\end_layout
+hat
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-In mathematical text, umlauts and other accented characters can directly
- be inserted.
+A
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Accents for Operators
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Accents ! for operators"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\hat{A}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-With the commands
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-overset
-\series default
+check
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! O ! \\textbackslash overset"
+A
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- and
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\check{A}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-underset
-\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! U ! \\textbackslash underset"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- characters can be placed above or below an operator, respectively, to accent
- it.
- With the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sideset
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! S ! \\textbackslash sideset"
-
+acute
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
- characters can be set before and behind an operator.
- The command scheme is:
+A
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\acute{A}$
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-sideset{character
-\series default
-
-\series bold
-before}{character
-\series default
-
-\series bold
-behind}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sideset
-\series default
- must always be before the operator that should be accented.
- You can accent with several characters and even with other operators and
- symbols.
- To place with
-\series bold
+grave
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-sideset
-\series default
- for example only characters behind an operator, write nothing between the
- first braces but don't omit the braces.
+A
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-For example the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-sideset{
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\grave{A}$
\end_inset
-\backslash
-{
-\series default
-'
-\series bold
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sum_k=1
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+breve
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\series default
-^
-\series bold
-n
-\series default
- produces:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\sideset{}{'}\sum_{k=1}^{n}\]
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\breve{A}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-\backslash
-overset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-\backslash
-maltese
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+You can directly insert accents like é to formulas.
+ \SpecialChar LyX
+ will transform them to the corresponding accent command.
+ For umlauts
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-
-\backslash
-spce
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Umlauts
\end_layout
\end_inset
+ it is better to insert a quotation mark before the vowel.
+ These two characters are then treated by \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ as
+\emph on
+one
+\emph default
+ character when the formula part with the umlaut is marked as German.
+ In contrary to
+\series bold
+\backslash
+ddot
\series default
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
+, with this method
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
+real
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-a
-\series default
- produces:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\overset{a}{\maltese}\]
-
-\end_inset
-
-As seen in the last example, with
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-overset
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-underset
-\series default
- also symbols and characters can be accented; with
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-sideset
-\series default
- this is not possible.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Accents for several Characters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Accents-for-several"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Accents ! for several characters"
+ umlauts are created as demonstrated in the following example:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-\hfill
-
+\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-overleftarrow
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset
-A=B
+i
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overleftarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset space \hspace{}
+\length 0pt
+\end_inset
+
+
+\lang ngerman
+
+\begin_inset Formula $"i$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-underleftarrow
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+ddot
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A=B
+i
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underleftarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{i}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-overleftrightarrow
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Another advantage to
+\series bold
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
+ddot
+\series default
+ is that umlauts can directly be converted to mathematical text because
+ the accent commands above are
+\emph on
+not allowed
+\emph default
+
+\emph on
+in mathematical text
+\emph default
+.
+ To convert an accented character to mathematical text, only the character
+ under the accent may be converted.
+ This applies also for all other conversions, e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
-A=B
+to italic or bold.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+In mathematical text, umlauts and other accented characters can directly
+ be inserted.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overleftrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
+\SpecialChar LyX
+ also supports a tilde under the character if the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+undertilde
+\series default
-\backslash
-underleftrightarrow
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! undertilde
\end_layout
\end_inset
-A=B
+ is installed on your system:
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underleftrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+ifundertilde
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+undertilde
+\series default
+ is installed.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-overrightarrow
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+utilde
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A=B
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\utilde{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-underrightarrow
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+else
\end_layout
\end_inset
-A=B
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+undertilde
+\series default
+ is not installed:
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
+You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+undertilde
+\series default
+ to see the rest of this subsection in the output.
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-widetilde
+\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+fi
\end_layout
\end_inset
-A=B
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\widetilde{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Accents for several Characters
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Accents ! for several characters
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-widehat
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-A=B
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\widehat{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+overleftarrow
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+A=B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\overleftarrow{A=B}$
\end_inset
-\hfill
-
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-With these commands as many characters as you like can be accented.
- But the accents
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-widetilde
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-widehat
-\series default
- will only be set in the output with a length of three characters, as shown
- in the following example:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\widetilde{A+B=C-D}\]
-
+underleftarrow
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-
+A=B
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-With the commands
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-overset
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! O ! \\textbackslash overset"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-underset
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! U ! \\textbackslash underset"
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\underleftarrow{A=B}$
\end_inset
- described in the previous subsection it is also possible to accent several
- characters.
- The command
-\series bold
-\backslash
-underset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+overleftrightarrow
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A=B
-\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-***
-\series default
- creates:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\underset{***}{A=B}\]
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\overleftrightarrow{A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Space
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Space"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Space ! horizontal"
-
+\backslash
+underleftrightarrow
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-
+A=B
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Predefined Space
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Predefined-Space"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Space ! horizontal ! predefined"
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\underleftrightarrow{A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Sometimes it is necessary to insert horizontal space to a formula.
- This is done by inserting a protected space (shortcut
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Space
-\family default
-).
- A blue
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\color blue
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-spce
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
-\series default
-\color inherit
-
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- appears and by pressing
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
- several times one can select one of eight different space sizes.
- The spaces can also be inserted using the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/space.png
- scale 85
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+overrightarrow
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
- or special commands.
- Independent from the inserted command, one can select the size again by
- pressing
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
- afterwards.
+A=B
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\noindent
-\align center
-\begin_inset VSpace -5mm
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{A=B}$
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="7">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" leftline="true" width="6.8cm">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-,
+underrightarrow
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\underrightarrow{A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-:
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-;
+widetilde
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\widetilde{A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-quad
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-qquad
+widehat
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\widehat{A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-!
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Number of
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
- keystrokes after inserting the protected space
-\end_layout
+</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-0
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-1
+
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-2
-\end_layout
+With these commands as many characters as you like can be accented.
+ But the accents
+\series bold
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+widetilde
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
-3
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+widehat
+\series default
+ will only be set in the output with a length of three characters, as shown
+ in the following example:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\widetilde{A+B=C-D}
+\]
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-4
+With the commands
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+overset
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! O !
+\backslash
+overset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-5
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+underset
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! U !
+\backslash
+underset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
-\end_layout
+ described in the previous subsection it is also possible to accent several
+ characters.
+ The command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+underset
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+A=B
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $A\, B$
+***
+\series default
+ creates:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\underset{***}{A=B}
+\]
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Section
+Space
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Space"
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $A\: B$
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Space ! horizontal
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $A\; B$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Predefined Space
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Predefined-Space"
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $A\quad B$
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Space ! horizontal ! predefined
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $A\qquad B$
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Sometimes it is necessary to insert horizontal space into a formula.
+ This is done by inserting a protected space (shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected ; math-space"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $A\! B$
+).
+ A
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\color blue
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-\end_inset
+\color inherit
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-The last size seem to produce no space.
- It is displayed red in LyX contrary to the other sizes, because it is a
- negative space.
- There are two more negative spaces:
+ appears and by pressing
+\family sans
+Space
+\family default
+ several times one can select one of eight different space sizes.
+ The spaces can also be inserted using the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\space"
+\end_inset
+
+ or special commands.
+ Independent from the inserted command, one can select the size again by
+ pressing
+\family sans
+Space
+\family default
+ afterwards.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" leftline="true" width="6.8cm">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="15col%">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-negmedspace
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Number of
+\family sans
+Space
+\family default
+ keystrokes
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-negthickspace
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
+<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Number of
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
- keystrokes after inserting the protected space
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+,
\end_layout
\end_inset
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-6
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+0
\end_layout
\end_inset
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-7
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\,B$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+:
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $A\negmedspace B$
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $A\negthickspace B$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\:B$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Negative spaces can lead to characters overlapping each other.
- Thus they can be used to enforce ligatures, what is e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-g.\InsetSpace ~
-useful for summation
- operators:
+\backslash
+;
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+2
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\;B$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-sum
-\backslash
-sum
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+quad
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-f_kl
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+3
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sum\sum f_{kl}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\quad B$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-sum
-\backslash
-negmedspace
-\backslash
-sum
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+qquad
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-f_kl
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+4
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sum\negmedspace\sum f_{kl}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\qquad B$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-Relations like for example equal signs, are always surrounded by space.
- To suppress this, the equal sign is placed into a TeX-brace.
- The following example demonstrates this:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="15col%">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-normal equation
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Number of
+\family sans
+Space
+\family default
+ keystrokes
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
+hfill
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}$
-\end_inset
-
-equation without space
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+5
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $A{=}B$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\hfill B$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+hspace*{1em}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\noindent
-The command for the last formula is:
-\series bold
-A
-\backslash
-{=
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-B
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+6
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\hspace*{1em}B$
\end_inset
-Spaces are needed for physical units, because the space between the value
- and the unit is the smallest one and not a normal space.
- For units in text, the smallest space is inserted via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Thin\InsetSpace ~
-Space
-\family default
- (shortcut
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Shift-Space
-\family default
-).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-An example to visualize the difference:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-24 kW
-\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+hspace{1em}
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-h
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+7
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-space between value and unit
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\hspace{1em}B$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-24\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-kW
-\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-h
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-smallest space between value and unit
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+8
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\ B$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Variable Space
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-texorpdfstring{
+!
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+9
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-for vertical space in formulas see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Line-Separation"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\!B$
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+Space
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-}{}
-\end_layout
+5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+–
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
+7 are variable spaces which are explained in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+.
+ Space
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
+9 seems to produce no space.
+ It is displayed red in \SpecialChar LyX
+ contrary to the other sizes, because it is a negative
+ space.
+ There are two more negative spaces:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-More about
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring is in section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section"
-
-\end_inset
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="6.8cm">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Variable-Space"
+\backslash
+negmedspace
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Space ! horizontal ! variable"
+\backslash
+negthickspace
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Number of
+\family sans
+Space
+\family default
+ keystrokes after inserting the protected space
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Space with a defined length can be inserted in LyX with the command
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+10
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-hspace{length}
-\series default
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! H ! \\textbackslash hspace"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+11
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
- For the length all units listed in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "tab:Used-units"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- are allowed, except of the unit
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\negmedspace B$
\end_inset
-mu
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
- The length may also be negative.
- To insert so many space that the formula uses all available space, the
- command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\negthickspace B$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-hfill
-\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! H ! \\textbackslash hfill"
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
- is used.
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace -1mm
+Negative spaces can lead to characters overlapping each other.
+ Thus they can be used to enforce ligatures, which are e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+useful for summation operators:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-A=B
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-hspace{3cm
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+sum
+\backslash
+sum
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A
-\backslash
-not=C
+f_kl
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $A=B\hspace{3cm}A\not=C$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sum\sum f_{kl}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-A
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-hspace{-1mm
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+sum
+\backslash
+negmedspace
+\backslash
+sum
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A
-\backslash
-not=A
+f_kl
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $A\hspace{-1mm}A\not=A$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sum\negmedspace\sum f_{kl}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-A=A
-\backslash
-hfill
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\noindent
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+Relations like for example equal signs, are always surrounded by space.
+ To suppress this, the equal sign is placed into a \SpecialChar TeX
+ brace.
+ The following example demonstrates this:
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+normal equation
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-B=B
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+equation without space
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $A=A\hfill B=B$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A{=}B$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In the last example the available space is given by the longest column entry
- of the table.
- In an inline formula the space depends on the length of the line in which
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-hfill
-\series default
- is inserted.
- Thus, when the line uses the full width, no space will be created.
-
+\noindent
+The command for the last formula is:
\series bold
-
+A
\backslash
-hfill
-\series default
- has only an effect on displayed formulas when the formula style
-\series bold
-Indented
-\series default
- is used.
- (Formula styles are explained in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
-
+{=
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-.)
+B
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The commands
-\series bold
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-hspace
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-\backslash
-hfill
-\series default
- can also be inserted in TeX-mode to use them for text:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-This is a line with
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-hspace{2cm}
-\end_layout
+Spaces are needed for physical units, because the space between the value
+ and the unit is the smallest one and not a normal space.
+ For units in text, the smallest space is inserted via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Thin
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+Space
+\family default
+ (shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "space-insert thin"
\end_inset
-2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-cm space.
+).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-This is a line with
-\hfill
-maximum space.
+An example to visualize the difference:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In the last example
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-hfill
-\series default
- was inserted via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Horizontal\InsetSpace ~
-Fill
-\family default
-, what is not possible in formulas.
- This has the advantage that one can directly see in LyX that this is a
- stretch space.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-When the commands are at the begin of a text line but not at the beginning
- of a paragraph, they will be ignored by LaTeX.
- To avoid that, the command
-\series bold
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-hspace*
-\series default
- is used instead of
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+24 kW
+\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-hspace
-\series default
-.
- To get the same with
-\series bold
+h
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-hfill
-\series default
-, a line break and an empty placeholder
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+space between value and unit
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-for placeholders see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Placeholders"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+24
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
+kW
+\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
+\end_inset
+h
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\series default
- is inserted in TeX-mode with the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-vphantom{}
-\series default
-before
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-hfill
-\series default
-.
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+smallest space between value and unit
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Space besides inline Formulas
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Space ! besides inline formulas"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The space that surrounds inline formulas can be adjusted with the length
-
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Variable Space
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-mathsurround
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! M ! \\textbackslash mathsurround"
+texorpdfstring{
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
-.
- The value of a length is set with the command
-\series bold
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
-\backslash
-setlength
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! S ! \\textbackslash setlength"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+for vertical space in formulas see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Line-Separation"
\end_inset
-\series default
- that has the following scheme:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-setlength{length name}{value}
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-To set
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-mathsurround
-\series default
- to the value 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-mm, the command
+}{}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-mathsurround}{5mm}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-is inserted in TeX-mode.
- 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-mm space will now be set around all inline formulas:
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-mathsurround}{5mm}
+texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+More about
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring is in section
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Formulas-in-Section"
+\end_inset
+.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-This is a line with an inline formula
-\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
\end_inset
- with 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-mm surrounding space.
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Variable-Space"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-mathsurround}{0pt}
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Space ! horizontal ! variable
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To return to the predefined value,
+Space with a defined length can be inserted with the command
\series bold
\backslash
-mathsurround
+hspace
\series default
- is set to the value 0\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-pt.
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! H !
+\backslash
+hspace
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Boxes and Frames
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Boxes"
+\end_inset
+.
+ Then a long
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Frames | see {Boxes}"
+\color blue
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Boxes for text are described in chapter
-\family typewriter
-Boxes
-\family default
- in the
-\family typewriter
-Embedded\InsetSpace ~
-Objects
-\family default
- manual.
-\end_layout
+\color inherit
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Boxes with Frame
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Boxes-with-Frame"
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+ appears.
+ The length can be specified by left-clicking on the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Boxes ! with frame"
+\color blue
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\color inherit
-\begin_layout Standard
-It is possible to frame formulas or parts of it with the commands
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The length may also be negative.
+ When a space would be the first character in a line it would be omitted.
+ To force its output use the command
\series bold
\backslash
-fbox
+hspace*
\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! F ! \\textbackslash fbox"
-
-\end_inset
-
- and
+ instead of
\series bold
\backslash
-boxed
+hspace
\series default
+ or left-click on the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color blue
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! B ! \\textbackslash boxed"
+\color inherit
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
+ and check the option
+\family sans
+Protect
+\family default
.
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-When one of these commands is inserted to a formula, a blue box appears
- within a frame to enter formula parts.
- For
+To insert as much space as is available, the command
\series bold
\backslash
-fbox
+hfill
\series default
- an additional formula has to be created by
-\family sans
-Ctrl-m
-\family default
- within this box
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-Due to a bug in LyX it is not possible to create a new formula with
-\family sans
-Ctrl-m
-\family default
-, see
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! H !
\backslash
-href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435}{
+hfill
\end_layout
\end_inset
-LyX-bug #1435
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+ is used.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command (
+\backslash
+hspace length)
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-, because the box content will otherwise be treated as mathematical text.
- When
-\series bold
-
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A=B
\backslash
-boxed
-\series default
- is used, a new formula is automatically created inside the frame.
+hspace
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\backslash
+not=C (3
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+cm)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A=B\hspace{3cm}A\not=C$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\backslash
+hspace
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\backslash
+not=A (-1
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+mm)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\hspace{-1mm}A\not=A$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A=A
+\backslash
+hfill
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+B=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A=A\hfill B=B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The command
+In the last example the available space is given by the longest column entry
+ of the table.
+ In an inline formula the space depends on the length of the line in which
+
\series bold
\backslash
-fbox
+hfill
\series default
- is not suitable to frame displayed formulas, because the formula will always
- be set in the size of the text.
+ is inserted.
+ Thus, when the line uses the full width, no space will be created.
\series bold
\backslash
-boxed
+hfill
\series default
- is in contrary not suitable to frame inline formulas, because the formula
- will always be set in the size of a displayed formula.
+ only has an effect on displayed formulas when the formula style
+\series bold
+Indented
+\series default
+ is used.
+ (Formula styles are explained in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-As extension to
+Besides
\series bold
\backslash
-fbox
+hfill
\series default
- there is the command
+, there are the commands
\series bold
\backslash
-framebox
+dotfill
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hrulefill
\series default
+ that fill the space with a pattern, see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Ellipses"
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! F ! \\textbackslash framebox"
+ for an example.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+For text, variable space can be inserted via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Horizontal
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
- where additionally the frame width and the alignment can be specified.
-
-\series bold
+Space
+\family default
+:
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-framebox
-\series default
- is used in the following scheme:
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a line with
+\begin_inset space \hspace{}
+\length 2cm
+\end_inset
+
+2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+cm space.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+This is a line with
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+maximum space.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Space besides inline Formulas
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Space ! besides inline formulas
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-framebox[frame width][position]{box content}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The position can either be
-\emph on
-l
-\emph default
- or
-\emph on
-r
-\emph default
-.
+The space that surrounds inline formulas can be adjusted with the length
-\emph on
-l
-\emph default
- left aligns,
-\emph on
-r
-\emph default
- right aligns the formula in the box.
- When no position is given, the formula will be centered.
-\newline
-Is no width given,
- also no position can be given.
- In this case the frame width is adjusted to the box content like for
\series bold
\backslash
-fbox
+mathsurround
\series default
-.
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! M !
+\backslash
+mathsurround
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-When the command
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The value of a length is set with the command
\series bold
\backslash
-framebox
+setlength
\series default
- is inserted, a box appears containing three blue boxes.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-Due to a bug in LyX the cursor has to be placed left beside blue the boxes
- to fill them, see
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! S !
\backslash
-href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2461}{
+setlength
\end_layout
\end_inset
-LyX-bug #2461
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+ which has the following scheme:
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-}
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setlength{length name}{value}
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+To set
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathsurround
+\series default
+ to the value 5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-.
+mm, the command
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
- The first two boxes are surrounded by brackets and denote the two optional
- arguments.
- The third box is for formula parts like for
\series bold
\backslash
-fbox
-\series default
-.
+setlength{
+\backslash
+mathsurround}{5mm}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status open
+is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ 5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-The table has been set into a minipage to make the footnote appearing.
- Otherwise the footnote text would not be displayed.
-\end_layout
+mm space will now be set around all inline formulas:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Box Frameless
-position "c"
-hor_pos "c"
-has_inner_box 1
-inner_pos "c"
-use_parbox 0
-width "100col%"
-special "none"
-height "1in"
-height_special "totalheight"
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+mathsurround}{5mm}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a line with an inline formula
+\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
+\end_inset
+
+ with 5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+mm surrounding space.
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+mathsurround}{0pt}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To return to the predefined value,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathsurround
+\series default
+ is set to the value 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+pt.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Boxes and Frames
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Boxes
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Frames | see
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Boxes
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Boxes for text are described in chapter
+\family typewriter
+Boxes
+\family default
+ in the
+\family typewriter
+Embedded
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Objects
+\family default
+ manual.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Boxes with Frame
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Boxes-with-Frame"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Boxes ! with frame
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+It is possible to frame a formula or part of one with the commands
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! F !
+\backslash
+fbox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! B !
+\backslash
+boxed
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When one of these commands is inserted in a formula, a blue box appears
+ within a frame to enter formula parts.
+ For
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+ an additional formula has to be created by
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+ within this box, because the box content will otherwise be treated as mathemati
+cal text.
+ When
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\series default
+ is used, a new formula is automatically created inside the frame.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+ is not suitable to frame displayed formulas because the formula will always
+ be set in the size of the text.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\series default
+ is in contrary not suitable to frame inline formulas, because the formula
+ will always be set in the size of a displayed formula.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+An extension to
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+ is the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! F !
+\backslash
+framebox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ where additionally the frame width and the alignment can be specified.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+ is used in the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox[frame width][position]{box content}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The position can either be
+\emph on
+l
+\emph default
+ or
+\emph on
+r
+\emph default
+.
+
+\emph on
+l
+\emph default
+ left aligns,
+\emph on
+r
+\emph default
+ right aligns the formula in the box.
+ When no position is given, the formula will be centered.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+If no width is given, also no position can be given.
+ In this case the frame width is adjusted to the box content like for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+ is inserted, a box appears containing three blue boxes.
+ The first two boxes are surrounded by brackets and denote the two optional
+ arguments.
+ The third box is for formula parts like for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\fbox{\ensuremath{\int A=B}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\boxed{\int A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A+\fbox{B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+20mm
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\backslash
+frac
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\framebox[20mm][]{\ensuremath{\frac{A}{B}}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The frame thickness can also be adjusted.
+ To do this the following commands have to be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before the
+ formula
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+thickness
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxsep
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+distance
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+distance
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ specifies the minimal distance between the frame and the first character
+ in the box.
+ An example for this is the following framed formula:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule 2mm
+\backslash
+fboxsep 3mm
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\boxed{A+B=C}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+Before this formula the commands
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+2mm
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxsep
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+3mm
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+were inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ The given values are used for all following boxes.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To return to the standard frame size, the command
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+0.4pt
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxsep
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+3pt
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule 0.4pt
+\backslash
+fboxsep 3pt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before the next formula.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Boxes without Frame
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Boxes-without-Frame"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Boxes ! without frame
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For boxes without a frame there are the following box commands:
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! M !
+\backslash
+mbox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+makebox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! M !
+\backslash
+makebox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! R !
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+With
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ a box can be super- or subscripted.
+ But in contrary to normal super- and subscripting, the characters in the
+ box keep their font size.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ is used in the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox{height}{box content}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When the box should contain a formula, an extra formula is needed like for
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+.
+
+\series medium
+
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ For
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ this extra formula is created by pressing
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+ twice instead of once because \SpecialChar LyX
+ doesn't yet support
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ directly.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
+\backslash
+raisebox{2mm
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{al
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+ lo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{2mm}{al}lo$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
+\backslash
+raisebox{-2mm
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{al
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+lo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{-2mm}{al}lo$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A=
+\backslash
+raisebox{-2mm
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\backslash
+sqrt
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A=\raisebox{-2mm}{\mbox{\ensuremath{\sqrt{B}}}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mbox
+\series default
+ is equivalent to
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+makebox
+\series default
+ is equivalent to
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+, with the difference that there is no frame.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Colored Boxes
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Colored-Boxes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Boxes ! colored
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To be able to use all commands explained in this section, the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+color
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+color
+\series default
+ is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! color
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ has to be loaded in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble with the line
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+When text is colored somewhere in the document with a predefined color,
+ \SpecialChar LyX
+ loads the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ package
+\series bold
+color
+\series default
+ automatically.
+ Thus it is possible that the package is loaded twice, but this does not
+ cause problems.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+To avoid that the package is loaded twice, a macro was inserted to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+usepackage{color}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+To color boxes, the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+colorbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! C !
+\backslash
+colorbox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is used in the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+colorbox{color}{box content}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The box content can also be a box and a
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+colorbox
+\series default
+ can also be part of another box (see the 2nd and 3rd example).
+ When the box should contain a formula, an extra formula has to be created,
+ the same way as for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This also applies for the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+One of the following predefined colors can be chosen:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+black
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+blue
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+cyan
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+green
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+magenta
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+red
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+white
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+yellow
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+colorbox{yellow
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\colorbox{yellow}{A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+colorbox{green
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+fbox
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\colorbox{green}{\fbox{A=B}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+colorbox{green
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+C=D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\fbox{\colorbox{green}{\mbox{\ensuremath{\int C=D}}}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Due to a bug in LyX it is not possible to create a new formula with
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+colorbox
+\series default
+ only colors the box but not the characters in the box.
+ To color all characters, the whole formula is highlighted and the desired
+ color is chosen in the
\family sans
-Ctrl-m
+Text
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Style
\family default
-, see
-\begin_inset ERT
+ dialog.
+ The dialog can be called with the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "dialog-show character"
+\end_inset
+
+ or the menu
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Text
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Customized
+\family default
+.
+ The formula number then has the same color as the formula.
+ When the formula number should get another color than the formula characters,
+ the color must be changed within the formula.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+An example:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\color red
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\int A=B\label{eq:red}
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color green
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\textcolor{red}{\int A=B}\label{eq:redgreen}
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Formula
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:red"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is completely colored red.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+Formula
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:redgreen"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ was first completely colored green to set the color for the formula number.
+ Subsequently the formula characters were colored red.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+To color the frame different than the rest of the box, the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! F !
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is used in the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox{frame color}{color}{box content}
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
+So
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\series default
+ is an extension of the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+colorbox
+\series default
+.
+ The frame width is set, like for
+\series bold
\backslash
-href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435}{
-\end_layout
+framebox
+\series default
+, with
+\series bold
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+fboxrule
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
-LyX-bug #1435
+\backslash
+fboxsep
+\series default
+.
+ An example:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+fboxrule 1mm
+\backslash
+fboxsep 1mm
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{A=B}
+\]
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
+
+\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
+fboxrule 0.4pt
+\backslash
+fboxsep 3pt
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
+This formula was created with the command
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-fbox
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+fcolorbox{cyan
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-\family sans
-Ctrl-m
-\family default
-
\backslash
-int
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+{magenta
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
\backslash
-spce
+{A=B
+\series default
+.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-A=B
+To use other colors than the predefined ones, they have to be defined first.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula \raisebox{6mm}{}\fbox{$\int A=B$}\raisebox{-4mm}{}
-
+One can for example define the color
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\series bold
+darkgreen
+\series default
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+ with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line:
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-boxed
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
+\backslash
+definecolor{darkgreen}{cmyk}{0.5,
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+0,
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+1,
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+0.5}
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! D !
\backslash
-spce
+definecolor
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\backslash
-int
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
+cmyk
+\series default
+ is the color space that denotes the colors
+\series bold
+cyan
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+magenta
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+yellow
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+black
+\series default
+.
+ The four comma separated numbers are the portion factor for the corresponding
+ colors of the color space.
