-#LyX 2.1 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
-\lyxformat 474
+#LyX 2.4 created this file. For more info see https://www.lyx.org/
+\lyxformat 614
\begin_document
\begin_header
+\save_transient_properties true
+\origin /systemlyxdir/doc/
\textclass scrartcl
\begin_preamble
% DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
% the documentation team
% email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
-% if pdflatex is used
-\usepackage{ifpdf}
-\ifpdf
-
-% set fonts for nicer pdf view
-\IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}
- {\usepackage{lmodern}}{}
-
-\fi % end if pdflatex is used
-
% solves the following problem:
% If the dection number consits of too many numerals the section heading
% will be printed in the TOC without a space between it and the section number.
% increase link area for cross-references and autoname them,
\AtBeginDocument{\renewcommand{\ref}[1]{\mbox{\autoref{#1}}}}
\@ifundefined{extrasenglish}{\usepackage[english]{babel}}{}
-\addto\extrasenglish{%
- \renewcommand*{\equationautorefname}[1]{}%
- \renewcommand{\sectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}%
- \renewcommand{\subsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}%
- \renewcommand{\subsubsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}%
-}
+\@ifpackageloaded{babel}{
+ \addto\extrasenglish{%
+ \renewcommand*{\equationautorefname}[1]{}%
+ \renewcommand{\sectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}%
+ \renewcommand{\subsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}%
+ \renewcommand{\subsubsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}%
+ }
+}{}
% don't load packages twice
% see first footnote in sec. 9.3
\cleardoublepage
\pagenumbering{arabic}}
+% add 0.5 mm vertical space for table rows
+\@ifundefined{extrarowheight} {\usepackage{array}}{}
+\setlength{\extrarowheight}{0.5mm}
+
% insert additional vertical space of 1.5 mm between footnotes,
\let\myFoot\footnote
\renewcommand{\footnote}[1]{\myFoot{#1\vspace{1.5mm}}}
-% provides caption formatting
+% makes caption labels bold
\setkomafont{captionlabel}{\bfseries}
% enables calculation of values
\newcommand{\fracS}[3][]{\genfrac{}{}{#1}{}{#2}{#3}}
% example macro from sec. 19.4
+%\AtBeginDocument{
%\def\tagform@#1{\maketag@@@{|#1|}}
-
-% macro from sec. 10.2
-\def\clap#1{\hbox to 0pt{\hss #1\hss}}
-\def\mathclap {\mathpalette \mathclapinternal}
-\def\mathclapinternal #1#2{\clap{$\mathsurround =0pt #1{#2}$}}
-
+%}
% ------------------------------------
% used to check for needed LaTeX packages
\end_preamble
\options bibliography=totoc,index=totoc,BCOR7.5mm,titlepage,captions=tableheading
\use_default_options false
-\maintain_unincluded_children false
+\begin_modules
+subequations
+\end_modules
+\maintain_unincluded_children no
\language english
\language_package default
-\inputencoding auto
-\fontencoding global
-\font_roman default
-\font_sans default
-\font_typewriter default
-\font_math auto
+\inputencoding utf8
+\fontencoding auto
+\font_roman "lmodern" "default"
+\font_sans "lmss" "default"
+\font_typewriter "lmtt" "default"
+\font_math "auto" "auto"
\font_default_family default
\use_non_tex_fonts false
\font_sc false
-\font_osf false
-\font_sf_scale 100
-\font_tt_scale 100
+\font_roman_osf false
+\font_sans_osf false
+\font_typewriter_osf false
+\font_sf_scale 100 100
+\font_tt_scale 100 100
+\use_microtype false
+\use_dash_ligatures false
\graphics default
-\default_output_format default
+\default_output_format pdf2
\output_sync 0
\bibtex_command default
-\index_command default
+\index_command makeindex
+\float_placement class
+\float_alignment class
\paperfontsize 12
\spacing single
\use_hyperref true
\pdf_backref false
\pdf_pdfusetitle false
\pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false"
-\papersize a4paper
+\papersize a4
\use_geometry false
\use_package amsmath 2
\use_package amssymb 2
-\use_package cancel 0
+\use_package cancel 1
\use_package esint 1
\use_package mathdots 1
-\use_package mathtools 0
+\use_package mathtools 2
\use_package mhchem 1
-\use_package stackrel 0
-\use_package stmaryrd 0
+\use_package stackrel 1
+\use_package stmaryrd 1
\use_package undertilde 0
\cite_engine basic
\cite_engine_type default
\suppress_date false
\justification true
\use_refstyle 0
+\use_minted 0
+\use_lineno 0
\notefontcolor #0000ff
\index Index
\shortcut idx
\secnumdepth 4
\tocdepth 3
\paragraph_separation skip
-\defskip medskip
-\quotes_language english
+\defskip halfline
+\is_math_indent 0
+\math_numbering_side default
+\quotes_style english
+\dynamic_quotes 0
\papercolumns 1
\papersides 2
\paperpagestyle plain
+\tablestyle default
\bullet 1 0 6 -1
\bullet 2 2 35 -1
\bullet 3 2 7 -1
-\tracking_changes false
+\tracking_changes true
\output_changes false
+\change_bars false
+\postpone_fragile_content false
\html_math_output 0
\html_css_as_file 0
\html_be_strict false
+\docbook_table_output 0
+\docbook_mathml_prefix 1
+\author -563046850 "Jean-Marc LASGOUTTES"
+\author 177693 "x"
+\author 5863208 "ab"
+\author 47243155 "Jean-Marc"
+\author 232239728 "Owner"
\end_header
\begin_body
\begin_layout Title
-LyX's detailed Math manual
+\SpecialChar LyX
+'s Detailed Math Manual
\end_layout
\begin_layout Author
-by the LyX Team
+by the \SpecialChar LyX
+ Team
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
-If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documenta
-tion mailing list:
+If you have comments or error corrections,
+ please send them to the \SpecialChar LyX
+ Documentation mailing list:
+
\family typewriter
\begin_inset CommandInset href
name "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyX's Math manual"
type "mailto:"
+literal "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-author: Uwe Stöhr
+author:
+ Uwe Stöhr
\end_layout
\end_inset
\family sans
-Version 2.1.x
+Version 2.
+\change_inserted 47243155 1563226038
+4
+\change_deleted 47243155 1563226038
+3
+\change_unchanged
+.x
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-To export this document to PDF, PS or DVI the LaTeX-packages
+To export this document to PDF,
+ PS or DVI the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-packages
\series bold
-braket, cancel, eurosym, mathdots, mhchem, undertilde
+braket,
+ cancel,
+ eurosym,
+ mathdots,
+ mathtools,
+ mhchem,
+ undertilde
\series default
and
\series bold
was
\series default
should be installed.
- If they are not installed the document can be exported anyway but the sections
- where the packages are required will not appear in the output.
+ If they are not installed the document can be exported anyway but the sections where the packages are required will not appear in the output.
An exception is
\series bold
mhchem
\series default
-; if it is not installed, this file cannot be exported.
+;
+ if it is not installed,
+ this file cannot be exported.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
-http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/DocumentationDevelopment#Math
+https://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/Manuals#Math
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-This document explains LyX's math features and is furthermore a collection
- of LaTeX-commands used for mathematical characters and constructs.
- The explanations are designed for the usage of commands.
- It is therefore required that you have read the section
+This document details \SpecialChar LyX
+'s math features and the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-commands used for mathematical characters and constructs.
+ It is oriented toward the use of commands.
+ The user should read the
\family typewriter
Mathematical
\begin_inset space ~
Formulas
\family default
- of the User's Guide.
+ section of the User's Guide before proceeding.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Most of the characters and many constructs explained in this manual are
- also accessible via the menu
+Most of the characters and many constructs explained in this manual are also accessible via the menu
\family sans
Insert
\series bold
-\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+\SpecialChar menuseparator
\series default
Math
toolbar
\family default
.
- But everybody who has to write lots of formulas will notice that it is
- much faster to use commands instead of the math toolbar.
- Therefore this manual is focused on commands but also mentions the correspondin
-g toolbar buttons when available.
+ But everybody who has to write lots of formulas will notice that it is much faster to use commands instead of the math toolbar.
+ Therefore this manual is focused on commands but also mentions the corresponding toolbar buttons when available.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-If not specially mentioned the commands are only available within formulas.
- To be able to use all commands explained in this document, the option
+Unless specially mentioned,
+ math commands are only available within formulas.
+ To be able to use all of the commands explained in this document,
+ the option
\family sans
Use AMS math package
\family default
must be checked in the document settings (menu
\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\end_inset
--math when math constructs are found that are supported by LyX.
+-math when math constructs are found that are supported by \SpecialChar LyX
+.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-math commands
\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-A list with all
+A list containing all
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
-name "amsguide.ps"
-target "ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/doc/amstex/amsguide.pdf"
+name "amsguide.pdf"
+target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/amstex/doc/amsguide.pdf"
+literal "false"
\end_inset
\family default
-, which is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
+,
+ which is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
To create an inline formula
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! inline
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+inline
\end_layout
\end_inset
- that is embedded into a text line, use one of the shortcuts
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ that is embedded in a text line,
+ use one of the shortcuts
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
arg "math-mode"
\end_inset
or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-mode.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-mode"
\end_inset
.
To create a display style formula
\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+range none
+pageformat default
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! display style
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+display style
\end_layout
\end_inset
- which will appear bigger, has a different format, and will be in a separate
- paragraph, use one of these shortcuts:
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ which will appear bigger,
+ has a different format,
+ and will be in a separate paragraph,
+ use one of these shortcuts:
+
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
arg "math-display"
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To change a display style formula to an inline formula, set the cursor into
- the formula and use one of the shortcuts
+To change a display style formula to an inline formula,
+ place the cursor inside the formula and use
+\change_deleted 5863208 1612729312
+one of
+\change_unchanged
+the shortcut
+\change_deleted 5863208 1612729314
+s
+\change_unchanged
+
+\change_deleted 5863208 1612729303
+
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
arg "math-mode"
\end_inset
+
+\change_inserted 5863208 1612729281
+
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcuts"
+arg "math-mutate simple"
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_unchanged
or the menu
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change formula type
\family default
.
- The same way is used to change an inline formula to a display style formula.
+
+\change_inserted 5863208 1612729555
+Similarly you can use the shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcuts"
+arg "math-mutate equation"
+\end_inset
+
+ to change from an inline to a display style formula.
+
+\change_deleted 5863208 1612729557
+The same method is used to change an inline formula to a display style formula.
+\change_unchanged
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! D !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
displaystyle
\end_layout
\end_inset
- to a formula.
- Then a new blue box appears in which the desired formula part is inserted.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ in a formula.
+ A new blue box will appear in which the desired formula part is inserted.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+
+\change_deleted 232239728 1610897673
The
\family sans
math toolbar
\family default
can be turned on in the menu
\family sans
-View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+View\SpecialChar menuseparator
Toolbars
\family default
.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- the toolbar will be shown permanently at the bottom; this state is visualized
- in the
+ the toolbar will be shown permanently at the bottom;
+ this state is visualized in the
\family sans
Toolbars
\family default
\family sans
Toolbars
\family default
- menu, the
+ menu,
+ the
\family sans
math toolbar
\family default
- is only shown when the cursor is within a formula; this state is visualized
- by the renaming of the menu entry from
+ is only shown when the cursor is within a formula;
+ this state is visualized by the renaming of the menu entry from
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_inset
.
+\change_inserted 232239728 1610897478
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The TeX-mode
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+
+\change_inserted 232239728 1610918987
+
+\family sans
+Math toolbar
+\family default
+ visibility is controlled in the menu
+\family sans
+View\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Toolbars\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math
+\family default
+.
+ Three options will be presented,
+ On,
+ Off,
+ and Automatic.
+ Selecting On will cause the toolbar to be shown permanently at the bottom of the screen.
+ Selecting Off will disable the toolbar.
+ Selecting Automatic will cause the toolbar to automatically appear when the cursor is located within a formula.
+ The active state of the toolbar is indicated by a checkmark next to the current menu selection.
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-T@TeX-mode
+
+\change_inserted 232239728 1610897730
+The menu functionality appears to have changed,
+ I rewrote the paragraph for the current functionality
+\change_unchanged
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
- is invoked by pressing the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/ert-insert.png
- scale 85
-\end_inset
+\change_unchanged
- or by using the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Te
-\begin_inset ERT
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\SpecialChar TeX
+ mode
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
+status open
-{}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
\end_layout
\end_inset
-X Code
+\SpecialChar TeX
+-mode
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is invoked by pressing the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "ert-insert"
+\end_inset
+
+ or by using the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+TeX Code
\family default
(shortcut
\begin_inset Info
\end_inset
).
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-In LyX there are three
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-proper names
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- that appear in the output with sub- and superscript letters: TeX, LaTeX
- and LyX
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-To avoid that these names are recognized as proper names, a TeX-brace pair
- is inserted.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To change the LaTeX-preamble
+To change the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-L@LaTeX-preamble
+\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, use the menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-LaT
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
+\SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble
\end_layout
\end_inset
-eX
+,
+ use the menu
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
+LaTeX
\family default
\family sans
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To edit matrices, case differentiations and multiline formulas subsequently,
+To edit matrices,
+ case differentiations and multiline formulas,
use the menus
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math
\family default
and
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Rows
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\end_inset
Columns,
+
\family default
or the
\family sans
table toolbar
\family default
.
- When lines and columns are swapped via the menu, the column or line where
- the cursor is in is exchanged with the column to the right or the line
- below, respectively.
- Is the cursor in the last column or row, the exchange is done with the
- column to the left or the line above.
+ When lines and columns are swapped via the menu,
+ the column or line where the cursor is in is exchanged with the column to the right or the line below,
+ respectively.
+ If the cursor is in the last column or row,
+ the exchange is done with the column to the left or the line above.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
intertext
\series default
- is used, see
+ is used,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Text-in-multiline"
+reference "subsec:Text-in-multiline"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\emph default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Text ! in formulas
+Text
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+in formulas
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! T !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
text
\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
.
- The text appears black in LyX and can therefore be distinguished from the
- other formula parts which appear blue.
- In the output mathematical text is set upright, in contrary to other formula
- parts.
+ The text appears black in \SpecialChar LyX
+ and can therefore be distinguished from the other formula parts which appear blue.
+ In the output,
+ mathematical text is set upright contrary to other formula parts.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Most of the LaTeX-commands for math constructs have the following scheme:
+Most \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-commands for math constructs have the following syntax:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_inset
.
- To omit optional arguments, also omit the associated brackets.
- The braces around the required arguments are named in this document as
- TeX-braces
+ To omit the
+\series bold
+optional
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+argument
+\series default
+s,
+ also omit the associated brackets.
+ The braces around the
+\series bold
+required
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+arguments
+\series default
+ are referred to in this document as \SpecialChar TeX
+ braces
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-T@TeX-braces
+\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+\SpecialChar TeX
+-braces
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
- If you add in a formula a left brace to a command name, LyX automatically
- creates a TeX-brace.
- In all other cases TeX-braces are created in formulas with the command
-
+ If you append a left brace to a command name inside a formula,
+ \SpecialChar LyX
+ automatically creates a right \SpecialChar TeX
+ brace.
+ In all other cases standalone \SpecialChar TeX
+ braces are created in formulas with the command
\series bold
\backslash
{
\series default
.
- TeX-braces appear red in LyX, in contrary to normal braces which appear
- blue.
- In TeX-mode no command is needed to get TeX-braces.
- TeX-braces don't appear in the output.
+ Normal braces are created by typing
+\series bold
+{
+\series default
+.
+ \SpecialChar TeX
+ braces appear red in \SpecialChar LyX
+,
+ normal braces appear blue.
+ In \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode a command is not needed to get \SpecialChar TeX
+ braces.
+ \SpecialChar TeX
+ braces don't appear in the output while normal braces do.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When commands without arguments, like commands for symbols are entered in
- TeX-mode, a space character must
+When commands without arguments,
+ like commands for symbols,
+ are entered in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode,
+ a space character must
\emph on
always
\emph default
be behind the command to end it.
This space doesn't appear in the output.
- When the space should appear in the output, the space must be followed
- by a protected space in normal text.
-\end_layout
+ When the space should appear in the output,
+ the space must be followed by a
+\change_deleted 177693 1654668848
+protected
+\change_inserted 177693 1654668851
+non-breaking
+\change_unchanged
+ space in normal text.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A
+\change_deleted 177693 1654668857
+protected
+\change_inserted 177693 1654668860
+non-breaking
+\change_unchanged
+ space is inserted with
+\change_inserted 232239728 1610908934
+
+\change_deleted 5863208 1612729787
+the menu selection
+\change_inserted 5863208 1612729774
-\begin_layout Standard
-A protected space is inserted with
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcuts"
-arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected ; math-space"
+arg "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
\end_inset
+
+\change_deleted 232239728 1610908788
+
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcuts"
+arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected; math-space"
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_inserted 5863208 1612729766
+or with the menu selection
+\family sans
+
+\change_inserted 232239728 1610908897
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
+
+\change_deleted 177693 1654668863
+Protected
+\change_inserted 177693 1654668975
+Non-Breaking Normal
+\change_inserted 232239728 1610908897
+ Space
+\family default
+ or
+\change_inserted 5863208 1612729638
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl+Space
+\change_deleted 5863208 1612729640
+
+\family default
+Ctrl+Space
+\change_unchanged
.
\end_layout
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
-Syntax Explanation
+
+\change_deleted 5863208 1612098922
+Syntax
+\change_unchanged
+Explanation
+\change_inserted 5863208 1612100879
+ of Syntax Used in this Manual
+\change_unchanged
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
- denotes a space character to be input.
+ denotes a space character to be input
+\change_inserted 5863208 1612098935
+ by the user
+\change_unchanged
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset
-, and
+,
+ and
\family sans
Shift+Tab
\family default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
-Available units
+Available Units
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Float table
placement H
+alignment document
wide false
sideways false
status open
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-in = 2,54
+in = 2
+\change_deleted 232239728 1610909338
+,
+\change_inserted 232239728 1610909338
+.
+\change_unchanged
+54
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Newpage newpage
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
\begin_layout Subsection
Exponents
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
and Indices
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Superscripts|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Superscripts
+\begin_inset IndexMacro see
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
Exponents
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Subscripts|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Subscripts
+\begin_inset IndexMacro see
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
Indices
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
or via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-subscript.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-subscript"
\end_inset
-, exponents with a caret
+,
+ exponents with a caret
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_inset
or via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-superscript.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-superscript"
\end_inset
.
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-command
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}B^{V}$
+\begin_inset Formula $B^{V}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}B^{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $B^{A}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-As the caret is in some languages an accent, vowels will be accentuated
- in this case and not set as exponents
+As the caret is in some languages an accent,
+ vowels will be accentuated in this case and not set as exponents
\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Depending on the used keyboard settings this can also happen for characters
- other than vowels.
+Depending on the keyboard settings used this can also happen for characters other than vowels.
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
- To get exponents in this case, press
+ To get exponents in this case,
+ press
\family sans
Space
\family default
Fractions
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Fractions"
+name "subsec:Fractions"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! F !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+F
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
frac
\end_layout
\end_inset
- or via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/frac.png
- scale 50
+
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+ or via the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\frac"
\end_inset
.
- The font size is adjusted automatically, depending on whether the fraction
- is in an inline or display style formula.
+ The font size is adjusted automatically,
+ depending on whether the fraction is in an inline or display style formula.
With the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/frac-square.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\frac-square"
\end_inset
you can select different fraction types.
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! D !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
dfrac
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
a fraction can be created that always has the size of a display style formula.
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! T !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
tfrac
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
the fraction appears always with the size of an inline formula.
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\frac{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\frac{A}{B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\dfrac{A}{B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\dfrac{A}{B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{8mm}{}\dfrac{e^{\frac{1}{2}}}{3}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\dfrac{e^{\frac{1}{2}}}{3}$
\end_inset
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! C !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
cfrac
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
can be used.
\backslash
cfrac
\series default
- sets the fraction always in the size of a displayed formula, also when
- it is part of another fraction.
+ always sets the fraction size to that of a displayed formula,
+ even when it is part of another fraction.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
cfracleft
\series default
- is used to left align it, the command
+ is used to left align it,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
\series bold
Note:
+
\series default
\series bold
\backslash
cfracright
\series default
- are no real LaTeX commands but represent the command
+ are not real \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ commands but represent the command
\series bold
\backslash
cfrac[alignment]{numerator}{denominator}
\series default
.
- Therefore you cannot use them in TeX code.
+ Therefore you cannot use them in \SpecialChar TeX
+ code.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For inline fractions with a sloped fraction stroke you can use the command
-
+For inline fractions with a sloped fraction stroke you can use the command
\series bold
\backslash
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! N !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+N
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
nicefrac
\end_layout
\end_inset
-:
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{5}{31}$
\end_inset
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! U !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+U
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
unitfrac
\end_layout
\end_inset
-:
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\unitfrac{5}{31}$
\end_inset
- There is furthermore the command
+ There is also the command
\series bold
\backslash
unitfracthree
\series default
- that offers to write a fraction in combination with a number:
+ which allows you to write a fraction in combination with a number:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\unitfrac[2]{1}{3}$
\end_inset
\series bold
Note:
+
\series default
\series bold
\backslash
unitfracthree
\series default
- is not a real LaTeX command but the command
+ is not a real \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ command but the command
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
unitfrac[number]{numerator}{denominator}
\series default
.
- Therefore you cannot use it in TeX code.
+ Therefore you cannot use it in \SpecialChar TeX
+ code.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-How to define own fractions where the fraction stroke can be changed, is
- explained in
+How to define your own fractions where the fraction stroke can be changed is explained in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Self-defined-Fractions"
+reference "subsec:Self-defined-Fractions"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Newpage newpage
-\end_inset
+Multiline fractions are explained in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Multiline-Fractions"
+nolink "false"
+\end_inset
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Roots
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
sqrt
\end_layout
\end_inset
- or the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/sqrt.png
- scale 85
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\sqrt"
\end_inset
-, all other roots with the command
+,
+ all other roots with the command
\series bold
\backslash
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
root
\end_layout
\end_inset
- or with the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/root.png
- scale 85
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or with the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\root"
\end_inset
.
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqrt{A-B}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{A-B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqrt[3]{A-B}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[3]{A-B}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-With certain indices the distance to the root is too small, like in this
- formula:
+With certain indices the distance to the root is too small,
+ like in this formula:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[\beta]{B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
touches the root.
- To avoid this, the commands
+ To avoid this,
+ the commands
\series bold
\backslash
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! L !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
leftroot
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
and
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! U !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+U
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
uproot
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
are used with the following scheme:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Distance is the number of Big Points (unit bp;
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{72\, bp=1\, inch}$
+Distance is the number of Big Points (unit bp;
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{72\,bp=1\,inch}$
\end_inset
-), that the index should be moved to the left or top, resp..
+),
+ that the index should be moved to the left or up,
+ resp..
The commands are written to the index.
This way the command
\begin_inset Newline newline
\series default
-produces a correct typeset formula:
+produces a correct typeset formula:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[\leftroot{-1}\uproot{2}\beta]{B}$
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Binomial Coefficients
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! B !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
binom
\end_layout
\end_inset
- or with the submenu of the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/frac-square.png
- scale 85
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or with the submenu of the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\frac-square"
\end_inset
.
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! D !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
dbinom
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
and
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! T !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
tbinom
\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
.
- For other brackets around binomial coeficients there are the commands
+ For other brackets around binomial coefficients there are the commands
\series bold
\backslash
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! B !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
brace
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
and
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! B !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
brack
\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
.
\end_layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\binom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\binom{A}{B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dbinom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\dbinom{A}{B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\tbinom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\tbinom{A}{B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}{A \brack B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula ${A \brack B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}{A \brace B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula ${A \brace B}$
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Case Differentiations
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Case differentiations
+Case differentiations
\end_layout
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
B>0
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! C !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
cases
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
cases
\series default
or pressing the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/cases.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\cases"
\end_inset
you can create new lines with the shortcut
\end_inset
or the table toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature append-row"
\end_inset
.
\series default
is also available via the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cases-Environment
\family default
.
\begin_layout Subsection
Negations
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! N !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+N
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
not
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
every character can be displayed canceled.