+ The factors can be in the range of 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+-
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-A=B
+1.
+ Instead of
+\series bold
+cmyk
+\series default
+ also the color space
+\series bold
+rgb
+\series default
+ can be used for definitions.
+
+\series bold
+rgb
+\series default
+ denotes
+\series bold
+red
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+green
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+blue
+\series default
+, so that there are in this case three portion factors for the corresponding
+ colors.
+ Furthermore there is the color space
+\series bold
+gray
+\series default
+ with one portion factor for the gray value.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+As example a framed box with the new defined color
+\series bold
+darkgreen
+\series default
+ where the characters have been colored
+\series bold
+yellow
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\colorbox{darkgreen}{\color{yellow}\boxed{\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}}
+\end{equation}
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{8.5mm}{}\boxed{\int A=B}\raisebox{-6.5mm}{}$
-\end_inset
+Self-defined colors can also be used for text with the help of the command
+
+\series bold
+\backslash
+textcolor
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Text ! colored
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-A+
-\backslash
-fbox
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+textcolor{darkgreen}{
\end_layout
\end_inset
-B
-\end_layout
-
+This sentence is
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}A+\fbox{B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+darkgreen
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
+.
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-framebox
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
+\backslash
+textcolor
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! T !
\backslash
-spce
+textcolor
\end_layout
\end_inset
-20mm
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
+ is used in the scheme
+\series bold
+\backslash
+textcolor{color}{characters to color}
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Paragraph Boxes
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Paragraph-Boxes"
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-\family sans
-Ctrl-m
-\family default
-
-\backslash
-frac
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Boxes ! as paragraph
\end_layout
\end_inset
-A
-\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
-\end_inset
-B
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+A box that can contain several lines and paragraphs, a so-called paragraph
+ box (parbox), can be created with the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Box
+\family default
+ or the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "box-insert"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The following example shows a framed parbox in a line:
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}$
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+This is a line
+\begin_inset Box Boxed
+position "c"
+hor_pos "c"
+has_inner_box 1
+inner_pos "t"
+use_parbox 1
+use_makebox 0
+width "5cm"
+special "none"
+height "1in"
+height_special "totalheight"
+thickness "0.4pt"
+separation "3pt"
+shadowsize "4pt"
+framecolor "black"
+backgroundcolor "none"
+status open
-\begin_inset Formula $\framebox[20mm]{$\frac{A}{B}$}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This is a paragraph box.
+ It is exactly 5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+cm long and can also contain formulas:
+\begin_inset Formula $\int A\,\mathrm{d}s=C$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
+ with a parbox.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The frame thickness can also be adjusted.
- To do this the following commands have to be inserted in TeX-mode before
- the formula
+Such a box is created by right-clicking on the gray box inset.
+ A dialog pops up showing the box properties.
+ In our case set:
+\emph on
+Decoration
+\emph default
+: Rectangular box,
+\emph on
+Inner Box
+\emph default
+: Parbox,
+\emph on
+Width
+\emph default
+: 5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+cm,
+\emph on
+Vertical Box Alignment
+\emph default
+: Middle
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+In \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ a parbox is created with the command
\series bold
\backslash
-fboxrule
+parbox
\series default
-
-\series bold
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! P !
+\backslash
+parbox
+\end_layout
-thickness
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
+ which has the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series default
-
\series bold
\backslash
-fboxsep
-\series default
-
-\series bold
+parbox[position]{width}{box content}
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The positions
+\emph on
+b
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+t
+\emph default
+ are possible.
+
+\emph on
+b
+\emph default
+ for
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-distance
+bottom
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+ means that the box is aligned within the surrounding text with its last
+ line.
+ With
+\emph on
+t
+\emph default
+ for
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-distance
+top
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- specifies the minimal distance between the frame and the first character
- in the box.
- An example for this is the following framed formula:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-fboxrule 2mm
-\backslash
-fboxsep 3mm
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\boxed{A+B=C}\]
-
+ this is done with the first line.
+ When no position is given, the box will be vertically centered, see section
+
+\emph on
+Boxes
+\emph default
+ of the
+\emph on
+Embedded
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Before this formula the commands
+Objects
+\emph default
+ manual for examples.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+To frame formulas completely, including the formula number, the formula
+ must be set into a parbox.
+ To do this, the command
\series bold
\backslash
-fboxrule
+fbox{
+\backslash
+parbox{
+\backslash
+linewidth-2
+\backslash
+fboxsep-2
+\backslash
+fboxrule}{
\series default
+ is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before the formula.
\series bold
-2mm
+
+\backslash
+linewidth
\series default
-
-\series bold
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! L !
\backslash
-fboxsep
+linewidth
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is hereby the line width set for the document.
+ Because the frame is outside the parbox, 2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+times the frame separation and the frame thickness must be subtracted from
+ the line width.
+ To be able to multiply and subtract in arguments, the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+calc
\series default
-
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\series bold
-3mm
+calc
+\series default
+ is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-were inserted in TeX-mode.
- The given values are used for all following boxes.
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! calc
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To return to the standard frame size, the command
+\end_inset
+
+ must be loaded in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble with the line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-fboxrule
-\series default
-
-\series bold
-0.4pt
-\series default
-
-\series bold
+usepackage{calc}
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-fboxsep
-\series default
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+Behind the formula both boxes are closed by entering
\series bold
-3pt
+}}
\series default
-
+ in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ Here is an example:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-fboxrule 0.4pt
+fboxsep 5mm
\backslash
-fboxsep 3pt
+fboxrule 5mm
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-is inserted in TeX-mode before the next formula.
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Boxes without Frame
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Boxes-without-Frame"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+fbox{
+\backslash
+parbox{
+\backslash
+linewidth-2
+\backslash
+fboxsep-2
+\backslash
+fboxrule}{
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Boxes ! without frame"
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-For boxes without a frame there are the following box commands:
-\series bold
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\backslash
-mbox
-\series default
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! M ! \\textbackslash mbox"
+}}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-,
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-makebox
-\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! M ! \\textbackslash makebox"
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-, and
-\series bold
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! R ! \\textbackslash raisebox"
+fboxrule 0.4pt
+\backslash
+fboxsep 3pt
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-With
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+As a parbox is used as the argument of
\series bold
\backslash
-raisebox
+fbox
\series default
- a box can be super- or subscripted.
- But in contrary to normal super- and subscripting, the characters in the
- box keep their font size.
-
+, there is in this case no difference between
\series bold
\backslash
-raisebox
+fbox
\series default
- is used in the following scheme:
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\series default
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+Paragraph boxes are very useful to comment formulas directly.
+ To do this,
\series bold
\backslash
-raisebox{height}{box content}
+parbox
+\series default
+ is used in combination with the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tag
+\series default
+.
+ (more about
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tag
+\series default
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:User-defined-Numbering"
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When the box should contain a formula, an extra formula is needed like for
-
+An example of a formula commented with
\series bold
\backslash
-fbox
+parbox
\series default
-.
+:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+\backslash
+[5x-7b=3b
+\backslash
+tag*{
+\backslash
+parbox{5cm}{
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-H
-\backslash
-raisebox{2mm
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
+This is a description.
+ It is distinctly separated from the formula and multiline.
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+}}
\backslash
-{al
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-
- lo
+]
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{2mm}{al}lo$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
-H
+Such a formula must be inserted completely in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode because \SpecialChar LyX
+ does not yet
+ support the command
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-raisebox{-2mm
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
+parbox
+\series default
+ in formulas.
+ The formula is created with the following command sequence:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command
+\series bold
\backslash
-{al
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
+[5x-7b=3b
+\backslash
+tag*
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+parbox{5cm}{
+\series default
+ is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
-lo
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+When the formula style
+\series bold
+Indented
+\series default
+ is used,
+\series bold
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+tag*
+\backslash
+{
+\series default
+ can also be replaced by
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{-2mm}{al}lo$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+.
+ (formula styles see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+\end_inset
+)
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-A=
+ Then the description follows as normal text and finally
+\series bold
+}}
\backslash
-raisebox{-2mm
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-
+]
+\series default
+ is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ The commands
+\series bold
\backslash
-{
-\family sans
-Ctrl-m
-\family default
-
+[
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-sqrt
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+]
+\series default
+ hereby create a displayed formula.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
+The advantages of
+\series bold
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
+parbox
+\series default
+ can be seen in this example that was
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+commented
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
-B
-\end_layout
+ using the mathematical textmode:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+5x-7b=3b\textrm{This is a description. It is not separated from the formula ...}
+\]
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
-$A=
-\backslash
-raisebox{-2mm}{$
-\backslash
-sqrt{B}$}$
+\begin_layout Section
+Operators
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Operators
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Big Operators
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Big-Operators"
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The last formula can currently only be created using TeX-mode because LyX
- inserts a box instead of the needed extra formula.
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Operators ! big
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435}{
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Sums
\end_layout
\end_inset
-LyX-bug #1435
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Integrals
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+To be able to use all integral operators listed here, the option
+\family sans
+Use esint package automatically
+\family default
+ must be set in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-
+Options
+\family default
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mbox
-\series default
- is equivalent to
-\series bold
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-fbox
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-\backslash
-makebox
-\series default
- is equivalent to
-\series bold
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-framebox
-\series default
-, with the difference that there is no frame.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Colored Boxes
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Colored-Boxes"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Boxes ! colored"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! I !
+\backslash
+int
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To be able to use all commands explained in this section, the LaTeX-package
-
-\series bold
-color
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-The LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-color
-\series default
- is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\int$
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Packages ! color"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- has to be loaded in the LaTeX-preamble with the line
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-When text is colored somewhere in the document with a predefined color,
- LyX loads the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-color
-\series default
- automatically.
- Thus it is possible that the package is loaded twice, but this doesn't
- arise problems.
+\backslash
+oint
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\oint$
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-To avoid that the package is loaded twice, a macro was inserted to the LaTeX-pre
-amble.
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+ointctrclockwise
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-usepackage{color}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-To color boxes, the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-colorbox
-\series default
+ointclockwise
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! C ! \\textbackslash colorbox"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$
\end_inset
- is used in the following scheme:
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-colorbox{color}{box content}
+sqint
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The box content can also be a box and a
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-colorbox
-\series default
- can also be part of another box (see the 2nd and 3rd example).
- When the box should contain a formula, an extra formula has to be created,
- the same as for
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqint$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-fbox
-\series default
-.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-This also applies for the command
-\series bold
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-fcolorbox
-\series default
-.
- Thereby note
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+fint
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\fint$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435}{
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-LyX-bug #1435
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-}
+\backslash
+landupint
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\landupint$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-One of the following predefined colors can be chosen:
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
-black
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-blue
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-cyan
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-green
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-magenta
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-red
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-white
-\series default
-, and
-\series bold
-yellow
+\backslash
+landdownint
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\landdownint$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
+bigcap
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigcap$
+\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-colorbox{yellow
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+bigcup
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigcup$
\end_inset
-\backslash
-{A=B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\colorbox{yellow}{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
\end_inset
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-colorbox{green
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-{
-\backslash
-fbox
-\begin_inset ERT
+sum
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! S !
\backslash
-spce
+sum
\end_layout
\end_inset
-A=B
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\colorbox{green}{\fbox{A=B}}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-fbox
+prod
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! P !
+\backslash
+prod
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+vspace{4mm}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\backslash
-colorbox{green
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-\backslash
-{A=B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fbox{\colorbox{green}{A=B}}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\prod$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+coprod
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-colorbox
-\series default
- only colors the box but not the characters in the box.
- To color all characters, the whole formula is highlighted and the wanted
- color is chosen in the
-\family sans
-Text\InsetSpace ~
-Style
-\family default
- dialog.
- The dialog can be called with the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/dialog-show_character.png
- scale 85
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\coprod$
\end_inset
- or the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Text\InsetSpace ~
-Style\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Customized
-\family default
-.
- The formula number has then the same color as the formula.
- When the formula number should get another color than the formula characters,
- the color must be changed within the formula.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-An example:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\color red
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-\int A=B\label{eq:red}\end{equation}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+bigodot
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigodot$
+\end_inset
-\color green
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-\textcolor{red}{\int A=B}\label{eq:redgreen}\end{equation}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+bigotimes
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Formula
-\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:red"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- is completely colored red.
-\newline
-Formula
-\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:redgreen"
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigotimes$
\end_inset
- was first completely colored green to set the color for the formula number.
- Subsequently the formula characters were colored red.
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-To color the frame different than the rest of the box, the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-fcolorbox
-\series default
+bigoplus
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! F ! \\textbackslash fcolorbox"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigoplus$
\end_inset
- is used in the following scheme:
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-fcolorbox{frame color}{color}{box content}
+bigwedge
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-So
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-fcolorbox
-\series default
- is an extension of the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-colorbox
-\series default
-.
- The frame width is set, like for
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-framebox
-\series default
-, with
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigwedge$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-fboxrule
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-\backslash
-fboxsep
-\series default
-.
- An example:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-fboxrule 1mm
-\backslash
-fboxsep 1mm
+bigvee
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{A=B}\]
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigvee$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-fboxrule 0.4pt
-\backslash
-fboxsep 3pt
+bigsqcup
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigsqcup$
+\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-This formula was created with the command
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-fcolorbox{cyan
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
+biguplus
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-{magenta
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\biguplus$
\end_inset
-\backslash
-{A=B
-\series default
-.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-To use other colors than the predefined ones, they have to be defined first.
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-One can for example define the color
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-\series bold
-darkgreen
-\series default
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\begin_layout Standard
+All big operators can also be inserted via the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\intop"
\end_inset
- with the LaTeX-preamble line:
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+The operators are called big because they are bigger than the sometimes
+ equal looking binary operators.
+ All big operators can have limits as described in the next subsection.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+For all integral operators there is a second version available, ending in
+
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-definecolor{darkgreen}{cmyk}{0.5,
+op
\series default
-
+:
\series bold
-0,
+
+\backslash
+intop
\series default
-
+,
\series bold
-1,
+
+\backslash
+ointop
\series default
-
+ etc..
+ These operators are different from
\series bold
-0.5}
+
+\backslash
+int
\series default
+ etc.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! D ! \\textbackslash definecolor"
+in the style the operator limits are displayed, see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Operator-Limits"
\end_inset
+.
+
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+Advice for Integrals
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+The letter
+\emph on
+d
+\emph default
+ in an integral is an operator, that therefore has to be set upright.
+ This is done by highlighting the
+\emph on
+d
+\emph default
+ and using the keyboard shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-roman"
+\end_inset
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Font styles
\series bold
-cmyk
-\series default
- is the color space that denotes the colors
-\series bold
-cyan
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-magenta
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-yellow
-\series default
-, and
-\series bold
-black
-\series default
-.
- The four comma separated numbers are the portion factor for the corresponding
- colors of the color space.
- The factors can be in the range of 0\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
--\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-1.
- Instead of
-\series bold
-cmyk
-\series default
- also the color space
-\series bold
-rgb
-\series default
- can be used for definitions.
-
-\series bold
-rgb
-\series default
- denotes
-\series bold
-red
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-green
-\series default
-, and
-\series bold
-blue
-\series default
-, so that there are in this case three portion factors for the corresponding
- colors.
- Furthermore there is the color space
-\series bold
-gray
-\series default
- with one portion factor for the gray value.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-As example a framed box with the new defined color
-\series bold
-darkgreen
-\series default
- where the characters have been colored
-\series bold
-yellow
+
\series default
-:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-\colorbox{darkgreen}{\color{yellow}\boxed{\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}}\end{equation}
+see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Font-Styles"
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Finally the smallest space is inserted before the
+\emph on
+d
+\emph default
+, as this is usual for operators.
+ An example:
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
-Self-defined colors can also be used for text with the help of the command
-
-\series bold
+incorrect:
+\begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)dx$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-textcolor
-\series default
-:
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Text ! colored"
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+in
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+correct:
+\begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)\,\mathrm{d}x$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-textcolor{darkgreen}{
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+For multiple integrals there are the following commands:
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-This sentence is
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-darkgreen
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-.
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-textcolor
-\series default
+iint
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! T ! \\textbackslash textcolor"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\iint$
\end_inset
- is used in the scheme
-\series bold
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-textcolor{color}{characters to color}
-\series default
-.
+oiint
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Paragraph Boxes
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Paragraph-Boxes"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\oiint$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Boxes ! as paragraph"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+sqiint
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-A box that can contain several lines and paragraphs, a so called paragraph
- box (parbox), can be created with the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Box
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/box-insert.png
- scale 85
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqiint$
\end_inset
-.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The following example shows a framed parbox in a line:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-This is a line
-\begin_inset Box Boxed
-position "c"
-hor_pos "c"
-has_inner_box 1
-inner_pos "t"
-use_parbox 1
-width "5cm"
-special "none"
-height "1in"
-height_special "totalheight"
-status open
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-This is a paragraph box.
- It is exactly 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-cm long and can also contain formulas:
-\begin_inset Formula $\int A\,\mathrm{d}s=C$
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- with a parbox.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+iiint
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Such a box is created by right-clicking on the gray box inset.
- A dialog pops up showing the box properties.
- In our case set:
-\emph on
-Decoration
-\emph default
-: Recangular box,
-\emph on
-Inner Box
-\emph default
-: Parbox,
-\emph on
-Width
-\emph default
-: 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-cm,
-\emph on
-Vertical Box Alignment
-\emph default
-: Middle
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\iiint$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-In LaTeX a parbox is created with the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-parbox
-\series default
+iiiint
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! P ! \\textbackslash parbox"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\iiiint$
\end_inset
- that has the following scheme:
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-parbox[position]{width}{box content}
+dotsint
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The positions
-\emph on
-b
-\emph default
- and
-\emph on
-t
-\emph default
- are possible.
-
-\emph on
-b
-\emph default
- for bottom means that the box is aligned within the surrounding text with
- its last line.
- With
-\emph on
-t
-\emph default
- for top this is done with the first line.
- When no position is given, the box will be vertically centered, see section
-
-\emph on
-Boxes
-\emph default
- of the
-\emph on
-Embedded\InsetSpace ~
-Objects
-\emph default
- manual for examples.
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\dotsint$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-To frame formulas completely, including the formula number, the formula
- must be set into a parbox.
- To do this, the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-fbox{
-\backslash
-parbox{
-\backslash
-linewidth-2
-\backslash
-fboxsep-2
-\backslash
-fboxrule}{
-\series default
- is inserted in TeX-mode before the formula.
-
-\series bold
-\backslash
-linewidth
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! L ! \\textbackslash linewidth"
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Operator Limits
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Operator-Limits"
\end_inset
-\series default
- is hereby the line width set for the document.
- Because the frame is outside the parbox, 2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-times the frame separation and
- the frame thickness must be subtracted from the line width.
- As this is not automatically done by LyX due to a bug
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Operators ! Limits
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Limits are created by super- and subscripts:
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4483}{
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-LyX-bug #4483
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\backslash
+prod^
+\backslash
+infty
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-}
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+_0
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+A(x)
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\prod_{0}^{\infty}A(x)$
+\end_inset
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
\end_inset
-, TeX-mode has to be used.
- To be able to multiply and subtract in arguments, the LaTeX-package
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Limits of inline formulas are set right beside the operator.
+ Limits in displayed formulas are set above or below the operator, except
+ for integral limits.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To force that the limits are set beside the operator, the cursor is set
+ directly behind the operator and the limits type is changed with the menu
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Change Limits Type
+\family default
+ to
+\family sans
\series bold
-calc
+Inline
+\family default
\series default
+ (shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "math-limits"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+).
+ An example:
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+The default limits type is this:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\sum_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}
+\]
+\end_inset
+
+This is how it looks when the limits type was changed to
+\family sans
\series bold
-calc
+Inline
+\family default
\series default
- is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
-\end_layout
+:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\sum\nolimits _{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}
+\]
\end_inset
+For integrals, except those ending with
+\series bold
+op
+\series default
+ like
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+intop
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Packages ! calc"
+\backslash
+ointop
+\series default
+ etc., the limits are by default set beside the operator.
+ But for multiple integrals the limits are often set below the operator.
+ In the following example the limits type was therefore set to
+\series bold
+Display
+\series default
+ and so set below the integrals:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V=U\label{eq:VolInt}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
- must be loaded in the LaTeX-preamble with the line
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+To specify conditions for limits, the commands
\series bold
\backslash
-usepackage{calc}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Behind the formula both boxes are closed by entering
-\series bold
-}}
+subarray
\series default
- in TeX-mode.
- Here is an example:
-\begin_inset ERT
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! S !
+\backslash
+subarray
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ and
+\series bold
\backslash
-fboxsep 5mm
+substack
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! S !
\backslash
-fboxrule 5mm
+substack
\end_layout
\end_inset
+ are used.
+ To create for example this expression
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\sum_{\begin{subarray}{c}
+0<k<1000\\
+\\
+k\,\in\,\mathbb{N}
+\end{subarray}}^{n}k^{-2}\label{eq:substack}
+\end{equation}
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+the following has to be done:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+First the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-fbox{
-\backslash
-parbox{
-\backslash
-linewidth-2
-\backslash
-fboxsep-2
-\backslash
-fboxrule}{
-\end_layout
-
+sum
+\series default
+^
+\series bold
+n
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+_
+\series default
+ is typed in.
+ One is now in a blue box under the summation operator and insert there
+ the command
+\series bold
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}\end{equation}
-
+\backslash
+subarray
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\series default
+.
+ The blue box is now within a purple box and now several lines can be written
+ among each other.
+ A new line is created by inserting a line break (
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+).
+ When now
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-}}
-\end_layout
+\series bold
+0<k<1000 Ctrl+Return
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\series default
+is typed in, a new box appears below for the new line.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
+The alignment of the lines can be changed to left aligned with the
+\family sans
+table
+\family default
+
+\family sans
+toolbar
+\family default
+ or the menu
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Rows &Columns
+\family default
+.
+ To get right alignment,
+\series bold
\backslash
-fboxrule 0.4pt
-\backslash
-fboxsep 3pt
-\end_layout
-
+hfill
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+\series default
+ is inserted at the beginning of the line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
-
-As a parbox is used as argument of
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-fbox
-\series default
-, there is in this case no difference between
+The command
\series bold
\backslash
-fbox
+substack
\series default
- and
+ is equivalent to
\series bold
\backslash
-boxed
+subarray
\series default
-.
+ with the difference that the lines are always centered.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-Paragraph boxes are very useful to comment formulas directly.
- To do this,
-\series bold
+Like in formula
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:substack"
-\backslash
-parbox
-\series default
- is used in combination with the command
+\end_inset
+
+ there can be too much space beside an operator, because the characters
+ following the operator are set beside the limits.
+ To avoid this the command
\series bold
\backslash
-tag
+smashoperator
\series default
-.
- (more about
-\series bold
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! S !
\backslash
-tag
-\series default
- see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:User-defined-Numbering"
+smashoperator
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-)
-\end_layout
+ can be used.
+ To activate it, set in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-An example of a formula commented with
+Options
+\family default
+ for the package
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-parbox
+mathtools
\series default
-:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-[5x-7b=3b
-\backslash
-tag*{
-\backslash
-parbox{5cm}{
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! mathtools
\end_layout
\end_inset
-This is a description.
- It is distinctly separated from the formula and multiline.
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+ the option
+\family sans
+Load
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+always
+\family default
+.
+
+\series bold
-}}
\backslash
-]
-\end_layout
+smashoperator
+\series default
+ sets the space besides the operator to 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+pt.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+Applied on formula
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:substack"
+
+\end_inset
+, one uses the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Such a formula must be inserted completely in TeX-mode because LyX does
- not yet support the command
+
\series bold
\backslash
-parbox
-\series default
- in formulas.
- The formula is created with the following command sequence:
+smashoperator{
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The command
-\series bold
+and inserts the operator with its limits into the braces.
+ Behind the brace one continues the formula:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\smashoperator{\sum_{\begin{subarray}{c}
+0<k<1000\\
+\\
+k\,\in\,\mathbb{N}
+\end{subarray}}^{n}}k^{-2}
+\]
-\backslash
-[5x-7b=3b
-\backslash
-tag*
-\backslash
-{
-\backslash
-parbox{5cm}{
-\series default
- is inserted in TeX-mode.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When the formula style
+It is possible to set the space of only one side of the operator to 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+pt.
+ To do this write either
\series bold
-Indented
+[l]
\series default
- is used,
+ or
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-tag*
-\backslash
-{
+[r]
\series default
- can also be replaced by
+ between
\series bold
\backslash
-hfill
+smashoperator
\series default
-.
- (formula styles see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
-
-\end_inset
-
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- Then the description follows as normal text, and finally
+ and its brace.
+
\series bold
-}}
-\backslash
-]
+l
\series default
- is inserted in TeX-mode.
- The commands
+ stands for the left and
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-[
+r
\series default
- and
+ for the right side of the operator.
+ Here is an example of the possible
\series bold
\backslash
-]
+smashoperator
\series default
- hereby create a displayed formula.
+ forms:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The advantages of
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-parbox
-\series default
- can be seen in this example that was
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-commented
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- using the mathematical textmode:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-5x-7b=3b\textrm{This is a description. It is not separated from the formula ...}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+Y\smashoperator{\sum_{1\le i\le j\le n}^{n=3456}}X_{ij}=Y\smashoperator[l]{\sum_{1\le i\le j\le n}^{n=3456}}X_{ij}=Y\smashoperator[r]{\sum_{1\le i\le j\le n}^{n=3456}}X_{ij}
+\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Operators
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Operators"
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Big Operators
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Big-Operators"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Operators ! big"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Sums"
+\begin_layout Standard
+When several consecutive operators have limits the typesetting of the limits
+ looks often imperfect in the output, see this example:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\text{a)}\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}\quad\text{b)}\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p^{2}\ge n}\quad\text{c)}\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup_{p^{2}\ge nK}\quad\text{d)}\limsup_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}
+\]
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Integrals"
-
+To improve the typesetting set in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To be able to use all integral operators listed here, the option
-\family sans
-Use esint package automatically
-\family default
- must be set in the document settings under
-\family sans
-Math\InsetSpace ~
Options
\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\hfill
+ for the package
+\series bold
+mathtools
+\series default
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! mathtools
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
-\end_layout
+ the option
+\family sans
+Load
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+always
+\family default
+.
+ Then insert into your formula the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-sum
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! S ! \\textbackslash sum"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
-\end_inset
+adjustlimits
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! A !
+\backslash
+adjustlimits
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-int
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! I ! \\textbackslash int"
+ directly before the first operator.
+ The example will then look like this:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\text{a)}\adjustlimits\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}\quad\text{b)}\adjustlimits\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p^{2}\ge n}\quad\text{c)}\adjustlimits\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup_{p^{2}\ge nK}\quad\text{d)}\adjustlimits\limsup_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}
+\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\int$
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
+How to use one limit for several operators is described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Self-defined-Operators"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-intop
+.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Decoration for Operators
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Operators ! Decoration
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\intop$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
+With the commands
+\series bold
\backslash
-oint
+overset
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! O !
+\backslash
+overset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\oint$
-\end_inset
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+underset
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! U !
+\backslash
+underset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+ characters can be placed above or below an operator, respectively.
+ With the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-ointop
+sideset
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! S !
+\backslash
+sideset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+ characters can be set before and behind a big operator.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\ointop$
+There are 4
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
+variants of
+\series bold
+\backslash
+sideset
+\series default
+:
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
\backslash
-ointctrclockwise
+sideset
+\series default
+ is used to set characters at the corners of the operator
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+\backslash
+sidesetn
+\series default
+ is used to set characters before and/or behind the operator (this variant
+ represents \SpecialChar LaTeX
+'s original
+\series bold
+\backslash
+sideset
+\series default
+ command)
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
\backslash
-ointclockwise
+sidesetl
+\series default
+ is used to set characters at the left corners and/or behind the operator
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\series bold
+\backslash
+sidesetr
+\series default
+ is used to set characters at the right corners and/or before the operator
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
+For example the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-sqint
-\end_layout
-
+sidesetn
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\sqint$
+
+\backslash
+sum
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+'
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+_k=1
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-bigcap
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\series default
+^
+\series bold
+n
+\series default
+ produces:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\sideset{}{'}\sum_{k=1}^{n}
+\]
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigcap$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
\backslash
-bigcup
+sideset
+\series default
+ can only be used to decorate big operators, binary operators are not allowed.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigcup$
-\end_inset
+\series bold
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+overset
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\backslash
+underset
+\series default
+ can also be used to decorate symbols and characters.
+ For example, the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+overset
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\backslash
+maltese
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
-\end_layout
+\series default
+\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
-\end_layout
+
+\series bold
+a
+\series default
+ produces:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\overset{a}{\maltese}
+\]
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-prod
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! P ! \\textbackslash prod"
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Binary Operators
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Binary-Operators"
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Operators ! binary
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\prod$
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Binary operators are surrounded by space when there is a character before
+ and after them.
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-coprod
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\coprod$
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\series bold
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ is only used as spacer.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-bigodot
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigodot$
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-bigotimes
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
++
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigotimes$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $+$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-bigoplus
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigoplus$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $-$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bigwedge
+pm
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigwedge$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\pm$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bigvee
+mp
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigvee$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mp$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bigsqcup
+cdot
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigsqcup$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-biguplus
+times
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\biguplus$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\times$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\hfill
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-All big operators can also be inserted via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/intop.png
- scale 85
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The operators are called big because they are bigger than the sometimes
- equal looking binary operators.
- All big operators can have limits as described in the next subsection.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The operators
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-intop
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-ointop
-\series default
- are different from
-\series bold
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-int
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-oint
-\series default
-, resp.\InsetSpace ~
-in the style the operator limits are displayed, see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Operator-Limits"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
-Advices for Integrals
+div
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The letter
-\emph on
-d
-\emph default
- in an integral is an operator, that therefore has to be set upright.
- This is done by highlighting the
-\emph on
-d
-\emph default
- and using the keyboard shortcut
-\family sans
-Alt-c\InsetSpace ~
-r
-\family default
-
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Font styles
-\series bold
-
-\series default
-see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Styles"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\div$
\end_inset
-.
- Finally the smallest space is inserted before the
-\emph on
-d
-\emph default
-, as this is usual for operators.
- An example:
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-incorrect:
-\begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)dx$
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\newline
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-hphantom{in}
+raisebox{-1.2mm}{
\end_layout
\end_inset
-correct:
-\begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)\,\mathrm{d}x$
-\end_inset
+*
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-For multiple integrals there are the following commands:
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\hfill
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
-\end_layout
-
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $*$
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
+star
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\star$
+\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-iint
+circ
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\circ$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-oiint
+diamond
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\oiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\diamond$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sqiint
+bullet
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bullet$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-iiint
+nabla
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\nabla$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-iiiint
+bigtriangledown
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iiiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigtriangledown$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-dotsint
+bigtriangleup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\dotsint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigtriangleup$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\hfill
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Operator Limits
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Operator-Limits"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Operators ! Limits"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Limits are created by super- and subscripts:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+Box
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Box$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-prod^
-\backslash
-infty
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-
-_0
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-
-A(x)
+cap
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\prod_{0}^{\infty}A(x)\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\cap$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Limits of inline formulas are set right beside the operator.
- Limits in displayed formulas are set above or below the operator, except
- of integral limits.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To force that the limits are set beside the operator, the cursor is set
- directly behind the operator and the limits type is changed with the menu
-
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Change Limits Type
-\family default
- to
-\family sans
-\series bold
-Inline
-\family default
-\series default
- (shortcut
-\family sans
-Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
-l
-\family default
-).
- An example:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The default limits type is this:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\sum_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}\]
-
-\end_inset
-
-This is how it looks when the limits type was changed to
-\family sans
-\series bold
-Inline
-\family default
-\series default
-:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\sum\nolimits _{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}\]
-
-\end_inset
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-For integrals, except of
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-intop
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
+cup
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-ointop
-\series default
-, the limits are by default set beside the operator.
- But for multiple integrals the limits are often set below the operator.
- In the following example the limits type was therefore set to
-\series bold
-Display
-\series default
- and so set below the integrals:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V=U\label{eq:VolInt}\end{equation}
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\cup$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-To specify conditions for limits, the commands
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-subarray
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! S ! \\textbackslash subarray"
+dagger
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- and
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\dagger$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-substack
-\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! S ! \\textbackslash substack"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- are used.
- To create for example this expression
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-\sum_{\begin{subarray}{c}
-0<k<1000\\
-\\k\,\in\,\mathbb{N}\end{subarray}}^{n}k^{-2}\label{eq:substack}\end{equation}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+ddagger
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddagger$
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-the following has to be done:
-\newline
-First the command
-\series bold
-\backslash
-sum
-\series default
-^
-\series bold
-n
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+wr
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-_
-\series default
- is typed in.
- One is now in a blue box under the summation operator and insert there
- the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\wr$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-subarray
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+bigcirc
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigcirc$
+\end_inset
-\series default
-.
- The blue box is now within a purple box and now several lines can be written
- among each other.
- A new line is created by inserting a line break (
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Return
-\family default
-).
- When now
-\newline
-
-\series bold
-0<k<1000 Ctrl-Return
-\newline
-\series default
-is typed in, a new box appears below for the new line.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The alignment of the lines can be changed to left aligned with the
-\family sans
-table
-\family default
-
-\family sans
-toolbar
-\family default
- or the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Rows &Columns
-\family default
-.
- To get right alignment,
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-hfill
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+wedge
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\wedge$
+\end_inset
-\series default
- is inserted at the beginning of the line.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-substack
-\series default
- is equivalent to
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-subarray
-\series default
- with the difference that the lines are always centered.
+vee
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Like in formula
-\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:substack"
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\vee$
\end_inset
- there can be too much space beside an operator, because the characters
- following the operator are set beside the limits.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To avoid this, the following macro can be used in the LaTeX-preamble:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-\backslash
-def
-\backslash
-clap#1{
-\backslash
-hbox to 0pt{
-\backslash
-hss #1
-\backslash
-hss}}
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-def
-\backslash
-mathclap {
-\backslash
-mathpalette
-\backslash
-mathclapinternal}
-\newline
-\backslash
-def
-\backslash
-mathclapinternal #1#2{
-\backslash
-clap{$
-\backslash
-mathsurround =0pt #1{#2}$}}
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-This defines the command
-\series bold
-\backslash
-mathclap
-\series default
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! M ! \\textbackslash mathclap"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- that sets the width of the limit to 0\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-pt.
- The command scheme is
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mathclap{limit}
+oplus
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-where the limit can consist of several conditions.
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\oplus$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+ominus
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Applied on formula
-\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:substack"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ominus$
\end_inset
-, one uses the command
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sum_
-\backslash
-mathclap{
-\backslash
-substack
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+otimes
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\otimes$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-0<k<1000 Ctrl-Enter
+\backslash
+oslash
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-to create the lower limit.
- The summand is now directly behind the summation operator:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\sum_{\mathclap{\substack{0<k<1000\\
-\\k\,\in\,\mathbb{N}}
-}}^{n}k^{-2}\]
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\oslash$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-How to use one limit for several operators is described in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Self-defined-Operators"
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-.
+\backslash
+odot
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Binary Operators
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Binary-Operators"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Operators ! binary"
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\odot$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Binary operators are surrounded by space when there is a character before
- and behind them.
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+amalg
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\hfill
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\amalg$
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+uplus
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\uplus$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+setminus
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $+$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\setminus$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
--
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+sqcap
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $-$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqcap$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-pm
+sqcup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\pm$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqcup$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mp
+triangleleft
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\mp$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\triangleleft$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-cdot
+triangleright
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\triangleright$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+All binary operators can also be inserted via the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\pm"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-times
+.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+To typeset the Laplace operator also
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Delta
+\series default
+ or
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+nabla
+\series default
+^
+\series bold
+2
+\series default
+ (
+\begin_inset Formula $\nabla^{2}$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+) can be used instead of
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+bigtriangleup
+\series default
+ .
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\times$
+The character
+\family sans
+Menu Separator
+\family default
+ from the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Special Character
+\family default
+ is the operator
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+triangleright
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Self-defined Operators
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Self-defined-Operators"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Operators ! self-defined
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+With the help of the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+DeclareMathOperator
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! D !
+\backslash
+dbinom@
+\backslash
+DeclareMathOperator
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+ custom operators can be defined in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble.
+ Its command scheme is:
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-div
+DeclareMathOperator{new command}{display}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\div$
-\end_inset
+Display can be characters or symbols that define how the operator looks
+ in the output.
+ To define a big operator a * is set behind the command.
+ All self-defined big operators can have limits as described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Operator-Limits"
+\end_inset
+.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+For example the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
\backslash
-raisebox{-1.2mm}{
+DeclareMathOperator*{
+\backslash
+Lozenge}{
+\backslash
+blacklozenge}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+defines the command
+\series bold
-*
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\backslash
+Lozenge
+\series default
+, that inserts a big operator consisting of the lozenge symbol from
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Miscellaneous-Symbols"
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-}
-\end_layout
+:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\Lozenge_{n=1}^{\infty}
+\]
\end_inset
+The command for this formula is:
+\series bold
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+Lozenge
+\series default
+^
+\series bold
+\backslash
+infty
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+_n=1
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $*$
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
+When self-defined operators are not used several times in the document,
+ they can also be defined with the commands
+\series bold
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+mathop
+\series default
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! M !
\backslash
-star
+mathop
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\star$
-\end_inset
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathbin
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! M !
+\backslash
+mathbin
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+, which have the following scheme:
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-circ
-\end_layout
+mathop{display}
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+mathbin{display}
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\circ$
-\end_inset
+\series bold
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+mathop
+\series default
+ defines big operators,
+\series bold
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+mathbin
+\series default
+ binary operators.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-diamond
-\end_layout
+mathop
+\series default
+ can e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+be used to use one limit for several operators:
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\diamond$
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\mathop{\sum\negmedspace\sum}_{i,j=1}^{N}
+\]
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command for the formula above is:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-bullet
-\end_layout
+\series bold
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+mathop{
+\backslash
+sum
+\backslash
+negmedspace
+\backslash
+sum
+\series default
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\bullet$
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\series bold
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+^N
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\series bold
+_i,j=1
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Section
+Fonts
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Fonts
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Font Styles
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Font-Styles"
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-nabla
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Font ! style
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\nabla$
-\end_inset
+Latin letters in formulas can be set in one of the following font styles:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-bigtriangledown
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigtriangledown$
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Shortcut
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bigtriangleup
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+mathbb
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigtriangleup$
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+\series default
+ABC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{ABC}$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-Box
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Box$
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-cap
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+mathbf
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\cap$
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+\series default
+AbC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{AbC}$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-cup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\cup$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-bold"
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-dagger
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+boldsymbol
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\dagger$
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+\series default
+AbC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\boldsymbol{AbC}$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-ddagger
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\ddagger$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-boldsymbol"
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-wr
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+mathcal
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\wr$
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+\series default
+ABC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{ABC}$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-bigcirc
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigcirc$
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-wedge
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+mathfrak
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\wedge$
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+\series default
+AbC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{AbC}$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-vee
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\vee$
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+-
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-oplus
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Shortcut
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\oplus$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+mathit
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+\series default
+AbC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{AbC}$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-ominus
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\ominus$
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-otimes
+mathrm
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+AbC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\otimes$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{AbC}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-roman"
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-oslash
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\oslash$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+mathsf
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+\series default
+AbC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{AbC}$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-odot
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\odot$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-sans"
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-amalg
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+mathtt
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\amalg$
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+\series default
+AbC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{AbC}$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-uplus
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\uplus$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-typewriter"
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-setminus
+mathscr
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ABC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\setminus$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathscr{ABC}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-sqcap
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\sqcap$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
-\backslash
-sqcup
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ The styles
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\sqcup$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+mathbb
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+\backslash
+mathcal
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+\backslash
+mathscr
+\series default
+ can only be used for big letters.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+Predefined is the style
+\series bold
\backslash
-triangleleft
+mathnormal
+\series default
+.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The style commands work also for letters in mathematical constructs:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\mathfrak{A=\frac{b}{C}}
+\]
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\triangleleft$
+Characters in mathematical text don't appear in a math font style but in
+ the text font style
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+textrm
+\series default
+.
+ That their style can't be set correctly via the text style dialog is a
+ bug in \SpecialChar LyX
+.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "LyX-bug #4629"
+target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/4629"
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-triangleright
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Instead of the style commands the dialog
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Text Style
+\family default
+ or the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\font"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\triangleright$
+ can be used.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Bold Formulas
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Bold-Formulas"
+
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! bold
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\hfill
+\begin_layout Standard
+To make a complete formula bold, the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+mathbf
+\series default
+ from the previous subsection cannot be used, because it doesn't work for
+ small Greek letters.
+ Furthermore it prints Latin letters always upright, like in the following
+ equation:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-All binary operators can also be inserted via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/pm.png
- scale 85
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\mathbf{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash mathbf}
+\]
\end_inset
-.
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To typeset the Laplace operator also
+To display the formula correctly, the command
\series bold
\backslash
-Delta
+boldsymbol
\series default
- or
-\series bold
+ is used:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\boldsymbol{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash boldsymbol}}
+\]
-\backslash
-nabla
+\end_inset
+
+It is also possible to set the formula in a
+\series bold
+boldmath environment
\series default
-^
+.
+ This environment is created by inserting the command
\series bold
-2
+
+\backslash
+boldmath
\series default
- (
-\begin_inset Formula $\nabla^{2}$
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! B !
+\backslash
+boldmath
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-) can be used instead of
+ in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ To end the environment, the command
\series bold
\backslash
-bigtriangleup
+unboldmath
\series default
- .
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! U !
+\backslash
+unboldmath
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+boldmath
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation in a boldmath environment}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+unboldmath
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The character
-\family sans
-Menu Separator
-\family default
- from the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Special Character
-\family default
- is the operator
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-triangleright
-\series default
-.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-Self-defined Operators
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Self-defined-Operators"
+Colored Formulas
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! colored
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Operators ! self-defined"
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Formulas can be colored like normal text: Highlight a formula or a formula
+ part and use the
+\family sans
+Text Style
+\family default
+ dialog.
+ Here is a formula in magenta:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+{\color{magenta}\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}
+\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-With the help of the command
+You can also define your own colors as described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Colored-Boxes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ They can be used with the \SpecialChar TeX
+ code command
\series bold
\backslash
-DeclareMathOperator
+textcolor
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! D ! \\textbackslash dbinom@\\textbackslash DeclareMathOperator"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! T !
+\backslash
+textcolor
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- custom operators can be defined in the LaTeX-preamble.
- Its command scheme is:
+ in the scheme
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-DeclareMathOperator{new command}{display}
+textcolor{color}{characters or formula}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Display can be characters or symbols that define how the operator looks
- in the output.
- To define a big operator a * is set behind the command.
- All self-defined big operators can have limits as described in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Operator-Limits"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
+The following example was colored completely dark green and partly red:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For example the LaTeX-preamble line
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
\backslash
-DeclareMathOperator*{
-\backslash
-Lozenge}{
-\backslash
-blacklozenge}
+textcolor{darkgreen}{
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-defines the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-Lozenge
-\series default
-, that inserts a big operator consisting of the lozenge symbol from
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Miscellaneous-Symbols"
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{{\color{red}\sqrt[5]{B}}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}
+\]
\end_inset
-:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\Lozenge_{n=1}^{\infty}\]
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-The command for this formula is:
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-Lozenge
-\series default
-^
-\series bold
+}
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-infty
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-_n=1
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+Due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX
+ only complete formulas can be colored with self-defined
+ colors.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "LyX-bug #5269"
+target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/5269"
+
\end_inset
-When self-defined operators are not used several times in the document,
- they can also be defined with the commands
-\series bold
-\backslash
-mathop
-\series default
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! M ! \\textbackslash mathop"
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Font Sizes
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Font-Sizes"
\end_inset
- and
-\series bold
-\backslash
-mathbin
-\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! M ! \\textbackslash mathbin"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Font ! size
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-, which have the following scheme:
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For characters in formulas there are, analog to characters in text, the
+ following size commands:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-mathop{display}
+Huge
\series default
- and
+,
\series bold
\backslash
-mathbin{display}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+huge
+\series default
+,
\series bold
\backslash
-mathop
+LARGE
\series default
- defines big operators,
+,
\series bold
\backslash
-mathbin
+Large
\series default
- binary operators.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+,
\series bold
\backslash
-mathop
+large
\series default
- can e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-g.\InsetSpace ~
-be used to use one limit for several operators:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\mathop{\sum\negmedspace\sum}_{i,j=1}^{N}\]
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The command for the formula above is:
-\newline
-
+,
\series bold
\backslash
-mathop{
-\backslash
-sum
-\backslash
-negmedspace
-\backslash
-sum
+normalsize
\series default
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+,
+\series bold
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+small
+\series default
+,
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+footnotesize
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
-^N
+\backslash
+scriptsize
\series default
+ and
+\series bold
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\backslash
+tiny
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
+The size produced by the commands depends on the document font size, which
+ corresponds to the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
+normalsize
+\series default
+.
+ The other commands produce smaller or larger sizes than
+\series bold
+\backslash
+normalsize
+\series default
+.
+ The font size can however not exceed a certain value.
+ Is for example the document font size 12
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-
+pt, the command
\series bold
-_i,j=1
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Fonts
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Fonts"
-
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+Huge
+\series default
+ switches to the same size as
+\series bold
+\backslash
+huge
+\series default
+.
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Font Styles
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Font-Styles"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Font ! style"
-
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+A size command is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before the formula and sets the size
+ for all following formula and text characters.
+ To switch back to the initial size, the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+normalsize
+\series default
+ is inserted behind the formula in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Latin letters in formulas can be set in one of the following font styles:
-\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+Within a formula the size can be changed using the following size commands
+ or the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\style"
\end_inset
-
+:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-shortcut
-\end_layout
-
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mathbb
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset ERT
+displaystyle
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! D !
\backslash
-spce
+displaystyle
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
-ABC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{ABC}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Alt-c c
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+textstyle
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-mathbf
-\series bold
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+scriptstyle
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$
+\end_inset
-\series default
-AbC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{AbC}$
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+scriptscriptstyle
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Alt-c b
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+After entering these commands, a blue box appears in which the formula parts
+ are inserted.
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-boldsymbol
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Standard
+There is a further method to change the font size, that though only works
+ for symbols or letters in mathematical text.
+ To use it, one of the above text size commands is inserted in mathematical
+ text.
+ All following characters until the end of the mathematical text or until
+ another size command will have the selected size.
+ Two examples:
+\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+huge
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
-AbC
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+A=\frac{B}{c}\cdot\maltese
+\]
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\boldsymbol{AbC}$
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\maltese A\textrm{\Large\maltese\textit{A}}\textrm{\tiny\maltese\textit{A}}
+\]
+
\end_inset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+normalsize
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
--
+
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+Before both formulas the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-mathcal
+huge
+\series default
+ was inserted.
+ The command for the second formula is:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
\series bold
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\backslash
+maltese
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+A Alt+M M
+\backslash
+Large
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
+maltese
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+\backslash
+textit
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
-\series default
-ABC
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{ABC}$
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{}
+\length 1cm
+\end_inset
+Alt+M
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+M
+\backslash
+tiny
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Alt-c e
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+maltese
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
-mathfrak
-\series bold
+textit
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+A
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+If a symbol cannot be displayed in different sizes, it will always be displayed
+ in the default size.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+Greek Letters
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\backslash
-spce
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Greek letters
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
-AbC
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{AbC}$
+Greek letters can also be inserted via the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\alpha"
\end_inset
-
+.
+ All international typesetting norms purport that Greek letters in math
+ have to be typeset italic/slanted.
+ In some languages, like French or Russian, they are nevertheless sometimes
+ typeset upright.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Small Letters
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
--
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Greek letters ! small
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-shortcut
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mathit
-\series bold
+alpha
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series default
-AbC
+\backslash
+beta
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{AbC}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\beta$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
--
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+gamma
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-mathrm
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series default
-AbC
+\backslash
+delta
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{AbC}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\delta$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Alt-c r
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+epsilon
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-mathsf
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series default
-AbC
+\backslash
+varepsilon
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{AbC}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\varepsilon$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Alt-c s
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+zeta
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-mathtt
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\zeta$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series default
-AbC
+\backslash
+eta
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{AbC}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\eta$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Alt-c p
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+theta
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\theta$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- The styles
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-mathbb
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mathcal
-\series default
- can only be used for big letters.
+vartheta
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\vartheta$
+\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Predefined is the style
-\series bold
-\backslash
-mathnormal
-\series default
-.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The style commands work also for letters in mathematical constructs:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\mathfrak{A=\frac{b}{C}}\]
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Characters in mathematical text don't appear in a math font style but in
- the text font style
-\series bold
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-textrm
-\series default
-.
- That their style can't be set correctly via the text style dialog is a
- bug in LyX.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4091}{
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-LyX-bug #4091
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-}
+\backslash
+iota
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\iota$
+\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+kappa
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Instead of the style commands the dialog
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Text Style
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/font.png
- scale 85
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- can be used.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Bold Formulas
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Bold-Formulas"
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\kappa$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! bold"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To make a complete formula bold, the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mathbf
-\series default
- from the previous subsection cannot be used, because it doesn't work for
- small Greek letters.
- Furthermore it prints Latin letters always upright, like in the following
- equation:
+varkappa
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\mathbf{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash mathbf}\]
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\varkappa$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To display the formula correctly, the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-boldsymbol
-\series default
- is used:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\boldsymbol{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash boldsymbol}}\]
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-It is also possible to set the formula in a
-\series bold
-boldmath environment
-\series default
-.
- This environment is created by inserting the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-boldmath
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! B ! \\textbackslash boldmath"
+lambda
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\series default
- in TeX-mode.
- To end the environment, the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-unboldmath
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! U ! \\textbackslash unboldmath"
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
\end_inset
-\series default
- is inserted in TeX-mode.
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-boldmath
+mu
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation in a boldmath environment}\]
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mu$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-unboldmath
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+nu
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Font Sizes
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Font-Sizes"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\nu$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Font ! size"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+xi
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-For characters in formulas there are, analog to characters in text, the
- following size commands:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\xi$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-Huge
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-\backslash
-huge
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-LARGE
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-Large
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+o
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-large
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-normalsize
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $o$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-small
-\series default
-,
-\newline
-\series bold
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-footnotesize
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-scriptsize
-\series default
-, and
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-tiny
+pi
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The size produced by the commands depends on the document font size, that
- corresponds with the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-normalsize
-\series default
-.
- The other commands produce smaller or larger sizes than
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-normalsize
-\series default
-.
- The font size can however not exceed a certain value.
- Is for example the document font size 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-pt, the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\pi$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-Huge
-\series default
- switches to the same size as
-\series bold
-\backslash
-huge
-\series default
-.
-
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-A size command is inserted in TeX-mode before the formula and sets the size
- for all following formula and text characters.
- To switch back to the initial size, the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-normalsize
-\series default
- is inserted behind the formula in TeX-mode.
+varpi
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Within a formula the size can only be changed for symbols or letters in
- mathematical text.
- To do this, the size command is inserted in mathematical text.
- All following characters until the end of the mathematical text or until
- another size command will have the selected size.
- Two examples:
-\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\varpi$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-huge
+rho
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\rho$
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-A=\frac{B}{c}\cdot\maltese\]
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\maltese A\textrm{\Large\maltese\textit{A}}\textrm{\tiny\maltese\textit{A}}\]
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-normalsize
+varrho
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\varrho$
+\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Before both formulas the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-huge
-\series default
- was inserted.
- The command for the second formula is:
-\newline
+sigma
+\end_layout
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-maltese
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+varsigma
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\varsigma$
+\end_inset
-A Alt-m m
-\backslash
-Large
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+tau
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\tau$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-maltese
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+upsilon
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\upsilon$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-textit
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+phi
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\phi$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
-A
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+varphi
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\varphi$
+\end_inset
-\newline
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-hspace*{1cm}
+chi
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Alt-m
-\series default
-
-\series bold
-m
-\backslash
-tiny
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\chi$
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+psi
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\psi$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-maltese
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+omega
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\omega$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-textit
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-A
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-If a symbol cannot be displayed in different sizes, it will always be displayed
- in the default size.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Greek Letters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Greek letters"
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-All Greek letters can also be inserted via the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/alpha.png
- scale 85
+How to create special upright Greek letters is explained in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Upright-small-Greek"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-Small Letters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Small-Letters"
-
-\end_inset
-
+Big Letters
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Greek letters ! small"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Greek letters ! big
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\hfill
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-alpha
+Gamma
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-beta
+Delta
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\beta$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Delta$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-gamma
+Theta
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Theta$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-delta
+Lambda
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\delta$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Lambda$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-epsilon
+Xi
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Xi$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-varepsilon
+Pi
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\varepsilon$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Pi$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-zeta
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\zeta$
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-eta
+Sigma
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\eta$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Sigma$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-theta
+Upsilon
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\theta$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-vartheta
+Phi
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\vartheta$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Phi$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\hfill
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+Psi
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Psi$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-iota
+Omega
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\iota$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-kappa
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\kappa$
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+That the big Greek letters appear upright is caused by a design bug when
+ \SpecialChar TeX
+ was developed.