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Therefore there are special commands for some negations (see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Mathematical-Symbols"
+reference "subsec:Mathematical-Symbols"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Relations"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
Placeholders
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Placeholders"
+name "subsec:Placeholders"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Chemical characters ! Isotopes
+Chemical characters
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Isotopes
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Isotopes|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
\end_layout
\end_inset
-Chemical characters
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Isotopes
+\begin_inset IndexMacro see
+status open
-}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Chemical characters
\end_layout
\end_inset
Typesetting isotopes and chemical symbols is described in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and"
+reference "subsec:Chemical-Symbols-and"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $_{9}^{19}\mathrm{F}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $_{9}^{19}\mathrm{F}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-correct indices:
+Correct indices:
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The shorter index is placed by default below or above the first character of the longer index.
+ This is corrected using the command
\series bold
\backslash
-raisebox
+phantom
\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+P
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The shorter index is by default placed below or above the first character
- of the longer index.
- To avoid this there is the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-phantom
-\series default
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! P !
+
\backslash
phantom
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
or the math toolbar button
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-can be found in the submenu of the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/space.png
- scale 85
-
+Found in the submenu of the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\space"
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/phantom.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math/phantom"
\end_inset
- that creates one or more phantom characters.
- When inserting
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-phantom
-\series default
- a small blue box appears that is superposed with two red arrows.
- The arrows indicate that the complete width and height of the box content
- will be created as placeholder.
- Phantom characters are accordingly placeholders with the size of the characters.
+ to create one or more phantom characters.
+ When inserting phantom characters a small blue box appears that is superposed with two red arrows.
+ The arrows indicate the width and height of the box to be created as a placeholder.
+ Phantom characters are placeholders with the same character size.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+
+\change_inserted 5863208 1612176450
+
+\backslash
+mathrm
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_unchanged
F
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{}_{\phantom{1}9}^{19}\mathrm{F}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $_{\phantom{1}9}^{19}\mathrm{F}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+
+\change_inserted 5863208 1612707447
+
+\backslash
+mathrm
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_unchanged
F
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{}_{\phantom{23}9}^{235}\mathrm{F}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $_{\phantom{23}9}^{235}\mathrm{F}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Lambda^
+Lambda
+\change_inserted 5863208 1612707546
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_unchanged
+^
+\change_deleted 5863208 1612707563
+
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+\change_unchanged
+
\backslash
phantom
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\Lambda_{MMt}^{\phantom{ii}t}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Lambda_{MMt}^{\phantom{ii}t}$
\end_inset
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! V !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+V
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
vphantom
\end_layout
\end_inset
- (toolbar button
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/vphantom.png
- scale 85
+\end_inset
+ (toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math/vphantom"
\end_inset
) and
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! H !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
hphantom
\end_layout
\end_inset
- (toolbar button
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/hphantom.png
- scale 85
+\end_inset
+ (toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math/hphantom"
\end_inset
).
\backslash
hphantom
\series default
- creates only space for the maximal height of the characters in the box
- but not for its width.
+ creates only space for the maximal height of the characters in the box but not for its width.
\series bold
\backslash
int
\series default
- creates an integral sign, see
+ creates an integral sign,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Big-Operators"
+reference "subsec:Big-Operators"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
An example application is in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Multiline-Brackets"
+reference "subsec:Multiline-Brackets"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Placeholders can also be used for text when they are inserted via the menu
-
+Placeholders can also be used for text when they are inserted via the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Phantom
\family default
:
\begin_layout Subsection
Lines
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! underlined
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+underlined
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
A+B
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! O !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+O
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
overline
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\overline{A+B}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\overline{A+B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
A+B
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! U !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+U
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
underline
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\underline{A+B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\underline{A+B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\overline{\underline{A+B}}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\overline{\underline{A+B}}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In the last example it doesn't matter if first
+In the last example it doesn't matter if
\series bold
\backslash
\backslash
underline
\series default
- is inserted.
+ is inserted first.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
underline
\series default
- twice.
+ twice
+\change_deleted 5863208 1612707977
+
+\change_inserted 5863208 1612707993
+ (or as many times you want).
+\change_unchanged
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+
+\change_deleted 232239728 1610990247
It is possible to place up to 6 lines above or below characters.
+\change_deleted 5863208 1612729848
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\change_inserted 232239728 1610990434
+I put 30 over and under lines in my test so I don't know what the actual maximum is,
+ but it's greater than 6.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_unchanged
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
rule
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
which has the following scheme:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The optional vertical offset shifts the line upwards (or downwards, when
- the value is negative).
+The optional vertical offset shifts the line upwards (or downwards,
+ when the value is negative).
The units listed in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Available-units"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\series default
can also be used for text when a line is inserted via the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Horizontal
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Ellipses
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Ellipses"
+name "subsec:Ellipses"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
In the math toolbar in the submenu of the button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/ldots.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\ldots"
\end_inset
\end_inset
- For listings dots at the baseline are used (
+ For listings,
+ dots at the baseline are used (
\series bold
\backslash
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! L !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
ldots
\end_layout
\end_inset
-), while for operations dots are needed that are on the same height as the
- operators (
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+),
+ while for operations,
+ dots are needed that are on the same height as the operators (
\series bold
\backslash
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! C !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
cdots
\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
).
When using the command
\series bold
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! D !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
dots
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, LaTeX decides on the basis of the next character what type is used.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+ \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ decides on the basis of the next character what type is used.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_layout Standard
The ellipses available in menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\backslash
iddots
\series default
-, one of the options
+,
+ the option
\family sans
Use mathdots package (automatically)
\family default
\family sans
Use mathdots package
\family default
- will improve the appearance of all dots in the documents if their font
- style or size is not the default.
+ will improve the appearance of all dots in the documents if their font style or size is not the default.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! H !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
hdotsfor
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, that has the following scheme:
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and have the following scheme
+\change_inserted 5863208 1612709418
+ (
+\family sans
+mathtools
+\family default
+ must be loaded
+\family sans
+always
+\family default
+ under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Options
+\family default
+ for this to work)
+\change_unchanged
+:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
hdotsfor[2]{4}
\series default
- was inserted in the first box of the second line, to get an ellipsis with
- a dot distance twice as long as with the command
+ was inserted in the first box of the second line to get an ellipsis with a dot distance twice as long as with the command
\series bold
\backslash
\end_inset
-Note that the matrix fields that should be spanned must be empty, otherwise
- you get LaTeX-errors.
+Note that the matrix fields that should be spanned must be empty,
+ otherwise you get \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-errors.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+range none
+pageformat default
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! D !
+D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
dotfill
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
the rest of a line with dots.
\backslash
hfill
\series default
-, see
+,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Variable-Space"
+reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! H !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
hrulefill
\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
:
\end_layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To use the commands for text, they have to be inserted in TeX-mode.
+To use the commands for text,
+ they have to be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_layout Standard
Matrices can be inserted via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/dialog-show_mathmatrix.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "dialog-show mathmatrix"
\end_inset
or the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Matrix
\family default
.
- In the matrix dialog you can specify the number of columns and rows, the
- alignment and the decoration.
+ In the matrix dialog you can specify the number of columns and rows,
+ the alignment and the decoration.
The vertical alignment is only of importance for matrices in inline formulas:
\end_layout
\end{array}$
\end_inset
-, the second middle
+,
+ the second middle
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{cccc}
A & D & G & J\\
B & E & H & K\\
\emph on
l
\emph default
- denotes left aligned,
+ denotes left aligned,
+
\emph on
c
\emph default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-matrix where the first column is left aligned, the second and third are
- centered and the last one is right aligned, one enters for the horizontal
- alignment
+matrix where the first column is left aligned,
+ the second and third are centered and the last one is right aligned,
+ one enters for the horizontal alignment
\series bold
lccr
\series default
.
- Normally in a matrix all columns are centered, therefore the default for
- every column is a
+ Normally in a matrix all columns are centered,
+ therefore the default for every column is a
\series bold
c
\series default
\series bold
lll
\series default
- :
+ :
+
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{lll}
10000 & D & G\\
B & 10000 & H\\
\end{array}$
\end_inset
- ,
+ ,
+
\series bold
ccc
\series default
- :
+ :
+
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc}
10000 & D & G\\
B & 10000 & H\\
\end{array}$
\end_inset
- ,
+ ,
+
\series bold
rrr
\series default
- :
+ :
+
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{rrr}
10000 & D & G\\
B & 10000 & H\\
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To add or delete rows and columns subsequently, the math toolbar buttons
-
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png
- scale 85
-
+To subsequently add or delete rows and columns,
+ the math toolbar buttons
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature append-row"
\end_inset
-,
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.png
- scale 85
-
+,
+
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature delete-row"
\end_inset
-, etc.
+,
+ etc.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-, or the menu
+,
+ or the menu
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Rows & Columns
\family default
can be used.
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
+
+\change_deleted 47243155 1563226130
The
+\change_deleted -563046850 1563190969
+
\family sans
Decoration
+\change_inserted -563046850 1563190971
+Appearance
+\change_unchanged
+
+\family default
+
+\change_deleted -563046850 1563192602
+adds
+\change_inserted -563046850 1563192607
+can be used to add
+\change_unchanged
+ parentheses in the selected style around the matrix
+\change_inserted -563046850 1563192780
+ or to select the
+\family sans
+small
\family default
- adds parentheses in the selected style around the matrix.
- Alternatively, parentheses can can either be created with the commands
+ style,
+ suitable for an inline matrix like this one
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigl(\begin{smallmatrix}0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
+\mathrm{i} & 0
+\end{smallmatrix}\bigr)$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_unchanged
+.
+
+\change_inserted -563046850 1563192943
+ Here the parentheses have been added manually using commands
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+bigl(
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+bigr).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\change_deleted -563046850 1563192735
+\change_unchanged
+Alternatively,
+ parentheses can
+\change_deleted -563046850 1563192971
+either
+\change_unchanged
+be created with the commands
\series bold
\backslash
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! L !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
left
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
and
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
right
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
(shortcut
Parenthesis
\family default
-), see
+),
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
-, or by using the following commands:
+,
+ or by using the following commands:
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
\mathrm{i} & 0
-\end{array}\end{bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\end{array}\end{bmatrix}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{Bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
\mathrm{i} & 0
-\end{array}\end{Bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\end{array}\end{Bmatrix}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{pmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{pmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
\mathrm{i} & 0
-\end{array}\end{pmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\end{array}\end{pmatrix}$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
\mathrm{i} & 0
-\end{array}\end{vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\end{array}\end{vmatrix}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{Vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
\mathrm{i} & 0
-\end{array}\end{Vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\end{array}\end{Vmatrix}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{matrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{matrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
\mathrm{i} & 0
-\end{array}\end{matrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\end{array}\end{matrix}$
\end_inset
\backslash
vmatrix
\series default
- is inserted, a blue box appears between two vertical lines where the matrix
- is inserted.
+ is inserted,
+ a blue box appears between two vertical lines where the matrix is inserted.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-As all multiline formulas are matrices, the length
+As all multiline formulas are matrices,
+ the length
\series bold
\backslash
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
arraycolsep
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
that is described in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Column-Separation"
+reference "subsec:Column-Separation"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To change the row separation, the command
+To change the row separation,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
arraystretch
\end_layout
\end_inset
- is used.
- It is used as follows:
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is used as follows:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
arraystretch}{stretch factor}
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
renewcommand
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
arraystretch
\series default
.
- To double e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-the row separation, use the factor 2.
+ For example to double the row separation,
+ use a stretch factor of 2.
This is then used for all following matrices.
- To go back to the original separation, assign the factor 1 to
+ To restore the original separation,
+ assign a stretch factor of 1 to
\series bold
\backslash
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To set matrices into a text line, the command
+
+\change_inserted 47243155 1563226178
+Small inline matrices can also be obtained using
+\change_deleted 47243155 1563226182
+To set matrices into a text line,
+
+\change_unchanged
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
smallmatrix
\end_layout
\end_inset
- is used.
- When it is inserted a blue box with two dashed lines appears.
- In this box the matrix is inserted.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_deleted 47243155 1563226186
+ is used
+\change_unchanged
+.
+ When it is inserted in a line a blue box with two dashed lines appears.
+ Adjust the matrix rows and columns as desired.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end{smallmatrix}\right)$
\end_inset
- in a text line.
+ in a text line
+\change_inserted 47243155 1563226243
+ with automatic delimiters around it
+\change_unchanged
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Brackets and Delimiters
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Vertical Brackets and Delimiters
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Brackets ! vertical
+Brackets
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+vertical
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
+
\series default
- In TeX-mode the command
+ In \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode the command
\series bold
\backslash
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! T !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
textbackslash
\end_layout
\end_inset
- must be used for the backslash, because the command
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ must be used for the backslash,
+ because the command
\series bold
\backslash
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For all characters listed above the size can be adjusted with the commands
- described in the following two subsections.
- When using these commands, the characters < and > can directly be used
- instead of the commands
+For all characters listed above the size can be adjusted with the commands described in the following two subsections.
+ When using these commands,
+ the characters < and > can directly be used instead of the commands
\series bold
\backslash
Manual Bracket Size
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Manual-Bracket-Size"
+name "subsec:Manual-Bracket-Size"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Bracket size ! manual
+Bracket size
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+manual
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The bracket size can be specified manually by the LaTeX-commands
+The bracket size can be specified manually by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-commands
\series bold
\backslash
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! B !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
big
\end_layout
\end_inset
-,
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
Big
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-all brackets in the same size:
+All brackets in the same size:
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $((A+B)(A-B))^{C}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $((A+B)(A-B))^{C}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
+<row topspace="2mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-this looks better:
+This looks better:
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Here is an overview about all bracket sizes:
+Here is an example containing all bracket sizes:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Besides the
+In addition to the
\series bold
\backslash
big
\series default
--commands there is the variant
+-commands there is a variant,
+
\series bold
\backslash
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! B !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
bigm
\end_layout
\end_inset
- that adds a bit more space between the bracket and its content, and the
- variant
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+ that adds a bit more space between the bracket and its content.
+ Other variants
\series bold
\backslash
-bigl
+bigl
\series default
--
+and
\series bold
-
+
\backslash
bigr
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! B !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-bigl -
+bigl –
\backslash
bigr
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, that don't add additional space.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+ don't add additional space.
The
\emph on
l
\backslash
bigl
\series default
- is for a left bracket; for a right bracket this will be replaced by an
-
+ is for a left bracket;
+ for a right bracket this is replaced by an
\emph on
r
\emph default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In the following table is a comparison of the variants:
+The following table contains comparisons of the variants:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="middle">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Bigm(\bigm(\ln(3x)\bigm)^{2}\Bigm)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Bigm(\bigm(\ln(3x)\bigm)^{2}\Bigm)$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Big(\big(\ln(3x)\big)^{2}\Big)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Big(\big(\ln(3x)\big)^{2}\Big)$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Bigl(\bigl(\ln(3x)\bigr)^{2}\Bigr)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Bigl(\bigl(\ln(3x)\bigr)^{2}\Bigr)$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\bigl)\ln(3x)\bigr(\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigl)\ln(3x)\bigr($
\end_inset
Automatic Bracket Size
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+name "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Bracket size ! automatic
+Bracket size
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+automatic
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Brackets with variable size can be inserted with the commands
+Variably sized brackets can be inserted with the commands
\series bold
\backslash
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! L !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
left
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
and
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
right
\end_layout
\end_inset
- or via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/dialog-show_mathdelimiter.png
- scale 85
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or via the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter"
\end_inset
.
- Directly behind
+ The desired bracket must be inserted directly behind the
\series bold
\backslash
\backslash
right
\series default
- the wanted bracket must be inserted.
+ commands.
The bracket size will then automatically be calculated for the output.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
-normal bracket: The command
+normal bracket:
+ The command
\series bold
\backslash
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
-multiline bracket: The command
+multiline bracket:
+ The command
\series bold
\backslash
Bracket
\family default
can be used.
- This has the advantage that you can see in LyX immediately the real bracket
- size and that the matching right bracket will be created too.
+ This has the advantage that you can see in \SpecialChar LyX
+ immediately the real bracket size and that the matching right bracket will be created too.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-The command for the last example would then be:
+The command for the last example would then be:
+
\series bold
\backslash
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To omit a left or right bracket, a dot is inserted for the omitted bracket.
+To omit a left or right bracket,
+ a dot is inserted for the omitted bracket.
For example the command
\series bold
\backslash
right
\series default
- will be converted by LyX to brackets in the right size when the document
- is reloaded and an omitted bracket will appear as dashed line.
+ will be converted by \SpecialChar LyX
+ to brackets with the correct size when the document is reloaded and an omitted bracket will appear as dashed line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-Because all popular LaTeX-Distributions use eTeX, an extension to LaTeX,
+Because all popular \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ distributions use e\SpecialChar TeX
+,
+ an extension to \SpecialChar LaTeX
+,
the command
\series bold
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! M !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+M
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
middle
\end_layout
\end_inset
- is additionally available for all brackets and limits.
- With this command the height of the following character is adapted to the
- one of the surrounding brackets, what is e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-g.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-needed for physical vectors:
+ is available for all brackets and limits.
+ With this command the height of the following character is adapted to the one of the surrounding brackets,
+ for example in the case of physical vectors:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
-\left\langle \phi\:\middle|\: J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}\right\rangle
+\left\langle \phi\:\middle|\:J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\,M_{J}\right\rangle
\]
\end_inset
-For physical vectors there is a special LaTeX-package, described in
+For physical vectors there is a special \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package,
+ described in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Physical-Vectors"
+reference "subsec:Physical-Vectors"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Horizontal Brackets
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Brackets ! horizontal
+Brackets
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+horizontal
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-raisebox{2.3mm}{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
\backslash
overbrace
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-^v3
-\begin_inset ERT
+^3
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+O
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! O !
+
\backslash
overbrace
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-raisebox{-2.2mm}{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\backslash
underbrace
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
_5
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+U
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! U !
+
\backslash
underbrace
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
underbrace
\series default
- is inserted at first.
+ is inserted first.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-When brackets are needed that overlap each other, multiline formulas, as
- described in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Multiline-Formulas"
-
-\end_inset
-, must be used:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{eqnarray*}
-A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\\
- & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\underbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}_{s}
-\end{eqnarray*}
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+If in document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-In the first row the formula is inserted together with the first brace.
- It is hereby important that the space command
-\begin_inset Foot
+Options
+\family default
+ the option for the package
+\series bold
+mathtools
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Space commands are explained in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Predefined-Space"
-
-\end_inset
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+mathtools
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\series bold
-\backslash
-:
-\series default
- is inserted before the first
-\begin_inset Formula $d$
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-, because the brace that ends behind the
-\begin_inset Formula $q$
\end_inset
- prevents that the following
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
+ is set to
+\family sans
+Load
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-+
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+always
+\family default
+,
+ you will also have access to square brackets:
+\end_layout
- is surrounded by space.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-because a bracket is not handled as a character, see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Binary-Operators"
+Command
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- In the second row the second brace is inserted.
- As it should begin before the
-\begin_inset Formula $b$
-\end_inset
-
-, first the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-hphantom{gggg+
-\backslash
-:}
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+overbracket
+\family default
\series default
- is inserted.
-\begin_inset Foot
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\strikeout default
+\uuline default
+\uwave default
+\noun default
+\color inherit
+{A+B
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+^3
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-more about
-\series bold
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\backslash
-hphantom
-\series default
- see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Placeholders"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+O
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+overbracket
\end_layout
\end_inset
- This space is needed because the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-+
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
- is also surrounded by space in the formula.
- The brace is placed under the command
-\series bold
-\backslash
-hphantom{bbqq+dddd}
-\series default
-.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-It gets more complicated when brackets overlap each other, like in the following
- example:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\overbracket{A+B}^{3}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-jot}{-6pt}
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{eqnarray*}
- & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\overbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}^{s}\\
-A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd
-\end{eqnarray*}
-
+\backslash
+under
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+bracket
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\strikeout default
+\uuline default
+\uwave default
+\noun default
+\color inherit
+{A+B
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset ERT
+_5
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-jot}{3pt}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+U
\end_layout
\end_inset
-The first formula row is the same as the second row of the previous example,
- with the difference that the brace is above.
- The second row contains the formula together with the second brace.
- To avoid that there is space between the upper brace in the first row and
- the formula, the row spacing needs to be reduced.
- This is not easily possible due to a bug in LyX
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-name "LyX-bug #1505"
-target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505"
+
+\backslash
+under
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+bracket
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-.
- As a solution for the problem, the global formula row separation
-\series bold
-\backslash
-jot
-\series default
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! J !
-\backslash
-jot
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset Formula $\underbracket{A+B}_{5}$
\end_inset
- must be changed to -6
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-pt before the formula with the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-jot}{-6pt}
-\series default
- in TeX-mode.
-
-\series bold
-
+overbracket{
\backslash
-jot
-\series default
- is set back after the formula to the standard value of 3
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+underbracket{A+B_w
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-pt using the same command.
- More about the row separation in formulas is explained in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Line-Separation"
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-.
-\end_layout
+_7
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Section
-Arrows
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Arrows
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+^
+\change_deleted 5863208 1612711596
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+\change_unchanged
+C
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Arrows can be inserted via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/leftarrow.png
- scale 85
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- or the commands listed in the following subsections.
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\overbracket{\underbracket{A+B_{w}}_{7}}^{C}$
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Horizontal Arrows
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Arrows ! horizontal
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
+For
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+overbracket
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+\backslash
+underbracket
+\series default
+ you can change the thickness of the bracket's stroke by specifying the desired thickness in square brackets behind the command:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-gets
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+overbracket
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\strikeout default
+\uuline default
+\uwave default
+\noun default
+\color inherit
+[3pt]
+\backslash
+{A+B
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+^3
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
+\begin_inset Formula $\overbracket[3pt]{A+B}^{3}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Leftarrow
+under
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+bracket
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\strikeout default
+\uuline default
+\uwave default
+\noun default
+\color inherit
+[1pt]
+\backslash
+{A+B
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+_5
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Leftarrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\underbracket[1pt]{A+B}_{5}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-longleftarrow
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\longleftarrow$
-\end_inset
+When brackets overlap each other,
+ multiline formulas as described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Multiline-Formulas"
+nolink "false"
+\end_inset
-\end_layout
+ must be used:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\:dddd\\
+ & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\underbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}_{s}
+\end{eqnarray*}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+In the first row,
+ the formula is inserted together with the first brace.
+ It is important that the space command
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Space commands are explained in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Predefined-Space"
+nolink "false"
-\backslash
-Longleftarrow
+\end_inset
+
+.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+:
+
+\series default
+ is inserted before the first
+\begin_inset Formula $d$
+\end_inset
+
+ because the brace that ends behind the
+\begin_inset Formula $q$
+\end_inset
+
+ prevents the following
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
++
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ from being surrounded by spaces.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Because a bracket is not handled as a character,
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Binary-Operators"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ The second brace is inserted in the second row.
+ As it should begin before the
+\begin_inset Formula $b$
+\end_inset
+
+,
+ first the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hphantom{gggg+
+\backslash
+:}
+\series default
+ is inserted.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+More about
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hphantom
+\series default
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Placeholders"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ This space is needed because the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
++
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ is surrounded by spaces in the formula.
+ The brace is placed under the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hphantom{bbqq+dddd}
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+It gets more complicated when brackets overlap each other above and under the formula as in the following example:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+jot}{-6pt}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+ & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\overbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}^{s}\\
+A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\:dddd
+\end{eqnarray*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+jot}{3pt}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+The first formula row is the same as the second row of the previous example,
+ with the difference that the brace is above.
+ The second row contains the formula together with the second brace.
+ To avoid the space between the upper brace in the first row and the formula,
+ the row spacing needs to be reduced.
+ This is not easily done due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX
+.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "LyX-bug #1505"
+target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505"
+literal "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ As a solution for the problem,
+ the global formula row separation
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+jot
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+J
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+jot
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ must be changed to -6
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+pt before the formula with the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+jot}{-6pt}
+\series default
+ in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+jot
+\series default
+ is set back after the formula to the standard value of 3
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+pt using the same command.
+ More about the row separation in formulas is explained in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Line-Separation"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Arrows
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Arrows
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Arrows can be inserted via the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\leftarrow"
+\end_inset
+
+ or the commands listed in the following subsections.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Horizontal Arrows
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Arrows
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+horizontal
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+gets
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+Leftarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Leftarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+longleftarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\longleftarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+Longleftarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\Longleftarrow$
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-Arrows used as accents like e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-vector arrows are listed in
+Arrows used as accents such as vector arrows are listed in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Accents"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-Furthermore there are the labeled arrows
+Labeled arrows
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Arrows ! labeled
+Arrows
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+labeled
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ are also available using the commands
\series bold
\backslash
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! X !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+X
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
xleftarrow
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
and
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! X !