+ To get correct italic big letters, begin every command with
+\series bold
+var
+\series default
+.
+ For example the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+varGamma
+\series default
+ produces
+\begin_inset Formula $\varGamma$
+\end_inset
-\end_layout
+.
+ Another way is to load the package
+\series bold
+fixmath
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+fixmath
+\series default
+ is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+was
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! was
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
-varkappa
+vspace{4mm}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\varkappa$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-lambda
+.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! fixmath
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+ with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-mu
+usepackage{fixmath}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\mu$
-\end_inset
+Then all big Greek letters in a document will automatically be typeset italic.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Bold Letters
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Greek letters ! bold
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-nu
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\nu$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
+Greek letters cannot be set with different font styles like Latin letters.
+ They can only be made bold with the command
+\series bold
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+boldsymbol
+\series default
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! B !
\backslash
-xi
+boldsymbol
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\xi$
-\end_inset
-
+.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-o
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $o$
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-pi
+Upsilon
+\backslash
+boldsymbol
+\backslash
+Upsilon
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\pi$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon\boldsymbol{\Upsilon}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-varpi
+theta
+\backslash
+boldsymbol
+\backslash
+theta
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\varpi$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\theta\boldsymbol{\theta}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-rho
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Section
+Symbols
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\rho$
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring{
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
-\hfill
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A list with all symbols of most of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-packages can be found in
+\begin_inset CommandInset citation
+LatexCommand cite
+key "Symbols"
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-varrho
+}{}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\varrho$
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sigma
+texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+More about
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring is in section
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Formulas-in-Section"
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset
-
+.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-varsigma
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Symbols
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\varsigma$
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Many of the symbols listed in this section can also be inserted via the
+ toolbar buttons
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\nabla"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+ and
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\digamma"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-tau
+.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Mathematical Symbols
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Mathematical-Symbols"
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\tau$
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Symbols ! mathematical
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-upsilon
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\upsilon$
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Symbol
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-phi
+neg
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\phi$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\neg$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-varphi
+Im
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\varphi$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Im$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-chi
+Re
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\chi$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Re$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-psi
+aleph
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\psi$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\aleph$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-omega
+partial
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\omega$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\partial$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\hfill
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-How to create upright Greek letters is explained in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Upright-small-Greek"
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-.
+\backslash
+infty
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Big Letters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Greek letters ! big"
-
\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\hfill
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\infty$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Gamma
+wp
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\wp$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Delta
+imath
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Delta$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\imath$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Theta
+jmath
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Theta$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\jmath$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-Lambda
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Lambda$
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Symbol
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
\backslash
-Xi
+raisebox
+\series default
+ is only used as spacer.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Xi$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Pi
+forall
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Pi$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\forall$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\hfill
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+exists
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\exists$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Sigma
+nexists
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Sigma$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\nexists$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Upsilon
+emptyset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\emptyset$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Phi
+varnothing
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Phi$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\varnothing$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Psi
+dag
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Psi$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\dag$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Omega
+ddag
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddag$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\hfill
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-That the big Greek letters appear upright is caused by a design bug when
- TeX was developed.
- To get correct italic big letters, begin every command with
-\series bold
-var
-\series default
-.
- For example the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-varGamma
-\series default
- produces:
-\begin_inset Formula $\varGamma$
-\end_inset
-
-
+complement
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Bold Letters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Greek letters ! bold"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Greek letters cannot be set with different font styles like Latin letters.
- They can only be made bold with the command
-\series bold
\backslash
-boldsymbol
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! B ! \\textbackslash boldsymbol"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
+raisebox{-0.8mm}{
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\complement$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-Upsilon
-\backslash
-boldsymbol
-\backslash
-Upsilon
+}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon\boldsymbol{\Upsilon}$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-theta
-\backslash
-boldsymbol
-\backslash
-theta
+Bbbk
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\theta\boldsymbol{\theta}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Bbbk$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Symbols
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring{
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-A list with all symbols of most of the LaTeX-packages can be found in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
-key "Symbole"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Symbol
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-}{}
+\backslash
+prime
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\prime$
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-More about
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring is in section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+backprime
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Symbols"
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\backprime$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Many of the symbols listed in this section can also be inserted via the
- toolbar buttons
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/nabla.png
- scale 85
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- and
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/digamma.png
- scale 85
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-.
+\backslash
+mho
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Mathematical Symbols
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Mathematical-Symbols"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Symbols ! mathematical"
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mho$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\hfill
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+triangle
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\triangle$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-neg
+angle
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\neg$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\angle$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Im
+measuredangle
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Im$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\measuredangle$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Re
+sphericalangle
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Re$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sphericalangle$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-aleph
+top
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\aleph$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\top$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-partial
+bot
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\partial$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bot$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-infty
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Miscellaneous Symbols
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Miscellaneous-Symbols"
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\infty$
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Symbols ! miscellaneous
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Symbol
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-wp
+flat
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\wp$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\flat$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-imath
+natural
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\imath$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\natural$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-jmath
+sharp
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\jmath$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sharp$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\hfill
+\backslash
+surd
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\surd$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
+checkmark
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\checkmark$
+\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-forall
+yen
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\forall$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\yen$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-exists
+pounds
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\exists$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\pounds$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-nexists
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+$
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\nexists$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\$$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-emptyset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+§
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\emptyset$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $§$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-varnothing
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\varnothing$
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Symbol
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-dag
+hbar
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\dag$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\hbar$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ddag
+hslash
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\ddag$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\hslash$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-complement
+clubsuit
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-raisebox{-0.8mm}{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\complement$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\clubsuit$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Bbbk
+spadesuit
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Bbbk$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\spadesuit$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\hfill
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+bigstar
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigstar$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-prime
+blacklozenge
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\prime$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\blacklozenge$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-backprime
+blacktriangle
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\backprime$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\blacktriangle$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mho
+blacktiangledown
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\mho$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\blacktriangledown$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-triangle
+bullet
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\triangle$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bullet$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-angle
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\angle$
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Symbol
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-measuredangle
+diamondsuit
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\measuredangle$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\diamondsuit$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sphericalangle
+Diamond
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\sphericalangle$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Diamond$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-top
+heartsuit
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\top$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bot
+P
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\bot$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\P$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\hfill
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\newpage
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+copyright
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Miscellaneous Symbols
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Miscellaneous-Symbols"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Symbols ! miscellaneous"
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\copyright$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\noindent
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+circledR
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\circledR$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-flat
+maltese
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\flat$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\maltese$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-natural
+diagup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\natural$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\diagup$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sharp
+diagdown
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\sharp$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\diagdown$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-surd
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\surd$
+Some symbols can be displayed in different sizes, see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Font-Sizes"
+
\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+The Euro-Symbol €
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Symbols ! Euro-symbol
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-checkmark
+@
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+officialeuro
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\checkmark$
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+To use the Euro symbol in formulas, the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! eurosym
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+ must be installed and loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-yen
+usepackage[gennarrow]{eurosym}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The Euro symbol can now be inserted with the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+euro
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! E !
+\backslash
+euro
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\yen$
-\end_inset
+The Euro symbol can directly be inserted with the € key in mathematical
+ text, without having
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+ installed.
+ When
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+ is installed,
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+euro
+\series default
+ can also be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ The official currency symbol can then be inserted with the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+officialeuro
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! O !
+\backslash
+officialeuro
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+, that is only available in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-pounds
+ifeurosym
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+ is installed.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\pounds$
+An overview about the different Euro symbols:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+cmidrule[0.08em]{2-3}
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\$$
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Symbol
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-§
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+formula
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $§$
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+euro
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\euro$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+mathematical text
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-hbar
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+€
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\hbar$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{€}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-hslash
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\SpecialChar TeX
+ mode
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\hslash$
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+officialeuro
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-clubsuit
+officialeuro
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\clubsuit$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spadesuit
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\spadesuit$
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\series bold
+\backslash
+cmidrule
+\series default
+ is used here only for table borders.
+ See sec.
+
+\family sans
+Formal Tables
+\family default
+ of the
+\emph on
+EmbeddedObjects
+\emph default
+ manual for details.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-bigstar
+else
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigstar$
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+ is not installed:
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-blacklozenge
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+ to see the rest of this subsection in the output.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\blacklozenge$
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+fi
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-blacktriangle
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Section
+Relations
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Relations"
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\blacktriangle$
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Relations
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-blacktiangledown
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Comparisons|see
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\blacktriangledown$
-\end_inset
+Relations
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-bullet
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\bullet$
+All following relations can also be inserted via the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\leq"
\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Relation
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+<
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $<$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-diamondsuit
+le
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\diamondsuit$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\le$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Diamond
+ll
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\Diamond$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ll$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-heartsuit
+prec
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\prec$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-P
+preceq
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\P$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\preceq$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-copyright
+subset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\copyright$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\subset$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-circledR
+subseteq
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\circledR$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\subseteq$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-maltese
+sqsubseteq
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\maltese$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqsubseteq$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-diagup
+in
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\diagup$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\in$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-diagdown
+vdash
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\diagdown$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\vdash$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+smile
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-More symbols are listed in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Miscellaneous-Special-Characters"
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\smile$
\end_inset
-.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Some symbols can be displayed in different sizes, see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Sizes"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-The Euro-Symbol €
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Symbols ! Euro-symbol"
+\backslash
+lhd
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "\\textcent@\\officialeuro"
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\lhd$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To use the Euro symbol in formulas, the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-eurosym
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Packages ! eurosym"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- must be installed and loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-usepackage[gennarrow]{eurosym}
+unlhd
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The Euro symbol can now be inserted with the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-euro
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! E ! \\textbackslash euro"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The Euro symbol can directly be inserted with the € key in mathematical
- text, without having
-\series bold
-eurosym
-\series default
- installed.
- When
-\series bold
-eurosym
-\series default
- is installed,
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-euro
-\series default
- can also be inserted in TeX-mode.
- The official currency symbol can then be inserted with the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-officialeuro
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! O ! \\textbackslash officialeuro"
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\unlhd$
\end_inset
-, that is only available in TeX-mode.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ifeurosym
+gtrless
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\gtrless$
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status open
-\begin_layout Standard
-The following table will only be displayed when the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-eurosym
-\series default
- is installed.
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+mid
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-An overview about the different Euro symbols:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mid$
+\end_inset
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+nmid
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\nmid$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-formula
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-euro
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\euro$
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Relation
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-mathematical text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+=
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-€
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $=$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{€}$
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+not=
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-TeX-mode
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\not=$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-officialeuro
+equiv
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\equiv$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-officialeuro
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+sim
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sim$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-else
+simeq
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\simeq$
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status open
-\begin_layout Standard
-The following will be displayed when the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-eurosym
-\series default
- is not installed:
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+approx
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-You need to install the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-eurosym
-\series default
- to see the rest of this subsection in the output.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\approx$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-fi
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+cong
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Relations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Relations"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Relations"
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\cong$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Comparisons|see{Relations}"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+bowtie
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-All relations can also be inserted via the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/leq.png
- scale 85
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bowtie$
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-\hfill
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+notin
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\notin$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-<
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+perp
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $<$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\perp$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-le
+propto
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\le$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\propto$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ll
+asymp
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\ll$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\asymp$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-prec
+doteq
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\prec$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\doteq$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-preceq
+circeq
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\preceq$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\circeq$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-subset
+models
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\subset$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\models$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-subseteq
+widehat=
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\subseteq$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\widehat{=}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-sqsubseteq
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\sqsubseteq$
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Relation
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-in
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\in$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $>$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-vdash
+ge
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\vdash$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ge$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-smile
+gg
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\smile$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\gg$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-lhd
+succ
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\lhd$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\succ$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-unlhd
+succeq
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\unlhd$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\succeq$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-gtrless
+supset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\gtrless$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\supset$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mid
+supseteq
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\mid$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\supseteq$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-nmid
+sqsupseteq
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\nmid$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqsupseteq$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\hfill
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+ni
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ni$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-=
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+dashv
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $=$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\dashv$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-not=
+frown
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\not=$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\frown$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-equiv
+rhd
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\equiv$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\rhd$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sim
+unrhd
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\sim$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\unrhd$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-simeq
+lessgtr
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\simeq$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\lessgtr$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-approx
+parallel
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\approx$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\parallel$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-cong
+nparallel
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\cong$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\nparallel$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-bowtie
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\bowtie$
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+The characters
+\series bold
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+lhd
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+rhd
+\series default
+ are bigger than the equal looking operators
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
+\backslash
+triangleleft
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
\backslash
-notin
+triangleright
+\series default
+, respectively.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\notin$
+\SpecialChar LyX
+ supports also many special relations.
+ Use the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\leqq"
\end_inset
-
+ to see a list of these relations.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+Relations are, in contrary to symbols, always surrounded by space.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+Relations with labels can be created with the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-perp
+stackrel
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! S !
+\backslash
+stackrel
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\perp$
-\end_inset
+:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-propto
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\propto$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A(r)
+\backslash
+stackrel
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+r
+\backslash
+to
+\backslash
+infty
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
-asymp
+approx
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\asymp$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A(r)\stackrel{r\to\infty}{\approx}B$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-doteq
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Section
+Functions
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Predefined Functions
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Predefined-Functions"
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\doteq$
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Functions ! predefined
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-circeq
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\circeq$
+In general, variables are set
+\emph on
+italic
+\emph default
+ in mathematical expressions, but not function names, because
+\begin_inset Formula $sin$
\end_inset
+ could be misunderstood as
+\begin_inset Formula $s\cdot i\cdot n$
+\end_inset
+.
+ Therefore there are predefined functions which are additionally a bit separated
+ from prefactors.
+ They are inserted as commands starting with a backslash before their name.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-models
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\models$
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-widehat=
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Asin(x)+B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\widehat{=}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $Asin(x)+B$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\begin_inset space \quad{}
+\end_inset
+
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
->
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\backslash
+sin(x)+B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $>$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\sin(x)+B$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-ge
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\ge$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-gg
+The following functions are predefined:
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\gg$
+\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="4">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-succ
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\succ$
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-succeq
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\succeq$
-\end_inset
-
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-supset
+sin
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\supset$
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+sinh
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-supseteq
+arcsin
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\supseteq$
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+sup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sqsupseteq
+cos
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\sqsupseteq$
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+cosh
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ni
+arccos
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\ni$
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+inf
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-dashv
+tan
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\dashv$
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+tanh
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-frown
+arctan
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\frown$
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+lim
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-rhd
+cot
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\rhd$
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+coth
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-unrhd
+arg
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\unrhd$
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+liminf
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-lessgtr
+sec
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\lessgtr$
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+min
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-parallel
+deg
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\parallel$
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+limsup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-nparallel
+csc
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\nparallel$
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+max
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\hfill
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+det
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-The characters
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-lhd
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-rhd
-\series default
- are bigger than the equal looking operators
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-triangleleft
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-triangleright
-\series default
-, respectively.
+Pr
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Relations are, in contrary to symbols, always surrounded by space.
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Relations with labels can be created with the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-stackrel
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! S ! \\textbackslash stackrel"
-
-\end_inset
-
-:
+ln
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+exp
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
+dim
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+hom
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-A(r)
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-stackrel
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+lg
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+log
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-r
-\backslash
-to
\backslash
-infty
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+ker
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+gcd
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset
-\backslash
-approx
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+They can also be inserted with the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\functions"
+\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-spce
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Self-defined Functions
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Functions ! self-defined
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+To use a function that is not predefined, like for example the sign function
+ sgn(x), there are two possibilities:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Define the function by inserting the following line to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+For more about
+\series bold
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
+DeclareMathOperator
+\series default
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Self-defined-Operators"
\end_inset
-B
+.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}A(r)\stackrel{r\to\infty}{\approx}B$
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset VSpace -3mm
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Section
-Functions
+\backslash
+DeclareMathOperator{
+\backslash
+sgn}{sgn}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! D !
+\backslash
+dbinom@
+\backslash
+DeclareMathOperator
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Predefined Functions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Predefined-Functions"
+\end_inset
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Functions ! predefined"
+\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+\end_inset
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+Now the new defined function can be called with the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+sgn
+\series default
+.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-In general, variables are set
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Write the formula as usual, mark the formula name, in our example the letters
+
\emph on
-italic
+sgn
\emph default
- in mathematical expressions, but not function names, because
-\begin_inset Formula $sin$
-\end_inset
-
- could be misunderstood as
-\begin_inset Formula $s\cdot i\cdot n$
-\end_inset
-
-.
- Therefore there are predefined functions, that are additionally a bit separated
- from prefactors.
- They are inserted as commands starting with a backslash before their name.
+, and change it to mathematical text.
+ Finally, a space is inserted between prefactor and function.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="4">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+The result is the same with both methods as with a predefined function
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+In \SpecialChar LyX
+ self-defined functions are displayed red, predefined ones black.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+:
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Asin(x)+B
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\backslash
+sgn(x)+B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $Asin(x)+B$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\sgn(x)+B$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
A
\backslash
-sin(x)+B
+,
+\begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{\textrm{sgn}}_{\textrm{Alt+M}\,\textrm{M}}$
+\end_inset
+
+(x)+B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $A\sin(x)+B$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\,\textrm{sgn}(x)+B$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+The first method is more suitable when the self-defined function should
+ be used several times.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Limits
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\backslash
-pagebreak
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Limits
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The following functions are predefined:
-\end_layout
+For limits, in addition to the commands
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+lim
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! L !
+\backslash
+lim
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="4">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
-\end_layout
+,
+\series bold
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+liminf
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\backslash
+limsup
+\series default
+ the following functions are defined:
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sin
+varliminf
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\varliminf$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-sinh
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-arcsin
+varlimsup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\varlimsup$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-sup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-cos
+varprojlim
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\varprojlim$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-cosh
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-arccos
+varinjlim
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\varinjlim$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-inf
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-tan
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+The limit is created by inserting a subscript.
+ It is set right beside the function in an inline formula:
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-tanh
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-arctan
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-lim
+lim_x
+\backslash
+to
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+x=B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\to A}x=B$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-cot
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-coth
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+In a displayed formula the limit is set below the formula, as usual:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\lim_{x\to A}x=B
+\]
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-arg
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+How to adjust the typesetting of the limits see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Operator-Limits"
-\backslash
-liminf
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Modulo-Functions
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Functions ! modulo-
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-sec
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The modulo-function is special, because it exists in four variants.
+ The variants in a displayed formula are:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{align*}
+\underline{\textrm{Command}\raisebox{-0.9mm}{}} & & \underline{\textrm{Result}}\\
+\mathrm{a\backslash mod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\mod b\\
+\mathrm{a\backslash pmod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\pmod b\\
+\mathrm{a\backslash bmod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\bmod b\\
+\mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\pod b
+\end{align*}
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+In an inline formula less space is set before the function names for all
+ variants.
+ By default the modulo-functions take only the first following character
+ into account.
+ To use more than one character, one has to put them into \SpecialChar TeX
+ braces:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{align*}
+\underline{\textrm{Command}\raisebox{-0.9mm}{}} & & \underline{\textrm{Result}}\\
+\mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{␣}bcd} & & a\pod bcd\\
+\mathrm{a\backslash pod\backslash\{bc\to d} & & a\pod{bc}d
+\end{align*}
-\backslash
-min
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Special Characters
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Special characters
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The characters ^ and _ would normally create a superscript and subscript,
+ respectively.
+ To get these characters you have to insert them with a leading
\backslash
-deg
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-limsup
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-csc
+^
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathcircumflex$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-max
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-det
+_
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\_$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-Pr
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-ln
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Special Characters in Mathematical Text
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-exp
+The following commands can only be used in mathematical text or in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode:
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-dim
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-hom
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-lg
+oe
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{œ}$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-log
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ker
+OE
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Œ}$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-gcd
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+ae
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-They can also be inserted with the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/functions.png
- scale 85
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Self-defined Functions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Functions ! self-defined"
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{æ}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To use a function that is not predefined, like for example the sign function
- sgn(x), there are two possibilities:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Define the function by inserting the following line to the LaTeX-preamble
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-For more about
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-DeclareMathOperator
-\series default
- see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Self-defined-Operators"
+AE
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Æ}$
\end_inset
-\newline
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset VSpace -3mm
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\newline
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-DeclareMathOperator{
\backslash
-sgn}{sgn}
-\series default
+aa
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! D ! \\textbackslash dbinom@\\textbackslash DeclareMathOperator"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{å}$
\end_inset
-\newline
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\newline
-Now the new defined function can be called with the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sgn
-\series default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Write the the formula as usual, mark the formula name, in our example the
- letters
-\emph on
-sgn
-\emph default
-, and change it to mathematical text.
- At last a space is inserted between prefactor and function.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The result is the same with both methods as with a predefined function
-\begin_inset Foot
+AA
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-In LyX self-defined functions are displayed red, predefined ones black.
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+@
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-:
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\backslash
+textrm{
+\backslash
+AA}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-A
-\backslash
-sgn(x)+B
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $A\sgn(x)+B$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Å}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-A
-\backslash
-,
-\begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{\textrm{sgn}}_{\textrm{Alt-m}\,\textrm{m}}$
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-(x)+B
+\backslash
+i
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $A\,\textrm{sgn}(x)+B$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ı}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The first method is more suitable when the self-defined function should
- be used several times.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Limits
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Limits"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-For limits there are defined besides
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-lim
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! L ! \\textbackslash lim"
-
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-,
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-liminf
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-\backslash
-limsup
-\series default
- furthermore the following functions:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The space of 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-
+mm is used for separation, because otherwise the output will be ¡ and ¿
+ respectively.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-varliminf
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\varliminf$
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-varlimsup
+o
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\varlimsup$
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ø}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-varprojlim
+O
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\varprojlim$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Ø}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-varinjlim
+l
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\varinjlim$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ł}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+L
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-The limit is created by inserting a subscript.
- It is set right beside the function in an inline formula:
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Ł}$
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+!
+\begin_inset space \hspace{}
+\length 0mm
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+`
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-hspace{1cm}
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-hspace
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- are used here as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{!`}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-lim_x
-\backslash
-to
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+?
+\begin_inset space \hspace{}
+\length 0mm
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+`
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-A
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{?`}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-x=B
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+j
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\hspace{1cm}\raisebox{5mm}{}\lim_{x\to A}x=B$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ȷ}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In a displayed formula the limit is set below the formula, as usual:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\lim_{x\to A}x=B\]
-
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Modulo-Functions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Functions ! modulo-"
+\begin_layout Standard
+The characters
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\textrm{Å}}$
+\end_inset
+ and
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\textrm{Ø}}$
\end_inset
+ can also be inserted via the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\digamma"
+\end_inset
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The modulo-function is special, because it exists in four variants.
+An exception are the commands
+\series bold
+!
+\begin_inset space \hspace{}
+\length 0mm
+\end_inset
+
+`
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+?
+\begin_inset space \hspace{}
+\length 0mm
+\end_inset
+
+`
+\series default
+, because they can be inserted in \SpecialChar LyX
+ directly to text.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The variants in a displayed formula:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*}
-\underline{\textrm{Command}\raisebox{-0.9mm}{}} & & \underline{\textrm{Result}}\\
-\mathrm{a\backslash mod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\mod b\\
-\mathrm{a\backslash pmod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\pmod b\\
-\mathrm{a\backslash bmod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\bmod b\\
-\mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\pod b\end{align*}
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Accents in Text
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Accents-in-Text"
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-In an inline formula less space is set before the function names for all
- variants.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Accents ! in text
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Special Characters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Special characters"
-
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Special Characters in Mathematical Text
-\end_layout
-
\begin_layout Standard
-The following commands can only be used in mathematical text or in TeX-mode:
+With the following commands all letters can be accented.
+ The commands must be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\hfill
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-oe
+
+\begin_inset Quotes grd
+\end_inset
+
+e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\oe}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+"e
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-OE
+`e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\OE}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+`e
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ae
+^
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\ae}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+^e
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-AE
+=e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\AE}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+=e
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+u
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-aa
+e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\aa}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+u e
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-AA
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "\\@\\textrm{\\AA}"
-
+b
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-
+e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\AA}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+b e
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-i
+t
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+ee
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\i}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+t ee
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-command
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-hspace{0mm}
-\series default
- is used for separation, because otherwise the output will be ¡ and ¿ respective
-ly.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-o
+H
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\o}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+H e
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-O
+'e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\O}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+'e
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-l
-\end_layout
+~e
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Tilde
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\l}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-L
+~e
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\L}$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-!
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-hspace{0mm}
+.e
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-`
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+.e
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{!`}$
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+v
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-?
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-hspace{0mm}
+v e
\end_layout
\end_inset
-`
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+d
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{?`}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+d e
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-j
+c
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\j}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+c e
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+With the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+t
+\series default
+ also two different characters can be accented.
+ The command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+t
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+sz
+\series default
+ creates:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+t sz
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The characters
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\textrm{Å}}$
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The accents
+\series bold
+`
+\series default
+ ,
+\series bold
+'
+\series default
and
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\textrm{Ø}}$
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+^
+\series default
+ can in combination with vowels directly be inserted with the keyboard without
+ using \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ The same applies for the tilde
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
- can also be inserted via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/digamma.png
- scale 85
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This only applies for keyboards where the tilde is defined as accent.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\series bold
+~
+\series default
+ in combination with
+\emph on
+a
+\emph default
+ ,
+\emph on
+n
+\emph default
+ , or
+\emph on
+o
+\emph default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-An exception are the commands
+The commands
\series bold
-!
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\backslash
+b
+\series default
+ ,
+\series bold
\backslash
-hspace{0mm}
-\end_layout
+c
+\series default
+ ,
+\series bold
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+d
+\series default
+ ,
+\series bold
-`
+\backslash
+H
\series default
- and
+ ,
\series bold
-?
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\backslash
+t
+\series default
+ ,
+\series bold
+\backslash
+u
+\series default
+ ,
+\series bold
\backslash
-hspace{0mm}
-\end_layout
+v
+\series default
+ and accents that are inserted directly with the keyboard are also available
+ in mathematical text.
+ For the other accents there are special math commands to be used in formulas,
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Accents-for-one"
\end_inset
-`
-\series default
-, because they can be inserted in LyX directly to text.
+.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Accents in Text
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Accents-in-Text"
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
+Furthermore, with the command
+\series bold
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Accents ! in text"
-
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+textcircled
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! T !
+\backslash
+textcircled
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-With the following commands all letters can be accented.
- The commands must be inserted in TeX-mode.
+\end_inset
+
+ all numbers and letters can be set into a circle, quasi accented with a
+ circle, similar to the copyright symbol.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-\hfill
-
+\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-
-\begin_inset Quotes grd
-\end_inset
-
-e
+textcircled{w}
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-"e
+textcircled{w}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-`e
+Large
+\backslash
+textcircled{
+\backslash
+normalsize
+\backslash
+protect
+\backslash
+raisebox{-1.5pt}{W}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-`e
+Large
+\backslash
+textcircled{
+\backslash
+normalsize
+\backslash
+protect
+\backslash
+raisebox{-1.5pt}W}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+One has to take care that the character fits in the circle.
+
+\series bold
\backslash
-^
-\begin_inset ERT
+Large
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Font-Sizes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ specifies thereby the size of the circle.
+ With the help of
+\series bold
\backslash
-spce
+raisebox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Boxes-without-Frame"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
-e
+ the character can be centered.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Old-style Figures
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Old-style Figures
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
+Old-style figures (also known as old-style numerals) are created with the
+ command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+oldstylenums
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! O !
+\backslash
+oldstylenums
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The command can be used in formulas and in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ The command scheme is:
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
\backslash
-^e
+oldstylenums{number}
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+oldstylenums{0123456789
+\series default
+ produces:
+\begin_inset Formula $\oldstylenums{0123456789}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+Formula Styles
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Formula-Styles"
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-=e
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! styles
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+There are two different alignment styles:
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-=e
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Description
+Centered is the predefined standard
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Description
+Indented for this the option
+\series bold
+fleqn
+\series default
+ must be inserted in the menu
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Settings
+\family default
+ under
+\family sans
+Document
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-
+Class
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
+When
+\series bold
+Indented
+\series default
+ is used, the indentation can be adjusted with the length
+\series bold
\backslash
-u
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+mathindent
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! M !
\backslash
-spce
+mathindent
\end_layout
\end_inset
-e
-\end_layout
-
+.
+ Should the distance be 15
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+mm, the following command line is inserted in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
\backslash
-u e
+setlength{
+\backslash
+mathindent}{15mm}
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+When no length is specified, the predefined value of 30
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
+pt will be used.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Itemize
+And two different numbering styles:
+\end_layout
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Description
+Right is the predefined standard
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Description
+Left for this the option
+\series bold
+leqno
+\series default
+ must be inserted in the menu
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Settings
+\family default
+ under
+\family sans
+Document
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+Class
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-b
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\series bold
+fleqn
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+leqno
+\series default
+ can also be used together.
+ In this case both options are inserted, separated by a comma.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+The chosen styles are used for all displayed formulas of the document.
+ When both, centered and indented formulas should be created in a document,
+ the style
+\series bold
+Centered
+\series default
+ is used.
+ The indented formulas are then set in a flalign environment, see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Flalign-Environment"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
+.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+Multiline Formulas
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Multiline-Formulas"
+
\end_inset
-e
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! multiline
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-b e
+\begin_layout Subsection
+General
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+In \SpecialChar LyX
+ multiline formulas are created by pressing
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
+ inside a formula.
+ This creates either an
+\series bold
+align environment
+\series default
+ that is described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Standard-align-Environment"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+ or, when automatically loading the package
+\family sans
+ AMS math
+\family default
+ is disabled in the document settings, an
+\series bold
+eqnarray environment
+\series default
+ that is described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Eqnarray-Environment"
-\backslash
-t
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The align environment is recommended because it provides in any case a
+ typographically correct output.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+There are other multiline formula environments that can be created via the
+ menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math
+\family default
+.
+ These environments are described in the following sections.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+In all multiline formula environments a new line is created by pressing
+
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
+.
+ To add or delete lines, the math toolbar buttons
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature append-row"
+\end_inset
+ or
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature delete-row"
\end_inset
-ee
+, respectively, or the menu
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Rows & Columns
+\family default
+ can be used.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Line Separation
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Line-Separation"
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\backslash
-t ee
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! multiline ! Line separation
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\begin_layout Standard
+There is sometimes not enough space in multiline formulas between the lines:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\
+4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0
+\end{eqnarray*}
\end_inset
-\hfill
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Command
-\end_layout
+In \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ additional line space is specified as optional argument of the new line
+ command.
+ This is not yet possible in \SpecialChar LyX
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+see
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "LyX-bug #1505"
+target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+, therefore the whole formula must be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ To add in our example space, the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-H
+
+\backslash
+[3mm]
+\series default
+ is inserted at the end of the first line.
+ One gets:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+begin{eqnarray*}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-e
+B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD &
+ = &
+\backslash
+textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}
+\backslash
+
+\backslash
+[3mm]
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+4x^{2}
+\backslash
+left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}
+\backslash
+right)+4x_{0}x
+\backslash
+left(D-B^{2}
+\backslash
+right)+B^{2}
+\backslash
+left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}
+\backslash
+right) & = & 0
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-H e
+end{eqnarray*}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+To set the line separation for all lines in a formula, the length
+\series bold
\backslash
-'e
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+jot
+\series default
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! J !
\backslash
-'e
+jot
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
-
+ is changed.
+ The definition is:
+\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{line separation}=\mathrm{6\,pt+\backslash jot}$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+.
+ Predefined for
+\series bold
\backslash
-~e
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Tilde"
-
+jot
+\series default
+ is the value 3
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
+pt.
+ To create 3
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+mm additional line separation as in the previous example, the command
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+jot}{3mm+3pt}
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before the formula.
+ This requires that the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+calc
+\series default
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
-\backslash
-~e
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+calc
+\series default
+ is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! calc
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+ was loaded in \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble with the line
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-.e
+usepackage{calc}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
+One gets:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-.e
+setlength{
+\backslash
+jot}{3mm+3pt}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\
+4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0
+\end{eqnarray*}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-v
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+setlength{
+\backslash
+jot}{3pt}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-e
-\end_layout
+ To get back to the predefined distance,
+\series bold
+\backslash
+jot
+\series default
+ is set to the value 3
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+pt.
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Column Separation
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Column-Separation"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-v e
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! multiline ! Column separation
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+Multiline formulas form a matrix.
+ A formula in the eqnarray environment is for example a matrix with three
+ columns.
+ By changing the column separation in this environment, the space beside
+ the relation sign can be changed.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+The column separation is specified with the length
+\series bold
\backslash
-d
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+arraycolsep
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! A !
\backslash
-spce
+arraycolsep
\end_layout
\end_inset
-e
-\end_layout
-
+ according to:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+column separation = 2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
\backslash
-d e
-\end_layout
+arraycolsep
+\series default
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-
+Thus, the command
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-c
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+setlength{
+\backslash
+arraycolsep}{1cm}
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode, sets for all following formulas a column separation of
+ 2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+cm.
+ To get back to the predefined distance,
+\series bold
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+arraycolsep
+\series default
+ is set to 5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-e
+pt.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+A formula with 2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+cm column separation:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-c e
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+setlength{
+\backslash
+arraycolsep}{1cm}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\hfill
-
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+A & = & B\\
+C & \ne & A
+\end{eqnarray*}
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-With the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-t
-\series default
- also two different characters can be accented.
- The command
-\series bold
+A formula with the predefined column separation for matrices of 10
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-t
+pt:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+setlength{
+\backslash
+arraycolsep}{5pt}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-sz
-\series default
- creates:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+A & = & B\\
+C & \ne & A
+\end{eqnarray*}
+
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-t sz
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The accents
-\series bold
-`
-\series default
- ,
-\series bold
-'
-\series default
- , and
-\series bold
-^
-\series default
- can in combination with vowels directly be inserted with the keyboard without
- using TeX-mode.
- The same applies for the tilde
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Long Formulas
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-This only applies for keyboards where the tilde is defined as accent.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! long
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\series bold
-~
-\series default
- in combination with
-\emph on
-a
-\emph default
- ,
-\emph on
-n
-\emph default
- , or
-\emph on
-o
-\emph default
-.
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The commands
-\series bold
+Long formulas can be typeset using these methods:
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-b
-\series default
- ,
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Itemize
+When one side of the equation is much shorter than the line width, this
+ one is chosen for the left side and the right side is typeset over two
+ lines:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray}
+H & = & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\nonumber \\
+ & & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\label{eq:shortlong}
+\end{eqnarray}
-\backslash
-c
-\series default
- ,
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-d
-\series default
- ,
-\series bold
+The minus sign at the beginning of the second line does normally not appear
+ as an operator because it is the first character of the line.
+ Thus it would not be surrounded by space and could not be distinguished
+ from the fraction bar.
+ To avoid this, 3
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-H
-\series default
- ,
+pt space was inserted behind the minus sign with the command
\series bold
\backslash
-t
+hspace
\series default
- ,
-\series bold
+.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
-\backslash
-u
-\series default
- ,
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+for more about
\series bold
\backslash
-v
+hspace
\series default
-, and accents inserted directly with the keyboard are also available in
- mathematical text.
- For the other accents there are special math commands to be used in formulas,
see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Accents-for-one"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
\end_inset
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-
-Furthermore, with the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-textcircled
-\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! T ! \\textbackslash textcircled"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- all numbers and letters can be set into a circle, quasi accented with a
- circle, similar to the the copyright symbol.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! H !
+\backslash
+hspace
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+When both sides of the equation are too long, the command
\series bold
\backslash
-raisebox
+lefteqn
\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! L !
\backslash
-textcircled{w}
+lefteqn
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+ is used.
+ It is inserted in the first column of the first line and causes all further
+ insertions to overwrite the following columns:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray}
+\lefteqn{4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}}\nonumber \\
+ & & -\hspace{3pt}B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\nonumber \\
+ & & =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\label{eq:lefteqn}
+\end{eqnarray}
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+After the insertion of
+\series bold
\backslash
-textcircled{w}
-\end_layout
-
+lefteqn
+\series default
+, the cursor is in a purple box that is a bit shifted to the left from the
+ blue one.
+ In this the formula is inserted.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+The content of the further lines is inserted to the second or another formula
+ column.
+ The greater the column number where it was inserted, the larger the indentation.
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Note the following when using
+\series bold
\backslash
-Large
-\backslash
-textcircled{
-\backslash
-normalsize
-\backslash
-protect
-\backslash
-raisebox{-1.5pt}{W}}
+lefteqn
+\series default
+:
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+The formula doesn't use the full page width.
+ When e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}$
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
+the term
+\begin_inset Formula $-B^{2}$
+\end_inset
+
+ is added to the first line in the above example, it would have been outside
+ the page margin.
+ To better use the width, negative space can be inserted at the beginning
+ of the first line.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX
+ the cursor cannot be set with the mouse into the first
+ line.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "LyX-bug #1429"
+target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1429"
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-Large
-\backslash
-textcircled{
-\backslash
-normalsize
-\backslash
-protect
-\backslash
-raisebox{-1.5pt}W}
\end_layout
\end_inset
+ One can only set the cursor at the beginning of the line and move it with
+ the arrow keys.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Other methods to set long formulas are offered by the environments described
+ in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Multline-Environment"
\end_inset
+ and
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Multiline-Formula-Parts"
+
+\end_inset
+.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-One has to take care that the character fits in the circle.
-
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Multiline Fractions
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Multiline-Fractions"
-\backslash
-Large
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Foot
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Sizes"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Fractions ! multiline
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-
- specifies thereby the size of the circle.
- With the help of
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are cases where the denominator and/or the numerator of a fraction
+ is so long that the fraction does not fit into one line.
+ It is then necessary to add a line break within the fraction.
+ This can be done using the command
\series bold
\backslash
-raisebox
+splitfrac
\series default
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Boxes-without-Frame"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! S !
+\backslash
+splitfrac
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+.
+ To activate it, set in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\end_layout
+Options
+\family default
+ for the package
+\series bold
+mathtools
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
- the character can be centered.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! mathtools
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Minuscule Numbers
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Minuscule numbers"
+\end_inset
+ the option
+\family sans
+Load
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
+always
+\family default
+.
+
+\series bold
+\backslash
+splitfrac
+\series default
+ has the scheme
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Minuscule numbers are created with the command
+
\series bold
\backslash
-oldstylenums
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! O ! \\textbackslash oldstylenums"
-
-\end_inset
+splitfrac{first line}{second line}
+\end_layout
-.
- The command can be used in formulas and in TeX-mode.
- The command scheme is:
+\begin_layout Standard
+and is used as denominator and/or numerator:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+a=\frac{\splitfrac{xy+xy+xy+xy+xy}{+wy+wy+wy+wy}}{z}\ne\frac{\splitdfrac{xy+\frac{xy}{z}+xy+xy+xy}{+xy+xy+xy+xy}}{z}
+\]
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-oldstylenums{number}
+The command for the first numerator above is:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The command
+
\series bold
\backslash
-oldstylenums{0123456789
-\series default
- produces:
-\begin_inset Formula $\oldstylenums{0123456789}$
+splitfrac{xy+xy+xy+xy+xy
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+\backslash
+{+wy+wy+wy+wy
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Miscellaneous Special Characters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Miscellaneous-Special-Characters"
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Multiline Brackets
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Multiline-Brackets"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Special characters ! miscellaneous"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Brackets ! for multiline expressions
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The following characters can only be inserted to formulas by using commands:
+For brackets spanning multiple lines the following problem occurs:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\
+ & & \left.\cdots+B-D\right]
+\end{eqnarray*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+The closing bracket is smaller than the opening bracket because brackets
+ with variable size may not span multiple lines.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Command
-\end_layout
+To set the bracket size for the second line correctly, the first line is
+ ended with
+\series bold
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+right.
+\series default
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! R !
+\backslash
+right
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+ and the second line with
+\series bold
\backslash
-^
-\begin_inset ERT
+left.
+\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+for more about
+\series bold
+\backslash
+left
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
+right
+\series default
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathcircumflex$
-\end_inset
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! L !
+\backslash
+left
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+.
+ After
+\series bold
\backslash
-_
-\end_layout
+left.
+
+\series default
+ the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+vphantom
+\series default
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\_$
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+prod
+\series default
+^
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+infty
+\series default
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-^
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+_R=1}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! V !
\backslash
-spce
+vphantom
\end_layout
\end_inset
+ is inserted, because the multiplication operator with its limits is the
+ largest symbol in the first line and this should be the size for the bracket
+ in the second line.
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-circ
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "°"
+\begin_layout Standard
+The result is this:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\
+ & & \left.\vphantom{\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}}\cdots+B-D\right]
+\end{eqnarray*}
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Align Environments
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Align environments can be used for every kind of multiline formulas.
+ They are especially useful to set several formulas side by side.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Align environments consist of columns.
+ The odd columns are right aligned, the even ones left aligned.
+ Every line in an Align environment can be numbered.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Align environments are created via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math
+\family default
+.
+ With the menu
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Change Formula Type
+\family default
+ already existing formulas can be converted to Align environments.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $^{\circ}$
+To add or delete columns, the math toolbar buttons
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature append-column"
\end_inset
+ or
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature delete-column"
+\end_inset
+, respectively, or the menu
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Rows & Columns
+\family default
+ can be used.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Standard align Environment
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Standard-align-Environment"
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The degree sign ° can nevertheless be directly inserted if the LaTeX-preamble
- contains the following line
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-More about this is described in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Text-Characters-in"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! multiline ! align environment
\end_layout
\end_inset
-:
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+This Align environment is created by pressing
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-DeclareInputtext{176}{
-\backslash
-ifmmode^
-\backslash
-circ
-\backslash
-else
-\backslash
-textdegree
-\backslash
-f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
-i}
+ in a formula or by the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+AMS align Environment
+\family default
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-
-The tilde
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Tilde"
+An example for two formulas set side by side, that are created with a four
+ column align environment:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{align*}
+A & =\sin(B) & C & =D\\
+C & \ne A & B & \ne D
+\end{align*}
\end_inset
- is designed as accent, thus is looks alone a bit misplaced: ~
-\newline
-But for web
- addresses (URLs) sometimes a single tilde is needed.
- In this case the relation sign
+As it can be seen, the formulas in this environment are placed so as if
+ there would be a
\series bold
\backslash
-sim
+hfill
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Relations"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+more about
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
\end_inset
\series default
- is used in a formula.
- As a formula cannot be created in an URL-box (menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-URL
-\family default
-), the URL is inserted as normal text with the font style '
-\family typewriter
-typewriter
-\family default
-'.
- Should the URL be a hyperlink in the DVI- or PDF-output, the command
+ before the first and after every even column.
+ When the formula style
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-href
-\series default
-
+Indented
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+formula styles see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-href
-\series default
- can only be used together with the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-hyperref
-\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Packages ! hyperref"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-.
- More about
+
+\series default
+ is used, the formula is set without the
\series bold
\backslash
-href
+hfill
\series default
- is written in the section
-\family typewriter
-URL
-\family default
- in the
-\family typewriter
-Embedded\InsetSpace ~
-Objects
-\family default
- manual.
+ before the first column.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Alignat Environment
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! H ! \\textbackslash href"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! multiline ! alignat environment
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- is used.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-As example an URL with a tilde:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-as text:
-\family typewriter
-http://www.lyx.org/
-\begin_inset Formula $\sim$
+The alignat environment has no predefined column separation.
+ It can be inserted manually with the spaces that are described
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Space"
+
\end_inset
-mustermann
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-with
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-href
-\series default
-:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+The above example in the alignat environment where 1
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+cm space was inserted at the beginning of the second formula:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{alignat*}{2}
+A & =\sin(B) & \hspace{1cm}C & =D\\
+C & \ne A & B & \ne D
+\end{alignat*}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-href{http://www.lyx.org/~mustermann}{
+Because the column separation can be set separately for every column, this
+ environment is especially suitable to set three and more formulas side
+ by side.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Flalign Environment
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Flalign-Environment"
-http://www.lyx.org/
-\begin_inset Formula $\sim$
\end_inset
-mustermann
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! multiline ! flalign environment
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Formula Styles
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Formula-Styles"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! styles"
+\begin_layout Standard
+In this environment the first two columns are always set as much as possible
+ to the left and the last two ones to the right.
+ An example:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{flalign*}
+A & =1 & B & =2 & C & =3\\
+X & =\textrm{-}1 & Y & =\textrm{-}2 & Z & =4
+\end{flalign*}
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-There are two different alignment styles:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Description
-Centered is the predefined standard
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Indented for this the option
-\series bold
-fleqn
-\series default
- must be inserted in the menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
- under
-\family sans
-Document\InsetSpace ~
-Class
-\end_layout
-
\begin_layout Standard
-When
-\series bold
-Indented
-\series default
- is used, the indentation can be adjusted with the length
+By creating a flalign environment with an odd number of columns where an
+ empty \SpecialChar TeX
+ brace is inserted to the last column, several formulas in a document
+ can be set to the left, although the formula style
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathindent
+Centered
\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! M ! \\textbackslash mathindent"
+ is used.
+ As example the indented formula
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:VolInt"
\end_inset
-.
- Should the distance be 15\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-mm, the following command line is inserted in
- the LaTeX-preamble
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-mathindent}{15mm}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-When no length is specified, the predefined value of 30\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-pt will be used.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-And two different numbering styles:
-\end_layout
+:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{flalign}
+\hspace{30pt}\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V & =U & {}
+\end{flalign}
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Description
-Right is the predefined standard
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Description
-Left for this the option
+The first two columns contain the formula.
+ To indent it as with the formula style
\series bold
-leqno
+Indented
\series default
- must be inserted in the menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
- under
-\family sans
-Document\InsetSpace ~
-Class
+, 30
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+pt space was inserted at the beginning of the first column.
\end_layout
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Eqnarray Environment
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Eqnarray-Environment"
-\series bold
-fleqn
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-leqno
-\series default
- can also be used together.
- In this case both options are inserted, separated by a comma.
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-The chosen styles are used for all displayed formulas of the document.
- When both, centered and indented formulas should be created in a document,
- the style
-\series bold
-Centered
-\series default
- is used.
- The indented formulas are then set in a flalign environment, see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Flalign-Environment"
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! multiline ! eqnarray environment
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Multiline Formulas
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Multiline-Formulas"
-
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! multiline"
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When this environment has been created, three blue boxes appear.
+ The content of the first box is right aligned, the content of the last
+ one left aligned.
+ The content of the middle box appears centered and a bit smaller, because
+ it is designed to insert there only relation characters.
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+\frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D}\\
+AB & AB & AB\\
+A & = & A
+\end{eqnarray*}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-General
-\end_layout
+Gather Environment
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-In LyX multiline formulas are created by pressing
-\family sans
-\series bold
-Ctrl-Return
-\family default
-\series default
- inside a formula.
- This creates an
-\series bold
-align environment
-\series default
- that is described in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Standard-align-Environment"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! multiline ! gather environment
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are other multiline formula environments that can be created via the
- menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math
-\family default
-.
- These environments are described in the following sections.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In all multiline formula environments a new line is created by pressing
-
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Return
-\family default
-.
- To add or delete lines, the math toolbar buttons
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png
- scale 85
+This environment consists of only one centered column.
+ Every line can be numbered.
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{gather}
+A=1\\
+X=\textrm{-}1
+\end{gather}
\end_inset
- or
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.png
- scale 85
-
-\end_inset
-, respectively, or the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Rows & Columns
-\family default
- can be used.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Line Separation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Line-Separation"
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Multline Environment
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Multline-Environment"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! multiline ! Line separation"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! multiline ! multline environment
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-There is sometimes not enough space in multiline formulas between the lines:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
-B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\
-4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0\end{eqnarray*}
+The multline environment consists, like the gather environment, of only
+ one column.
+ But the first line is left aligned, the last one right aligned.
+ All other lines are centered.
+ Therefore this environment is suitable for long formulas.
+ As example formula
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:lefteqn"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ in the multline environment:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{multline}
+4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\
+-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\\
+=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}
+\end{multline}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In LaTeX additional line space is specified as optional argument of the
- new line command.
- This is not yet possible in LyX
+In the output only the last (first) line of a multline environment appears
+ numbered when the document numbering is right (left).
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+numbering styles see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1505}{
\end_layout
\end_inset
-LyX-bug #1505
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+With the commands
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+shoveright
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! S !
+\backslash
+shoveright
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, therefore the whole formula must be inserted in TeX-mode.
- To add in our example space, the command
+ and
\series bold
\backslash
-
-\backslash
-[3mm]
+shoveleft
\series default
- is inserted at the end of the first line.
- One gets:
-\begin_inset ERT
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! S !
+\backslash
+shoveleft
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ a centered line can be right or left aligned, respectively.
+ The commands are used as follows:
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
\backslash
-begin{eqnarray*}
+shoveright{line content}
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+shoveleft{line content}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+The length
+\series bold
-B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD &
- = &
-\backslash
-textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}
\backslash
+multlinegap
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! M !
\backslash
-[3mm]
+multlinegap
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ specifies the distance of the first line from the left page margin.
+ Predefined is the length 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+pt.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+As example the above formula where the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-4x^{2}
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}
+setlength{
\backslash
-right)+4x_{0}x
+multlinegap}{2cm}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+was inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
\backslash
-left(D-B^{2}
+setlength{
\backslash
-right)+B^{2}
+multlinegap}{2cm}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{multline}
+4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\
+\shoveleft{-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}\\
+=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}
+\end{multline}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
\backslash
-left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}
+setlength{
\backslash
-right) & = & 0
+multlinegap}{0pt}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+The second line was left aligned using
+\series bold
\backslash
-end{eqnarray*}
+shoveleft
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Multiline Formula Parts
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Multiline-Formula-Parts"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! multiline ! formula parts
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To display only parts of a formula with multiple lines, one of the following
+ environments is used:
+\series bold
+aligned
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+alignedat
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+gathered
+\series default
+ or
+\series bold
+split
+\series default
+.
+ They can be inserted via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math
+\family default
+ or by using the commands described in this section.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The first three have the same properties as the corresponding multiline
+ formula environments, but it is possible to set further formula parts beside
+ them.
+ An example:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\left.\begin{aligned}\Delta x\Delta p & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\\
+\Delta E\Delta t & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}
+\end{aligned}
+\right\} \textrm{Uncertainty relations}
+\]
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-
-To set the the line separation for all lines in a formula, the length
+To get this formula, a displayed formula is created where the command
\series bold
\backslash
-jot
+aligned
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! J ! \\textbackslash jot"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! A !
+\backslash
+aligned
+\end_layout
- is changed.
- The definition is:
-\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{line separation}=\mathrm{6\, pt+\backslash jot}$
\end_inset
-.
- Predefined for
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-jot
-\series default
- is the value 3\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-pt.
- To create 3\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-mm additional line separation as in the previous example, the
- command
+ is inserted.
+ A purple box appears around the blue formula box where now columns and
+ lines can be added.
+ Outside the multiline environment other formula parts can be set, like
+ the brace.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+The aligned environment is also suitable for long formulas whose lines are
+ horizontally aligned.
+ Using aligned in a displayed formula has the advantage that the formula
+ number is vertically centered behind the lines.
+ As example formula
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:shortlong"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ in the aligned environment:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\begin{aligned}H=\; & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\\
+ & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}
+\end{aligned}
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-jot}{3mm+3pt}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-is inserted in TeX-mode before the formula.
- This requires that the LaTeX-package
+To use the environments
\series bold
-calc
+alignedat
+\series default
+,
+\series bold
+gathered
\series default
+, or
+\series bold
+split
+\series default
+, the command
+\series bold
-\begin_inset Foot
+\backslash
+alignedat
+\series default
+,
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-calc
-\series default
- is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! A !
+\backslash
+alignedat
\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\series bold
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Packages ! calc"
+\backslash
+gathered
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
- was loaded in LaTeX-preamble with the line
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! G !
+\backslash
+gathered
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+, or
\series bold
\backslash
-usepackage{calc}
-\end_layout
+split
+\series default
-\begin_layout Standard
-One gets:
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! S !
\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-jot}{3mm+3pt}
+split
\end_layout
\end_inset
+ are inserted, respectively.
+ The split environment has the same properties as the aligned environment
+ but it can only have two columns.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
-B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\
-4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0\end{eqnarray*}
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Text in multiline Formulas
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Text-in-multiline"
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Text ! in formulas
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-jot}{3pt}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! multiline ! text
\end_layout
\end_inset
- To get back to the predefined distance,
-\series bold
-\backslash
-jot
-\series default
- is set to the value 3\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-pt.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Column Separation
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Column-Separation"
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the Align environments, and the multline and gather environment, text
+ can be inserted that will appear in a separate line and doesn't affect
+ the column alignment.
+ To do this, the command
+\series bold
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+intertext
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! multiline ! Column separation"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! I !
+\backslash
+intertext
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-
+ is used in the following scheme:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Multiline formulas form a matrix.
- A formula in the eqnarray environment is for example a matrix with three
- columns.
- By changing the column separation in this environment, the space beside
- the relation sign can be changed.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+intertext{text}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The column separation is specified with the length
+The text should not be longer than a line because it cannot be hyphenated.