-\backslash
-xrightarrow
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+X
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-vspace{4mm}
+xrightarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
.
- When inserting one of these commands in a formula, an arrow with two blue
- boxes appear where the label can be inserted.
+ When inserting one of these commands in a formula,
+ an arrow with two blue boxes appears indicating where the labels can be inserted.
The length of the arrow adapts to the label width.
\end_layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}F(a)\xleftarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(x)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $F(a)\xleftarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(x)$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}F(x)\xrightarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(a)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $F(x)\xrightarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(a)$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Vertical and diagonal Arrows
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Arrows ! diagonal
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+If in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
+Options
+\family default
+ for the package
+\series bold
+mathtools
+\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Arrows ! vertical
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+mathtools
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ the option
+\family sans
+Load
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+always
+\family default
+ is set,
+ you will have access to the following labeled arrows:
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\align center
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+Example
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+
\backslash
-uparrow
+xleftrightarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xleftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+
\backslash
-Uparrow
+xLeftarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Uparrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xLeftarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-updownarrow
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xRightarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\updownarrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xRightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Updownarrow
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xLeftrightarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Updownarrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xLeftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+
\backslash
-Downarrow
+xhookleftarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Downarrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xhookleftarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+
\backslash
-downarrow
+xhookrightarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xhookrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+Example
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-nearrow
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xleftharpoondown
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\nearrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xleftharpoondown[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-searrow
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xleftharpoonup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\searrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xleftharpoonup[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-swarrow
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xrightharpoondown
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\swarrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xrightharpoondown[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-nwarrow
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xrightharpoonup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\nwarrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xrightharpoonup[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xleftrightharpoons
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Vertical arrows can be used also as delimiters together with the commands
- described in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Manual-Bracket-Size"
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\xleftrightharpoons[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
- and
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
-
-\end_inset
-.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Accents
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Accents"
-
\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Accents
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xrightleftharpoons
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Accents can be inserted via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/hat.png
- scale 85
-
\end_inset
-
- or the commands listed in the following subsections.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Accents for one Character
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\xrightleftharpoons[x=a]{x>0}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring{
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-accents in text see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Accents-in-Text"
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command scheme for all of these arrows is:
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}{}
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring
-\series default
- is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
+Result
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-More about
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+F(a)
\backslash
-texorpdfstring
-\series default
- is in section
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section"
-
+xleftrightarrow[x=a]
+\backslash
+{x>0
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-.
+F(x)
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $F(a)\xleftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}F(x)$
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Accents-for-one"
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Vertical and Diagonal Arrows
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Accents ! for one character
+Arrows
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+diagonal
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+Arrows
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
+vertical
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-dot
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-A
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dot{A}$
-\end_inset
-
-
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ddot
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-A
+uparrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddot{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-dddot
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-A
+Uparrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dddot{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Uparrow$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ddddot
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-A
+updownarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddddot{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\updownarrow$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-vec
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-A
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Vectors
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
+Updownarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\vec{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Updownarrow$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bar
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-A
+Downarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\bar{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Downarrow$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mathring
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-A
+downarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\mathring{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-tilde
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-A
+nearrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\tilde{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\nearrow$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-hat
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-A
+searrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\hat{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\searrow$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-check
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-A
+swarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\check{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\swarrow$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-acute
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-A
+nwarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\acute{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\nwarrow$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+</lyxtabular>
-\backslash
-grave
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\grave{A}$
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Vertical arrows can also be used as delimiters together with the commands described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Manual-Bracket-Size"
+nolink "false"
-\backslash
-breve
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ and
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+nolink "false"
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\breve{A}$
\end_inset
-
+.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+Accents
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Accents"
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can directly insert accents like é to formulas.
- LyX will transform them to the corresponding accent command.
- For umlauts
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Umlauts
+Accents
\end_layout
\end_inset
- it is better to insert a quotation mark before the vowel.
- These two characters are then treated by LaTeX as
-\emph on
-one
-\emph default
- character when the formula part with the umlaut is marked as German.
- In contrary to
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-ddot
-\series default
-, with this method
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-real
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
- umlauts are created as demonstrated in the following example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+Accents can be inserted via the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\hat"
\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+ or the commands listed in the following subsections.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Accents for One Character
+\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- and the 0
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-pt space are only used as spacer.
+texorpdfstring{
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+For accents in text see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Accents-in-Text"
+nolink "false"
-\lang ngerman
-\begin_inset Quotes grd
-\end_inset
-
-i
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset space \hspace{}
-\length 0pt
\end_inset
-\lang ngerman
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Formula $"i$
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-ddot
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-i
+}{}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddot{i}$
-\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\series bold
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring
+\series default
+ is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Another advantage to
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+More about
\series bold
\backslash
-ddot
+texorpdfstring
\series default
- is that umlauts can directly be converted to mathematical text because
- the accent commands above are
-\emph on
-not allowed
-\emph default
-
-\emph on
-in mathematical text
-\emph default
-.
- To convert an accented character to mathematical text, only the character
- under the accent may be converted.
- This applies also for all other conversions, e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
+ is in section
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Formulas-in-Section"
+nolink "false"
-g.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
-to italic or bold.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In mathematical text, umlauts and other accented characters can directly
- be inserted.
+.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX also supports a tilde under the character if the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-undertilde
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! undertilde
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Accents-for-one"
\end_inset
- is installed on your system:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Accents
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-ifundertilde
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+for one character
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The following table will only be displayed when the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-undertilde
-\series default
- is installed.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\noindent
-\align center
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-utilde
+dot
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\utilde{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\dot{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
\backslash
-else
-\end_layout
-
+ddot
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The following will be displayed when the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-undertilde
-\series default
- is not installed:
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-You need to install the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-undertilde
-\series default
- to see the rest of this subsection in the output.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-fi
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{A}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Accents for several Characters
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Accents ! for several characters
-\end_layout
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\backslash
+dddot
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset Formula $\dddot{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-overleftarrow
+ddddot
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A=B
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overleftarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddddot{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-underleftarrow
+vec
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A=B
+A
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Vectors
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underleftarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\vec{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-overleftrightarrow
+bar
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A=B
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overleftrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\bar{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-underleftrightarrow
+mathring
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A=B
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underleftrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathring{A}$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-overrightarrow
+tilde
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A=B
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\tilde{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-underrightarrow
+hat
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A=B
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\hat{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-widetilde
+check
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A=B
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\widetilde{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\check{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-widehat
+acute
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A=B
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\widehat{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\acute{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+grave
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\grave{A}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-With these commands as many characters as you like can be accented.
- But the accents
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-widetilde
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
+breve
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-widehat
-\series default
- will only be set in the output with a length of three characters, as shown
- in the following example:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\widetilde{A+B=C-D}
-\]
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\breve{A}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-With the commands
-\series bold
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-overset
-\series default
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can directly insert accents such as é in formulas.
+ \SpecialChar LyX
+ will transform them to the corresponding accent command.
+ For umlauts
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! O !
-\backslash
-overset
+Umlauts
\end_layout
\end_inset
- and
+ however it is better to insert a quotation mark before the vowel.
+ These two characters are then treated by \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ as
+\emph on
+one
+\emph default
+ character when the formula part with the umlaut is marked as German.
+ In contrast to
\series bold
\backslash
-underset
+ddot
\series default
+,
+ with this method
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+real
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ umlauts are created as demonstrated in the following example:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! U !
-\backslash
-underset
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- described in the previous subsection it is also possible to accent several
- characters.
- The command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-underset
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-A=B
-\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset
-***
-\series default
- creates:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\underset{***}{A=B}
-\]
+i
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset space \hspace{}
+\length 0pt
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\lang ngerman
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\begin_inset Formula $"i$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Space
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Space"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+ddot
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+i
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Space ! horizontal
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{i}$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Predefined Space
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Predefined-Space"
+\begin_layout Standard
+One advantage with
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+ddot
+\series default
+ is that umlauts can be directly converted to mathematical text because the accent commands above are
+\emph on
+not allowed
+\emph default
+
+\emph on
+in mathematical text
+\emph default
+.
+ To convert an accented character to mathematical text,
+ only the character under the accent may be converted.
+ This applies for all conversions,
+ e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+
+to italic or bold.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\SpecialChar LyX
+ also supports a tilde under the character if the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+undertilde
+\series default
+
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Space ! horizontal ! predefined
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+undertilde
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Sometimes it is necessary to insert horizontal space into a formula.
- This is done by inserting a protected space (shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected ; math-space"
-\end_inset
-
-).
- A
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
+ is installed on your system:
+\end_layout
-\color blue
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\color inherit
+\backslash
+ifundertilde
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- appears and by pressing
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
- several times one can select one of eight different space sizes.
- The spaces can also be inserted using the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/space.png
- scale 85
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+undertilde
+\series default
+ is installed.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- or special commands.
- Independent from the inserted command, one can select the size again by
- pressing
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
- afterwards.
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
-\begin_inset VSpace -5mm
-\end_inset
-
-
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="7">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="6.8cm">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-,
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-:
+utilde
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\utilde{A}$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-;
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-quad
+else
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-qquad
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+undertilde
+\series default
+ is not installed:
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+undertilde
+\series default
+ to see the rest of this subsection in the output.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-!
+fi
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Number of
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
- keystrokes after inserting the protected space
+
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Accents for Several Characters
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-0
+Accents
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+for several characters
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-1
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-2
+
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-3
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-4
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-5
+
+\backslash
+overleftarrow
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+\begin_inset Formula $\overleftarrow{A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\, B$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+underleftarrow
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+A=B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\: B$
+\begin_inset Formula $\underleftarrow{A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\; B$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+overleftrightarrow
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+A=B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\quad B$
+\begin_inset Formula $\overleftrightarrow{A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\qquad B$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+underleftrightarrow
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+A=B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\! B$
+\begin_inset Formula $\underleftrightarrow{A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-The last size seem to produce no space.
- It is displayed red in LyX contrary to the other sizes, because it is a
- negative space.
- There are two more negative spaces:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="6.8cm">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-negmedspace
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-negthickspace
+overrightarrow
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Number of
-\family sans
-Space
-\family default
- keystrokes after inserting the protected space
+\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-6
+
+\backslash
+underrightarrow
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-7
+\begin_inset Formula $\underrightarrow{A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+
+\backslash
+widetilde
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\negmedspace B$
+\begin_inset Formula $\widetilde{A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+widehat
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+A=B
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\negthickspace B$
+\begin_inset Formula $\widehat{A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Negative spaces can lead to characters overlapping each other.
- Thus they can be used to enforce ligatures, which are e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-g.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-useful for summation operators:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Using these commands you can accent as many characters as you like.
+ But the accents
+\series bold
+\backslash
+widetilde
+\series default
+ and
\series bold
\backslash
-raisebox
+widehat
\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
+ will only be set in the output with a length of three characters,
+ as shown in the following example:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\widetilde{A+B=C-D}
+\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+It is also possible to accent several characters using the commands
+\series bold
\backslash
-sum
-\backslash
-sum
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-f_kl
-\end_layout
+overset
+\series default
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sum\sum f_{kl}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
-\end_inset
-
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+O
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sum
-\backslash
-negmedspace
-\backslash
-sum
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-f_kl
+overset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sum\negmedspace\sum f_{kl}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
\end_inset
+ and
+\series bold
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Relations like for example equal signs, are always surrounded by space.
- To suppress this, the equal sign is placed into a TeX-brace.
- The following example demonstrates this:
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+underset
+\series default
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-normal equation
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
-\end_inset
-
-
+U
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}$
-\end_inset
-
-equation without space
+underset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A{=}B$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\noindent
-The command for the last formula is:
+ described in the previous subsection.
+ The command
\series bold
-A
+
\backslash
-{=
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+underset
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-B
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+A=B
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset
-Spaces are needed for physical units, because the space between the value
- and the unit is the smallest one and not a normal space.
- For units in text, the smallest space is inserted via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Thin
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
+***
+\series default
+ creates:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\underset{***}{A=B}
+\]
-Space
-\family default
- (shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "space-insert thin"
\end_inset
-).
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-An example to visualize the difference:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Section
+Space
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Space"
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-24 kW
-\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
\end_inset
-h
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-space between value and unit
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+Space
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-24
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-kW
-\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
-\end_inset
-
-h
+horizontal
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-smallest space between value and unit
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-Variable Space
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring{
-\end_layout
+Predefined Space
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Predefined-Space"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-for vertical space in formulas see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Line-Separation"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Space
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}{}
+horizontal
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-More about
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring is in section
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
+predefined
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Variable-Space"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Space ! horizontal ! variable
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Space with a defined length can be inserted with the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-hspace
-\series default
+Sometimes it is necessary to insert horizontal space into a formula.
+ This is done by inserting a
+\change_deleted 177693 1654668870
+protected
+\change_inserted 177693 1654668872
+non-breaking
+\change_unchanged
+ space (shortcut
+\change_inserted 5863208 1612729962
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! H !
-\backslash
-hspace
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\change_deleted 5863208 1612729965
-.
- Then a long
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "command-alternatives space-insert protected ; math-space"
\end_inset
-\color blue
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\change_inserted 232239728 1611160593
+What is intended here?
+\change_unchanged
-\color inherit
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- appears.
- The length can be specified by left-clicking on the
+
+\change_unchanged
+).
+ A
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
-.
- The length may also be negative.
- To insert as much space as is available, the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-hfill
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! H !
-\backslash
-hfill
-\end_layout
-
+ appears and by pressing
+\family sans
+Space
+\family default
+ several times one can select one of eight different space sizes.
+ The spaces can also be inserted using the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\space"
\end_inset
- is used.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace -1mm
+ or special commands.
+ The size can be adjusted at any time by positioning the cursor on the
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\space"
\end_inset
-
+ and pressing
+\family sans
+Space
+\family default
+ until the desired size is achieved.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="15col%">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command (
-\backslash
-hspace length)
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Number of
+\family sans
+Space
+\family default
+ keystrokes
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-A=B
-\backslash
-hspace
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-
-A
\backslash
-not=C (3
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+,
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-cm)
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+0
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A=B\hspace{3cm}A\not=C$
+\begin_inset Formula $A\,B$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-A
+
\backslash
-hspace
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\:B$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-A
\backslash
-not=A (-1
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+;
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-mm)
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+2
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\hspace{-1mm}A\not=A$
+\begin_inset Formula $A\;B$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-A=A
+
\backslash
-hfill
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+quad
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-B=B
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+3
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A=A\hfill B=B$
+\begin_inset Formula $A\quad B$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+qquad
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-In the last example the available space is given by the longest column entry
- of the table.
- In an inline formula the space depends on the length of the line in which
-
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+4
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\qquad B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="15col%">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Number of
+\family sans
+Space
+\family default
+ keystrokes
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
hfill
-\series default
- is inserted.
- Thus, when the line uses the full width, no space will be created.
-
-\series bold
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+5
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\hfill B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-hfill
-\series default
- only has an effect on displayed formulas when the formula style
-\series bold
-Indented
-\series default
- is used.
- (Formula styles are explained in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+hspace*{1em}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.)
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+6
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Besides
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\hspace*{1em}B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-hfill
-\series default
-, there are the commands
-\series bold
+hspace{1em}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+7
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\hspace{1em}B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-dotfill
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+8
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\ B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-hrulefill
-\series default
- that fill the space with a pattern, see
+!
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+9
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\!B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Space's
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+–
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+7 are variable spaces which are explained in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Ellipses"
+reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
- for an example.
+.
+ Space
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+9 appears to produce no space.
+ It is displayed red in \SpecialChar LyX
+ contrary to the other sizes,
+ because it is a negative space.
+ There are two more negative spaces:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For text, variable space can be inserted via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Horizontal
-\begin_inset space ~
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="6.8cm">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+negmedspace
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+negthickspace
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Number of
+\family sans
Space
\family default
-:
+ keystrokes after inserting the
+\change_deleted 177693 1654668881
+protected
+\change_inserted 177693 1654668883
+non-breaking
+\change_unchanged
+ space
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+10
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+11
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\negmedspace B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\negthickspace B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-This is a line with
-\begin_inset space \hspace{}
-\length 2cm
+Negative spaces can lead to characters overlapping each other.
+ Thus they can be used to enforce ligatures,
+ which are useful for things such as summation operators:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
-2
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+sum
+\backslash
+sum
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+f_kl
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sum\sum f_{kl}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+sum
+\backslash
+negmedspace
+\backslash
+sum
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+f_kl
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sum\negmedspace\sum f_{kl}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
-cm space.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-This is a line with
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\noindent
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-maximum space.
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Space besides inline Formulas
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+Relational operators,
+ for example equal or less than signs,
+ are always surrounded by space.
+ To suppress this,
+ the operator is placed into a \SpecialChar TeX
+ brace.
+ The following example demonstrates this:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Normal equation
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Equation without space
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A{=}B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+The command for the last formula is:
+
+\series bold
+A
+\backslash
+{=
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Another example of controlled spaces is physical units.
+ The space between a value and its unit is smaller than a normal space,
+ typically a thin space is used.
+ For units in text,
+ the smaller space is inserted via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Thin
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Space
+\family default
+ (shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "space-insert thin"
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+An example to visualize the difference:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+24 kW
+\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
+\end_inset
+
+h
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Space between value and unit
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+24
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+kW
+\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
+\end_inset
+
+h
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Thin space between value and unit
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Variable Space
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+For vertical space in formulas see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Line-Separation"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}{}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+More about
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring is in section
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Formulas-in-Section"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Variable-Space"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Space
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+horizontal
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+variable
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Space with a defined length can be inserted with the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hspace
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+hspace
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ A long
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color blue
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color inherit
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ will appear,
+ the length of which can be specified by left-clicking on the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color blue
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color inherit
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The length may also be negative.
+ If the space is the first character in a line,
+ it will ordinarily be omitted.
+ To force its output use the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hspace*
+\series default
+ instead of
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hspace
+\series default
+ or left-click on the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color blue
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color inherit
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ and check the option
+\family sans
+Protect
+\family default
+.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+To insert as much space as is available,
+ the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is used.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command (
+\backslash
+hspace length)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A=B
+\backslash
+hspace
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\backslash
+not=C (3
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+cm)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A=B\hspace{3cm}A\not=C$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\backslash
+hspace
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\backslash
+not=A (-1
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+mm)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\hspace{-1mm}A\not=A$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A=A
+\backslash
+hfill
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+B=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A=A\hfill B=B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the last example the available space is given by the longest column entry of the table.
+ In an inline formula the space depends on the length of the line in which
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+ is inserted.
+ Thus,
+ when the line uses the full width,
+ no space will be created.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+ only has an effect on displayed formulas when the formula style
+\series bold
+Indented
+\series default
+ is used.
+ (Formula styles are explained in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Besides
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+,
+ there are also commands,
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+dotfill
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hrulefill,
+
+\series default
+ that fill the space with a pattern.
+ See
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Ellipses"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for an example.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For text,
+ variable space can be inserted via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Horizontal
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Space
+\family default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a line with
+\begin_inset space \hspace{}
+\length 2cm
+\end_inset
+
+2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+cm space.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a line with
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+maximum space.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Space Besides Inline Formulas
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Space
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+besides inline formulas
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The space that surrounds inline formulas can be adjusted with the length
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathsurround
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+M
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+mathsurround
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The value of a length is set with the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setlength
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+setlength
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ which has the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setlength{length name}{value}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To set
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathsurround
+\series default
+ to the value 5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+mm,
+ the command
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+mathsurround}{5mm}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ 5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+mm space will now be set around all inline formulas:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+mathsurround}{5mm}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a line with an inline formula
+\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
+\end_inset
+
+ with 5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+mm surrounding space.
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+mathsurround}{0pt}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To return to the predefined value,
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathsurround
+\series default
+ is set to the value 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+pt.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Boxes and Frames
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Boxes
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Frames
+\begin_inset IndexMacro see
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Boxes
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Boxes for text are described in chapter
+\family typewriter
+Boxes
+\family default
+ in the
+\family typewriter
+Embedded
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Objects
+\family default
+ manual.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Boxes with Frame
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Boxes-with-Frame"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Boxes
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+with frame
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+It is possible to frame a formula or part of one with the commands
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+F
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When one of these commands is inserted in a formula,
+ a blue box appears within a frame to enter formula parts.
+ For
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+ an additional formula has to be created by
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+ within this box,
+ because the box content will otherwise be treated as mathematical text.
+ When
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\series default
+ is used,
+ a new formula is automatically created inside the frame.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+ is not suitable to frame displayed formulas because the formula will always be set in the size of the documents text.
+ Conversly
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\series default
+ is not suitable to frame inline formulas because the formula will always be set in the size of a displayed formula.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+An extension to
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+ is the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+F
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ with which the frame width and the alignment can be specified.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+ is used in the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox[frame width][position]{box content}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The position can either be
+\emph on
+l
+\emph default
+ or
+\emph on
+r
+\emph default
+.
+
+\emph on
+l
+\emph default
+ left aligns and
+\emph on
+r
+\emph default
+ right aligns the formula in the box.
+ If no position is given the formula will be centered.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+If width is not given then position can not be given.
+ In this case the frame width is adjusted to the box content like for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+ is inserted,
+ a box appears containing three blue boxes.
+ The first two boxes are surrounded by brackets and denote the two optional arguments.
+ The third box is for formula parts like for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\fbox{\ensuremath{\int A=B}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\boxed{\int A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A+\fbox{B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+20mm
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\backslash
+frac
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\framebox[20mm][]{\ensuremath{\frac{A}{B}}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To adjust the frame thickness the following commands are inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before the formula:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+thickness
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxsep
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+distance
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+distance
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ specifies the minimum distance between the frame and the first character in the box.
+ An example of this is given in the following framed formula:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule 2mm
+\backslash
+fboxsep 3mm
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\boxed{A+B=C}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+Before this formula the commands
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+2mm
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxsep
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+3mm
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+were inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ These values are then used for all following boxes.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To return to the standard frame size,
+ the command
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+0.4pt
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxsep
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+3pt
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule 0.4pt
+\backslash
+fboxsep 3pt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before the next formula.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Boxes Without Frame
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Boxes-without-Frame"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Boxes
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+without frame
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For boxes without a frame the following box commands:
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+M
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+mbox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+makebox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+M
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+makebox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ are available.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+With
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ a box can be super- or subscripted.
+ But in contrary to normal super- and subscripting,
+ the characters in the box keep their font size.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ is used in the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox{height}{box content}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When the box contains a formula,
+ an extra formula is needed like for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series medium
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+
+\series default
+ For
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ this extra formula is created by pressing
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+ twice instead of once because \SpecialChar LyX
+ doesn't yet support
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ directly.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
+\backslash
+raisebox{2mm
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{al
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+ lo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{2mm}{al}lo$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
+\backslash
+raisebox{-2mm
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{al
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+lo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{-2mm}{al}lo$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A=
+\backslash
+raisebox{-2mm
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\backslash
+sqrt
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A=\raisebox{-2mm}{\mbox{\ensuremath{\sqrt{B}}}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mbox
+\series default
+ is equivalent to
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+makebox
+\series default
+ is equivalent to
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+,
+ except that there is no frame.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Colored Boxes
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Colored-Boxes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Boxes
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+colored
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To be able to use all commands explained in this section,
+ the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+color
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+color
+\series default
+ is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+color
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ must be loaded in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble with the line
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+When text is colored somewhere in the document with a predefined color,
+ \SpecialChar LyX
+ loads the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ package
+\series bold
+color
+\series default
+ automatically.
+ Thus it is possible that the package is loaded twice,
+ but this does not cause problems.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+To avoid that the package is loaded twice,
+ a macro was inserted to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+usepackage{color}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+To create color boxes,
+ the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+colorbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+colorbox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is used in the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+colorbox{color}{box content}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The box content can also be a box and a
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+colorbox
+\series default
+ can also be part of another box (see the 2nd and 3rd example).