+ As \SpecialChar LyX
+ doesn't yet support
\series bold
\backslash
-arraycolsep
+intertext
\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! A ! \\textbackslash arraycolsep"
-
-\end_inset
-
- according to:
-\newline
-column separation = 2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-
+ directly, the text is written as mathematical text.
+
\series bold
\backslash
-arraycolsep
+intertext
\series default
+ must hereby be at the beginning of a line and appears in the output above
+ this line.
+ An example where the text was inserted at the beginning of the second line:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{align}
+I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\
+\intertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to \ensuremath{\phi=\pi}, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi
+\end{align}
+
+\end_inset
+
-\newline
-Thus, the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-arraycolsep}{1cm}
-\end_layout
+intertext
+\series default
+ always creates some vertical space between the text and the formula lines.
+ To avoid this space, set in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-inserted in TeX-mode, sets for all following formulas a column separation
- of 2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-cm.
- To get back to the predefined distance,
+Options
+\family default
+ for the package
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-arraycolsep
+mathtools
\series default
- is set to 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-pt.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-A formula with 2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-cm column separation:
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-arraycolsep}{1cm}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! mathtools
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
-A & = & B\\
-C & \ne & A\end{eqnarray*}
-
+ the option
+\family sans
+Load
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-A formula with the predefined column separation for matrices of 10\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-pt:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+always
+\family default
+.
+ Then you can use the command
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
+\backslash
+shortintertext
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! S !
\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-arraycolsep}{5pt}
+shortintertext
\end_layout
\end_inset
+ instead of
+\series bold
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
-A & = & B\\
-C & \ne & A\end{eqnarray*}
+\backslash
+intertext
+\series default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{align}
+I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\
+\shortintertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to \ensuremath{\phi=\pi}, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi
+\end{align}
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Long Formulas
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! long"
+\begin_layout Section
+Formula Numbering
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula numbering
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-Long formulas can be typeset using these methods:
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! numbering|see
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-When one side of the equation is much shorther than the line width, this
- one is chosen for the left side and the right side is typeset over two
- lines:
+\end_inset
+
+Formula numbering
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-medskip
+}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
-H & = & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\nonumber \\
- & & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\label{eq:kurzlang}\end{eqnarray}
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+General
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+Numbered formulas can be created with the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Numbered
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Formula
+\family default
+ (shortcut
+\family sans
+Ctrl+Alt
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+N
+\family default
+).
+ Existing formulas can be numbered with the menu
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Toggle
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-smallskip
+Numbering
+\family default
+ (shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "math-number-toggle"
+\end_inset
+
+).
+ The formula number is displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
+ behind the formula as a number sign
+ in parentheses.
+ The number sign is replaced in the output by the formula number.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+When numbering is turned on in multiline formulas, all lines will be numbered.
+ But the numbering can be controlled with the menu
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Toggle
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
+Numbering
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\newline
-The minus sign at the beginning of the second line does normally not appear
- as operator because it is the first character of the line.
- Thus it would not be surrounded by space and could not be distinguished
- from the fraction bar.
- To avoid this, space was inserted behind the minus sign with the command
-
-\series bold
+of
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-hspace{3pt}
-\series default
+Line
+\family default
+ (shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "math-number-line-toggle"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+) for every line.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-more about
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-hspace
-\series default
- see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Variable-Space"
+Except for inline formulas, all formulas can be numbered with two different
+ styles, see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Cross-References
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Cross-references ! to formulas
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! H ! \\textbackslash hspace"
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+All labeled formulas can be cross-referenced.
+ A label is added by the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Label
+\family default
+ or the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "label-insert"
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-When both sides of the equation are too long, the command
+ The cursor must hereby be inside a displayed formula.
+ Alternatively you can right-click on the formula and choose
+\family sans
+Equation Label
+\family default
+.
+ A dialog pops up displaying the prefix
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-lefteqn
+eq:
\series default
+ in a text field.
+ The label is inserted there behind the prefix.
+ The predefined prefix means
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! L ! \\textbackslash lefteqn"
-
+equation
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- is used.
- It is inserted to the first column of the first line and effects that all
- further insertions overwrite the following columns:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+ and makes it easier to find labels in large documents because it marks
+ it as formula label to divide it from e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+section labels.
+ To change a label, the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Label
+\family default
+ is used again or you right-click on a formula and then on
+\family sans
+Equation Label
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-medskip
+\begin_layout Standard
+The name of the label is displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
+ within two parentheses behind formula.
+ A formula with a label is always numbered.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Cross-references are inserted via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Cross-Reference
+\family default
+ or with the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
-\lefteqn{4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}}\nonumber \\
- & & -\hspace{3pt}B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\nonumber \\
- & & =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\label{eq:lefteqn}\end{eqnarray}
-
+.
+ A formula cross-reference appears in the output as formula number.
+ When in the cross-reference dialog window the format
+\series bold
+(<reference>)
+\series default
+ is chosen, the cross-reference appears in the output as formula number
+ in parentheses.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+By right-clicking on a cross-reference in \SpecialChar LyX
+, one jumps to the formula that
+ is referenced.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+Here are as examples cross-references to formulas of the following subsections:
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
-
-\backslash
-smallskip
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Note the different cross-reference types.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\newline
-After the insertion of
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-lefteqn
-\series default
-, the cursor is in a purple box that is a bit shifted to the left from the
- blue one.
- In this the formula is inserted.
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+The equations
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:tag"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-medskip
-\end_layout
+ and
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:c"
\end_inset
+ are equivalent.
+ In (
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "eq:Lat"
-\newline
-The content of the further lines is inserted to the second or another formula
- column.
- The greater the column number where it was inserted, the larger the indentation.
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+) big Latin letters are used for the numbering in contrary to (
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "eq:Rom"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-medskip
+).
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+When the argument of
+\series bold
-\newline
+\backslash
+tag
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Note the following when using
\series bold
\backslash
-lefteqn
+tag
\series default
-:
-\end_layout
+ is described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:User-defined-Numbering"
-\begin_layout Itemize
-The formula doesn't use the full page width.
- When e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-g.\InsetSpace ~
-the term
-\begin_inset Formula $-B^{2}$
\end_inset
- is added to the first line in the above example, it would have been outside
- the page margin.
- To better use the width, negative space can be inserted at the beginning
- of the first line.
+.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Due to a bug in LyX the cursor cannot be set with the mouse into the first
- line.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\series default
+ contains a box like in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Paragraph-Boxes"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1429}{
+, the formula cannot be referenced.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-
-LyX-bug #1429
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Subnumbering
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula numbering ! subnumbering
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+With the help of the commands
+\series bold
- One can only set the cursor at the beginning of the line and move it with
- the arrow keys.
+\backslash
+begin{subequations}
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+end{subequations}
+\series default
+ formulas can be subnumbered.
+ Both commands are inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+An example:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+A=C-B
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+begin{subequations}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Other methods to set long formulas are offered by the environments described
- in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Multline-Environment"
-
\end_inset
- and
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Multiline-Formula-Parts"
+\begin_inset VSpace -5mm
\end_inset
-.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Multiline Brackets
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Multiline-Brackets"
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+B=C-A\label{eq:b}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Brackets ! for multiline expressions"
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+C=A+B\label{eq:c}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For brackets spanning multiple lines the following problem occurs:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
-A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\
- & & \left.\cdots+B-D\right]\end{eqnarray*}
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+end{subequations}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The closing bracket is smaller than the opening bracket because brackets
- with variable size may not span multiple lines.
+To create the example, the following is done:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To set the bracket size for the second line correctly, the first line is
- ended with
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+first formula is inserted
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+
\series bold
\backslash
-right.
+begin{subequations}
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
\series default
+is inserted after the first formula
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+second formula is inserted
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! R ! \\textbackslash right"
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+third formula is inserted
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Enumerate
- and the second line with
\series bold
\backslash
-left.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+end{subequations}
+\series default
+ is inserted after the third formula
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-for more about
+Every formula between the commands
\series bold
\backslash
-left
+begin
\series default
and
\series bold
\backslash
-right
+end
\series default
- see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+ will be subnumbered with a, b, c, \SpecialChar ldots
+ in the output.
+ For multiline formulas every line will be subnumbered.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Referencing subequations work like for normal equations:
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:b"
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:c"
\end_inset
+.
+ If you want to reference the subequations collectively, insert a label
+ directly after
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+begin{subequations}
+\series default
+ and reference it.
+ Formula
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:Here-is-an"
+
+\end_inset
+ is an example.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+By inserting commands in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode, a space is created between the first two
+ formulas.
+ To revert this -5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
+mm vertical space is inserted after the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+begin{subequations}
\series default
+.
+ When the formula style
+\series bold
+Indented
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! L ! \\textbackslash left"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+formula styles see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
\end_inset
-.
- After
-\series bold
-\backslash
-left.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
\series default
- the command
+ is used, -7
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+mm space is inserted instead.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To get another subnumber instead of small Latin letters, insert this command
+ as TeX code after
\series bold
\backslash
-vphantom
+begin{subequations}
\series default
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+:
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
\backslash
-spce
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+theparentequation -
+\backslash
+roman{equation}}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
+\backslash
+theparentequation
+\series default
+ creates hereby the parent number and
\series bold
\backslash
-prod
+roman{equation}
\series default
-^
+ adds a small Roman number as subnumber.
+ For more information about the customization of the numbering, see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Numbering-with-Roman"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Here is an example for a multiline formula where the numbering is customized
+ and turned off for the second line:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+begin{subequations}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series bold
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "eq:Here-is-an"
+
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-infty
-\series default
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status open
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+theparentequation -
+\backslash
+roman{equation}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series bold
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray}
+A & = & (B-Z)^{2}=(B-Z)(B-Z)\\
+ & = & B^{2}-ZB-BZ+Z^{2}\nonumber \\
+ & = & B^{2}-2BZ+Z^{2}
+\end{eqnarray}
-\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset
-_R=1}
-\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! V ! \\textbackslash vphantom"
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
- is inserted, because the multiplication operator with its limits is the
- largest symbol in the first line and this should be the size for the bracket
- in the second line.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The result is this:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
-A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\
- & & \left.\vphantom{\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}}\cdots+B-D\right]\end{eqnarray*}
+\backslash
+end{subequations}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-Align Environments
+User-defined Numbering
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:User-defined-Numbering"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula numbering ! user-defined
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Align environments can be used for every kind of multiline formulas.
- They are specially useful to set several formulas side by side.
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Align environments consist of columns.
- The odd columns are right aligned, the even ones left aligned.
- Every line in an Align environment can be numbered.
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula numbering ! self-defined delimiters
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Align environments are created via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math
-\family default
-.
- With the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Change Formula Type
-\family default
- already existing formulas can be converted to Align environments.
+\end_inset
+
+With the standard numbering parentheses are set around the formula number.
+ To replace the parentheses for example by vertical bars, the following
+ line is added to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To add or delete columns, the math toolbar buttons
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-column.png
- scale 85
-\end_inset
+\series bold
- or
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-column.png
- scale 85
+\backslash
+def
+\backslash
+tagform@#1{
+\backslash
+maketag@@@{|#1|}}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This macro is already declared in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble for testing.
+ To activate it, remove the percent sign at the beginning.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-, respectively, or the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Rows & Columns
-\family default
- can be used.
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Standard align Environment
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Standard-align-Environment"
+\begin_layout Standard
+To use other characters, the vertical bars besides the
+\series bold
+#1
+\series default
+ are replaced by one ore more characters.
+ To get only the formula number the vertical bars are omitted.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
+When there should be an expression of your choice instead of the consecutive
+ formula number in parentheses behind the formula, the command
+\series bold
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! multiline ! align environment"
-
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+tag
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! T !
+\backslash
+tag
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-This Align environment is created by presssing
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Return
-\family default
- in a formula or by the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-AMS align Environment
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-An example for two formulas set side by side, that are created with a four
- column align environment:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*}
-A & =\sin(B) & C & =D\\
-C & \ne A & B & \ne D\end{align*}
+ is used:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+A+B=C\tag{something}\label{eq:tag}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
-As it can be seen, the formulas in this environment are placed so as if
- there would be a
+In this example the command
\series bold
\backslash
-hfill
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+tag
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+something
+\series default
+ was inserted in the formula.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-more about
+When the command
\series bold
\backslash
-hfill
+tag*
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+something
\series default
- see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Variable-Space"
+ is inserted instead, the star prevents the parentheses around the expression:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+A+B=C\tag*{something}
+\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
+To restart the formula numbering with new document parts or sections, the
+ following command is used:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
-\series default
- before the first and after every even column.
- When the formula style
\series bold
-Indented
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-formula styles see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+\backslash
+@addtoreset{equation}{part}
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands !
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+"
\end_layout
\end_inset
+@
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\series default
- is used, the formula is set without the
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-hfill
-\series default
- before the first column.
+"
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Alignat Environment
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! multiline ! alignat environment"
-
\end_inset
+ !
+\backslash
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-The alignat environment has no predefined column separation.
- It can be inserted manually with the spaces that are described
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Space"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-.
-\end_layout
+@
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-The above example in the alignat environment where 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-cm space was inserted
- at the beginning of the second formula:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{alignat*}{2}
-A & =\sin(B) & \hspace{1cm}C & =D\\
-C & \ne A & B & \ne D\end{alignat*}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-Because the column separation can be set separately for every column, this
- environment is especially suitable to set three and more formulas side
- by side.
+addtoreset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Flalign Environment
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Flalign-Environment"
-
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! multiline ! flalign environment"
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+resp.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+@addtoreset{equation}{section}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In this environment the first two columns are always set as much as possible
- to the left and the last two ones to the right.
- An example:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign*}
-A & =1 & B & =2 & C & =3\\
-X & =\textrm{-}1 & Y & =\textrm{-}2 & Z & =4\end{flalign*}
+To be able to use these commands in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode, the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+@
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ character has to be made
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+active
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
+ for \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ using the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+makeatletter.
+
+\series default
+ The command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+makeatother
+\series default
+ reverts this.
+ So the command sequence in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode is:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-By creating a flalign environment with an odd number of columns where an
- empty TeX-brace is inserted to the last column, several formulas in a document
- can be set to the left, although the formula style
+
\series bold
-Centered
-\series default
- is used.
- As example the indented formula
-\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:VolInt"
+\backslash
+makeatletter
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign}
-\hspace{30pt}\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V & =U & {}\end{flalign}
+\backslash
+@addtoreset{equation}{section}
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-The first two columns contain the formula.
- To indent it as with the formula style
-\series bold
-Indented
-\series default
-, 30\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-pt space was inserted at the beginning of the first column.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Eqnarray Environment
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! multiline ! eqnarray environment"
+\backslash
+makeatother
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble
+\series bold
+\backslash
+makeatletter
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+\backslash
+makeatother
+\series default
+ can be omitted as they are automatically internally inserted by \SpecialChar LyX
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When this environment has been created, three blue boxes appear.
- The content of the first box is right aligned, the content of the last
- one left aligned.
- The content of the middle box appears centered and a bit smaller, because
- it is designed to insert there only relation characters.
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
-\frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D}\\
-AB & AB & AB\\
-A & = & A\end{eqnarray*}
-
-\end_inset
+To revert
+\series bold
+\backslash
+@addtoreset
+\series default
+, the file
+\series bold
+remreset.sty
+\series default
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Gather Environment
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! multiline ! gather environment"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+remreset
+\series default
+ is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+carlisle
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! carlisle
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-This environment consists of only one centered column.
- Every line can be numbered.
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{gather}
-A=1\\
-X=\textrm{-}1\end{gather}
-
\end_inset
-
+ that is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Multline Environment
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Multline-Environment"
-
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! multiline ! multline environment"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! remreset
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+ has to be loaded in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble with the line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The multline environment consists, like the gather environment, of only
- one column.
- But the first line is left aligned, the last one right aligned.
- All other lines are centered.
- Therefore this environment is suitable for long formulas.
- As example formula
-\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:lefteqn"
-\end_inset
+\series bold
- in the multline environment:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{multline}
-4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\
--B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\\
-=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\end{multline}
+\backslash
+usepackage{remreset}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Then the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+@removefromreset
+\series default
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-In the output only the last (first) line of a multline environment appears
- numbered when the document numbering is right (left).
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands !
+\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-numbering styles see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+@
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+"
\end_layout
\end_inset
- This is also the case when there is a formula number displayed after every
- line in LyX.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+ !
+\backslash
-\begin_layout Standard
-This is
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=518}{
+"
\end_layout
\end_inset
-LyX-bug #518
+@
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-}
+"
\end_layout
\end_inset
-.
+removefromreset
\end_layout
\end_inset
+ can be used with the same scheme as
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+@addtoreset
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+Sometimes formulas should be numbered in the following form:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-With the commands
-\series bold
-\backslash
-shoveright
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! S ! \\textbackslash shoveright"
+\family typewriter
+(section number.formula number)
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The formula number should start with every section with
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
+1
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
-\series default
- and
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For this case there is the command
\series bold
\backslash
-shoveleft
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! S ! \\textbackslash shoveleft"
+numberwithin
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! N !
+\backslash
+numberwithin
+\end_layout
-\series default
- a centered line can be right or left aligned, respectively.
- The commands are used as follows:
+\end_inset
+
+, which is used with the following scheme:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-shoveright{line content}
-\series default
- and
+numberwithin{counter}{sectioning}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Counter denotes what kind of numbering is affected, sectioning denotes what
+ number is before the dot.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Thus in our case the following \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ preamble or \SpecialChar TeX
+ code line is used:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
\series bold
\backslash
-shoveleft{line content}
+numberwithin{equation}{section}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
+This is the result:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The length
-\series bold
\backslash
-multlinegap
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! M ! \\textbackslash multlinegap"
+numberwithin{equation}{section}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+A+B=C
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To number e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+
+tables so that the number of the part is the sectioning,
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+numberwithin{table}{part}
\series default
- specifies the distance of the first line from the left page margin.
- Predefined is the length 0\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-pt.
+ is used.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-As example the above formula where the command
+To go back to the standard numbering or to prevent this kind of numbering
+ when it is defined by the document class, the following command is inserted
+ as \SpecialChar TeX
+ code or to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ preamble:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-setlength{
+renewcommand{
\backslash
-multlinegap}{2cm}
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+arabic{equation}}
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! A !
+\backslash
+arabic
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-was inserted in TeX-mode before:
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-setlength{
+renewcommand{
\backslash
-multlinegap}{2cm}
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+arabic{equation}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{multline}
-4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\
-\shoveleft{-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}\\
-=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\end{multline}
+\series bold
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\series default
+or
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
\backslash
-setlength{
+renewcommand{
\backslash
-multlinegap}{0pt}
+thetable}{
+\backslash
+arabic{table}}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-The second line was left aligned using
\series bold
\backslash
-shoveleft
+numberwithin
\series default
-.
+ uses internally the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+@addtoreset
+\series default
+, described above, that also needs to be reverted.
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+makeatletter
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Multiline Formula Parts
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Multiline-Formula-Parts"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\end_inset
+
+\backslash
+@removefromreset{equation}{section}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! multiline ! formula parts"
+\backslash
+makeatother
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To display only parts of a formula with multiple lines, one of the following
- environments are used:
-\series bold
-aligned
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-alignedat
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-gathered
-\series default
- or
-\series bold
-split
-\series default
-.
- They can be inserted via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math
-\family default
- or by using the commands described in this section.
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The first three have the same properties as the corresponding multiline
- formula environments, but it is possible to set further formula parts beside
- them.
- An example:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\left.\begin{aligned}\Delta x\Delta p & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\\
-\Delta E\Delta t & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\end{aligned}
-\right\} \textrm{Uncertainty relations}\]
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Numbering with Roman Numbers and Letters
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Numbering-with-Roman"
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula numbering ! with letters
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To get this formula, a displayed formula is created where the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-aligned
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! A ! \\textbackslash aligned"
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula numbering ! with Roman numbers
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
- is inserted.
- A purple box appears around the blue formula box where now columns and
- lines can be added.
- Outside the multiline environment other formula parts can be set, like
- the brace.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The aligned environment is also suitable for long formulas whose lines are
- horizontally aligned.
- Using aligned in a displayed formula has the advantage that the formula
- number is vertically centered behind the lines.
- As example formula
-\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:kurzlang"
+Formulas can also be numbered with Roman numbers and Latin letters.
+ To number for example with small Roman numbers, the command
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+roman{equation}}
+\end_layout
- in the aligned environment:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-\begin{aligned}H=\; & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\\
- & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\end{aligned}
-\end{equation}
+\begin_layout Standard
+is inserted before the formula in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+
+\series bold
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+renewcommand
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! R !
+\backslash
+renewcommand
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To use the environments
+\end_inset
+
+ redefines the predefined command
\series bold
-alignedat
+
+\backslash
+theequation
\series default
-,
+ to the command
\series bold
-gathered
+
+\backslash
+roman{equation}
\series default
-, or
+.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The command
\series bold
-split
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand
\series default
-, the command
+ has the same scheme like the command
\series bold
\backslash
-alignedat
+newcommand
\series default
-,
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! A ! \\textbackslash alignedat"
+ that is described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:The-Command-newcommand"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+\series bold
+equation
+\series default
+ is the formula counter.
+ When the command
\series bold
\backslash
-gathered
+the
\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! G ! \\textbackslash gathered"
-
-\end_inset
-
-, or
+ is used as prefix for a counter, the value of the counter is output as
+ Arabic number.
+ When a formula is numbered, \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ sets internally the command
\series bold
\backslash
-split
+theequation
\series default
+ behind the formula.
+
+\series bold
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! S ! \\textbackslash split"
-
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+roman{equation}
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
- are inserted, respectively.
- The split environment has the same properties as the aligned environment
- but it can only have two columns.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! R !
+\backslash
+roman
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Text in multiline Formulas
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Text-in-multiline"
-
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Text ! in formulas"
+\series default
+ outputs the counter as small Roman number.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+All formulas behind the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+renew
+\series default
+c
+\series bold
+ommand
+\series default
+ are now numbered Roman.
+ To switch to numbering with big Roman numbers, the command is inserted
+ again, but
+\series bold
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! multiline ! text"
+\backslash
+roman
+\series default
+ is replaced by
+\series bold
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+Roman
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! R !
+\backslash
+roman@
+\backslash
+Roman
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-In the Align environments, and the multline and gather environment, text
- can be inserted that will appear in a separate line and doesn't affect
- the column alignment.
- To do this, the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-intertext
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! I ! \\textbackslash intertext"
+.
+ To
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+number
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
+ with small Latin letters there is the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+alph
\series default
- is used in the following scheme:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! A !
\backslash
-intertext{text}
+alph
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The text should not be longer than a line because it cannot be hyphenated.
- As LyX doesn't yet support
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-intertext
-\series default
- directly, the text is written as mathematical text.
-
+, for big ones there is the command
\series bold
\backslash
-intertext
+Alph
\series default
- must hereby be at the beginning of a line and appears in the output above
- this line.
- An example where the text was inserted at the beginning of the second line:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{align}
-I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\
-\intertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to $\phi=\pi$, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\end{align}
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! A !
+\backslash
+alph@
+\backslash
+Alph
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Formula Numbering
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula numbering"
-
\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! numbering|see{Formula numbering}"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\series bold
+\color none
+Note:
+\series default
+ Only maximal 26
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-
+formulas can be numbered with Latin letters in one document.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-General
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-Numbered formulas can be created with the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Numbered\InsetSpace ~
-Formula
-\family default
- (shortcut
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Alt\InsetSpace ~
-n
-\family default
-).
- Existing formulas can be numbered with the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Toggle\InsetSpace ~
-Numbering
-\family default
- (shortcut
-\family sans
-Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
-n
-\family default
-).
- The formula number is displayed in LyX behind the formula as number sign
- in parentheses.
- The number sign is replaced in the output by the formula number.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-When numbering is turned on in multiline formulas, all lines will be numbered.
- But the numbering can be controlled with the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Toggle\InsetSpace ~
-Numbering\InsetSpace ~
-of\InsetSpace ~
-Line
-\family default
- (shortcut
-\family sans
-Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
-N
-\family default
-) for every line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Except of inline formulas, all formulas can be numbered with two different
- styles, see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Cross-References
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Cross-References"
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+roman{equation}}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Cross-references ! to formulas"
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+A=\textrm{small roman}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-All labeled formulas can be cross-referenced.
- A label is added by the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Label
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/label-insert.png
- scale 85
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\end_inset
-.
- The cursor must hereby be inside a displayed formula.
- A dialog pops up displaying the prefix
-\series bold
-eq:
-\series default
- in a text field.
- The label is inserted there behind the prefix.
- The predefined prefix means
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+Roman{equation}}
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-equation
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+B=\textrm{big Roman}\label{eq:Rom}
+\end{equation}
+
\end_inset
- and makes it easier to find labels in large documents because it marks
- it as formula label to divide it from e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-g.\InsetSpace ~
-section labels.
- To change a label, the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Label
-\family default
- is used again.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The name of the label is displayed in LyX within two parentheses behind
- formula.
- A formula with a label is always numbered.
- The label is deleted when the numbering is turned off.
- This is at the moment the only way to delete a label, see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2556}{
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+alph{equation}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-LyX-bug #2556
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+C=\textrm{small Latin}
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-}
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+Alph{equation}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Cross-references are inserted via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Cross-Reference
-\family default
- or with the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png
- scale 85
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+D=\textrm{big Latin}\label{eq:Lat}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
-.
- A formula cross-reference appears in the output as formula number.
- When in the cross-reference dialog window the format
-\series bold
-(<reference>)
-\series default
- is chosen, the cross-reference appears in the output as formula number
- in parentheses.
-\newline
-By right-clicking on a cross-reference in LyX, one jumps
- to the formula that is referenced.
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Here are as examples cross-references to formulas of the following subsections:
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status open
+To switch back to the default numbering, insert the command:
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Note the different cross-reference types.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+arabic{equation}}
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! A !
+\backslash
+arabic
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The equations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:tag"
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
- and
-\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:c"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\end_inset
- are equivalent.
- In (
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "eq:Lat"
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+arabic{equation}}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-) big Latin letters are used for the numbering in contrary to (
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "eq:Rom"
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+E=\textrm{Arabic}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
-).
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-When the argument of
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-tag
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+As you see, formulas are numbered serially independent from the numbering
+ style.
+ When then numbering should start with
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
-\series bold
+1
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-tag
-\series default
- is described in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:User-defined-Numbering"
+ when the style is changed, new equation counters have to be defined.