+ When the box should contain a formula,
+ an extra formula has to be created,
+ the same way as for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This also applies for the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+One of the following predefined colors can be chosen:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+black
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+blue
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+cyan
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+green
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+magenta
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+red
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+white
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+yellow
+\begin_inset VSpace smallskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+colorbox{yellow
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\colorbox{yellow}{A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+colorbox{green
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+fbox
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_inserted 232239728 1611182042
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\gets\gets$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_unchanged
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\colorbox{green}{\fbox{A=B}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_inserted 232239728 1611182036
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\gets\gets$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_unchanged
+
+\backslash
+colorbox{green
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+C=D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\fbox{\colorbox{green}{\mbox{\ensuremath{\int C=D}}}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset VSpace smallskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+colorbox
+\series default
+ only colors the box background,
+ not the characters in the box.
+ To color all characters,
+ the whole formula is highlighted and the desired color is chosen in the
+\family sans
+Text
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Style
+\family default
+ dialog.
+ The dialog can be called with the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "dialog-show character"
+\end_inset
+
+ or the menu
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Text
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Properties\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Customized
+\family default
+.
+ The formula number will have the same color as the formula.
+ If a different color for the formula number is desired,
+ the color must be changed within the formula.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+An example:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\color red
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\int A=B\label{eq:red}
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color green
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\textcolor{red}{\int A=B}\label{eq:redgreen}
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Formula
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:red"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is completely colored red.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+Formula
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:redgreen"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ was first completely colored green to set the color for the formula number.
+ Subsequently the formula characters were colored red.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+To color the frame different than the rest of the box,
+ the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+F
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is used in the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox{frame color}{color}{box content}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+So
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\series default
+ is an extension of the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+colorbox
+\series default
+.
+ The frame width is set,
+ like for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+,
+ with
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxsep
+\series default
+.
+ An example:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule 1mm
+\backslash
+fboxsep 1mm
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{A=B}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule 0.4pt
+\backslash
+fboxsep 3pt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This formula was created with the command
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox{cyan
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{magenta
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{A=B
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+To use colors other than predefined ones,
+ they must be defined first.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+One can for example define the color
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+darkgreen
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+definecolor{darkgreen}{cmyk}{0.5,
+
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+0,
+
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+1,
+
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+0.5}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+definecolor
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+cmyk
+\series default
+ is the color space denoting the colors
+\series bold
+cyan
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+magenta
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+yellow
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+black
+\series default
+.
+ The four comma separated numbers are the portion factors for the corresponding colors of the color space.
+ The factors can be in the range of 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+-
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+1.
+ Instead of
+\series bold
+cmyk,
+
+\series default
+ the color space
+\series bold
+rgb
+\series default
+ can also be used for definitions.
+
+\series bold
+rgb
+\series default
+ denotes
+\series bold
+red
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+green
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+blue
+\series default
+,
+ so there are three portion factors for the corresponding colors.
+ Furthermore there is the color space
+\series bold
+gray
+\series default
+ with one portion factor for the gray value.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+As an example here is a framed box with the newly defined color
+\series bold
+darkgreen
+\series default
+ where the characters have been colored
+\series bold
+yellow
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\colorbox{darkgreen}{\color{yellow}\boxed{\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}}
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Self-defined colors can also be used for text with the help of the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+textcolor
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Text
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+colored
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+textcolor{darkgreen}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+This sentence is
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+darkgreen
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+textcolor
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+textcolor
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is used in the scheme
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+textcolor{color}{characters to color}
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Paragraph Boxes
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Paragraph-Boxes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Boxes
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+as paragraph
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A box that can contain several lines and paragraphs,
+ a so-called paragraph box (parbox),
+ can be created with the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Box
+\family default
+ or the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "box-insert"
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The following example shows a framed parbox in a line:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+This is a line
+\begin_inset Box Boxed
+position "c"
+hor_pos "c"
+has_inner_box 1
+inner_pos "t"
+use_parbox 1
+use_makebox 0
+width "5cm"
+special "none"
+height "1in"
+height_special "totalheight"
+thickness "0.4pt"
+separation "3pt"
+shadowsize "4pt"
+framecolor "black"
+backgroundcolor "none"
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This is a paragraph box.
+ It is exactly 5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+cm long and can also contain formulas:
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\int A\,\mathrm{d}s=C$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ with a parbox.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Such a box is created by right-clicking on the gray box inset.
+ A dialog pops up showing the box properties.
+ In our case set:
+
+\emph on
+Decoration
+\emph default
+:
+ Rectangular box,
+
+\emph on
+Inner Box
+\emph default
+:
+ Parbox,
+
+\emph on
+Width
+\emph default
+:
+ 5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+cm,
+
+\emph on
+Vertical Box Alignment
+\emph default
+:
+ Middle
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+In \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ a parbox is created with the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+parbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+P
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+parbox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ which has the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+parbox[position]{width}{box content}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The positions
+\emph on
+b
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+t
+\emph default
+ are possible.
+
+\emph on
+b
+\emph default
+ for
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+bottom
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ means that the box is aligned within the surrounding text with its last line.
+ With
+\emph on
+t
+\emph default
+ for
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+top
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ this is done with the first line.
+ When no position is given,
+ the box will be vertically centered,
+ see section
+\emph on
+Boxes
+\emph default
+ of the
+\emph on
+Embedded
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Objects
+\emph default
+ manual for examples.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+To frame formulas completely,
+ including the formula number,
+ the formula must be set into a parbox.
+ To do this,
+ the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox{
+\backslash
+parbox{
+\backslash
+linewidth-2
+\backslash
+fboxsep-2
+\backslash
+fboxrule}{
+\series default
+ is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before the formula.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+linewidth
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+linewidth
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is the line width set for the document.
+ Because the frame is outside the parbox,
+ two times the frame separation and the frame thickness must be subtracted from the line width.
+ To be able to multiply and subtract in arguments,
+ the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+calc
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+calc
+\series default
+ is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+calc
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ must be loaded in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble with the line
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+usepackage{calc}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Behind the formula both boxes are closed by entering
+\series bold
+}}
+\series default
+ in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ Here is an example:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxsep 5mm
+\backslash
+fboxrule 5mm
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+fbox{
+\backslash
+parbox{
+\backslash
+linewidth-2
+\backslash
+fboxsep-2
+\backslash
+fboxrule}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule 0.4pt
+\backslash
+fboxsep 3pt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+As a parbox is used as the argument of
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+,
+ there is in this case no difference between
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+Paragraph boxes are very useful to comment formulas directly.
+ To do this,
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+parbox
+\series default
+ is used in combination with the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tag
+\series default
+.
+ (more about
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tag
+\series default
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:User-defined-Numbering"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+An example of a formula commented with
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+parbox
+\series default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+[5x-7b=3b
+\backslash
+tag*{
+\backslash
+parbox{5cm}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+This is a description.
+ It is distinctly separated from the formula and multiline.
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}}
+\backslash
+]
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Such a formula must be inserted completely in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode because \SpecialChar LyX
+ does not yet support the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+parbox
+\series default
+ in formulas.
+ The formula is created with the following command sequence:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+[5x-7b=3b
+\backslash
+tag*
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+parbox{5cm}{
+\series default
+ is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+When the formula style
+\series bold
+Indented
+\series default
+ is used,
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tag*
+\backslash
+{
+\series default
+ can also be replaced by
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+.
+ (formula styles see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Then the description follows as normal text and finally
+\series bold
+}}
+\backslash
+]
+\series default
+ is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ The commands
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+[
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+]
+\series default
+ create a displayed formula.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The advantages of
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+parbox
+\series default
+ can be seen in this example that was
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+commented
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ using the mathematical textmode:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+5x-7b=3b\textrm{This is a description. It is not separated from the formula ...}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Operators
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Operators
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Big Operators
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Big-Operators"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Operators
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+big
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Sums
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Integrals
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To be able to use all of the integral operators listed here,
+ the
+\family sans
+Load automatically
+\family default
+ option for the
+\family sans
+ esint package
+\family default
+ must be set in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Options
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+I
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+int
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\int$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+oint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\oint$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+ointctrclockwise
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+ointclockwise
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+sqint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqint$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+fint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\fint$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+landupint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\landupint$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+landdownint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\landdownint$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+bigcap
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigcap$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+bigcup
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigcup$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+sum
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+sum
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+prod
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+P
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+prod
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\prod$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+coprod
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\coprod$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+bigodot
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigodot$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+bigotimes
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigotimes$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Space ! besides inline formulas
+
+\backslash
+bigoplus
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigoplus$
+\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The space that surrounds inline formulas can be adjusted with the length
-
-\series bold
-\backslash
-mathsurround
-\series default
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! M !
+
\backslash
-mathsurround
+bigwedge
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigwedge$
+\end_inset
-.
- The value of a length is set with the command
-\series bold
-\backslash
-setlength
-\series default
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
+
\backslash
-setlength
+bigvee
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigvee$
+\end_inset
+
- which has the following scheme:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-setlength{length name}{value}
+bigsqcup
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To set
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathsurround
-\series default
- to the value 5
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-mm, the command
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigsqcup$
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-mathsurround}{5mm}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-is inserted in TeX-mode.
- 5
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-
-mm space will now be set around all inline formulas:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-mathsurround}{5mm}
+biguplus
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\biguplus$
+\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-This is a line with an inline formula
-\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
- with 5
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-mm surrounding space.
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-mathsurround}{0pt}
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+All big operators can also be inserted via the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\intop"
\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The operators are called big because they are bigger than the sometimes equal looking binary operators.
+ All big operators can have limits as described in the next subsection.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To return to the predefined value,
+For all integral operators there is a second version available,
+ ending in
+\series bold
+op
+\series default
+:
+
\series bold
\backslash
-mathsurround
+intop
\series default
- is set to the value 0
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-pt.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Boxes and Frames
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+,
+
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Boxes
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+ointop
+\series default
+ etc.
+ These operators differ in the style the operator limits are displayed,
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Operator-Limits"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Frames | see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
+\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+Advice for Integrals
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The letter
+\emph on
+d
+\emph default
+ in an integral is an operator that has to be set upright.
+ This is done by highlighting the
+\emph on
+d
+\emph default
+ and using the keyboard shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-roman"
\end_inset
-Boxes
-\begin_inset ERT
+
+\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
+Font styles
+\series bold
+
+\series default
+see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Font-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
-
+.
+ Also the smallest space is inserted before the
+\emph on
+d
+\emph default
+,
+ as this is usual for operators.
+ An example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Boxes for text are described in chapter
-\family typewriter
-Boxes
-\family default
- in the
-\family typewriter
-Embedded
-\begin_inset space ~
+incorrect:
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)dx$
\end_inset
-Objects
-\family default
- manual.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Boxes with Frame
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Boxes-with-Frame"
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Boxes ! with frame
+in
\end_layout
\end_inset
+correct:
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)\,\mathrm{d}x$
+\end_inset
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-It is possible to frame a formula or part of one with the commands
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-fbox
-\series default
+The following commands exist for multiple integrals:
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! F !
-\backslash
-fbox
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
- and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-boxed
-\series default
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! B !
-\backslash
-boxed
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-When one of these commands is inserted in a formula, a blue box appears
- within a frame to enter formula parts.
- For
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-fbox
-\series default
- an additional formula has to be created by
-\family sans
-Ctrl+M
-\family default
- within this box, because the box content will otherwise be treated as mathemati
-cal text.
- When
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-boxed
-\series default
- is used, a new formula is automatically created inside the frame.
+iint
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\iint$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-fbox
-\series default
- is not suitable to frame displayed formulas because the formula will always
- be set in the size of the text.
-
-\series bold
-\backslash
-boxed
-\series default
- is in contrary not suitable to frame inline formulas, because the formula
- will always be set in the size of a displayed formula.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-An extension to
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-fbox
-\series default
- is the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-framebox
-\series default
+oiint
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! F !
-\backslash
-framebox
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset Formula $\oiint$
\end_inset
- where additionally the frame width and the alignment can be specified.
-
-\series bold
-\backslash
-framebox
-\series default
- is used in the following scheme:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-framebox[frame width][position]{box content}
+sqiint
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The position can either be
-\emph on
-l
-\emph default
- or
-\emph on
-r
-\emph default
-.
-
-\emph on
-l
-\emph default
- left aligns,
-\emph on
-r
-\emph default
- right aligns the formula in the box.
- When no position is given, the formula will be centered.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqiint$
\end_inset
-If no width is given, also no position can be given.
- In this case the frame width is adjusted to the box content like for
-\series bold
-\backslash
-fbox
-\series default
-.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-When the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-\backslash
-framebox
-\series default
- is inserted, a box appears containing three blue boxes.
- The first two boxes are surrounded by brackets and denote the two optional
- arguments.
- The third box is for formula parts like for
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-fbox
-\series default
-.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
+iiint
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\iiint$
+\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-fbox
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+iiiint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\iiiint$
\end_inset
-\family sans
-Ctrl+M
-\family default
-
-\backslash
-int
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-A=B
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+dotsint
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fbox{\ensuremath{\int A=B}}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\dotsint$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Operator Limits
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Operator-Limits"
+
+\end_inset
+
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\backslash
-boxed
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Operators
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Limits
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-int
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A=B
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{8.5mm}{}\boxed{\int A=B}\raisebox{-6.5mm}{}$
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Limits are created by super- and subscripts:
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-A+
-\backslash
-fbox
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-B
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}A+\fbox{B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
-\end_inset
-
-
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-framebox
+prod^
+\backslash
+infty
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-20mm
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-
-\family sans
-Ctrl+M
-\family default
-
-\backslash
-frac
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-A
-\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+_0
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-B
+A(x)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\framebox[20mm][]{\ensuremath{\frac{A}{B}}}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\prod_{0}^{\infty}A(x)$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The frame thickness can also be adjusted.
- To do this the following commands have to be inserted in TeX-mode before
- the formula
+Limits of inline formulas are set on the right side of the operator.
+ Limits in displayed formulas are set above or below the operator,
+ except for integral limits.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-fboxrule
-\series default
-
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-thickness
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series default
-
+To force the limits to be set beside the operator,
+ the cursor is placed directly behind the operator and the limits type is changed with the menu
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Change Limits Type
+\family default
+ to
+\family sans
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-fboxsep
+Inline
+\family default
\series default
-
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-distance
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
+ (shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "math-limits"
\end_inset
-
+).
+ An example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-distance
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- specifies the minimal distance between the frame and the first character
- in the box.
- An example for this is the following framed formula:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-fboxrule 2mm
-\backslash
-fboxsep 3mm
-\end_layout
+The default displayed formulas limits type is this:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\sum_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}
+\]
\end_inset
-
+This is how it looks when the limits type is changed to
+\family sans
+\series bold
+Inline
+\family default
+\series default
+:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
-\boxed{A+B=C}
+\sum\nolimits_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}
\]
\end_inset
-Before this formula the commands
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-fboxrule
-\series default
-
-\series bold
-2mm
-\series default
-
+For integrals,
+ except those ending with
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-fboxsep
+op
\series default
-
-\series bold
-3mm
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-were inserted in TeX-mode.
- The given values are used for all following boxes.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To return to the standard frame size, the command
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+ like
\series bold
\backslash
-fboxrule
-\series default
-
-\series bold
-0.4pt
+intop
\series default
+,
\series bold
\backslash
-fboxsep
+ointop
\series default
-
+ etc.,
+ the limits by default are set beside the operator.
+ But for multiple integrals the limits are often set below the operator.
+ In the following example the limits type was set to
\series bold
-3pt
+Display
\series default
+ and so set below the integrals:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\iiint\limits_{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V=U\label{eq:VolInt}
+\end{equation}
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-fboxrule 0.4pt
-\backslash
-fboxsep 3pt
-\end_layout
+\change_deleted 5863208 1612725771
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\end_layout
+\change_inserted 232239728 1611193306
+This integral did not have its limits set to Display in the original document
+\change_unchanged
-\begin_layout Standard
-is inserted in TeX-mode before the next formula.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Boxes without Frame
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Boxes-without-Frame"
-
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\change_unchanged
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Boxes ! without frame
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-For boxes without a frame there are the following box commands:
+To specify conditions for limits,
+ the commands
\series bold
\backslash
-mbox
+subarray
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! M !
-\backslash
-mbox
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-,
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-makebox
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! M !
-\backslash
-makebox
+S
\end_layout
\end_inset
- and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
+
\backslash
-raisebox
+subarray
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-With
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- a box can be super- or subscripted.
- But in contrary to normal super- and subscripting, the characters in the
- box keep their font size.
-
+ and
\series bold
\backslash
-raisebox
+substack
\series default
- is used in the following scheme:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\backslash
-raisebox{height}{box content}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-When the box should contain a formula, an extra formula is needed like for
-
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-fbox
-\series default
-.
-
-\series medium
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- For
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- this extra formula is created by pressing
-\family sans
-Ctrl+M
-\family default
- twice instead of once because LyX doesn't yet support
-\series bold
-
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- directly.
+substack
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
-\end_layout
-
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+ are used.
+ To create this expression
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\sum_{\begin{subarray}{c}
+0<k<1000\\
+\\k\,\in\,\mathbb{N}
+\end{subarray}}^{n}k^{-2}\label{eq:substack}
+\end{equation}
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-H
-\backslash
-raisebox{2mm
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-\backslash
-{al
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-
- lo
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+the following must be done:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{2mm}{al}lo$
-\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+First the command
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-H
\backslash
-raisebox{-2mm
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+sum
+\series default
+^
+\series bold
+n
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+_
+\series default
+ is typed in.
+ The cursor is now in a blue box under the summation operator.
+ Insert the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-{al
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+subarray
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-lo
-\end_layout
+\series default
+.
+ The blue box is now within a purple box and now multiple limit lines can be written.
+ A new line is created by inserting a line break (
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{-2mm}{al}lo$
+).
+ When
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
+\series bold
+0<k<1000 Ctrl+Return
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-A=
-\backslash
-raisebox{-2mm
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
+\series default
+is typed in,
+ a new box appears below for the new limit line.
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-{
+\begin_layout Standard
+The alignment of the lines can be changed to left aligned with the
\family sans
-Ctrl+M
+table
\family default
\family sans
-Ctrl+M
+toolbar
+\family default
+ or the menu
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Rows &Columns
\family default
+.
+ To get right alignment,
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-sqrt
+hfill
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-B
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A=\raisebox{-2mm}{\mbox{\ensuremath{\sqrt{B}}}}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
+\series default
+ is inserted at the beginning of the line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-mbox
-\series default
- is equivalent to
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-fbox
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-makebox
-\series default
- is equivalent to
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-framebox
-\series default
-, with the difference that there is no frame.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Colored Boxes
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Colored-Boxes"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+substack
+\series default
+ is equivalent to
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Boxes ! colored
+\backslash
+subarray
+\series default
+ with the difference that the lines are always centered.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
+As in formula
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:substack"
+nolink "false"
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-To be able to use all commands explained in this section, the LaTeX-package
-
+ there can be too much space beside an operator.
+ This occurs because the characters following the operator are set beside the limits.
+ To avoid this the command
\series bold
-color
+
+\backslash
+smashoperator
\series default
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-color
-\series default
- is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! color
+
+\backslash
+smashoperator
\end_layout
\end_inset
- has to be loaded in the LaTeX-preamble with the line
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-When text is colored somewhere in the document with a predefined color,
- LyX loads the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-color
-\series default
- automatically.
- Thus it is possible that the package is loaded twice, but this does not
- cause problems.
\end_layout
\end_inset
+ can be used.
+ To use it,
+ set the package
+\series bold
+mathtools
+\series default
-\begin_inset Note Note
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-To avoid that the package is loaded twice, a macro was inserted to the LaTeX-pre
-amble.
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+mathtools
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-usepackage{color}
-\end_layout
+ in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+Options
+\family default
+ to
+\family sans
+Load
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-To color boxes, the command
+always
+\family default
+.
+
\series bold
\backslash
-colorbox
+smashoperator
\series default
+ sets the space besides the operator to 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+pt.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! C !
-\backslash
-colorbox
-\end_layout
+Applied on formula
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:substack"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
- is used in the following scheme:
+,
+ one uses the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-colorbox{color}{box content}
+smashoperator{
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The box content can also be a box and a
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-colorbox
-\series default
- can also be part of another box (see the 2nd and 3rd example).
- When the box should contain a formula, an extra formula has to be created,
- the same way as for
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
-.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-This also applies for the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-fcolorbox
-\series default
-.
-\end_layout
+and inserts the operator with its limits into the braces.
+ Behind the brace one continues the formula:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\smashoperator{\sum_{\begin{subarray}{c}
+0<k<1000\\
+\\k\,\in\,\mathbb{N}
+\end{subarray}}^{n}}k^{-2}
+\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-One of the following predefined colors can be chosen:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+It is possible to set the space of only one side of the operator to 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+pt.
+ To do this write either
\series bold
-black
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-blue
+[l]
\series default
-,
+ or
\series bold
-cyan
+[r]
\series default
-,
+ between
\series bold
-green
+
+\backslash
+smashoperator
\series default
-,
+ and its brace.
+
\series bold
-magenta
+l
\series default
-,
+ stands for the left and
\series bold
-red
+r
\series default
-,
+ for the right side of the operator.
+ Here is an example of the possible
\series bold
-white
+
+\backslash
+smashoperator
\series default
- and
-\series bold
-yellow
+ forms:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+Y\smashoperator{\sum_{1\le i\le j\le n}^{n=3456}}X_{ij}=Y\smashoperator[l]{\sum_{1\le i\le j\le n}^{n=3456}}X_{ij}=Y\smashoperator[r]{\sum_{1\le i\le j\le n}^{n=3456}}X_{ij}
+\]
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+When several consecutive operators have limits the typesetting of the limits looks often imperfect in the output,
+ for example:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\text{a)}\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}\quad\text{b)}\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p^{2}\ge n}\quad\text{c)}\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup_{p^{2}\ge nK}\quad\text{d)}\limsup_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}
+\]
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-colorbox{yellow
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+To improve the typesetting,
+ in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
+Options
+\family default
+ for the package
+\series bold
+mathtools
+\series default
-\backslash
-{A=B
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\colorbox{yellow}{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+mathtools
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-colorbox{green
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+,
+ set the option to
+\family sans
+ Load
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
+always
+\family default
+.
+ Then insert the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-{
-\backslash
-fbox
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
+adjustlimits
+\series default
-A=B
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\colorbox{green}{\fbox{A=B}}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+
+\backslash
+adjustlimits
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+ directly before the first operator.
+ The example will then look like this:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\text{a)}\adjustlimits\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}\quad\text{b)}\adjustlimits\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p^{2}\ge n}\quad\text{c)}\adjustlimits\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup_{p^{2}\ge nK}\quad\text{d)}\adjustlimits\limsup_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}
+\]
-\backslash
-fbox
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\backslash
-colorbox{green
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
+How to use one limit for several operators is described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Self-defined-Operators"
+nolink "false"
-\backslash
-{
-\family sans
-Ctrl+M
-\family default
-
-\family sans
-Ctrl+M
-\family default
-
-\backslash
-int
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-C=D
+.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Decoration for Operators
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\fbox{\colorbox{green}{\mbox{\ensuremath{\int C=D}}}}\raisebox{-5mm}{}$
-\end_inset
-
+Operators
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Decoration
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
+With the commands
\series bold
\backslash
-colorbox
+overset
\series default
- only colors the box but not the characters in the box.
- To color all characters, the whole formula is highlighted and the desired
- color is chosen in the
-\family sans
-Text
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-Style
-\family default
- dialog.
- The dialog can be called with the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/dialog-show_character.png
- scale 85
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+O
+\end_layout
- or the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Text
-\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Style\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Customized
-\family default
-.
- The formula number then has the same color as the formula.
- When the formula number should get another color than the formula characters,
- the color must be changed within the formula.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-An example:
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\color red
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{equation}
-\int A=B\label{eq:red}
-\end{equation}
+\backslash
+overset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\color green
-
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{equation}
-\textcolor{red}{\int A=B}\label{eq:redgreen}
-\end{equation}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+ and
+\series bold
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+underset
+\series default
-\begin_layout Standard
-Formula
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:red"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+U
+\end_layout
- is completely colored red.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-Formula
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:redgreen"
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+underset
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- was first completely colored green to set the color for the formula number.
- Subsequently the formula characters were colored red.
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-To color the frame different than the rest of the box, the command
+ characters can be placed above or below an operator respectively.
+ With the command
\series bold
\backslash
-fcolorbox
+sideset
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! F !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-fcolorbox
+sideset
\end_layout
\end_inset
- is used in the following scheme:
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ characters can be set before and behind a big operator.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+There are 4
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+variants of
\series bold
\backslash
-fcolorbox{frame color}{color}{box content}
+sideset
+\series default
+:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-So
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
\series bold
\backslash
-fcolorbox
+sideset
\series default
- is an extension of the command
+ is used to set characters at the corners of the operator
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
\series bold
\backslash
-colorbox
+sidesetn
\series default
-.
- The frame width is set, like for
+ is used to set characters before and/or behind the operator (this variant represents \SpecialChar LaTeX
+'s original
\series bold
\backslash
-framebox
+sideset
\series default
-, with
+ command)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
\series bold
\backslash
-fboxrule
+sidesetl
\series default
- and
+ is used to set characters at the left corners and/or behind the operator
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
\series bold
\backslash
-fboxsep
+sidesetr
\series default
-.
- An example:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+ is used to set characters at the right corners and/or before the operator
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+For example the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-fboxrule 1mm
+sidesetn
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
\backslash
-fboxsep 1mm
-\end_layout
+sum
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+'
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+_k=1
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+\series default
+^
+\series bold
+n
+\series default
+ produces:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
-\fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{A=B}
+\sideset{}{'}\sum_{k=1}^{n}
\]
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-fboxrule 0.4pt
+\series bold
+Note:
+
\backslash
-fboxsep 3pt
+sideset
+\series default
+ can only be used to decorate big operators,
+ binary operators are not allowed.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-This formula was created with the command
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
\series bold
\backslash
-fcolorbox{cyan
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
+overset
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+\backslash
+underset
+\series default
+ can also be used to decorate symbols and characters.
+ For example,
+ the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-{magenta
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+overset
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\backslash
-{A=B
-\series default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+maltese
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-To use other colors than the predefined ones, they have to be defined first.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-One can for example define the color
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
\end_inset
\series bold
-darkgreen
+a
\series default
+ produces:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\overset{a}{\maltese}
+\]
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- with the LaTeX-preamble line:
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Binary Operators
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Binary-Operators"
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-definecolor{darkgreen}{cmyk}{0.5,
-\series default
-
-\series bold
-0,
-\series default
-
-\series bold
-1,
-\series default
-
-\series bold
-0.5}
-\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! D !
-\backslash
-definecolor
+Operators
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+binary
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-cmyk
-\series default
- is the color space that denotes the colors
-\series bold
-cyan
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-magenta
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-yellow
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-black
-\series default
-.
- The four comma separated numbers are the portion factor for the corresponding
- colors of the color space.
- The factors can be in the range of 0
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
--
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-1.
- Instead of
-\series bold
-cmyk
-\series default
- also the color space
-\series bold
-rgb
-\series default
- can be used for definitions.
-
-\series bold
-rgb
-\series default
- denotes
-\series bold
-red
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-green
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-blue
-\series default
-, so that there are in this case three portion factors for the corresponding
- colors.
- Furthermore there is the color space
-\series bold
-gray
-\series default
- with one portion factor for the gray value.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-As example a framed box with the new defined color
-\series bold
-darkgreen
-\series default
- where the characters have been colored
-\series bold
-yellow
-\series default
-:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{equation}
-\colorbox{darkgreen}{\color{yellow}\boxed{\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}}
-\end{equation}
-
+Binary operators are surrounded by space when there is a character before and after them.
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Self-defined colors can also be used for text with the help of the command
-
-\series bold
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-textcolor
-\series default
-:
-\begin_inset Index idx
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Text ! colored
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ is only used as spacer.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-textcolor{darkgreen}{
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
++
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-This sentence is
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $+$
\end_inset
-darkgreen
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-.
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+-
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $-$
+\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-textcolor
-\series default
+pm
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! T !
-\backslash
-textcolor
+\begin_inset Formula $\pm$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- is used in the scheme
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-textcolor{color}{characters to color}
-\series default
-.
+mp
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Paragraph Boxes
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Paragraph-Boxes"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mp$
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Boxes ! as paragraph
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+cdot
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-A box that can contain several lines and paragraphs, a so-called paragraph
- box (parbox), can be created with the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Box
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/box-insert.png
- scale 85
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
\end_inset
-.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The following example shows a framed parbox in a line:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-
-This is a line
-\begin_inset Box Boxed
-position "c"
-hor_pos "c"
-has_inner_box 1
-inner_pos "t"
-use_parbox 1
-use_makebox 0
-width "5cm"
-special "none"
-height "1in"
-height_special "totalheight"
-status open
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-This is a paragraph box.
- It is exactly 5
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+
+\backslash
+times
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-cm long and can also contain formulas:
-\begin_inset Formula $\int A\,\mathrm{d}s=C$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\times$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- with a parbox.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+div
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\div$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Such a box is created by right-clicking on the gray box inset.
- A dialog pops up showing the box properties.
- In our case set:
-\emph on
-Decoration
-\emph default
-: Rectangular box,
-\emph on
-Inner Box
-\emph default
-: Parbox,
-\emph on
-Width
-\emph default
-: 5
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-cm,
-\emph on
-Vertical Box Alignment
-\emph default
-: Middle
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-In LaTeX a parbox is created with the command
-\series bold
\backslash
-parbox
-\series default
+raisebox{-1.2mm}{
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Index idx
+\end_inset
+
+*
+\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! P !
-\backslash
-parbox
+
+}
\end_layout
\end_inset
- which has the following scheme:
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $*$
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-parbox[position]{width}{box content}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The positions
-\emph on
-b
-\emph default
- and
-\emph on
-t
-\emph default
- are possible.
-
-\emph on
-b
-\emph default
- for
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-bottom
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
- means that the box is aligned within the surrounding text with its last
- line.
- With
-\emph on
-t
-\emph default
- for
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+star
+\end_layout
-top
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- this is done with the first line.
- When no position is given, the box will be vertically centered, see section
-
-\emph on
-Boxes
-\emph default
- of the
-\emph on
-Embedded
-\begin_inset space ~
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\star$
\end_inset
-Objects
-\emph default
- manual for examples.
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-To frame formulas completely, including the formula number, the formula
- must be set into a parbox.
- To do this, the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-fbox{
-\backslash
-parbox{
-\backslash
-linewidth-2
-\backslash
-fboxsep-2
-\backslash
-fboxrule}{
-\series default
- is inserted in TeX-mode before the formula.
-
-\series bold
+circ
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-linewidth
-\series default
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\circ$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! L !
+
\backslash
-linewidth
+diamond
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- is hereby the line width set for the document.
- Because the frame is outside the parbox, 2
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\diamond$
\end_inset
-times the frame separation and the frame thickness must be subtracted from
- the line width.
- As this is not automatically done by LyX due to a bug
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-name "LyX-bug #4483"
-target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/4483"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+bullet
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-, TeX-mode has to be used.
- To be able to multiply and subtract in arguments, the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-calc
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bullet$
+\end_inset
+
-\series bold
-calc
-\series default
- is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! calc
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- must be loaded in the LaTeX-preamble with the line
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-usepackage{calc}
+nabla
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Behind the formula both boxes are closed by entering
-\series bold
-}}
-\series default
- in TeX-mode.
- Here is an example:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\nabla$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-fboxsep 5mm
-\backslash
-fboxrule 5mm
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+bigtriangledown
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigtriangledown$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-fbox{
-\backslash
-parbox{
-\backslash
-linewidth-2
-\backslash
-fboxsep-2
-\backslash
-fboxrule}{
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{equation}
-\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}
-\end{equation}
+\backslash
+bigtriangleup
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigtriangleup$
+\end_inset
+
-}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
\backslash
-fboxrule 0.4pt
-\backslash
-fboxsep 3pt
+Box
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Box$
+\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-As a parbox is used as the argument of
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-fbox
-\series default
-, there is in this case no difference between
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-fbox
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-boxed
-\series default
-.
+cap
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Paragraph boxes are very useful to comment formulas directly.
- To do this,
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-parbox
-\series default
- is used in combination with the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\cap$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-tag
-\series default
-.
- (more about
-\series bold
-\backslash
-tag
-\series default
- see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:User-defined-Numbering"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-)
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-An example of a formula commented with
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-parbox
-\series default
-:
+cup
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\cup$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-[5x-7b=3b
-\backslash
-tag*{
-\backslash
-parbox{5cm}{
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-This is a description.
- It is distinctly separated from the formula and multiline.
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-}}
\backslash
-]
+dagger
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\dagger$
+\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Such a formula must be inserted completely in TeX-mode because LyX does
- not yet support the command
-\series bold
-\backslash
-parbox
-\series default
- in formulas.
- The formula is created with the following command sequence:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-[5x-7b=3b
-\backslash
-tag*
-\backslash
-{
-\backslash
-parbox{5cm}{
-\series default
- is inserted in TeX-mode.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-When the formula style
-\series bold
-Indented
-\series default
- is used,
-\series bold
\backslash
-tag*
-\backslash
-{
-\series default
- can also be replaced by
-\series bold
+ddagger
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-hfill
-\series default
-.
- (formula styles see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddagger$
\end_inset
-)
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- Then the description follows as normal text and finally
-\series bold
-}}
-\backslash
-]
-\series default
- is inserted in TeX-mode.
- The commands
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-[
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-]
-\series default
- hereby create a displayed formula.
+wr
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The advantages of
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-parbox
-\series default
- can be seen in this example that was
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-commented
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\wr$
\end_inset
- using the mathematical textmode:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-5x-7b=3b\textrm{This is a description. It is not separated from the formula ...}
-\]
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+bigcirc
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Operators
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Operators
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigcirc$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Big Operators
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Big-Operators"
-
\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Operators ! big
+
+\backslash
+wedge
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\wedge$
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Sums
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Integrals
+
+\backslash
+vee
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\vee$
+\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To be able to use all integral operators listed here, the option
-\family sans
-Use esint package automatically
-\family default
- must be set in the document settings under
-\family sans
-Math
-\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
\end_inset
-Options
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-int
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+oplus
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\oplus$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! I !
+
\backslash
-int
+ominus
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ominus$
+\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\int$
+
+\backslash
+otimes
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\otimes$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-oint
+oslash
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\oint$
+\begin_inset Formula $\oslash$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ointctrclockwise
+odot
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$
+\begin_inset Formula $\odot$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ointclockwise
+amalg
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$
+\begin_inset Formula $\amalg$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sqint
+uplus
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\sqint$
+\begin_inset Formula $\uplus$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-fint
+setminus
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\fint$
+\begin_inset Formula $\setminus$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-landupint
+sqcap
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\landupint$
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqcap$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-landdownint
+sqcup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\landdownint$
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqcup$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bigcap
+triangleleft
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigcap$
+\begin_inset Formula $\triangleleft$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bigcup
+triangleright
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigcup$
+\begin_inset Formula $\triangleright$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+All binary operators can also be inserted via the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\pm"
\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+To typeset the Laplace operator,
+
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+Delta
+\series default
+ or
+\series bold
+\backslash
+nabla
+\series default
+^
+\series bold
+2
+\series default
+ (
+\begin_inset Formula $\nabla^{2}$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+) can also be used instead of
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+bigtriangleup
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The character
+\family sans
+Menu Separator
+\family default
+ from the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Special Character
+\family default
+ is the operator
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+triangleright
+\series default
+.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Self-defined Operators
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Self-defined-Operators"
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-sum
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
-\backslash
-sum
+Operators
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+self-defined
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+With the help of the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-prod
+DeclareMathOperator
+\series default
+
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! P !
-\backslash
-prod
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-vspace{4mm}
+D
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+dbinom
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\prod$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+DeclareMathOperator
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-coprod
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\coprod$
-\end_inset
-
+,
+ custom operators can be defined in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble.
+ Its command scheme is:
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\series bold
\backslash
-bigodot
+DeclareMathOperator{new command}{display}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+Display can be characters or symbols that define how the operator looks in the output.
+ To define a big operator a * is set behind the command.
+ All self-defined big operators can have limits as described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Operator-Limits"
+nolink "false"
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigodot$
\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+For example the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\series bold
\backslash
-bigotimes
+DeclareMathOperator*{
+\backslash
+Lozenge}{
+\backslash
+blacklozenge}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+defines the command
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigotimes$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+Lozenge
+\series default
+,
+ that inserts a big operator consisting of the black lozenge symbol from
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Miscellaneous-Symbols"
+nolink "false"
+\end_inset
-\end_layout
+:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\Lozenge_{n=1}^{\infty}
+\]
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The command for this formula is:
+
+\series bold
\backslash
-bigoplus
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+Lozenge
+\series default
+^
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigoplus$
+\backslash
+infty
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-
+_n=1
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+When self-defined operators are not used several times in the document,
+ they can also be defined with the commands
+\series bold
\backslash
-bigwedge
-\end_layout
+mathop
+\series default
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigwedge$
-\end_inset
-
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+M
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bigvee
+mathop
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigvee$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+ and
+\series bold
\backslash
-bigsqcup
-\end_layout
+mathbin
+\series default
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigsqcup$
-\end_inset
-
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+M
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-biguplus
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\biguplus$
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
+mathbin
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-
+,
+ which have the following scheme:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-All big operators can also be inserted via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/intop.png
- scale 85
-\end_inset
+\series bold
-.
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+mathop{display}
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
-The operators are called big because they are bigger than the sometimes
- equal looking binary operators.
- All big operators can have limits as described in the next subsection.
+\backslash
+mathbin{display}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For all integral operators there is a second version available, ending in
-
-\series bold
-op
-\series default
-:
+
\series bold
\backslash
-intop
+mathop
\series default
-,
+ defines big operators,
+
\series bold
\backslash
-ointop
+mathbin
\series default
- etc..
- These operators are different from
+ binary operators.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
\series bold
\backslash
-int
+mathop
\series default
- etc.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
+ can be used to use one limit for several operators:
+\end_layout
-in the style the operator limits are displayed, see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Operator-Limits"
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\mathop{\sum\negmedspace\sum}_{i,j=1}^{N}
+\]
\end_inset
-.
-
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
-Advice for Integrals
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The letter
-\emph on
-d
-\emph default
- in an integral is an operator, that therefore has to be set upright.
- This is done by highlighting the
-\emph on
-d
-\emph default
- and using the keyboard shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "font-roman"
+The command for the formula above is:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathop{
+\backslash
+sum
+\backslash
+negmedspace
+\backslash
+sum
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Font styles
\series bold
-
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+^N
\series default
-see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Styles"
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+\series bold
+_i,j=1
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Section
+Fonts
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-.
- Finally the smallest space is inserted before the
-\emph on
-d
-\emph default
-, as this is usual for operators.
- An example:
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Fonts
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-incorrect:
-\begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)dx$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Font Styles
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Font-Styles"
+
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Font
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-in
+style
\end_layout
\end_inset
-correct:
-\begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)\,\mathrm{d}x$
-\end_inset
-
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-For multiple integrals there are the following commands:
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
+Latin letters in formulas can be set in one of the following font styles:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Shortcut
+\end_layout
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-raisebox
+mathbb
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
\series default
- is only used as spacer.
+ABC
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{ABC}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-iint
+mathbf
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+AbC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{AbC}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-bold"
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-oiint
+boldsymbol
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+AbC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\boldsymbol{AbC}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\oiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-boldsymbol"
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sqiint
+mathcal
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ABC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{ABC}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+-
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+mathfrak
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\series default
+AbC
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{AbC}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+-
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-iiint
+Shortcut
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+
+\backslash
+mathit
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+\series default
+AbC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{AbC}$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-iiiint
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iiiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
-\end_inset
-
-
+-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-dotsint
+mathrm
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+AbC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\dotsint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{AbC}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-roman"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+mathsf
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+\series default
+AbC
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Operator Limits
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Operator-Limits"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{AbC}$
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Operators ! Limits
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-sans"
+\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Limits are created by super- and subscripts:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+
+\backslash
+mathtt
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+AbC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{AbC}$
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-typewriter"
+\end_inset
\end_layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-prod^
-\backslash
-infty
+mathscr
+\series bold
+
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\series default
+ABC
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-_0
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathscr{ABC}$
\end_inset
-A(x)
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\prod_{0}^{\infty}A(x)\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
-\end_inset
-
-
+-
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Limits of inline formulas are set right beside the operator.
- Limits in displayed formulas are set above or below the operator, except
- for integral limits.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To force that the limits are set beside the operator, the cursor is set
- directly behind the operator and the limits type is changed with the menu
-
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Change Limits Type
-\family default
- to
-\family sans
-\series bold
-Inline
-\family default
-\series default
- (shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "math-limits"
-\end_inset
-
-).
- An example:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The default limits type is this:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\sum_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}
-\]
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-This is how it looks when the limits type was changed to
-\family sans
\series bold
-Inline
-\family default
-\series default
-:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\sum\nolimits _{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}
-\]
-
-\end_inset
+Note:
-For integrals, except those ending with
-\series bold
-op
\series default
- like
+ The styles
\series bold
\backslash
-intop
+mathbb
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
-ointop
+mathcal
\series default
- etc., the limits are by default set beside the operator.
- But for multiple integrals the limits are often set below the operator.
- In the following example the limits type was therefore set to
+ and
\series bold
-Display
+
+\backslash
+mathscr
\series default
- and so set below the integrals:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{equation}
-\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V=U\label{eq:VolInt}
-\end{equation}
+ can only be used for big letters.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
-
-To specify conditions for limits, the commands
+The style
\series bold
\backslash
-subarray
+mathnormal
\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
-\backslash
-subarray
+ is predefined.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The style commands also work for letters in mathematical constructs:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\mathfrak{A=\frac{b}{C}}
+\]
+
\end_inset
- and
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Characters in mathematical text don't appear in a math font style but in the text font style
\series bold
\backslash
-substack
+textrm
\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
+.
+ Note that their style can't be set correctly via the text style dialog.
+ This is a known bug in \SpecialChar LyX
+.
+\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
-\backslash
-substack
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "LyX-bug #4629"
+target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/4629"
+literal "false"
\end_inset
- are used.
- To create for example this expression
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{equation}
-\sum_{\begin{subarray}{c}
-0<k<1000\\
-\\
-k\,\in\,\mathbb{N}
-\end{subarray}}^{n}k^{-2}\label{eq:substack}
-\end{equation}
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-the following has to be done:
-\begin_inset Newline newline
+Instead of the style commands,
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Text Style
+\family default
+ dialog,
+ or the toolbar button,
+
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\font"
\end_inset
-First the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-sum
-\series default
-^
-\series bold
-n
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
+ can be used.
+\end_layout
-_
-\series default
- is typed in.
- One is now in a blue box under the summation operator and insert there
- the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Bold Formulas
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Bold-Formulas"
-\backslash
-subarray
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\series default
-.
- The blue box is now within a purple box and now several lines can be written
- among each other.
- A new line is created by inserting a line break (
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert newline"
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+bold
+\end_layout
-).
- When now
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\series bold
-0<k<1000 Ctrl+Return
-\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-\series default
-is typed in, a new box appears below for the new line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The alignment of the lines can be changed to left aligned with the
-\family sans
-table
-\family default
-
-\family sans
-toolbar
-\family default
- or the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Rows &Columns
-\family default
-.
- To get right alignment,
+To make a complete formula bold,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
-hfill
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+mathbf
+\series default
+ from the previous subsection cannot be used because it doesn't work for small Greek letters.
+ Additionally it always prints Latin letters upright,
+ as in the following equation:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\mathbf{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash mathbf}
+\]
+
\end_inset
-\series default
- is inserted at the beginning of the line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The command
+To display the formula correctly,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
-substack
+boldsymbol
\series default
- is equivalent to
+ is used:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\boldsymbol{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash boldsymbol}}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+It is also possible to set the formula in a
+\series bold
+boldmath environment
+\series default
+.
+ This environment is created by inserting the command
\series bold
\backslash
-subarray
+boldmath
\series default
- with the difference that the lines are always centered.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-
-Like in formula
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:substack"
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
- there can be too much space beside an operator, because the characters
- following the operator are set beside the limits.
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\begin_layout Standard
-To avoid this, the following macro can be used in the LaTeX-preamble:
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-def
-\backslash
-clap#1{
-\backslash
-hbox to 0pt{
-\backslash
-hss #1
-\backslash
-hss}}
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-def
-\backslash
-mathclap {
-\backslash
-mathpalette
-\backslash
-mathclapinternal}
-\begin_inset Newline newline
+boldmath
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-\backslash
-def
-\backslash
-mathclapinternal #1#2{
-\backslash
-clap{$
-\backslash
-mathsurround =0pt #1{#2}$}}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-This defines the command
+\end_inset
+
+ in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ To end the environment,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
-mathclap
+unboldmath
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! M !
-\backslash
-mathclap
-\end_layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+U
+\end_layout
- that sets the width of the limit to 0
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-pt.
- The command scheme is
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mathclap{limit}
+unboldmath
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-where the limit can consist of several conditions.
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-Applied on formula
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:substack"
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-, one uses the command
-\end_layout
+ is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
\backslash
-sum_
-\backslash
-mathclap{
-\backslash
-substack
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+boldmath
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-0<k<1000 Ctrl+Return
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-to create the lower limit.
- The summand is now directly behind the summation operator:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
-\sum_{\mathclap{\substack{0<k<1000\\
-\\
-k\,\in\,\mathbb{N}
-}
-}}^{n}k^{-2}
+\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation in a boldmath environment}
\]
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-How to use one limit for several operators is described in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Self-defined-Operators"
+
+\backslash
+unboldmath
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-.
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-Decoration for Operators
+Colored Formulas
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Operators ! Decoration
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+colored
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-With the commands
-\series bold
+Formulas can be colored like normal text:
+ Highlight a formula or a formula part and use the
+\family sans
+Text Style
+\family default
+ dialog.
+ Here is a formula in magenta:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+{\color{magenta}\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}
+\]
-\backslash
-overset
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! O !
-\backslash
-overset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can also define your own colors as described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Colored-Boxes"
+nolink "false"
+
\end_inset
- and
+.
+ They can be used with the \SpecialChar TeX
+ code command
\series bold
\backslash
-underset
+textcolor
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! U !
-\backslash
-underset
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
\end_layout
\end_inset
- characters can be placed above or below an operator, respectively.
- With the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-sideset
-\series default
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
+
\backslash
-sideset
+textcolor
\end_layout
\end_inset
- characters can be set before and behind a big operator.
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are 4
-\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-variants of
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-sideset
-\series default
-:
+ in the scheme
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-sideset
-\series default
- is used to set characters at the corners of the operator
+textcolor{color}{characters or formula}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_layout Standard
+The following example was colored completely dark green and partly red:
+\end_layout
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-sidesetn
-\series default
- is used to set characters before and/or behind the operator (this variant
- represents LaTeX's original
-\series bold
\backslash
-sideset
-\series default
- command)
+textcolor{darkgreen}{
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-sidesetl
-\series default
- is used to set characters at the left corners and/or behind the operator
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{{\color{red}\sqrt[5]{B}}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-sidesetr
-\series default
- is used to set characters at the right corners and/or before the operator
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For example the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-sidesetn
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
+Due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX
+ only complete formulas can be colored with self-defined colors.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "LyX-bug #5269"
+target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/5269"
+literal "false"
-\backslash
-sum
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-'
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-_k=1
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\series default
-^
-\series bold
-n
-\series default
- produces:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\sideset{}{'}\sum_{k=1}^{n}
-\]
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Font Sizes
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Font-Sizes"
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Font
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+size
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
-\series bold
-Note:
-\backslash
-sideset
-\series default
- can only be used to decorate big operators, binary operators are not allowed.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+As with characters in text,
+ the following size commands are available for formula characters:
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-overset
+Huge
\series default
- and
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
-underset
+huge
\series default
- can also be used to decorate symbols and characters.
- For example, the command
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
-overset
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
+LARGE
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
\backslash
-maltese
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
+Large
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+\backslash
+large
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+\backslash
+normalsize
\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
-\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
+\backslash
+small
+\series default
+,
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
-a
-\series default
- produces:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\overset{a}{\maltese}
-\]
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+footnotesize
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+\backslash
+scriptsize
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+\backslash
+tiny
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Binary Operators
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Binary-Operators"
+\begin_layout Standard
+The font size produced by the commands depends on the document's original font size,
+ which corresponds to the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+normalsize
+\series default
+.