+ A description about this can be found in the file
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "Formula-numbering.lyx"
+target "run:Formula-numbering.lyx"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Section
+Chemical Symbols and Equations
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Chemical-Symbols-and"
+\end_inset
-\series default
- contains a box like in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Paragraph-Boxes"
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-, the formula cannot be referenced.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Chemical characters ! Symbols
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Subnumbering
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula numbering ! subnumbering"
-
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-With the help of the commands
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-begin{subequations}
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\backslash
-end{subequations}
-\series default
- formulas can be subnumbered.
- Both commands are inserted in TeX-mode.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Chemical equations
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-An example:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-A=C-B\label{eq:a}\end{equation}
-
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-addtocounter{equation}{-1}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Symbols ! chemical
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+An example text from chemistry:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Quote
+The
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-begin{subequations}
-\end_layout
+-ion reacts with two
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$
+\end_inset
+-ions to sodium sulfate
+\begin_inset Formula $\left(\mathrm{Na_{2}SO_{4}}\right)$
\end_inset
+.
+ The chemical equation for this is:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\mathrm{2\,Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\label{eq:chem-reaction}
+\end{equation}
-\begin_inset VSpace -5mm
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-B=C-A\label{eq:b}\end{equation}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This chemical equation can directly be created as formula.
+ To avoid that the symbols appear italic, everything is highlighted and
+ changed by the shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-roman"
+\end_inset
+
+ to the upright font style.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+font styles
+\series bold
+
+\series default
+see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Font-Styles"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-C=A+B\label{eq:c}\end{equation}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+A more convenient way to typeset chemical formulas is to use the command
+
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
+\backslash
+ce
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! C !
\backslash
-end{subequations}
+ce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+ that is available when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+mhchem
+\series default
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To create the example, the following is done:
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-first formula is inserted
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! mhchem
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\end_inset
+ is installed.
+ After inserting
\series bold
\backslash
-addtocounter{equation}{-1}
-\backslash
-begin{subequations}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! A ! \\textbackslash addtocounter"
+ce
+\series default
+ to a formula a new blue box appears where chemical formulas can be inserted
+ in an intuitive way.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
-\newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series default
-is inserted after the first formula
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-second formula is inserted
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+H2CO3
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-third formula is inserted
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{H2CO3}$
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-end{subequations}
-\series default
- is inserted after the third formula
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Every formula between the commands
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-begin
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-end
-\series default
- is subnumbered as a, b,
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-linebreak
+SO4^2-
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-c, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
- For multiline formulas every line will be subnumbered.
- All subnumbered formulas are treated as
-\emph on
-one
-\emph default
- numbered formula.
- But as every numbered formula increases the counter
-\series bold
-equation
-\series default
- by one, the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{SO4^{2-}}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-addtocounter
-\series default
- is needed to decrease it.
- Otherwise the formulas
-\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:a"
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-,
-\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:b"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-,
-\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:c"
+(NH4)2S
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- would be numbered as
-\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:a"
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{(NH4)2S}$
\end_inset
-,
-\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:d"
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-,
-\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:f"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-.
+KCr(SO4)2.12H2O
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-By inserting the commands in TeX-mode, a space is created between the first
- two formulas.
- To revert this -5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-mm vertical space is inserted after the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-begin{subequations}
-\series default
-.
- When the formula style
-\series bold
-Indented
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{KCr(SO4)2.12H2O}$
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-formula styles see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+A-B
+\backslash
+dbond
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+C
+\backslash
+tbond
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\series default
- is used, -7\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-mm space is inserted instead.
+D
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here is an example for a multiline formula where the numbering was turned
- off for the second line:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{A-B\dbond C\tbond D}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-begin{subequations}
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
-A & = & (B-Z)^{2}=(B-Z)(B-Z)\label{eq:d}\\
- & = & B^{2}-ZB-BZ+Z^{²}\nonumber \\
- & = & B^{2}-2BZ+Z^{2}\label{eq:f}\end{eqnarray}
+^227
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+_90
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
+Th+
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{_{90}^{227}Th+}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-end{subequations}
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Subsection
-User-defined Numbering
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:User-defined-Numbering"
+\backslash
+mu
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula numbering ! user-defined"
-
+\backslash
+hyphen
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-
+Cl
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula numbering ! self-defined delimiters"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{\ensuremath{\mu\hyphen}Cl}$
\end_inset
-With the standard numbering parentheses are set around the formula number.
- To replace the parentheses for example by vertical bars, the following
- line is added to the LaTeX-preamble:
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-def
-\backslash
-tagform@#1{
-\backslash
-maketag@@@{|#1|}}
-\series default
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
+CO2
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-This macro is already declared in the LaTeX-preamble for testing.
- To activate it, remove the percent sign at the beginning.
-\end_layout
++
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+C
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+<=>
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+2CO
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To use other characters, the vertical bars besides the
-\series bold
-#1
-\series default
- are replaced by one ore more characters.
- To get only the formula number the vertical bars are omitted.
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{CO2 + C <=> 2CO}$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-When there should be an expression of your choice instead of the consecutive
- formula number in parentheses behind the formula, the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-tag
-\series default
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! T ! \\textbackslash tag"
+CO2
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
++
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
- is used:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-A+B=C\tag{something}\label{eq:tag}\end{equation}
+C
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+->[
+\backslash
+alpha][
+\backslash
+beta]
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-In this example the command
-\series bold
+2CO}
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-tag
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{CO2 + C ->[\alpha][\beta] 2CO}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-something
-\series default
- was inserted to the formula.
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-When the command
-\series bold
-\backslash
-tag*
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-something
+\series bold
+\color none
+Note:
\series default
- is inserted instead, the star prevents the parentheses around the expression:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-A+B=C\tag*{something}\]
+ It is not possible in \SpecialChar LyX
+ to use the character ^ to get an up-arrow as described
+ in the
+\series bold
+mhchem
+\series default
+ manual.
+ One instead uses a negative thin space followed by the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+uparrow
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{Fe + 2H+ -> Fe^{2+} + H2\negthinspace\uparrow}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-To restart the formula numbering with new document parts or sections, the
- following command is used:
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
+Using
\series bold
\backslash
-@addtoreset{equation}{part}
+ce
\series default
+ the command for equation
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! \"@\" ! \\textbackslash \"@\"addtoreset"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:chem-reaction"
\end_inset
+ is:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\newline
-resp.
-\newline
\series bold
-
+
\backslash
-@addtoreset{equation}{section}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To be able to use these commands in TeX-mode, the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-@
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
+2Na+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
- character has to be made
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
++
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-active
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
+SO4^2-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
- for LaTeX using the command
-\series bold
-\backslash
-makeatletter.
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\series default
- The command
-\series bold
+->
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-makeatother
-\series default
- reverts this.
- So the command sequence in TeX-mode is:
+Na2SO4
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+To create multiline chemical equations first a multiline formula is created
+ as described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Multiline-Formulas"
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Afterwards the command
\series bold
\backslash
-makeatletter
-\newline
+ce
+\series default
+ is used in every small blue box of the formula.
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:TEOS-reaction-1"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:TEOS-reaction-2"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ are an example of a multi-stage chemical reaction where every equation
+ has its own number.
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray}
+\ce{TEOS + 4O} & \ce{->} & \ce{Si(OH)4 + 4C2H4O}\label{eq:TEOS-reaction-1}\\
+\ce{Si(OH)4} & \ce{->} & \ce{SiO2 + 2H2O}\label{eq:TEOS-reaction-2}
+\end{eqnarray}
+
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-@addtoreset{equation}{section}
-\newline
-\backslash
-makeatother
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In the LaTeX-preamble
+Besides
\series bold
\backslash
-makeatletter
+ce
\series default
- and
+ the
+\series bold
+mhchem
+\series default
+ package provides the command
\series bold
\backslash
-makeatother
+cf
\series default
- can be omitted as they are automatically internally inserted by LyX.
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! C !
+\backslash
+cf
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To revert
+\end_inset
+
+ that has to be used for special cases.
+ For more information about
\series bold
\backslash
-@addtoreset
+cf
\series default
-, the file
+ and more examples have a look at the documentation of
\series bold
-remreset.sty
+mhchem
\series default
+,
+\begin_inset CommandInset citation
+LatexCommand cite
+key "mhchem"
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Diagrams
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\SpecialChar LyX
+ supports two types of commutative diagrams:
\series bold
-remreset
+amscd
\series default
- is part of the LaTeX-package
+ and
\series bold
-carlisle
+xymatrix
\series default
+ that are explained in the following.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Packages ! carlisle"
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Amscd Diagrams
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
- that is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Diagrams ! amscd
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Packages ! remreset"
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Diagrams of this type visualize relations by vertical and horizontal lines
+ or arrows:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\begin{CD}A@>>>B@>>>C\\
+@AAA@.@VVV\\
+F@<<<E@<<<D
+\end{CD}
+\]
\end_inset
- has to be loaded in the LaTeX-preamble with the line
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
+To get them, the command
\series bold
\backslash
-usepackage{remreset}
+CD
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! C !
+\backslash
+CD
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ is inserted to a formula.
+ A blue box appears with two dashed lines where further commands can be
+ inserted.
+ With
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
+\end_inset
+
+ a new line is created.
+ Horizontal relations are inserted in odd, vertical in even formula lines.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Then the command
-\series bold
+To create the relations there are the following commands:
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-@removefromreset
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+@<<<
+\series default
+ creates a left arrow,
+\series bold
+@>>>
+\series default
+ a right arrow and
+\series bold
+@=
\series default
+ a long equal sign
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! \"@\" ! \\textbackslash \"@\"removefromreset"
+\series bold
+@AAA
+\series default
+ creates an up arrow,
+\series bold
+@VVV
+\series default
+ a down arrow and
+\series bold
+@|
+\series default
+ a vertical equal sign
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
- can be used with the same scheme as
\series bold
+@.
-\backslash
-@addtoreset
\series default
-.
+ is a placeholder for non-existent relations
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
+All arrows can be labeled as follows:
+\end_layout
-Sometimes formulas should be numbered in the following form:
+\begin_layout Itemize
+If text inserted between the first and second < or >, resp., it is placed
+ above the arrow.
+ When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears under
+ the arrow.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Itemize
+When text for vertical arrows is inserted between the first and second A
+ or V, resp., it is placed left beside the arrow.
+ When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears right
+ beside the arrow.
+ If the text contains an A or V, these letters must be set into a \SpecialChar TeX
+ brace.
+\end_layout
-\family typewriter
-(section number.formula number)
+\begin_layout Standard
+As example a diagram with all possible relations:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The formula number should start with every section with
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\begin{CD}A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F\\
+@AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\
+D@<<j<E@>k>>F@=C
+\end{CD}
+\]
-1
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
-.
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For this case there is the command
+The command for this is:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
\series bold
\backslash
-numberwithin
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! N ! \\textbackslash numberwithin"
+CD
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl+Return
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-, which is used with the following scheme:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
\backslash
-numberwithin{counter}{sectioning}
-\end_layout
+CD
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-Counter denotes what kind of numbering is affected, sectioning denotes what
- number is before the dot.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Thus in our case the following LaTeX-preamble or ERT line is used:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+
+@AmAA@.@VV
+\backslash
+{V
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
\series bold
+V@| Ctrl+Return
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-numberwithin{equation}{section}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-This is the result:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\series bold
\backslash
-numberwithin{equation}{section}
+CD
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
+D@<<j<E@>k>>F@=C
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Xymatrix Diagrams
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-A+B=C\end{equation}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Diagrams ! xymatrix
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To number e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-g.\InsetSpace ~
-tables so that the number of the part is the sectioning,
-\newline
-
+To be able to use xymatrices, the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+xypic
+\series default
+ must be installed.
+ A xymatrix is created by inserting the command
\series bold
\backslash
-numberwithin{table}{part}
+xymatrix
\series default
- is used.
-\end_layout
+ in a formula.
+ Then you are able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices,
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Matrices"
-\begin_layout Standard
-To go back to the standard numbering or to prevent this kind of numbering
- when it is defined by the document class, the following command is inserted
- as ERT or to the LaTeX-preamble:
+\end_inset
+
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-arabic{equation}}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! A ! \\textbackslash arabic"
-
+In contrary to amscd diagrams, xymatrices supports diagonal and curved arrows,
+ and much more.
+ All possibilities to create commutative diagrams and decorations are explained
+ in detail in the
+\emph on
+XY-pic manual
+\emph default
+ that you find in the menu
+\family sans
+Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Specific
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
+Manuals
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
-\series default
+\begin_layout Subsection
-\begin_inset ERT
+\noun on
+Feynman
+\noun default
+ Diagrams
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-arabic{equation}}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Diagrams ! Feynman
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series bold
-
-\newline
-
-\series default
-or
-\series bold
-
-\newline
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-thetable}{
-\backslash
-arabic{table}}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
+To be able to use
+\noun on
+Feynman
+\noun default
+-diagrams, the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-numberwithin
+feyn
\series default
- uses internally the command
+ must be installed.
+ A
+\noun on
+Feynman
+\noun default
+-diagram is created by inserting the command
\series bold
\backslash
-@addtoreset
+Diagram
\series default
-, described above, that also needs to be reverted.
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+ in a formula.
+ Then you are able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices,
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Matrices"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-makeatletter
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+Examples how to create
+\noun on
+Feynman-
+\noun default
+diagrams in \SpecialChar LyX
+ is given in the
+\emph on
+Feynman-diagram manual
+\emph default
+ that you find in the menu
+\family sans
+Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Specific
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-
-\backslash
-@removefromreset{equation}{section}
+Manuals
+\family default
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-makeatother
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Section
+User-defined Commands
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+User-defined commands
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Numbering with Roman Numbers and Letters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Numbering-with-Roman"
-
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula numbering ! with letters"
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula numbering ! with Roman numbers"
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ The names of user-defined commands and macros may only consist of Latin
+ letters.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Formulas can also be numbered with Roman numbers and Latin letters.
- To number for example with small Roman numbers, the command
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsection
+The Command
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:The-Command-newcommand"
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-roman{equation}}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-is inserted before the formula in TeX-mode.
-
-\series bold
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+User-defined commands !
\backslash
-renewcommand
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! R ! \\textbackslash renewcommand"
+newcommand
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- redefines the predefined command
-\series bold
-\backslash
-theequation
-\series default
- to the command
-\series bold
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! N !
\backslash
-roman{equation}
-\series default
+newcommand
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The command
+Many \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-commands are too long to be used frequently.
+ But it is possible to define with the command
\series bold
\backslash
-renewcommand
+newcommand
\series default
- has the same scheme like the command
+ new shorter commands.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command scheme of
\series bold
\backslash
newcommand
\series default
- that is described in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:User-defined-commands"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
+ is:
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-.
-
-\series bold
-equation
-\series default
- is the formula counter.
- When the command
\series bold
\backslash
-the
+newcommand{new command name}[number of arguments][optional
\series default
- is used as prefix for a counter, the value of the counter is output as
- Arabic number.
- When a formula is numbered, LaTeX sets internally the command
+
\series bold
+value]
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-theequation
-\series default
- behind the formula.
-
\series bold
\backslash
-roman{equation}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! R ! \\textbackslash roman"
+newcommand
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\series default
- outputs the counter as small Roman number.
+{command definition}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-All formulas behind the command
-\series bold
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
-\backslash
-renew
-\series default
-c
-\series bold
-ommand
-\series default
- are now numbered Roman.
- To switch to numbering with big Roman numbers, the command is inserted
- again, but
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-roman
+\series bold
+Note:
\series default
- is replaced by
+ Assure that the name of the new command is not already used in your document
+ or by \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-packages that you use.
+ When you for example define the command
\series bold
\backslash
-Roman
+le
\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! R ! \\textbackslash roman@\\textbackslash Roman"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- To
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-number
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- with small Latin letters there is the command
+ for
\series bold
\backslash
-alph
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! A ! \\textbackslash alph"
-
-\end_inset
-
-, for big ones there is the command
+Leftarrow
+\series default
+, you get an error message because
\series bold
\backslash
-Alph
+le
\series default
+ is already defined as command for
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! A ! \\textbackslash alph@\\textbackslash Alph"
+\begin_inset Formula $\le$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- Only maximal 26 formulas can be numbered with Latin letters in one document.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The number of arguments is an integer in the range 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
+-
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+9 and specifies how many arguments the new command should have.
+ With the optional value a value for an optional argument can be predefined.
+ When this is done, the
+\emph on
+first
+\emph default
+
+\emph on
+a
+\emph default
+rgument of the new command is automatically an optional one.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+Here are some examples:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+To define the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-roman{equation}}
-\end_layout
+gr
+\series default
+ for
+\series bold
+\backslash
+Longrightarrow
+\series default
+, the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line is:
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-A=\textrm{small roman}\label{eq:rom}\end{equation}
-
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\series bold
\backslash
-renewcommand{
+newcommand{
\backslash
-theequation}{
+gr}{
\backslash
-Roman{equation}}
+Longrightarrow}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Itemize
+To define the command
+\series bold
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-B=\textrm{big Roman}\label{eq:Rom}\end{equation}
+\backslash
+us
+\series default
+ for
+\series bold
+\backslash
+underline
+\series default
+, the argument (that should be underlined) must be taken into account.
+ For this the preamble line is:
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
\backslash
-renewcommand{
+newcommand{
\backslash
-theequation}{
+us}[1]{
\backslash
-alph{equation}}
+underline{#1}}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+The character
+\series bold
+#
+\series default
+ acts as argument placeholder, the
+\series bold
+1
+\series default
+ behind it denotes that it is the placeholder for the first argument.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+For
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+ one can e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-C=\textrm{small Latin}\label{eq:lat}\end{equation}
+define the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+fb
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
\backslash
-renewcommand{
+newcommand{
\backslash
-theequation}{
+fb}[3]{
\backslash
-Alph{equation}}
-\end_layout
+framebox#1#2{$#3$}}
+\series default
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-D=\textrm{big Latin}\label{eq:Lat}\end{equation}
-
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+The two Dollar signs creates the extra formula needed for
+\series bold
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+, see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Boxes-with-Frame"
-\begin_layout Standard
-To switch back to the default numbering, insert the command:
+\end_inset
+
+.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Itemize
+To create a new command for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\series default
+ where the color for the box need not be specified, the argument for the
+ color is defined optional:
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
\series bold
\backslash
-renewcommand{
+newcommand{
\backslash
-theequation}{
+cb}[3][white]{
\backslash
-arabic{equation}}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! A ! \\textbackslash arabic"
+fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+When the color is not specified when using
+\series bold
+\backslash
+cb
+\series default
+, the predefined color
+\series bold
+white
+\series default
+ will be used.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+A test of the new defined commands:
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-arabic{equation}}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-E=\textrm{Arabic}\label{eq:arab}\end{equation}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\backslash
+gr
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+B
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-As you see, formulas are numbered serially independent from the numbering
- style.
- When then numbering should start with
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\gr B$
\end_inset
-1
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
- when the style is changed, new equation counters have to be defined.
- A description about this can be found in the file
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-href{Formula-numbering.lyx}{
+us{ABcd
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Formula-numbering.lyx
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\us{ABcd}$
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-}
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-User-defined commands
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sec:User-defined-commands"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+fb{[2cm]
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "User-defined commands"
-
+\backslash
+{
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Many LaTeX-commands are too long to be used frequently.
- But it is possible to define with the command
-\series bold
-
\backslash
-newcommand
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! N ! \\textbackslash newcommand"
-
+{
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
- new shorter commands.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The command scheme of
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-newcommand
-\series default
- is:
+A=B
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-newcommand{new command name}[number of arguments][optional
-\series default
-
-\series bold
-value]
-\newline
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-phantom{
-\end_layout
-
+cb{red
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
\backslash
-newcommand
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+{
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-}
+A=B
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-{command definition}
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\cb{red}{\int A=B}$
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- Assure that the name of the new command is not already used in your document
- or by LaTeX-packages that you use.
- When you for example define the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-le
-\series default
- for
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Leftarrow
-\series default
-, you get an error message because
-\series bold
-
+cb[green]
\backslash
-le
-\series default
- is already defined as command for
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
+{red
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula $\le$
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+A=B
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- The names of user-defined commands may only consist of Latin letters.
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The number of arguments is an integer in the range 0\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
--\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-9 and specifies how
- many arguments the new command should have.
- With the optional value a value for an optional argument can be predefined.
- When this is done, the
-\emph on
-first
-\emph default
-
-\emph on
-a
-\emph default
-rgument of the new command is automatically an optional one.
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Math Macros
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here are some examples:
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+User-defined commands! Math macros
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-To define the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-gr
-\series default
- for
-\series bold
-\backslash
-Longrightarrow
-\series default
-, the LaTeX-preamble line is:
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-medskip
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Macros
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series bold
-
-\newline
-
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-gr}{
-\backslash
-Longrightarrow}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-To define the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-us
-\series default
- for
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-underline
-\series default
-, the argument (that should be underlined) must be taken into account.
- For this the preamble line is:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-medskip
-\end_layout
+User-defined commands are especially convenient for complex expressions.
+ When you are for example dealing with a document that has quadratic equations,
+ the same solution type occurs several times.
+ The general form of a quadratic equation is
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+0=\lambda^{2}+p\lambda+q
+\]
\end_inset
+The general form of the solution is
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\lambda_{1,2}=-\frac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{p²}{4}-q}
+\]
-\series bold
-
-\newline
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-us}[1]{
-\backslash
-underline{#1}}
-\series default
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+To define a command for the solution formula where only the three parameters
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
+\end_inset
-
-\backslash
-medskip
-\end_layout
-
+,
+\begin_inset Formula $p$
\end_inset
+ and
+\begin_inset Formula $q$
+\end_inset
-\series bold
+ need to be specified and the index of
+\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
+\end_inset
-\newline
+ can be given optionally, the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line is
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\series default
-The character
-\series bold
-#
-\series default
- acts as argument placeholder, the
-\series bold
-1
-\series default
- behind it denotes that it is the placeholder for the first argument.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-For
\series bold
\backslash
-framebox
-\series default
- one can e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-g.\InsetSpace ~
-define the command
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+qG}[4][1,
+\backslash
+,2]{#2_{#1}=-
+\backslash
+frac{#3}{2}
+\backslash
+pm
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\series bold
\backslash
-fb
-\series default
-:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+newcommand
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
\backslash
-medskip
+sqrt{
+\backslash
+frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}}
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+To create with this the solution formula, the command
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
-\newline
-
-\backslash
-newcommand{
\backslash
-fb}[3]{
+qG{
\backslash
-framebox#1#2{$#3$}}
-\series default
+lambda
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\backslash
+{p
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
\backslash
-medskip
+{q
+\series default
+ is inserted to a formula
+\series bold
+.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The definition of the new command is unintuitive because one has to know
+ the schemes of all used \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ commands, e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+that a fraction is inserted in \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ as
\series bold
-\newline
-
+\backslash
+frac{numerator}{denominator}
\series default
-The two Dollar signs creates the extra formula needed for
+.
+ Furthermore one can easily forget a brace in the definition and cannot
+ see in \SpecialChar LyX
+ what the new command is doing.
+ To avoid these problems \SpecialChar LyX
+ offers the possibility to use math macros instead
+ of the command
\series bold
\backslash
-framebox
+newcommand
\series default
-, see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Boxes-with-Frame"
+.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+A math macro is created by using the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\family default
+ or the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro newmacroname_newcommand"
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
+ The math macro toolbar appears together with the following box where the
+ macro is defined:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Itemize
-To create a new command for
-\series bold
-\backslash
-fcolorbox
-\series default
- where the color for the box needn't to be specified, the argument for the
- color is defined optional:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/macrobox.png
+ scale 75
-\backslash
-medskip
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
\end_inset
-\series bold
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset FormulaMacro
+\newcommand{\qG}[4][1,\,2]{#2_{#1}=-\frac{#3}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}}
+\end_inset
-\newline
\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-cb}[3][white]{
+newmacroname is the default name of the macro that should be changed to
+ something sensible.
+ The wanted formula is inserted in the first blue box.
+ An argument placeholder is inserted with the command
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}}
+#argumentnumber
\series default
+, e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+g
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
\backslash
-medskip
-\end_layout
+#1
+\series default
+ or by using the macro toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-add-param"
+\end_inset
+.
+ Argument placeholders are displayed red.
+ A maximum of 9
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
+arguments are possible.
+ Optional arguments are created with the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-add-optional-param"
+\end_inset
-\newline
-When the color is not specified when using
+.
+ The first non-optional argument can be transformed to an optional one with
+ the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-make-optional"
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ In the second blue box the appearance of the macro in \SpecialChar LyX
+ can be defined.
+ Normally you want to see it as it is defined, so the box is kept empty.
+ But when you have created a macro that needs lot of space on the screen,
+ you can insert in the box for example
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+qG:
+\backslash
+#1
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+,
+\series default
+
\series bold
\backslash
-cb
+#2
\series default
-, the predefined color
+
\series bold
-white
+,
\series default
- will be used.
-\end_layout
+
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
-A test of the new defined commands:
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+#3,
+\backslash
+#4
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
-\end_layout
+\series default
+For the macro only the arguments with the macro name in front of them will
+ then be displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
+, leading to a better overview.
+ The formula appears in the output as defined in the first box.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+The appearance of macros in formulas can furthermore be changed for single
+ macros by setting the cursor in the macro and using the menu
+\family sans
+View\SpecialChar menuseparator
+(Un)fold
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+Macro
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+To use a macro, the macro name is inserted as command to a formula, in our
+ case
\series bold
\backslash
-raisebox
+qG
\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
+.
+ Our macro looks in \SpecialChar LyX
+ like this:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-A
-\backslash
-gr
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/macrouse.png
+ scale 75
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
\end_inset
-B
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $A\gr B$
+Here is our macro example with the arguments
+\begin_inset Formula $x$
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset Formula $\ln(x)$
\end_inset
+ and
+\begin_inset Formula $B$
+\end_inset
+:
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\qG x{\ln(x)}B
+\]
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-us{ABcd
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+\SpecialChar LyX
+ offers in the menu
+\family sans
+Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Editing\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Control
+\family default
+ different styles to edit macros.
+ To find the style that suits you the most, choose a style and set the cursor
+ in a macro formula to see the difference.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\us{ABcd}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
-\end_inset
+A math macro is transformed internally to a
+\series bold
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+ command when exporting the document.
+ The created
+\series bold
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+ command is not placed in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble, therefore macros can only be used
+ in formulas that are in the document below the macro definition box.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
+Math macros can also be directly created from a
+\series bold
\backslash
-fb{[2cm]
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+newcommand
+\series default
+ command.
+ When writing for example the command
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\backslash
-{
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+larrow}[2]{
+\backslash
+xleftarrow[#2]{#1}}
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+\series default
+in \SpecialChar LyX
+ as normal text, highlighting it completely and using then the shortcut
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+, the command will be transformed to a math macro.