+ The other commands produce character sizes smaller or larger than
+\series bold
+\backslash
+normalsize
+\series default
+.
+ There are however limits to how small or large the font size can be changed.
+ If for example the document font size is 12
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
+pt,
+ the command
+\series bold
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\backslash
+Huge
+\series default
+ switches to the same size as
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Operators ! binary
+\backslash
+huge
+\series default
+.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+A size command is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before a formula and sets the size for all of the following formulas and text characters.
+ To switch back to the initial size,
+ the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+normalsize
+\series default
+ is inserted behind the formula,
+ again in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Binary operators are surrounded by space when there is a character before
- and after them.
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+Size can also be changed within a formula using the following size commands or the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\style"
\end_inset
-
+:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
+\noindent
+\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
+displaystyle
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+D
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+displaystyle
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $+$
+\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
--
+
+\backslash
+textstyle
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $-$
+\begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-pm
+scriptstyle
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\pm$
+\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mp
+scriptscriptstyle
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mp$
+\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+After entering these commands,
+ a blue box appears in which the formula parts are inserted.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There is another method for changing the font size,
+ although it only works for symbols or letters in mathematical text.
+ To use it,
+ one of the above text size commands is inserted into mathematical text.
+ All characters until the end of the mathematical text or until another size command will have the selected size.
+ Two examples:
+\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-cdot
+huge
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+A=\frac{B}{c}\cdot\maltese
+\]
+
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\maltese A\textrm{\Large\maltese\textit{A}}\textrm{\tiny\maltese\textit{A}}
+\]
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-times
+normalsize
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\times$
+
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+Before the first formula the command
+\series bold
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+huge
+\series default
+ was inserted.
+ The command for the second formula is:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+\backslash
+maltese
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A Alt+M M
+\backslash
+Large
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-div
-\end_layout
+maltese
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+\backslash
+textit
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\div$
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{}
+\length 1cm
+\end_inset
+
+Alt+M
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+M
+\backslash
+tiny
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
\backslash
-raisebox{-1.2mm}{
-\end_layout
+maltese
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+\backslash
+textit
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-*
-\begin_inset ERT
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If a symbol cannot be displayed in different sizes,
+ it will always be displayed in the default size.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Greek Letters
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
+Greek letters
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Greek letters can be inserted via the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\alpha"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+ as well as by command.
+ All international typesetting norms purport that Greek letters in math have to be typeset italic/slanted.
+ In some languages,
+ like French or Russian,
+ they are nevertheless sometimes typeset upright.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Small Letters
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $*$
+Greek letters
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+small
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-star
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\star$
-\end_inset
-
-
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-circ
+alpha
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\circ$
+\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-diamond
+beta
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\diamond$
+\begin_inset Formula $\beta$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bullet
+gamma
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\bullet$
+\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+
+\backslash
+delta
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+\begin_inset Formula $\delta$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-nabla
+epsilon
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\nabla$
+\begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bigtriangledown
+varepsilon
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigtriangledown$
+\begin_inset Formula $\varepsilon$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bigtriangleup
+zeta
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigtriangleup$
+\begin_inset Formula $\zeta$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Box
+eta
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Box$
+\begin_inset Formula $\eta$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-cap
+theta
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\cap$
+\begin_inset Formula $\theta$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-cup
+vartheta
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\cup$
+\begin_inset Formula $\vartheta$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-dagger
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\dagger$
-\end_inset
-
-
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ddagger
+iota
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\ddagger$
+\begin_inset Formula $\iota$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-wr
+kappa
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\wr$
+\begin_inset Formula $\kappa$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bigcirc
+varkappa
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigcirc$
+\begin_inset Formula $\varkappa$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-wedge
+lambda
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\wedge$
+\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-vee
+mu
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\vee$
+\begin_inset Formula $\mu$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+
+\backslash
+nu
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+\begin_inset Formula $\nu$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-oplus
+xi
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\oplus$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xi$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-ominus
+o
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\ominus$
+\begin_inset Formula $o$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-otimes
+pi
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\otimes$
+\begin_inset Formula $\pi$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-oslash
+varpi
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\oslash$
+\begin_inset Formula $\varpi$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-odot
+rho
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\odot$
+\begin_inset Formula $\rho$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-amalg
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\amalg$
-\end_inset
-
-
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-uplus
+varrho
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\uplus$
+\begin_inset Formula $\varrho$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-setminus
+sigma
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\setminus$
+\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sqcap
+varsigma
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\sqcap$
+\begin_inset Formula $\varsigma$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sqcup
+tau
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\sqcup$
+\begin_inset Formula $\tau$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-triangleleft
+upsilon
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\triangleleft$
+\begin_inset Formula $\upsilon$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-triangleright
+phi
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\triangleright$
+\begin_inset Formula $\phi$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-All binary operators can also be inserted via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/pm.png
- scale 85
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To typeset the Laplace operator also
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-Delta
-\series default
- or
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-nabla
-\series default
-^
-\series bold
-2
-\series default
- (
-\begin_inset Formula $\nabla^{2}$
-\end_inset
-
-) can be used instead of
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-bigtriangleup
-\series default
- .
-\end_layout
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-The character
-\family sans
-Menu Separator
-\family default
- from the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Special Character
-\family default
- is the operator
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-triangleright
-\series default
-.
+varphi
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Self-defined Operators
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Self-defined-Operators"
-
\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Operators ! self-defined
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset Formula $\varphi$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-With the help of the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-DeclareMathOperator
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! D !
-\backslash
-dbinom@
-\backslash
-DeclareMathOperator
-\end_layout
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- custom operators can be defined in the LaTeX-preamble.
- Its command scheme is:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-DeclareMathOperator{new command}{display}
+chi
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Display can be characters or symbols that define how the operator looks
- in the output.
- To define a big operator a * is set behind the command.
- All self-defined big operators can have limits as described in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Operator-Limits"
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\chi$
\end_inset
-.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-For example the LaTeX-preamble line
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-DeclareMathOperator*{
-\backslash
-Lozenge}{
-\backslash
-blacklozenge}
+psi
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-defines the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-Lozenge
-\series default
-, that inserts a big operator consisting of the lozenge symbol from
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Miscellaneous-Symbols"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\Lozenge_{n=1}^{\infty}
-\]
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\psi$
\end_inset
-The command for this formula is:
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-Lozenge
-\series default
-^
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-infty
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-_n=1
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-
-When self-defined operators are not used several times in the document,
- they can also be defined with the commands
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathop
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! M !
+
\backslash
-mathop
+omega
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
- and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathbin
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! M !
-\backslash
-mathbin
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset Formula $\omega$
\end_inset
-, which have the following scheme:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathop{display}
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathbin{display}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathop
-\series default
- defines big operators,
-\series bold
-\backslash
-mathbin
-\series default
- binary operators.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathop
-\series default
- can e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-g.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
-be used to use one limit for several operators:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\mathop{\sum\negmedspace\sum}_{i,j=1}^{N}
-\]
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The command for the formula above is:
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathop{
-\backslash
-sum
-\backslash
-negmedspace
-\backslash
-sum
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-^N
-\series default
+\begin_layout Standard
+Creating upright Greek letters is explained in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Upright-small-Greek"
+nolink "false"
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-
-\series bold
-_i,j=1
+.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Fonts
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Big Letters
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Fonts
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
+Greek letters
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+big
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Font Styles
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Font-Styles"
-
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Font ! style
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Latin letters in formulas can be set in one of the following font styles:
-\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="3">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
Command
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\end_layout
-
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-shortcut
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-mathbb
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series default
-ABC
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{ABC}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "font-noun"
-\end_inset
-
-
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mathbf
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series default
-AbC
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{AbC}$
-\end_inset
-
-
+Gamma
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "font-bold"
+\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-boldsymbol
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series default
-AbC
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\boldsymbol{AbC}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "font-boldsymbol"
-\end_inset
-
-
+Delta
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-mathcal
-\series bold
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Delta$
\end_inset
-\series default
-ABC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{ABC}$
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
+Theta
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "font-emph"
+\begin_inset Formula $\Theta$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mathfrak
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series default
-AbC
+Lambda
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{AbC}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Lambda$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
--
+
+\backslash
+Xi
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-mathscr
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\begin_inset Formula $\Xi$
\end_inset
-\series default
-AbC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathscr{AbC}$
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
+Pi
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
--
+\begin_inset Formula $\Pi$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
Command
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\end_layout
-
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-shortcut
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mathit
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series default
-AbC
+Sigma
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{AbC}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Sigma$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
--
-\end_layout
-
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mathrm
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series default
-AbC
+Upsilon
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{AbC}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "font-roman"
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
+Phi
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-mathsf
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\begin_inset Formula $\Phi$
\end_inset
-\series default
-AbC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{AbC}$
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
+Psi
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "font-sans"
+\begin_inset Formula $\Psi$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mathtt
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series default
-AbC
+Omega
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{AbC}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcuts"
-arg "font-typewriter"
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+The big Greek letters appearing upright is caused by a design bug in \SpecialChar TeX
+.
+ To create correct italic big letters,
+ begin every command with
\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- The styles
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathbb
+var
\series default
- and
+.
+ For example the command
\series bold
\backslash
-mathcal
+varGamma
\series default
- can only be used for big letters.
-\end_layout
-
+ produces
+\begin_inset Formula $\varGamma$
\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Predefined is the style
+.
+ Another way is to load the package
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathnormal
+fixmath
\series default
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The style commands work also for letters in mathematical constructs:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\mathfrak{A=\frac{b}{C}}
-\]
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Characters in mathematical text don't appear in a math font style but in
- the text font style
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-textrm
+fixmath
\series default
-.
- That their style can't be set correctly via the text style dialog is a
- bug in LyX.
-\begin_inset Foot
+ is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+was
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-name "LyX-bug #4629"
-target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/4629"
-
-\end_inset
-
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+was
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Instead of the style commands the dialog
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Text Style
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/font.png
- scale 85
-
\end_inset
- can be used.
+.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Bold Formulas
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Bold-Formulas"
-
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! bold
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+fixmath
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To make a complete formula bold, the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-mathbf
-\series default
- from the previous subsection cannot be used, because it doesn't work for
- small Greek letters.
- Furthermore it prints Latin letters always upright, like in the following
- equation:
+ with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\mathbf{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash mathbf}
-\]
-
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+\backslash
+usepackage{fixmath}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To display the formula correctly, the command
-\series bold
+Then all big Greek letters in a document will automatically be typeset italic.
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-boldsymbol
-\series default
- is used:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\boldsymbol{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash boldsymbol}}
-\]
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Bold Letters
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Greek letters
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-It is also possible to set the formula in a
-\series bold
-boldmath environment
-\series default
-.
- This environment is created by inserting the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+bold
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-boldmath
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! B !
-\backslash
-boldmath
\end_layout
\end_inset
- in TeX-mode.
- To end the environment, the command
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Greek letters cannot be set with different font styles like Latin letters.
+ They can only be made bold with the command
\series bold
\backslash
-unboldmath
+boldsymbol
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! U !
-\backslash
-unboldmath
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
\end_layout
\end_inset
- is inserted in TeX-mode.
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-boldmath
+boldsymbol
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation in a boldmath environment}
-\]
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-unboldmath
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Colored Formulas
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! colored
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+Upsilon
+\backslash
+boldsymbol
+\backslash
+Upsilon
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Formulas can be colored like normal text: Highlight a formula or a formula
- part and use the
-\family sans
-Text Style
-\family default
- dialog.
- Here is a formula in magenta:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-{\color{magenta}\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}
-\]
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon\boldsymbol{\Upsilon}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-You can also define your own colors as described in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Colored-Boxes"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
- They can be used with the TeX code command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-textcolor
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! T !
+theta
\backslash
-textcolor
+boldsymbol
+\backslash
+theta
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\theta\boldsymbol{\theta}$
+\end_inset
+
- in the scheme
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-textcolor{color}{characters or formula}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The following example was colored completely dark green and partly red:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Section
+Symbols
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\backslash
-textcolor{darkgreen}{
+texorpdfstring{
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{{\color{red}\sqrt[5]{B}}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}
-\]
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A list with all symbols of most of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-packages can be found in
+\begin_inset CommandInset citation
+LatexCommand cite
+key "Symbols"
+literal "true"
-}
+\end_inset
+
+.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Due to a bug in LyX only complete formulas can be colored with self-defined
- colors.
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-name "LyX-bug #5269"
-target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/5269"
+
+}{}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+More about
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring is in section
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Formulas-in-Section"
+nolink "false"
+\end_inset
+.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Font Sizes
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Font-Sizes"
-
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Font ! size
+Symbols
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For characters in formulas there are, analog to characters in text, the
- following size commands:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-Huge
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-huge
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-LARGE
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
+Many of the symbols listed in this section can also be inserted via the toolbar buttons
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\nabla"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-Large
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
+ and
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\digamma"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-large
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
+.
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-normalsize
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Mathematical Symbols
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Mathematical-Symbols"
-\backslash
-small
-\series default
-,
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-footnotesize
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\backslash
-scriptsize
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Symbols
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\backslash
-tiny
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+mathematical
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The size produced by the commands depends on the document font size, which
- corresponds to the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-normalsize
-\series default
-.
- The other commands produce smaller or larger sizes than
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-normalsize
-\series default
-.
- The font size can however not exceed a certain value.
- Is for example the document font size 12
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-pt, the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-Huge
-\series default
- switches to the same size as
-\series bold
-\backslash
-huge
-\series default
-.
-
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-A size command is inserted in TeX-mode before the formula and sets the size
- for all following formula and text characters.
- To switch back to the initial size, the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-normalsize
-\series default
- is inserted behind the formula in TeX-mode.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Within a formula the size can be changed using the following size commands:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\noindent
-\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
+Symbol
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-displaystyle
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! D !
-\backslash
-displaystyle
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
+neg
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6.5mm}{}{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}\raisebox{-5.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\neg$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-textstyle
+Im
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{\textstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Im$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-scriptstyle
+Re
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{\scriptstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}\raisebox{-3.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Re$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-scriptscriptstyle
+aleph
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{\scriptscriptstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}\raisebox{-3.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\aleph$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+partial
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-After entering these commands, a blue box appears in which the formula parts
- are inserted.
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-There is a further method to change the font size, that though only works
- for symbols or letters in mathematical text.
- To use it, one of the above text size commands is inserted in mathematical
- text.
- All following characters until the end of the mathematical text or until
- another size command will have the selected size.
- Two examples:
-\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\partial$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
\backslash
-huge
+infty
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-A=\frac{B}{c}\cdot\maltese
-\]
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\infty$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\maltese A\textrm{\Large\maltese\textit{A}}\textrm{\tiny\maltese\textit{A}}
-\]
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
\backslash
-normalsize
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
+wp
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
-
-Before both formulas the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-huge
-\series default
- was inserted.
- The command for the second formula is:
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-maltese
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\wp$
\end_inset
-A Alt+M M
-\backslash
-Large
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-maltese
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-textit
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-A
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-
+imath
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_inset space \hspace*{}
-\length 1cm
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\imath$
\end_inset
-Alt+M
-\series default
-
-\series bold
-M
-\backslash
-tiny
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-maltese
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-textit
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-A
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-If a symbol cannot be displayed in different sizes, it will always be displayed
- in the default size.
+jmath
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Greek Letters
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Greek letters
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset Formula $\jmath$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Greek letters can also be inserted via the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/alpha.png
- scale 85
-
\end_inset
-
-.
- All international typesetting norms purport that Greek letters in math
- have to be typeset italic/slanted.
- In some languages, like French or Russian, they are nevertheless sometimes
- typeset upright.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Small Letters
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Greek letters ! small
-\end_layout
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+Symbol
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ is only used as spacer.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-alpha
+forall
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
+\begin_inset Formula $\forall$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-beta
+exists
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\beta$
+\begin_inset Formula $\exists$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-gamma
+nexists
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
+\begin_inset Formula $\nexists$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-delta
+emptyset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\delta$
+\begin_inset Formula $\emptyset$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-epsilon
+varnothing
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$
+\begin_inset Formula $\varnothing$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-varepsilon
+dag
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\varepsilon$
+\begin_inset Formula $\dag$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-zeta
+ddag
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\zeta$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddag$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-eta
+complement
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\eta$
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+raisebox{-0.8mm}{
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-theta
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\complement$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\theta$
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-vartheta
+Bbbk
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\vartheta$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Bbbk$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-iota
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\iota$
-\end_inset
-
-
+Symbol
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-kappa
+prime
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\kappa$
+\begin_inset Formula $\prime$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-varkappa
+backprime
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\varkappa$
+\begin_inset Formula $\backprime$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-lambda
+mho
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
+\begin_inset Formula $\mho$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mu
+triangle
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mu$
+\begin_inset Formula $\triangle$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-nu
+angle
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\nu$
+\begin_inset Formula $\angle$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-xi
+measuredangle
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\xi$
+\begin_inset Formula $\measuredangle$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-o
+
+\backslash
+sphericalangle
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $o$
+\begin_inset Formula $\sphericalangle$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-pi
+top
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\pi$
+\begin_inset Formula $\top$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-varpi
+bot
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\varpi$
+\begin_inset Formula $\bot$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-rho
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Miscellaneous Symbols
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Miscellaneous-Symbols"
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\rho$
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Symbols
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+miscellaneous
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+Symbol
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-varrho
+flat
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\varrho$
+\begin_inset Formula $\flat$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sigma
+natural
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
+\begin_inset Formula $\natural$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-varsigma
+sharp
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\varsigma$
+\begin_inset Formula $\sharp$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-tau
+surd
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\tau$
+\begin_inset Formula $\surd$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-upsilon
+checkmark
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\upsilon$
+\begin_inset Formula $\checkmark$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-phi
+yen
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\phi$
+\begin_inset Formula $\yen$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-varphi
+pounds
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\varphi$
+\begin_inset Formula $\pounds$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-chi
+$
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\chi$
+\begin_inset Formula $\$$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-psi
+§
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\psi$
+\begin_inset Formula $§$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-omega
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\omega$
-\end_inset
-
-
+Symbol
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+hbar
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\hbar$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-How to create special upright Greek letters is explained in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Upright-small-Greek"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+hslash
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Big Letters
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Greek letters ! big
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset Formula $\hslash$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+</cell>
+</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+
+\backslash
+clubsuit
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+\begin_inset Formula $\clubsuit$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Gamma
+spadesuit
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma$
+\begin_inset Formula $\spadesuit$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Delta
+bigstar
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Delta$
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigstar$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Theta
+blacklozenge
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Theta$
+\begin_inset Formula $\blacklozenge$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Lambda
+blacktriangle
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Lambda$
+\begin_inset Formula $\blacktriangle$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Xi
+blacktiangledown
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Xi$
+\begin_inset Formula $\blacktriangledown$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Pi
+bullet
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Pi$
+\begin_inset Formula $\bullet$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+Symbol
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Sigma
+diamondsuit
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Sigma$
+\begin_inset Formula $\diamondsuit$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Upsilon
+Diamond
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Diamond$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Phi
+heartsuit
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Phi$
+\begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Psi
+P
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Psi$
+\begin_inset Formula $\P$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Omega
+copyright
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
+\begin_inset Formula $\copyright$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
-
-That the big Greek letters appear upright is caused by a design bug when
- TeX was developed.
- To get correct italic big letters, begin every command with
-\series bold
-var
-\series default
-.
- For example the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-varGamma
-\series default
- produces
-\begin_inset Formula $\varGamma$
-\end_inset
-
-.
- Another way is to load the package
-\series bold
-fixmath
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-fixmath
-\series default
- is part of the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-was
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! was
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
\backslash
-vspace{4mm}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! fixmath
+circledR
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
- with the LaTeX-preamble line
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-usepackage{fixmath}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Then all big Greek letters in a document will automatically be typeset italic.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Bold Letters
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Greek letters ! bold
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset Formula $\circledR$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Greek letters cannot be set with different font styles like Latin letters.
- They can only be made bold with the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-boldsymbol
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! B !
-\backslash
-boldsymbol
-\end_layout
-
\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+</cell>
+</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+
+\backslash
+maltese
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+\begin_inset Formula $\maltese$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Upsilon
-\backslash
-boldsymbol
-\backslash
-Upsilon
+diagup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon\boldsymbol{\Upsilon}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\diagup$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-theta
-\backslash
-boldsymbol
-\backslash
-theta
+diagdown
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\theta\boldsymbol{\theta}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\diagdown$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Symbols
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring{
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Some symbols can be displayed in different sizes,
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Font-Sizes"
+nolink "false"
+
\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_layout Subsection
+The Euro-Symbol €
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-A list with all symbols of most of the LaTeX-packages can be found in
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "Symbols"
+Symbols
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Euro-symbol
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-.
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
-}{}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Note
+\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-More about
\backslash
-texorpdfstring is in section
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section"
+officialeuro
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-.
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To use the Euro symbol in formulas,
+ the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Symbols
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+eurosym
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Many of the symbols listed in this section can also be inserted via the
- toolbar buttons
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/nabla.png
- scale 85
-
\end_inset
- and
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/digamma.png
- scale 85
+ must be installed and loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-.
-\end_layout
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Mathematical Symbols
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Mathematical-Symbols"
+\backslash
+usepackage[gennarrow]{eurosym}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+The Euro symbol can now be inserted with the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+euro
+\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Symbols ! mathematical
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+E
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+euro
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+The Euro symbol can directly be inserted with the € key in mathematical text,
+ without having
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+ installed.
+ When
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+ is installed,
+
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+euro
+\series default
+ can also be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ The official currency symbol can then be inserted with the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-neg
-\end_layout
+officialeuro
+\series default
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\neg$
-\end_inset
-
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+O
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Im
+officialeuro
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Im$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+,
+ which is also only available in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-Re
+ifeurosym
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Re$
+The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+ is installed.
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
+\begin_layout Standard
+An overview about the different Euro symbols:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-aleph
+cmidrule[0.08em]{2-3}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\aleph$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-partial
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\partial$
-\end_inset
-
-
+Symbol
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+formula
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-infty
+euro
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\infty$
+\begin_inset Formula $\euro$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-wp
+mathematical text
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\wp$
-\end_inset
-
-
+€
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{€}$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-imath
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\imath$
-\end_inset
-
-
+\SpecialChar TeX
+ mode
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-jmath
+officialeuro
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\jmath$
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+officialeuro
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+\backslash
+cmidrule
+\series default
+ is used here only for table borders.
+ See sec.
+
+\family sans
+Formal Tables
+\family default
+ of the
+\emph on
+EmbeddedObjects
+\emph default
+ manual for details.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
+else
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+ is not installed:
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+eurosym
+\series default
+ to see the rest of this subsection in the output.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-forall
+fi
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\forall$
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Relations
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Relations"
+
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Relations
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Comparisons
+\begin_inset IndexMacro see
+status open
-\backslash
-exists
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Relations
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\exists$
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+All of the following relations can also be inserted via the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\leq"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-nexists
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\nexists$
-\end_inset
-
-
+Relation
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-emptyset
+<
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\emptyset$
+\begin_inset Formula $<$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-varnothing
+le
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\varnothing$
+\begin_inset Formula $\le$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-dag
+ll
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\dag$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ll$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ddag
+prec
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\ddag$
+\begin_inset Formula $\prec$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-complement
+preceq
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-raisebox{-0.8mm}{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\complement$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset Formula $\preceq$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Bbbk
+subset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Bbbk$
+\begin_inset Formula $\subset$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+
+\backslash
+subseteq
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+\begin_inset Formula $\subseteq$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-prime
+sqsubseteq
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\prime$
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqsubseteq$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-backprime
+in
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\backprime$
+\begin_inset Formula $\in$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mho
+vdash
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mho$
+\begin_inset Formula $\vdash$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-triangle
+smile
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\triangle$
+\begin_inset Formula $\smile$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-angle
+lhd
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\angle$
+\begin_inset Formula $\lhd$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-measuredangle
+unlhd
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\measuredangle$
+\begin_inset Formula $\unlhd$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sphericalangle
+gtrless
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\sphericalangle$
+\begin_inset Formula $\gtrless$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-top
+mid
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\top$
+\begin_inset Formula $\mid$
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bot
+nmid
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\bot$
+\begin_inset Formula $\nmid$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Miscellaneous Symbols
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Miscellaneous-Symbols"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Symbols ! miscellaneous
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\noindent
-\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+Relation
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-flat
+=
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\flat$
+\begin_inset Formula $=$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-natural
+not=
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\natural$
+\begin_inset Formula $\not=$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sharp
+equiv
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\sharp$
+\begin_inset Formula $\equiv$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-surd
+sim
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\surd$
+\begin_inset Formula $\sim$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-checkmark
+simeq
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\checkmark$
+\begin_inset Formula $\simeq$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-yen
+approx
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\yen$
+\begin_inset Formula $\approx$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-pounds
+cong
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\pounds$
+\begin_inset Formula $\cong$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-$
+
+\backslash
+bowtie
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\$$
+\begin_inset Formula $\bowtie$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-§
+
+\backslash
+notin
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $§$
+\begin_inset Formula $\notin$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+
+\backslash
+perp
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+\begin_inset Formula $\perp$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-hbar
+propto
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\hbar$
+\begin_inset Formula $\propto$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-hslash
+asymp
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\hslash$
+\begin_inset Formula $\asymp$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-clubsuit
+doteq
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\clubsuit$
+\begin_inset Formula $\doteq$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spadesuit
+circeq
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\spadesuit$
+\begin_inset Formula $\circeq$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bigstar
+models
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\bigstar$
+\begin_inset Formula $\models$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-blacklozenge
+widehat=
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\blacklozenge$
+\begin_inset Formula $\widehat{=}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-blacktriangle
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\blacktriangle$
-\end_inset
-
-
+Relation
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-blacktiangledown
+>
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\blacktriangledown$
+\begin_inset Formula $>$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bullet
+ge
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\bullet$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ge$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+
+\backslash
+gg
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+\begin_inset Formula $\gg$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-diamondsuit
+succ
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\diamondsuit$
+\begin_inset Formula $\succ$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Diamond
+succeq
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Diamond$
+\begin_inset Formula $\succeq$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-heartsuit
+supset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$
+\begin_inset Formula $\supset$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-P
+supseteq
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\P$
+\begin_inset Formula $\supseteq$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-copyright
+sqsupseteq
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\copyright$
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqsupseteq$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-circledR
+ni
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\circledR$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ni$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-maltese
+dashv
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\maltese$
+\begin_inset Formula $\dashv$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-diagup
+frown
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\diagup$
+\begin_inset Formula $\frown$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-diagdown
+rhd
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\diagdown$
+\begin_inset Formula $\rhd$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+unrhd
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\unrhd$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Some symbols can be displayed in different sizes, see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Sizes"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+lessgtr
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-The Euro-Symbol €
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Symbols ! Euro-symbol
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset Formula $\lessgtr$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-@
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+parallel
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\parallel$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-officialeuro
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+nparallel
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\nparallel$
+\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To use the Euro symbol in formulas, the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-eurosym
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! eurosym
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
- must be installed and loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+The characters
\series bold
\backslash
-usepackage[gennarrow]{eurosym}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The Euro symbol can now be inserted with the command
+lhd
+\series default
+ and
\series bold
\backslash
-euro
+rhd
\series default
+ are bigger than the equal looking operators
+\series bold
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\backslash
+triangleleft
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! E !
\backslash
-euro
+triangleright
+\series default
+,
+ respectively.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\SpecialChar LyX
+ supports also many special relations.
+ Use the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\leqq"
\end_inset
-.
+ to see a list of these relations.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The Euro symbol can directly be inserted with the € key in mathematical
- text, without having
-\series bold
-eurosym
-\series default
- installed.
- When
-\series bold
-eurosym
-\series default
- is installed,
-\series bold
+Contrary to symbols,
+ relations are always surrounded by space.
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-euro
-\series default
- can also be inserted in TeX-mode.
- The official currency symbol can then be inserted with the command
+\begin_layout Standard
+Relations with labels can be created with the command
\series bold
\backslash
-officialeuro
+stackrel
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! O !
-\backslash
-officialeuro
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, that is only available in TeX-mode.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
\backslash
-ifeurosym
+stackrel
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The following table will only be displayed when the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-eurosym
-\series default
- is installed.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-An overview about the different Euro symbols:
+:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-formula
-\end_layout
+A(r)
+\backslash
+stackrel
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+r
+\backslash
+to
+\backslash
+infty
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-euro
+approx
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\euro$
+\begin_inset Formula $A(r)\stackrel{r\to\infty}{\approx}B$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-mathematical text
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Functions
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Predefined Functions
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Predefined-Functions"
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-€
+Functions
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+predefined
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{€}$
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+In general,
+ variables are set
+\emph on
+italic
+\emph default
+ in mathematical expressions,
+ but not function names,
+ because
+\begin_inset Formula $sin$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
+
+ could be misunderstood as
+\begin_inset Formula $s\cdot i\cdot n$
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Also predefined functions are separated a bit from the character in front of them.
+ They are inserted as commands starting with a backslash before their name.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-TeX-mode
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-officialeuro
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-officialeuro
+Asin(x)+B
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $Asin(x)+B$
+\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset space \quad{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
\backslash
-else
+sin(x)+B
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\sin(x)+B$
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status open
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The following will be displayed when the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-eurosym
-\series default
- is not installed:
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-You need to install the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-eurosym
-\series default
- to see the rest of this subsection in the output.
+The following functions are predefined:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="4">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-fi
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Relations
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Relations"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Relations
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\backslash
+sin
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Comparisons|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-{
+\backslash
+sinh
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-Relations
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-}
+\backslash
+arcsin
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+sup
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+cos
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-All relations can also be inserted via the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/leq.png
- scale 85
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+cosh
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+
+\backslash
+arccos
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+
+\backslash
+inf
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-<
+
+\backslash
+tan
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $<$
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
+tanh
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-le
+arctan
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\le$
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
+lim
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ll
+cot
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\ll$
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
+coth
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-prec
+arg
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\prec$
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
+liminf
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-preceq
+sec
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\preceq$
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
+min
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-subset
+deg
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\subset$
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
+limsup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-subseteq
+csc
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\subseteq$
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
+max
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sqsubseteq
+det
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\sqsubseteq$
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
+Pr
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-in
+ln
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\in$
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
+exp
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-vdash
+dim
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\vdash$
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
+hom
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-smile
+lg
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\smile$
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
+log
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-lhd
+ker
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\lhd$
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
+gcd
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-unlhd
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+They can also be inserted with the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\functions"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Self-defined Functions
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\unlhd$
+Functions
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+self-defined
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To use a function that is not predefined,
+ for instance the sign function sgn(x),
+ there are two possibilities:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Define the function by inserting the following line in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+For more about
+\series bold
\backslash
-gtrless
+DeclareMathOperator
+\series default
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Self-defined-Operators"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\gtrless$
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset VSpace -3mm
+\end_inset
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
\backslash
-mid
+DeclareMathOperator{
+\backslash
+sgn}{sgn}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+D
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mid$
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+dbinom
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-nmid
+DeclareMathOperator
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\nmid$
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+Now the newly defined function can be called with the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sgn
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Write the formula as usual,
+ mark the formula name,
+ in our example the letters
+\emph on
+sgn
+\emph default
+,
+ and change it to mathematical text.
+ Finally,
+ insert a space between the prefactor and function.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The result is the same with both methods as with a predefined function
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+In \SpecialChar LyX
+ self-defined functions are displayed red,
+ predefined ones black.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
+:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-=
+A
+\backslash
+sgn(x)+B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $=$
+\begin_inset Formula $A\sgn(x)+B$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
+A
\backslash
-not=
+,
+\begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{\textrm{sgn}}_{\textrm{Alt+M}\,\textrm{M}}$
+\end_inset
+
+(x)+B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\not=$
+\begin_inset Formula $A\,\textrm{sgn}(x)+B$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The first method is more suitable when the self-defined function will be used several times.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Limits
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Limits
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For limits,
+ in addition to the commands
+\series bold
\backslash
-equiv
+lim
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\equiv$
+
+\backslash
+lim
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
+
+,
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+liminf
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+limsup
+\series default
+ the following functions are defined:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-sim
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\sim$
-\end_inset
-
-
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-simeq
+varliminf
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\simeq$
+\begin_inset Formula $\varliminf$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-approx
+varlimsup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\approx$
+\begin_inset Formula $\varlimsup$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-cong
+varprojlim
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\cong$
+\begin_inset Formula $\varprojlim$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bowtie
+varinjlim
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\bowtie$
+\begin_inset Formula $\varinjlim$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+The limit is created by inserting a subscript.
+ It is set right beside the function in an inline formula:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-notin
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\notin$
-\end_inset
-
-
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-perp
+lim_x
+\backslash
+to
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+x=B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\perp$
+\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\to A}x=B$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-propto
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+In a displayed formula the limit is set below the formula,
+ as usual:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\lim_{x\to A}x=B
+\]
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\propto$
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+How to adjust the typesetting of the limits see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Operator-Limits"
+nolink "false"
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Modulo-Functions
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Functions
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\backslash
-asymp
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+modulo-
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\asymp$
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The modulo-function is special,
+ because it exists in four variants.
+ The variants in a displayed formula are:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{align*}
+\underline{\textrm{Command}\raisebox{-0.9mm}{}} & & \underline{\textrm{Result}}\\
+\mathrm{a\backslash mod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\mod b\\
+\mathrm{a\backslash pmod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\pmod b\\
+\mathrm{a\backslash bmod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\bmod b\\
+\mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\pod b
+\end{align*}
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-doteq
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+In an inline formula less space is set before the function names for all variants.
+ By default the modulo-functions take only the first character following the command into account.
+ To use more than one character,
+ put them in \SpecialChar TeX
+ braces:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{align*}
+\underline{\textrm{Command}\raisebox{-0.9mm}{}} & & \underline{\textrm{Result}}\\
+\mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{␣}bcd} & & a\pod bcd\\
+\mathrm{a\backslash pod\backslash\{bc\to d} & & a\pod{bc}d
+\end{align*}
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Special Characters
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\doteq$
+Special characters
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
+\begin_layout Standard
+The characters ^ and _ would normally create a superscript and subscript,
+ respectively.
+ To get these characters you have to insert them with a leading
+\backslash
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-circeq
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\circeq$
-\end_inset
-
-
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-models
+^
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\models$
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathcircumflex$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-widehat=
+_
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\widehat{=}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\_$
\end_inset
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Special Characters in Mathematical Text
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The following commands can only be used in mathematical text or in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
->
+
+\backslash
+oe
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $>$
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{œ}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ge
+OE
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\ge$
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Œ}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-gg
+ae
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\gg$
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{æ}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-succ
+AE
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\succ$
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Æ}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-succeq
+aa
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\succeq$
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{å}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-supset
+AA
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\supset$
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Å}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-supseteq
+i
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\supseteq$
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ı}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-sqsupseteq
-\end_layout
+</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\sqsupseteq$
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-ni
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+Command
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\ni$
+The space of 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-
+mm is used for separation,
+ because otherwise the output will be ¡ and ¿ respectively.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-dashv
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\dashv$
-\end_inset
-
-
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-frown
+o
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\frown$
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ø}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-rhd
+O
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\rhd$
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Ø}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-unrhd
+l
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\unrhd$
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ł}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-lessgtr
+L
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\lessgtr$
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Ł}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-parallel
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\parallel$
+!
+\begin_inset space \hspace{}
+\length 0mm
\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
-
+`
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-nparallel
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\nparallel$
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{!`}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
-
-The characters
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-lhd
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-rhd
-\series default
- are bigger than the equal looking operators
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-triangleleft
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-triangleright
-\series default
-, respectively.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Relations are, in contrary to symbols, always surrounded by space.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Relations with labels can be created with the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-stackrel
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
-\backslash
-stackrel
-\end_layout
-
+?
+\begin_inset space \hspace{}
+\length 0mm
\end_inset
-:
-\end_layout
+`
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{?`}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-A(r)
-\backslash
-stackrel
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-r
-\backslash
-to
-\backslash
-infty
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
-\end_inset
-
\backslash
-approx
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-
-B
+j
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}A(r)\stackrel{r\to\infty}{\approx}B$
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ȷ}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Functions
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Predefined Functions
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Predefined-Functions"
-
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Functions ! predefined
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The characters
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Å}$
\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In general, variables are set
-\emph on
-italic
-\emph default
- in mathematical expressions, but not function names, because
-\begin_inset Formula $sin$
+ and
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Ø}$
\end_inset
- could be misunderstood as
-\begin_inset Formula $s\cdot i\cdot n$
+ can also be inserted via the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\digamma"
\end_inset
.
- Therefore there are predefined functionswhich are additionally a bit separated
- from prefactors.
- They are inserted as commands starting with a backslash before their name.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="4">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
-\end_layout
-
+The commands
+\series bold
+!
+\begin_inset space \hspace{}
+\length 0mm
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\end_layout
+`
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+?
+\begin_inset space \hspace{}
+\length 0mm
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Asin(x)+B
+`
+\series default
+ are exceptions because they can be inserted in \SpecialChar LyX
+ directly to text.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Accents in Text
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Accents-in-Text"
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $Asin(x)+B$
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-A
-\backslash
-sin(x)+B
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+Accents
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\sin(x)+B$
-\end_inset
-
-
+in text
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The following functions are predefined:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
\end_inset
\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="4">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Any letter can be accented with the following commands.
+ The commands must be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sin
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-sinh
+e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-arcsin
+"e
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-sup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-cos
+`e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-cosh
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-arccos
+`e
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-inf
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-tan
-\end_layout
-
+^
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-tanh
+e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-arctan
+^e
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-lim
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-cot
+=e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-coth
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-arg
+=e
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-liminf
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sec
-\end_layout
-
+u
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-min
+e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-deg
+u e
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-limsup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-csc
+b
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-max
+b e
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-det
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Pr
+t
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+ee
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-ln
+t ee
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-exp
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-dim
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-hom
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-lg
+H
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-log
+H e
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ker
+'e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-gcd
+'e
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-They can also be inserted with the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/functions.png
- scale 85
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Self-defined Functions
+\backslash
+~e
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Functions ! self-defined
+Tilde
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To use a function that is not predefined, like for example the sign function
- sgn(x), there are two possibilities:
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Define the function by inserting the following line to the LaTeX-preamble
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-For more about
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-DeclareMathOperator
-\series default
- see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Self-defined-Operators"
-\end_inset
-.
+\backslash
+~e
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset VSpace -3mm
-\end_inset
-
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-DeclareMathOperator{
\backslash
-sgn}{sgn}
-\series default
+.e
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Index idx
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! D !
-\backslash
-dbinom@
+
+
\backslash
-DeclareMathOperator
+.e
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Newline newline
+\backslash
+v
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-Now the new defined function can be called with the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-sgn
-\series default
-.
+e
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Write the formula as usual, mark the formula name, in our example the letters
-
-\emph on
-sgn
-\emph default
-, and change it to mathematical text.
- Finally, a space is inserted between prefactor and function.
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Standard
-The result is the same with both methods as with a predefined function
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-In LyX self-defined functions are displayed red, predefined ones black.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+\backslash
+v e
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-A
+
\backslash
-sgn(x)+B
+d
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\sgn(x)+B$
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+d e
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-A
+
\backslash
-,
-\begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{\textrm{sgn}}_{\textrm{Alt+M}\,\textrm{M}}$
+c
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-(x)+B
+e
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\,\textrm{sgn}(x)+B$
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+c e
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_inset
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The first method is more suitable when the self-defined function should
- be used several times.
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Limits
-\begin_inset Index idx
+With the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+t
+\series default
+ also two different characters can be accented.
+ The command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+t
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+sz
+\series default
+ creates:
+
+\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Limits
+
+
+\backslash
+t sz
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For limits, in addition to the commands
+The accents
+\series bold
+`
+\series default
+ ,
+
+\series bold
+'
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+^
+\series default
+ can in combination with vowels be directly inserted with the keyboard without using \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ The same applies for the tilde
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This only applies for keyboards where the tilde is defined as accent.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+~
+\series default
+ in combination with
+\emph on
+a
+\emph default
+ ,
+
+\emph on
+n
+\emph default
+ ,
+ or
+\emph on
+o
+\emph default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The commands
\series bold
\backslash
-lim
+b
\series default
+ ,
+
+\series bold
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\backslash
+c
+\series default
+ ,
+
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! L !
\backslash
-lim
-\end_layout
+d
+\series default
+ ,
+
+\series bold
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+H
+\series default
+ ,
+
+\series bold
-,
+\backslash
+t
+\series default
+ ,
+
\series bold
\backslash
-liminf
+u
\series default
- and
+ ,
+
\series bold
\backslash
-limsup
+v
\series default
- the following functions are defined:
-\end_layout
+ and accents that are inserted directly with the keyboard are also available in mathematical text.
+ For the other accents there are special math commands used in formulas,
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Accents-for-one"
+nolink "false"
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+With the command
\series bold
\backslash
-raisebox
+textcircled
\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-varliminf
+textcircled
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\varliminf$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
+
+ any number or letter can be set into a circle,
+ quasi accented with a circle,
+ similar to the copyright symbol.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-varlimsup
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\varlimsup$
-\end_inset
-
-
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-varprojlim
+textcircled{w}
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\varprojlim$
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+textcircled{w}
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-varinjlim
+Large
+\backslash
+textcircled{
+\backslash
+normalsize
+\backslash
+protect
+\backslash
+raisebox{-1.5pt}{W}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\varinjlim$
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\backslash
+Large
+\backslash
+textcircled{
+\backslash
+normalsize
+\backslash
+protect
+\backslash
+raisebox{-1.5pt}W}
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
+One has to take care that the character fits into the circle.
+
+\series bold
-The limit is created by inserting a subscript.
- It is set right beside the function in an inline formula:
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+Large
+\series default
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
-\end_layout
+See
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Font-Sizes"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset space \hspace{}
-\length 1cm
-\end_inset
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The space and
+\end_inset
+
+ specifies the size of the circle.
+ With the help of
\series bold
-
+
\backslash
raisebox
\series default
- are used here as spacer.
-\end_layout
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+See
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Boxes-without-Frame"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+ the character can be centered.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Old-style Figures
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Old-style Figures
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-lim_x
-\backslash
-to
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-x=B
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+Old-style figures (also known as old-style numerals) are created with the command
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\hspace{1cm}\raisebox{5mm}{}\lim_{x\to A}x=B$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+oldstylenums
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+O
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-In a displayed formula the limit is set below the formula, as usual:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\lim_{x\to A}x=B
-\]
+\backslash
+oldstylenums
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Modulo-Functions
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Functions ! modulo-
+.
+ The command can be used in formulas and in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ The command scheme is:
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
+\backslash
+oldstylenums{number}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The modulo-function is special, because it exists in four variants.
- The variants in a displayed formula are:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{align*}
-\underline{\textrm{Command}\raisebox{-0.9mm}{}} & & \underline{\textrm{Result}}\\
-\mathrm{a\backslash mod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\mod b\\
-\mathrm{a\backslash pmod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\pmod b\\
-\mathrm{a\backslash bmod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\bmod b\\
-\mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{␣}b} & & a\pod b
-\end{align*}
+The command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+oldstylenums{0123456789}
+\series default
+ produces:
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\oldstylenums{0123456789}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-In an inline formula less space is set before the function names for all
- variants.
- By default the modulo-functions take only the first following character
- into account.
- To use more than one character, one has to put them into TeX-braces:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{align*}
-\underline{\textrm{Command}\raisebox{-0.9mm}{}} & & \underline{\textrm{Result}}\\
-\mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{␣}bcd} & & a\pod bcd\\
-\mathrm{a\backslash pod\backslash\{bc\to d} & & a\pod{bc}d
-\end{align*}
+\begin_layout Section
+Formula Styles
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Formula-Styles"
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Section
-Special Characters
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Special characters
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+styles
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Special Characters in Mathematical Text
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The following commands can only be used in mathematical text or in TeX-mode:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Itemize
+There are two different alignment styles:
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Description
+Centered is the predefined standard.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Description
+Indented can be set using the menu
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Settings
+\family default
+ under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Options.
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-oe
+\begin_layout Standard
+When
+\series bold
+Indented
+\series default
+ is used,
+ the indentation can be adjusted.
+ The default value depends on the document class.
\end_layout
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Two different numbering styles are available in the menu
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Settings
+\family default
+ under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{œ}$
-\end_inset
+Options
+\family default
+:
+\end_layout
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Description
+Right is in most cases the default.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Description
+Left
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Standard
+The chosen styles are used for all displayed formulas of the document.
+ When both,
+ centered and indented formulas should be created in a document,
+ the style
+\series bold
+Centered
+\series default
+ is used.
+ The indented formulas are then set in a flalign environment,
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Flalign-Environment"
+nolink "false"
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-OE
+.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Section
+Multiline Formulas
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Multiline-Formulas"
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Œ}$
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\backslash
-ae
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{æ}$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-AE
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsection
+General
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Æ}$
+\begin_layout Standard
+In \SpecialChar LyX
+,
+ multiline formulas are created by pressing
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
+ inside a formula.
+ This creates either an
+\series bold
+align environment
+\series default
+ that is described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Standard-align-Environment"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
-\end_layout
+ or,
+ when automatically loading of the package
+\family sans
+ AMS math
+\family default
+ is disabled in the document settings,
+ an
+\series bold
+eqnarray environment
+\series default
+ that is described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Eqnarray-Environment"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+.
+ The align environment is recommended as it provides a typographically correct output in all cases.
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-aa
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are other multiline formula environments that can be created via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math
+\family default
+.
+ These environments are described in the following sections.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+In all multiline formula environments a new line is created by pressing
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\aa}$
+.
+ To add or delete lines,
+ use the math toolbar buttons
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature append-row"
\end_inset
+ or
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature delete-row"
+\end_inset
+ respectively,
+ or the menu option
+\family sans
+ Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Rows & Columns
+\family default
+.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Line Separation
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Line-Separation"
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-AA
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-@
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-textrm{
-\backslash
-AA}
+multiline
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Line separation
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Å}$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Sometimes there is not enough space in multiline formulas between the lines:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\
+4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0
+\end{eqnarray*}
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-i
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+In \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ additional line space is specified as an optional argument of the new line command.
+ This is not yet possible in \SpecialChar LyX
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ı}$
+see
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "LyX-bug #1505"
+target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505"
+literal "false"
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
\end_inset
+,
+ therefore the whole formula must be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ To add in our example space,
+ the command
+\series bold
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+[3mm]
+\series default
+ is inserted at the end of the first line.
+ One gets:
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-command
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The space of 0
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-mm is used for separation, because otherwise the output will be ¡ and ¿
- respectively.
+\backslash
+begin{eqnarray*}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = &
+\backslash
+textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}
+\backslash
+\backslash
+[3mm]
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+4x^{2}
+\backslash
+left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}
+\backslash
+right)+4x_{0}x
+\backslash
+left(D-B^{2}
+\backslash
+right)+B^{2}
+\backslash
+left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}
+\backslash
+right) & = & 0
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-o
+end{eqnarray*}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ø}$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+To set the line separation for all lines in a formula,
+ the length of
+\series bold
\backslash
-O
-\end_layout
+jot
+\series default
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Ø}$
-\end_inset
-
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+J
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-l
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ł}$
-\end_inset
-
+\backslash
+jot
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-L
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Ł}$
+ is changed.
+ The definition is:
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{line separation}=\mathrm{6\,pt+\backslash jot}$
\end_inset
+.
+
+\series bold
-\end_layout
-
+\backslash
+jot
+\series default
+ is predefined as 3
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-!
-\begin_inset space \hspace{}
-\length 0mm
+pt.
+ To create 3
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-`
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
+mm of additional line separation as in the previous example,
+ the command
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+jot}{3mm+3pt}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before the formula.
+ This requires that the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+calc
+\series default
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{!`}$
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\series bold
+calc
+\series default
+ is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-?
-\begin_inset space \hspace{}
-\length 0mm
-\end_inset
-`
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+calc
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{?`}$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+ was loaded in \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble with the line
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
\backslash
-j
+usepackage{calc}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+One gets:
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ȷ}$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+jot}{3mm+3pt}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\
+4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0
+\end{eqnarray*}
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The characters
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\textrm{Å}}$
-\end_inset
-
- and
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\textrm{Ø}}$
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
- can also be inserted via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/digamma.png
- scale 85
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\end_inset
-.
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+jot}{3pt}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-An exception are the commands
-\series bold
-!
-\begin_inset space \hspace{}
-\length 0mm
\end_inset
-`
+ To get restore
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+jot
\series default
- and
+ to its original value,
+
\series bold
-?