+ Using this method you need to be careful that the
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-{
-\backslash
-int
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+newcommand
+\series default
+ command is typed correctly, otherwise you get a faulty macro leading to
+ \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ errors.
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
+Math macros currently have the problem that further formulas in macro definition
+s are handled wrongly.
+ Therefore the example
+\series bold
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
+fb
+\series default
+ from
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:The-Command-newcommand"
\end_inset
-A=B
+ cannot be created as macro.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+When the cursor is in a macro definition box, you will see the macro toolbar
+ in \SpecialChar LyX
+:
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/MacroToolbar.png
-\backslash
-cb{red
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-\backslash
-{
-\backslash
-int
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Macros ! Toolbar
\end_layout
\end_inset
-A=B
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
+The macro toolbar contains from left to right the following buttons:
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-cb[green]
-\backslash
-{red
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
-\backslash
-{
-\backslash
-int
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
+<features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="85col%">
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-remove-param"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-A=B
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Remove Last Argument
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-add-param"
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Append Argument
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Diagrams
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Diagrams"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-make-optional"
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To create diagrams, the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-amscd
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
-amscd
-\series default
- is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
-\end_layout
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Transform First Non-Optional to
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\series default
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Packages ! amscd"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
- is needed.
- It is loaded in the LaTeX-preamble with the line
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
-\backslash
-usepackage{amscd}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Diagrams visualize relations and look like this:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\begin{CD}A@>>>B@>>>C\\
-@AAA@.@VVV\\
-F@<<<E@<<<D\end{CD}\]
-
\end_inset
-
+Optional Argument
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To get them, the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-CD
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! C ! \\textbackslash CD"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-make-nonoptional"
\end_inset
-\series default
- is inserted to a formula.
- A blue box appears with two dashed lines where further commands can be
- inserted.
- With
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Return
-\family default
- a new line is created.
- Horizontal relations are inserted in odd, vertical in even formula lines.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To create the relations there are the following commands:
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
-@<<<
-\series default
- creates a left arrow,
-\series bold
-@>>>
-\series default
- a right arrow, and
-\series bold
-@=
-\series default
- a long equal sign
-\end_layout
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Itemize
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Transform Last Optional to
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-@AAA
-\series default
- creates an up arrow,
-\series bold
-@VVV
-\series default
- an down arrow, and
-\series bold
-@|
-\series default
- a vertical equal sign
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
-\series bold
-@.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series default
- is a placeholder for non-existent relations
-\end_layout
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-All arrows can be labeled as follows:
-\end_layout
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Is text inserted between the first and second < or >, resp., it is placed
- above the arrow.
- When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears under
- the arrow.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-When text for vertical arrows is inserted between the first and second A
- or V, resp., it is placed left beside the arrow.
- When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears right
- beside the arrow.
- If the text contains an A or V, these letters must be set into a TeX-brace.
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-As example a diagram with all possible relations:
+Non-Optional Argument
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\begin{CD}A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F\\
-@AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\
-D@<<j<E@>k>>F@=C\end{CD}\]
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-remove-optional-param"
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The command for this is:
-\newline
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-CD
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Remove Optional Argument
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl-Enter
-\newline
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-add-optional-param"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-hphantom{
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-CD
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Insert Optional Argument
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-remove-greedy-param"
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-}
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-@AmAA@.@VV
-\backslash
-{V
-\series default
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Remove Last Argument
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\series bold
-V@| Ctrl-Enter
-\newline
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
-\backslash
-hphantom{
\end_layout
\end_inset
+Spitting Out To The Right
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-CD
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-append-greedy-param"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Append Argument
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-}
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-D@<<j<E@>k>>F@=C
-\end_layout
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_layout
-\newpage
+\end_inset
+Eating From The Right
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Tips
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring{
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Other useful math tips can be found in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
-key "Voss"
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Append Optional Argument
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-.
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-}{}
+Eating From The Right
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Computer Algebra Systems
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\SpecialChar LyX
+ offers the exchange between mathematical expressions written in \SpecialChar LyX
+'s math
+ editor and external applications or user defined scripts.
+ Currently supported applications are
+\family sans
+Maple
+\family default
+,
+\family sans
+Mathematica
+\family default
+,
+\family sans
+Maxima
+\family default
+ and
+\family sans
+Octave
+\family default
+.
+ Note that the set of supported mathematical constructs is limited only
+ to very simple cases.
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Usage
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-More about
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring is in section
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section"
+Write some expression in a formula, go to the
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Use Computer Algebra System
+\family default
+ menu and choose the application you have installed on the computer.
+ After that the result of computation should show on the right side of the
+ expression together with the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+=
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
-.
+ operator.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Here are few simple examples (with results from
+\family typewriter
+Maxima
+\family default
+) to show what kind of computations can be performed:
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $\frac{37}{3}*2-\sum_{i=1}^{3}i^{i}=-\frac{22}{3}$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Tips"
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $\frac{37.0}{3}=12.33333333333333$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Ions|see{Chemical characters}"
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $\int_{1}^{2}\sin(x)dx=\cos1-\cos2$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Chemical Symbols and Equations
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and"
-
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $\int\left(\frac{1}{1+x^{3}}\right)dx=-\frac{\log\left(x^{2}-x+1\right)}{6}+\frac{\arctan\left(\frac{2\,x-1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)}{\sqrt{3}}+\frac{\log\left(x+1\right)}{3}$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Chemical characters ! Symbols"
-
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Chemical equations"
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ One needs to use proper delimiter insets
+\begin_inset Formula $\left(\right)$
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Symbols ! chemical"
+ instead of simple '(' ')' characters.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-An example text from chemistry:
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $\det\left[\begin{array}{ccc}
+1 & 6 & 7\\
+2 & 5 & 8\\
+3 & 4 & 17
+\end{array}\right]=-56$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Quote
-The
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}\left(\frac{\sin(x)}{x}\right)=1$
\end_inset
--ion reacts with two
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$
-\end_inset
--ions to sodium sulfate
-\begin_inset Formula $\left(\mathrm{Na_{2}SO_{4}}\right)$
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $powerseries\left(-\log\left(5-x\right),x,1\right)=\sum_{{\mathit{i}_{2}}=0}^{\infty}{\frac{4^{-{\mathit{i}_{2}}-1}\,\left(x-1\right)^{{\mathit{i}_{2}}+1}}{{\mathit{i}_{2}}+1}}-\log4$
\end_inset
-.
- The chemical equation for this is:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\]
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $solve\left(x_{1}+y_{1}^{3}=y_{1}+x_{1}^{2},x_{1}\right)=\left[x_{1}=-\frac{\sqrt{4\,y_{1}^{3}-4\,y_{1}+1}-1}{2},x_{1}=\frac{\sqrt{4\,y_{1}^{3}-4\,y_{1}+1}+1}{2}\right]$
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Keyboard shortcut
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
-This chemical equation can directly be created as formula.
- To avoid that the symbols appear italic, everything is highlighted and
- changed by the shortcut
+Currently there is no keyboard shortcut for calling the algebra applications.
+ One can easily bind a shortcut to the
\family sans
-Alt-c\InsetSpace ~
-r
+math-extern
\family default
- to the upright font style.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+ \SpecialChar LyX
+ function (see the
+\family sans
+\emph on
+\SpecialChar LyX
+ Functions
+\family default
+\emph default
+ manual).
+ One could e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+
+bind the
+\family sans
+Return
+\family default
+ key inside the math editor.
+ To bind it to
+\family typewriter
+Maxima
+\family default
+ one would use this shortcut definition command:
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-font styles
-\series bold
-
-\series default
-see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Styles"
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+command-alternatives paragraph-break;math-extern maxima
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+Miscellaneous
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Miscellaneous
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Negative Numbers
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Numbers ! negative"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Numbers ! negative
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="right" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
normal text:
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
x = -2
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
formula:
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $x=-2$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
solution:
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $x=\textrm{-}2$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-Comma as Decimal Separator
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Comma"
+Comma as decimal Separator
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Comma
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In LaTeX a comma inside a formula is used, according to the English convention,
+In \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ a comma inside a formula is used, according to the English convention,
as number group separator.
So there will be space added behind all commas in formulas.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To avoid this, the comma is highlighted and changed to mathematical text
(shortcut
-\family sans
-Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
-m
-\family default
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "math-mode"
+\end_inset
+
).
\end_layout
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
icomma
\series default
- is part of the LaTeX-package
+ is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
was
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Packages ! was\\vspace{4mm}"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! was
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+vspace{4mm}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Packages ! icomma"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! icomma
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- is loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line
+ is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_layout Subsection
Physical Vectors
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Physical-Vectors"
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Physical-Vectors"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Vectors ! physical"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Vectors ! physical
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Predefined vectors are offered by the LaTeX-package
+Predefined vectors are offered by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
braket
\series default
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-braket
-\series default
- should be part of every LaTeX standard installation.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! braket
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Packages ! braket"
-
-\end_inset
-
- that is loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line
+ that is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\begin_inset Note Note
status open
-\begin_layout Standard
-The following table will only be displayed when the LaTeX-package
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
braket
\series default
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
The following commands are defined:
\end_layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
Bra{
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\Bra{\psi}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
Ket{
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\Ket{\psi}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
Braket{
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\Braket{\psi|\phi}$
\end_inset
Braket
\series default
assures that all vertical bars are set in the size of the surrounding brackets:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\Braket{\phi|J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\Braket{\phi|J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\,M_{J}}
+\]
\end_inset
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\begin_inset Note Note
status open
-\begin_layout Standard
-The following will be displayed when the LaTeX-package
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
braket
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-You need to install the LaTeX-package
+You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
braket
\series default
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
middle
\series default
, that is described in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Self-defined Fractions
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Self-defined-Fractions"
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Self-defined-Fractions"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Fractions ! self-defined"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Fractions ! self-defined
+\end_layout
\end_inset
genfrac
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! G ! \\textbackslash genfrac"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! G !
+\backslash
+genfrac
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+vspace{4mm}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\series bold
bracket}{fraction bar thickness}{style}
-\newline
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-phantom{
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\series bold
\backslash
genfrac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The style is a number in the range of 0\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
--\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+The style is a number in the range of 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+-
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
3.
\end_layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Number
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Style (Size)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
0
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
display style formula
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
inline formula
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
small
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
3
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
tiny
\end_layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When no fraction bar thickness is given, the predefined value of 0.4\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-pt will
- be used.
+When no fraction bar thickness is given, the predefined value of 0.4
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+pt will be used.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
tbinom
\series default
from
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Fractions"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Fractions"
\end_inset
\end_inset
To define a fraction where the fraction bar thickness can be given as optional
- argument, the following line is inserted to the LaTeX-preamble:
+ argument, the following line is inserted to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
fracS}[3][]{
\backslash
-genfrac{}{}{#1}{}{#2}{#3}}
-\end_layout
+genfrac{}{}{#1}{}{#2}{#3}}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A test:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{align*}
+\text{Command} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[1mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[5mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B}\\
+\text{Result} & & \fracS[1mm]{A}{B} & & \fracS[5mm]{A}{B}
+\end{align*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+As one can see, the distance of the numerator and the denominator to the
+ fraction bar is round about three times the bar thickness.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Canceled Formulas
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! canceled
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are four ways to cancel formulas or parts of formulas:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+ifcancel
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+cancel
+\series default
+ is installed.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+cancel
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\cancel{\int A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+bcancel
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bcancel{\int A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+xcancel
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\xcancel{\int A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+cancelto
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-A test:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*}
-\text{Command} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[1mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[5mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B}\\
-\text{Result} & & \fracS[1mm]{A}{B} & & \fracS[5mm]{A}{B}\end{align*}
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-As one can see, the distance of the numerator and the denominator to the
- fraction bar is round about three times the bar thickness.
+1
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Canceled Formulas
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Canceled-Formulas"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\cancelto{1}{\int A=B}\hspace{3mm}$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! canceled"
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To cancel formulas or formula parts, the LaTeX-package
+
\series bold
-cancel
+
+\backslash
+cancelto
\series default
+ is especially suitable to visualize the reduction of fractions within formulas:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}}
+\]
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
-cancel
-\series default
- is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+To change the size of
+\series bold
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Packages ! cancel"
+\backslash
+cancelto
+\series default
+'s
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+subscript
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- has to be loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line
+ value one can add the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-usepackage[samesize]{cancel}
+PassOptionsToPackage{option}{cancel}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-There are four ways to cancel formulas:
+where
+\series bold
+option
+\series default
+ is either
+\series bold
+samesize
+\series default
+ which leads to the same size as for the canceled value, or
+\series bold
+Smaller
+\series default
+ which makes is it a bit smaller than normal.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Command
+To color the cancellation bar one adds this command as \SpecialChar TeX
+ code:
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-hspace
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-
+renewcommand{
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- are used here as spacer.
+CancelColor}{
+\backslash
+color{red}}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
+red
+\series default
+ can be replaced by a color of your choice.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-cancel{
-\backslash
-int
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+CancelColor}{
+\backslash
+color{red}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-A=B
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\cancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}}
+\]
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-bcancel{
-\backslash
-int
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-A=B
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+CancelColor}{
+\backslash
+color{black}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\bcancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+reset the color
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\backslash
-xcancel{
-\backslash
-int
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
+For further customizations, see the documentation of the package
+\series bold
+cancel
+\series default
+,
+\begin_inset CommandInset citation
+LatexCommand cite
+key "cancel"
\end_inset
-A=B
-\end_layout
+.
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! cancel
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\xcancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Standard
-
-\backslash
-cancelto{1
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\backslash
-{
-\backslash
-int
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-A=B
+else
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\cancelto{1}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}\hspace{3mm}$
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+cancel
+\series default
+ is not installed:
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+cancel
+\series default
+ to see the rest of this subsection in the output.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
\backslash
-cancelto
-\series default
- is especially suitable to visualize the reduction of fractions within formulas:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}}\]
+fi
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Formulas in Section Headings
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Formulas-in-Section"
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Formulas-in-Section"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! in section headings"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! in section headings
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
-\begin_layout Standard
-When the LaTeX-package
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+When
\series bold
hyperref
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Packages ! hyperref"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! hyperref
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ support is enabled in the document settings dialog under
+\family sans
+PDF
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
- is used, PDF-bookmarks are automatically created for every section heading
- in the table of contents.
+Properties
+\family default
+, PDF-bookmarks are created for every section heading in the table of contents.
If a section heading contains formulas, they are incorrectly displayed
in the bookmark text, because formulas in bookmarks infringe the PDF convention
s.
Both problems can be solved by inserting at the end of the section heading
a short title with the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Short\InsetSpace ~
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Short
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
Title
\family default
.
\series bold
hyperref
\series default
- is used, one can use the following command in TeX-mode:
+ is used, one can use the following command in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
texorpdfstring{part}{alternative}
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Commands ! T ! \\textbackslash texorpdfstring"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! T !
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\end_inset
-\begin_inset OptArg
+\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Heading without formula in table of contents
\end_layout
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
}{}
\end_layout
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
To get the same formatting as for the other headings, the complete heading
was set into a
\series bold
-boldmath environment
+boldmath
\series default
-
+ environment
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Bold-Formulas"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Bold-Formulas"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Formulas in multi-column Text
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! in multi-column text"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! in multi-column text
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
Formulas in multi-column text are often too wide to fit into a column and
thus need to be set over the whole page width.
- This is done by using the LaTeX-package
+ This is done by using the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
multicol
\series default
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
multicol
\series default
- is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
+ is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Packages ! multicol"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! multicol
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-, that is loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line
+, that is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open
-\begin_layout Standard
-Note herby that the setting
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Note that in this case the setting
\family sans
-Two-column\InsetSpace ~
+Two-column
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
document
\family default
in the menu
\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
under
\family sans
-Text\InsetSpace ~
+Text
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
Layout
\family default
\emph on
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-is written in TeX-mode.
- The column number is a number in the range of 2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
--\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+is written in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ The column number is a number in the range of 2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+-
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
10.
Before the formula the multi-column text is ended by inserting the command
\end_layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-in TeX-mode.
+in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Due to the command some space is automatically added before the formula.
- To revert this, -6\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+ To revert this, -6
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
mm vertical space is inserted before the formula.
When the formula style
\series bold
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
formula styles see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
\end_inset
\series default
- is used, -9\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+ is used, -9
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
mm space is inserted instead.
\end_layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+
+\lang ngerman
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\end_inset
Das Spektrum wird fouriertransformiert.
- the Fouriertransformation wird verwendet, um the überlagerten Signale (Netzwerk
+ Die Fouriertransformation wird verwendet, um die überlagerten Signale (Netzwerk
, Lösungsmittel) zu trennen.
- Nachdem wir the Phasenverschiebung bestimmen konnten, interessiert uns
+ Nachdem wir die Phasenverschiebung bestimmen konnten, interessiert uns
nun das Aussehen des Ausgangssignals.
- Im Experiment haben wir es with sehr vielen Teilchen zu tun, so that man
+ Im Experiment haben wir es mit sehr vielen Teilchen zu tun, so dass man
über alle Phasen integrieren muss.
Sei nun
\begin_inset Formula $S$
\end_inset
- unser normiertes Ausgangssignal and
+ unser normiertes Ausgangssignal und
\begin_inset Formula $P$
\end_inset
- the Phasenverteilungsfunktion, so ergibt sich the Beziehung
+ die Phasenverteilungsfunktion, so ergibt sich die Beziehung
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-S(t)=S_{0}(t)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\phi}\,\mathrm{d}\phi\label{eq:fouriertrafo}\end{equation}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+S(t)=S_{0}(t)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\phi}\,\mathrm{d}\phi
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\begin_inset Formula $S_{0}$
\end_inset
- das Signal ohne Gradient ist and the Normierungsbedingung
+ das Signal ohne Gradient ist und die Normierungsbedingung
\begin_inset Formula $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\,\mathrm{d}\phi=1$
\end_inset
gilt.
- Nun dürfen wir aber nicht the Relaxationsprozess außer Acht lassen.
- Direkt nach the
+ Nun dürfen wir aber nicht den Relaxationsprozess außer Acht lassen.
+ Direkt nach dem
\begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{\pi}{2}$
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
--rf-Puls beginnt sich the Magnetisierung zu entfokussieren, wodurch sich
+
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+-rf-Puls beginnt sich die Magnetisierung zu entfokussieren, wodurch sich
das Signal zusätzlich abschwächt.
- Diese Abschwächung verläuft exponentiell in Abhängigkeit the so genannten
+ Diese Abschwächung verläuft exponentiell in Abhängigkeit der so genannten
\begin_inset Formula $T_{2}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+
+\lang ngerman
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\end_inset
-
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Formulas with Description of Variables
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Formula ! with description of variables"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula ! with description of variables
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
To describe variables within a formula, like in formula
-\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:within"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $n$
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
+
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
matrix is used with left aligned columns for the
\begin_inset Formula $n$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
matrices see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Matrices"
\end_inset
\end_inset
- To set the description in a smaller size, before the matrix e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-g.\InsetSpace ~
-the command
-
+ To set the description in a smaller size, before the matrix e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+
+the command
\series bold
\backslash
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
font sizes see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Sizes"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Font-Sizes"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
formula styles see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Indented
\series default
, see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Variable-Space"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
\end_inset
Centered
\series default
is used, the method described in
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Flalign-Environment"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Flalign-Environment"
\end_inset
is used to indent formulas.
Formula
-\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:within"
\end_inset
- consists of five columns whereas in the first two columns contain the equation,
- the third the matrix, and the last one an empty TeX-brace.
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign}
+ consists of five columns where in the first two columns contain the equation,
+ the third the matrix and the last one an empty \SpecialChar TeX
+ brace.
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{flalign}
\hspace{30pt}F_{A} & =\rho·V·g & \footnotesize\begin{array}{ll}
\rho & \textrm{density}\\
V & \textrm{volume}\\
-g & \textrm{gravitational acceleration}\end{array} & & {}\label{eq:within}\end{flalign}
+g & \textrm{gravitational acceleration}
+\end{array} & & {}\label{eq:within}
+\end{flalign}
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Upright small Greek Letters
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Upright-small-Greek"
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Upright-small-Greek"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Greek letters ! upright"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Greek letters ! upright
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
upgreek
\series default
- is part of the LaTeX-package
+ is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
was
\series default
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Packages ! was\\vspace{4mm}"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! was
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+vspace{4mm}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Packages ! upgreek"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! upgreek
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- that is loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line
+ that is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\begin_inset Note Note
status open
-\begin_layout Standard
-The following table will only be displayed when the LaTeX-package
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
upgreek
\series default
- is installed.
+ is installed:
\end_layout
\end_inset
- They are created when the command for a small Greek letters is started
- with
+ They are created when the command for a small Greek letter is started with
+
\series bold
up
\series default
\begin_layout Standard
With these commands reactions of elementary particles can be typeset:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\uppi^{+}\to\upmu^{+}+\upnu_{\upmu}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\uppi^{+}\to\upmu^{+}+\upnu_{\upmu}
+\]
\end_inset
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\begin_inset Note Note
status open
-\begin_layout Standard
-The following will be displayed when the LaTeX-package
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
upgreek
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-You need to install the LaTeX-package
+You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
upgreek
\series default
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
\begin_layout Subsection
Text Characters in Formulas
-\begin_inset LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Text-Characters-in"
-
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Text ! in formulas"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Text ! in formulas
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Binary-Operators"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Binary-Operators"
\end_inset
all the time, because this character is defined in all encodings as text
character.
- But the encoding can be changed by this LaTeX-preamble line:
+ But the encoding can be changed by this \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
textperiodcentered
\backslash
-f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
+f\SpecialChar ligaturebreak
i}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The character encoding (menu
\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Language
\family default
) specifies what character appears when a keyboard key is pressed.
textperiodcentered
\series default
is used.
- But this command is not available in a formula so that you would get LaTeX-erro
-rs.
+ But this command is not available in a formula so that you would get \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-errors.
With the changed encoding the right command is chosen automatically, depending
on if the character was inserted into a formula or not.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The encoding of several characters is saved in definition files.
- Fore example the encoding
+ For example the encoding
\series bold
latin9
\series default
\series bold
latin9.def
\series default
- that is in the installation folder of LaTeX.
- Encodings should only be changed via the LaTeX-preamble and not in the
- definition files.
- Otherwise own documents could not be edited by other LyX users working
- on other computers.
+ which is in the installation folder of \SpecialChar LaTeX
+.
+ Encodings should only be changed via the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble and not in the definition
+ files.
+ Otherwise documents could not be edited by other \SpecialChar LyX
+ users working on other
+ computers.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_inset
Besides the centered dot, in this document the degree sign ° is defined
- with the following LaTeX-preamble line so that it can directly be inserted
- to a formula:
+ with the following \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line so that it can be directly inserted into
+ a formula:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
textdegree
\backslash
-f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
+f\SpecialChar ligaturebreak
i}
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+\SpecialChar LaTeX
+-comments in formulas
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\SpecialChar LaTeX
+-comments
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In text you can insert a comment that will only be visible in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ source
+ code of your file with the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Note\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Comment
+\family default
+.
+ This is not possible in a formula but you can insert \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-comments with the
+ command
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+%
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This creates a box in which you can write your comment.
+ Due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "LyX-bug #9002"
+target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/9002"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ you cannot write normal text inside the comment, even when you use mathematical
+ text, you will see its \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-commands in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-output.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+This a formula with a \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-comment:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+A=B%\text{This is the comment}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\end_inset
-\newpage
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
\start_of_appendix
-Typographic Advises
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Typographic Advises"
+Typographic Advice
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Typographic advice
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
This collection was partly taken from the German semi-official dictionary
called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
+\begin_inset CommandInset citation
+LatexCommand cite
key "Duden"
\end_inset
that lists some of the ISO rules.
+ More rules are listed in
+\begin_inset CommandInset citation
+LatexCommand cite
+key "Checklist"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
done with font styles, see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Styles"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Font-Styles"
\end_inset
\end_inset
-: 30\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+, no matter if they appear in italic text: 30
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
km/h
-\newline
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
Between the value and the unit is the smallest space, see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Predefined-Space"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Predefined-Space"
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Percent and perthousand signs are set like physical units:
-\newline
-1,2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+This convention is automatically fulfilled when the command
+\series bold
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\backslash
+unittwo
+\series default
+ is used.
+ When it is entered to a formula, two boxes appear.
+ In the first one the value is inserted, in the second one the unit, and
+ one gets as above:
+\begin_inset Formula $\unit[30]{km/h}$
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Note that
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+unittwo
+\series default
+ is not a real \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ command but the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-textperthousand
+unit[value]{unit}
+\series default
+, therefore you cannot use it in \SpecialChar TeX
+ code.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Percent and perthousand signs are set like physical units:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+1.2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-\InsetSpace ~
-alcohol in blood
+‰ alcohol in blood
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The degree sign follows directly on the value: 15°, but not when it is used
- in units: 15\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+ in units: 15
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
°C
\end_layout
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
-18\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-473\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+18
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+473
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
588
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-For dimensionings like 120×90×40\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
+For dimensions like 120×90×40
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
cm the multiplication sign
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_inset
is used.
- It is available with the LaTeX-command
+ It is available either via the command
\series bold
\backslash
-texttimes
+times
\series default
-, but can also directly be inserted with some keyboard definitions.
+ or via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Special Character\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Symbols
+\family default
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Functions with names consisting of several letters are set upright to avoid
confusions, see
-\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Predefined-Functions"
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Predefined-Functions"
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\newline
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
Components of matrices are set italic:
\begin_inset Formula $\hat{H}_{kl}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-The differentiation/integration operator 'd', the Euler's number 'e', and
+The differentiation/integration operator 'd', the Euler's number 'e' and
the imaginary unit 'i' should be set upright, to avoid mixing them up with
other variables.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+The character that denotes a
+\noun on
+Fourier
+\noun default
+ transformation is inserted either by the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathscr
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+F
+\series default
+ or via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Special Character\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Symbols\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Letterlike
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Symbols
+\family default
+:
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathscr{F}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\end_inset
-\newpage
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Synonyms
-\begin_inset LatexCommand index
-name "Synonyms"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Synonyms
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
equivalent to
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
ast
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-
-\backslash
-raisebox{-1.2mm}{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-*
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+*
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
choose
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
binom
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
geq
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
ge
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
lbrace
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
{
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
lbracket
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
[
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
leftarrow
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
gets
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
leq
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
le
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
lor
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
vee
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
neq
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
not=
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
slash
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
/
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
vert
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
|
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\hfill
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
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projects / lyx.git / blobdiff