-\begin_inset space \hspace{}
-\length 0mm
-\end_inset
-`
+\backslash
+jot
\series default
-, because they can be inserted in LyX directly to text.
+ is set to the value 3
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+pt.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Accents in Text
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Column Separation
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Accents-in-Text"
+name "subsec:Column-Separation"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Accents ! in text
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Column separation
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-With the following commands all letters can be accented.
- The commands must be inserted in TeX-mode.
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+\begin_layout Standard
+Multiline formulas form a matrix.
+ A formula in the eqnarray environment for example is a matrix with three columns.
+ By changing the column separation in this environment,
+ the space beside the relation sign can be changed.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+The column separation is specified with the length
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+arraycolsep
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
+arraycolsep
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset
-e
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+ according to the formula:
+ column separation = 2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\series bold
\backslash
-"e
-\end_layout
+arraycolsep
+\change_deleted 5863208 1612730022
-\end_inset
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\change_inserted 232239728 1611406079
+How does units play into this?
+ (cm/in/pt) Is the 2 unitless and the result takes on the units of the input value?
+\change_unchanged
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-`e
-\end_layout
+\change_unchanged
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Thus,
+ the command
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
\backslash
-`e
+setlength{
+\backslash
+arraycolsep}{1cm}
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode,
+ sets all following formula column separations to 2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
+cm.
+ To return to the predefined distance,
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+arraycolsep
+\series default
+ is set to 5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+pt.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+A formula with 2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+cm column separation:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-^
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+setlength{
+\backslash
+arraycolsep}{1cm}
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-e
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+A & = & B\\
+C & \ne & A
+\end{eqnarray*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+A formula with the predefined column separation for matrices of 10
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+pt:
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-^e
+setlength{
+\backslash
+arraycolsep}{5pt}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+A & = & B\\
+C & \ne & A
+\end{eqnarray*}
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-=e
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Long Formulas
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-=e
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+long
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-u
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-e
+\begin_layout Standard
+Long formulas can be typeset using these methods:
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+If one side of an equation is much shorter than the line width,
+ this is chosen for the left side and the right side is typeset over two lines:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray}
+H & = & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\nonumber \\
+ & & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\label{eq:shortlong}
+\end{eqnarray}
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
+The minus sign at the beginning of the second line does normally not appear as an operator because it is the first character of the line.
+ Thus it would not be surrounded by space and could not be distinguished from the fraction bar.
+ To avoid this,
+ a 3
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+pt space was inserted behind the minus sign with the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hspace
+\series default
+.
+\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
+For more about
+\series bold
\backslash
-u e
-\end_layout
+hspace
+\series default
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-b
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-e
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-b e
+hspace
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+When both sides of the equation are long,
+ the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-t
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
+lefteqn
+\series default
-ee
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-t ee
+lefteqn
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+
+ is used.
+ It is inserted in the first column of the first line and causes all further insertions to overwrite the following columns:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray}
+\lefteqn{4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}}\nonumber \\
+ & & -\hspace{3pt}B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\nonumber \\
+ & & =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\label{eq:lefteqn}
+\end{eqnarray}
\end_inset
+After the insertion of
+\series bold
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\backslash
+lefteqn
+\series default
+,
+ the cursor is in a purple box that is shifted a bit to the left from the blue one.
+ The formula is inserted there.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+The content of additional lines is inserted in the second or another formula column.
+ The greater the insertion column number ,
+ the larger the indentation.
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Note the following when using
+\series bold
\backslash
-H
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+lefteqn
+\series default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+The formula doesn't use the full page width.
+ When e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-e
-\end_layout
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+the term
+\begin_inset Formula $-B^{2}$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
+ is added to the first line in the above example,
+ it would have been outside the page margin.
+ To better use the width,
+ negative space can be inserted at the beginning of the first line.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX
+ the cursor cannot be set with the mouse in the first line.
+\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "LyX-bug #1429"
+target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1429"
+literal "false"
+
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-H e
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ One can only set the cursor at the beginning of the line and move it with the arrow keys.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Other methods to set long formulas are offered by the environments described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Multline-Environment"
+nolink "false"
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+ and
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Multiline-Formula-Parts"
+nolink "false"
-\backslash
-'e
+\end_inset
+
+.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Multiline Fractions
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Multiline-Fractions"
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Fractions
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-'e
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are cases where the denominator and/or the numerator of a fraction is so long that the fraction does not fit on one line.
+ It is then necessary to add a line break within the fraction.
+ This can be done using the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-~e
+splitfrac
+\series default
+
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Tilde
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-~e
+splitfrac
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-.e
-\end_layout
+.
+ To activate it,
+ go to the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
+Options
+\family default
+ for the package
+\series bold
+mathtools
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-.e
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+mathtools
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-v
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+ and set its option to
+\family sans
+Load
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-e
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+always
+\family default
+.
+
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\backslash
+splitfrac
+\series default
+ has the scheme
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
\backslash
-v e
+splitfrac{first line}{second line}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+and is used for either the denominator or numerator:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+a=\frac{\splitfrac{xy+xy+xy+xy+xy}{+wy+wy+wy+wy}}{z}\ne\frac{\splitdfrac{xy+\frac{xy}{z}+xy+xy+xy}{+xy+xy+xy+xy}}{z}
+\]
+\end_inset
+The command for the first numerator above is:
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\series bold
\backslash
-d
+splitfrac{xy+xy+xy+xy+xy
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-e
+
+\backslash
+{+wy+wy+wy+wy
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Multiline Brackets
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Multiline-Brackets"
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Brackets
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-d e
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+for multiline expressions
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-c
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-e
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+For brackets spanning multiple lines the following problem occurs:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\
+ & & \left.\cdots+B-D\right]
+\end{eqnarray*}
+
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The closing bracket is smaller than the opening bracket because brackets with variable size may not span multiple lines.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+To set the bracket size for the second line correctly,
+ the first line is ended with
+\series bold
\backslash
-c e
-\end_layout
+right.
+\series default
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+right
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-With the command
+ and the second line with
\series bold
\backslash
-t
+left.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+For more about
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+left
\series default
- also two different characters can be accented.
- The command
+ and
\series bold
\backslash
-t
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+right
+\series default
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+nolink "false"
+
\end_inset
-sz
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\series default
- creates:
-\begin_inset ERT
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-t sz
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The accents
-\series bold
-`
-\series default
- ,
-\series bold
-'
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-^
-\series default
- can in combination with vowels directly be inserted with the keyboard without
- using TeX-mode.
- The same applies for the tilde
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-This only applies for keyboards where the tilde is defined as accent.
+
+\backslash
+left
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\series bold
-~
-\series default
- in combination with
-\emph on
-a
-\emph default
- ,
-\emph on
-n
-\emph default
- , or
-\emph on
-o
-\emph default
-.
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The commands
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-b
-\series default
- ,
+.
+ After
\series bold
\backslash
-c
-\series default
- ,
-\series bold
+left.
-\backslash
-d
\series default
- ,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
-H
+vphantom
\series default
- ,
-\series bold
-\backslash
-t
-\series default
- ,
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
\series bold
\backslash
-u
+prod
\series default
- ,
+^
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
\series bold
\backslash
-v
+infty
\series default
- and accents that are inserted directly with the keyboard are also available
- in mathematical text.
- For the other accents there are special math commands to be used in formulas,
- see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Accents-for-one"
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
-\end_inset
-Furthermore, with the command
\series bold
-\backslash
-textcircled
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+_R=1}
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! T !
-\backslash
-textcircled
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- all numbers and letters can be set into a circle, quasi accented with a
- circle, similar to the copyright symbol.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+V
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
+vphantom
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-textcircled{w}
+ is inserted,
+ because the multiplication operator with its limits is the largest symbol in the first line and this should be the size for the bracket in the second line.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+The result is this:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\
+ & & \left.\vphantom{\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}}\cdots+B-D\right]
+\end{eqnarray*}
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-textcircled{w}
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Align Environments
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Align environments can be used for every kind of multiline formulas.
+ They are especially useful to set several formulas side by side.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Align environments consist of columns.
+ The odd columns are right aligned,
+ the even ones left aligned.
+ Every line in an Align environment can be numbered.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Align environments are created via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math
+\family default
+.
+ With the menu
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Change Formula Type
+\family default
+ pre-existing formulas can be converted to Align environments.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+To add or delete columns,
+ use the math toolbar buttons
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature append-column"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+ or
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature delete-column"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-Large
-\backslash
-textcircled{
-\backslash
-normalsize
-\backslash
-protect
-\backslash
-raisebox{-1.5pt}{W}}
+ respectively,
+ or the menu option
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Rows & Columns
+\family default
+ can be used.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Standard Align Environment
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Standard-align-Environment"
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-Large
-\backslash
-textcircled{
-\backslash
-normalsize
-\backslash
-protect
-\backslash
-raisebox{-1.5pt}W}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+align environment
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This align environment is created by pressing
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
+\end_inset
+ in a formula or by the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+AMS align Environment
+\family default
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-One has to take care that the character fits in the circle.
-
+An example for two formulas set side by side,
+ that are created with a four column align environment:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{align*}
+A & =\sin(B) & C & =D\\
+C & \ne A & B & \ne D
+\end{align*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+As it can be seen,
+ the formulas in this environment are placed so as if there would be a
\series bold
\backslash
-Large
-\series default
-
+hfill
\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-see
+For more about
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Sizes"
+reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
- specifies thereby the size of the circle.
- With the help of
-\series bold
-\backslash
-raisebox
\series default
-
+ before the first and after every even column.
+ When the formula style
+\series bold
+Indented
\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-see
+For formula styles see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Boxes-without-Frame"
+reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
- the character can be centered.
+
+\series default
+ is used,
+ the formula is set without the
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+ before the first column.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Old-style Figures
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Alignat Environment
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Old-style Figures
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\begin_layout Standard
-Old-style figures (also known as old-style numerals) are created with the
- command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+alignat environment
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-oldstylenums
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! O !
-\backslash
-oldstylenums
\end_layout
\end_inset
-.
- The command can be used in formulas and in TeX-mode.
- The command scheme is:
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+The alignat environment has no predefined column separation.
+ It can be inserted manually with the spaces that are described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Space"
+nolink "false"
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-oldstylenums{number}
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-oldstylenums{0123456789
-\series default
- produces:
-\begin_inset Formula $\oldstylenums{0123456789}$
+The above example is shown in the alignat environment where 1
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
+cm space was inserted at the beginning of the second formula:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{alignat*}{2}
+A & =\sin(B) & \hspace{1cm}C & =D\\
+C & \ne A & B & \ne D
+\end{alignat*}
+
+\end_inset
+Because the column separation can be set separately for every column,
+ this environment is especially suitable to set three or more formulas side by side.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Formula Styles
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Flalign Environment
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Formula-Styles"
+name "subsec:Flalign-Environment"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! styles
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-There are two different alignment styles:
-\end_layout
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Description
-Centered is the predefined standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Description
-Indented for this the option
-\series bold
-fleqn
-\series default
- must be inserted in the menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
- under
-\family sans
-Document
-\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Class
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-When
-\series bold
-Indented
-\series default
- is used, the indentation can be adjusted with the length
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathindent
-\series default
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! M !
-\backslash
-mathindent
+flalign environment
\end_layout
\end_inset
-.
- Should the distance be 15
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-mm, the following command line is inserted in the LaTeX-preamble
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-mathindent}{15mm}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-When no length is specified, the predefined value of 30
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-pt will be used.
-\end_layout
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Itemize
-And two different numbering styles:
\end_layout
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Description
-Right is the predefined standard
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+In this environment the first column is always set to the left as much as possible and the last one to the right.
+ An example:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{flalign*}
+A & =1 & B & =2 & C & =3\\
+X & =\textrm{-}1 & Y & =\textrm{-}2 & Z & =4
+\end{flalign*}
-\begin_layout Description
-Left for this the option
-\series bold
-leqno
-\series default
- must be inserted in the menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings
-\family default
- under
-\family sans
-Document
-\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Class
-\end_layout
-
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
-\series bold
-fleqn
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-leqno
-\series default
- can also be used together.
- In this case both options are inserted, separated by a comma.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The chosen styles are used for all displayed formulas of the document.
- When both, centered and indented formulas should be created in a document,
- the style
+By creating a flalign environment with an odd number of columns where an empty \SpecialChar TeX
+ brace is inserted in the last column,
+ several formulas in a document can be set to the left,
+ although the formula style
\series bold
Centered
\series default
is used.
- The indented formulas are then set in a flalign environment, see
+ As example the indented formula
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Flalign-Environment"
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:VolInt"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
-.
+:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{flalign}
+\hspace{30pt}\iiint_{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V & =U & {}
+\end{flalign}
+
+\end_inset
+
+The first two columns contain the formula.
+ To indent it as with the formula style
+\series bold
+Indented
+\series default
+,
+ a 30
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+pt space was inserted at the beginning of the first column.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Multiline Formulas
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Eqnarray Environment
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Multiline-Formulas"
+name "subsec:Eqnarray-Environment"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+eqnarray environment
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-General
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In LyX multiline formulas are created by pressing
-\series bold
+When this environment is created,
+ three blue boxes appear.
+ The content of the first box is right aligned,
+ the content of the last box left aligned.
+ The content of the middle box appears centered and a bit smaller because it is intended for relational characters only.
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+\frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D}\\
+AB & AB & AB\\
+A & = & A
+\end{eqnarray*}
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
-\series default
- inside a formula.
- This creates either an
-\series bold
-eqnarray environment
-\series default
- that is described in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Eqnarray-Environment"
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Gather Environment
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- or, when the option
-\family sans
-Use AMS math package
-\family default
- in the document settings is selected, an
-\series bold
-align environment
-\series default
- that is described in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Standard-align-Environment"
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-.
- The align environment is recommended because it provides in any case a
- typographically correct output.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+gather environment
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are other multiline formula environments that can be created via the
- menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math
-\family default
-.
- These environments are described in the following sections.
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-In all multiline formula environments a new line is created by pressing
-
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
-.
- To add or delete lines, the math toolbar buttons
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png
- scale 85
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
- or
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.png
- scale 85
+\begin_layout Standard
+This environment consists of one centered column.
+ Every line can be numbered.
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{gather}
+A=1\\
+X=\textrm{-}1
+\end{gather}
\end_inset
-, respectively, or the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Rows & Columns
-\family default
- can be used.
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Line Separation
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Multline Environment
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Line-Separation"
+name "subsec:Multline-Environment"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! Line separation
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multline environment
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-There is sometimes not enough space in multiline formulas between the lines:
+The multline environment consists,
+ like the gather environment,
+ of one column.
+ But the first line is left aligned,
+ the last one right aligned.
+ All other lines are centered.
+ Therefore this environment is suitable for long formulas.
+ Using example formula
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:lefteqn"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ in the multline environment:
\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{eqnarray*}
-B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\
-4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0
-\end{eqnarray*}
+\begin{multline}
+4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\
+-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\\
+=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}
+\end{multline}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In LaTeX additional line space is specified as optional argument of the
- new line command.
- This is not yet possible in LyX
+In the output,
+ only the last line of a multline environment appears numbered when the document numbering is on the right .
+ If the document numbering is on the left then only the first line will appear numbered.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-see
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-name "LyX-bug #1505"
-target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505"
+For numbering styles see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
-, therefore the whole formula must be inserted in TeX-mode.
- To add in our example space, the command
-\series bold
-\backslash
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+With the commands
+\series bold
\backslash
-[3mm]
+shoveright
\series default
- is inserted at the end of the first line.
- One gets:
-\begin_inset ERT
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-begin{eqnarray*}
-\end_layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD &
- = &
-\backslash
-textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}
-\backslash
-
-\backslash
-[3mm]
+S
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_inset
-4x^{2}
-\backslash
-left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}
-\backslash
-right)+4x_{0}x
-\backslash
-left(D-B^{2}
-\backslash
-right)+B^{2}
-\backslash
-left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}
-\backslash
-right) & = & 0
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-end{eqnarray*}
+shoveright
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-To set the line separation for all lines in a formula, the length
+ and
\series bold
\backslash
-jot
+shoveleft
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! J !
-\backslash
-jot
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
\end_layout
\end_inset
- is changed.
- The definition is:
-\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{line separation}=\mathrm{6\, pt+\backslash jot}$
-\end_inset
-.
- Predefined for
-\series bold
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-jot
-\series default
- is the value 3
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+shoveleft
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-pt.
- To create 3
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-mm additional line separation as in the previous example, the command
+ a centered line can be right or left aligned,
+ respectively.
+ The commands are used as follows:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-setlength{
+shoveright{line content}
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-jot}{3mm+3pt}
+shoveleft{line content}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-is inserted in TeX-mode before the formula.
- This requires that the LaTeX-package
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+The length
\series bold
-calc
+
+\backslash
+multlinegap
\series default
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\series bold
-calc
-\series default
- is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+M
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! calc
+
+\backslash
+multlinegap
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
- was loaded in LaTeX-preamble with the line
+ specifies the distance of the first line from the left page margin.
+ Predefined is the length 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+pt.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+As example the above formula where the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-usepackage{calc}
+setlength{
+\backslash
+multlinegap}{2cm}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-One gets:
+was inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
-jot}{3mm+3pt}
+multlinegap}{2cm}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{eqnarray*}
-B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\
-4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0
-\end{eqnarray*}
+\begin{multline}
+4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\
+\shoveleft{-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}\\
+=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}
+\end{multline}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
-jot}{3pt}
+multlinegap}{0pt}
\end_layout
\end_inset
- To get back to the predefined distance,
+The second line was left aligned using
\series bold
\backslash
-jot
+shoveleft
\series default
- is set to the value 3
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-pt.
+.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Column Separation
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Multiline Formula Parts
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Column-Separation"
+name "subsec:Multiline-Formula-Parts"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! Column separation
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\begin_layout Standard
-Multiline formulas form a matrix.
- A formula in the eqnarray environment is for example a matrix with three
- columns.
- By changing the column separation in this environment, the space beside
- the relation sign can be changed.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+formula parts
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The column separation is specified with the length
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-arraycolsep
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
-\backslash
-arraycolsep
\end_layout
\end_inset
- according to:
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-column separation = 2
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+To display only parts of a formula with multiple lines,
+ one of the following environments is used:
+
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-arraycolsep
+aligned
\series default
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-Thus, the command
+,
+
+\series bold
+alignedat
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+gathered
+\series default
+ or
+\series bold
+split
+\series default
+.
+ They can be inserted via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math
+\family default
+ or by using the commands described in this section.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+The first three have the same properties as the corresponding multiline formula environments,
+ but it is possible to set additional formula parts beside them.
+ An example:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\left.\begin{aligned}\Delta x\Delta p & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\\
+\Delta E\Delta t & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}
+\end{aligned}
+\right\} \textrm{Uncertainty relations}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-arraycolsep}{1cm}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-inserted in TeX-mode, sets for all following formulas a column separation
- of 2
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-cm.
- To get back to the predefined distance,
+To get this formula,
+ a displayed formula is created where the command
\series bold
\backslash
-arraycolsep
+aligned
\series default
- is set to 5
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-pt.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-A formula with 2
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-cm column separation:
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-arraycolsep}{1cm}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{eqnarray*}
-A & = & B\\
-C & \ne & A
-\end{eqnarray*}
-
-\end_inset
-
-A formula with the predefined column separation for matrices of 10
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-pt:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-setlength{
\backslash
-arraycolsep}{5pt}
+aligned
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{eqnarray*}
-A & = & B\\
-C & \ne & A
-\end{eqnarray*}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Long Formulas
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! long
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
+ is inserted.
+ A purple box appears around the blue formula box where now columns and lines can be added.
+ Outside the multiline environment other formula parts can be set,
+ like the brace.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Long formulas can be typeset using these methods:
-\end_layout
+The aligned environment is also suitable for long formulas whose lines are horizontally aligned.
+ Using aligned in a displayed formula has the advantage that the formula number is vertically centered behind the lines.
+ For example here is formula
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:shortlong"
+nolink "false"
-\begin_layout Itemize
-When one side of the equation is much shorter than the line width, this
- one is chosen for the left side and the right side is typeset over two
- lines:
+\end_inset
+
+ in the aligned environment:
\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{eqnarray}
-H & = & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\nonumber \\
- & & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\label{eq:shortlong}
-\end{eqnarray}
+\begin{equation}
+\begin{aligned}H=\; & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\\
+ & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}
+\end{aligned}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
-The minus sign at the beginning of the second line does normally not appear
- as an operator because it is the first character of the line.
- Thus it would not be surrounded by space and could not be distinguished
- from the fraction bar.
- To avoid this, 3
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-pt space was inserted behind the minus sign with the command
-\series bold
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-hspace
+\begin_layout Standard
+To use the environments
+\series bold
+alignedat
\series default
-.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-for more about
+,
+
+\series bold
+gathered
+\series default
+,
+ or
+\series bold
+split
+\series default
+,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
-hspace
+alignedat
\series default
- see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Variable-Space"
-
-\end_inset
+,
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! H !
+
\backslash
-hspace
+alignedat
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-When both sides of the equation are too long, the command
+\end_inset
+
+
\series bold
\backslash
-lefteqn
+gathered
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! L !
-\backslash
-lefteqn
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- is used.
- It is inserted in the first column of the first line and causes all further
- insertions to overwrite the following columns:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{eqnarray}
-\lefteqn{4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}}\nonumber \\
- & & -\hspace{3pt}B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\nonumber \\
- & & =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\label{eq:lefteqn}
-\end{eqnarray}
-
-\end_inset
-
-After the insertion of
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-lefteqn
-\series default
-, the cursor is in a purple box that is a bit shifted to the left from the
- blue one.
- In this the formula is inserted.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-The content of the further lines is inserted to the second or another formula
- column.
- The greater the column number where it was inserted, the larger the indentation.
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+G
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Note the following when using
-\series bold
\backslash
-lefteqn
-\series default
-:
+gathered
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-The formula doesn't use the full page width.
- When e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-g.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-the term
-\begin_inset Formula $-B^{2}$
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
- is added to the first line in the above example, it would have been outside
- the page margin.
- To better use the width, negative space can be inserted at the beginning
- of the first line.
-\end_layout
+,
+ or
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+split
+\series default
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Due to a bug in LyX the cursor cannot be set with the mouse into the first
- line.
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-name "LyX-bug #1429"
-target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1429"
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+split
\end_layout
\end_inset
- One can only set the cursor at the beginning of the line and move it with
- the arrow keys.
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
+ are inserted,
+ respectively.
+ The split environment has the same properties as the aligned environment but it can only have two columns.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Other methods to set long formulas are offered by the environments described
- in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Multline-Environment"
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Text in Multiline Formulas
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Text-in-multiline"
\end_inset
- and
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Multiline-Formula-Parts"
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Text
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+in formulas
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Multiline Brackets
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Multiline-Brackets"
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Brackets ! for multiline expressions
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\begin_layout Standard
-For brackets spanning multiple lines the following problem occurs:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{eqnarray*}
-A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\
- & & \left.\cdots+B-D\right]
-\end{eqnarray*}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+text
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The closing bracket is smaller than the opening bracket because brackets
- with variable size may not span multiple lines.
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To set the bracket size for the second line correctly, the first line is
- ended with
+In the align environments as well as the multline and gather environment,
+ text can be inserted that will appear in a separate line and doesn't affect the column alignment.
+ To do this,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
-right.
+intertext
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
-\backslash
-right
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+I
\end_layout
\end_inset
- and the second line with
-\series bold
-\backslash
-left.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-for more about
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-left
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
\backslash
-right
-\series default
- see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+intertext
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
+ is used in the following scheme:
+\end_layout
-\series default
+\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! L !
\backslash
-left
+intertext{text}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-
-.
- After
+\begin_layout Standard
+The text should not be longer than a line because it cannot be hyphenated.
+ As \SpecialChar LyX
+ doesn't yet support
\series bold
\backslash
-left.
-
+intertext
\series default
- the command
+ directly,
+ the text is written as mathematical text.
+ Therefore
\series bold
\backslash
-vphantom
+intertext
\series default
+ must be at the beginning of a line and will appear in the output above this line.
+ An example where the text was inserted at the beginning of the second line:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{align}
+I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\
+\intertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to \ensuremath{\phi=\pi}, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi
+\end{align}
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
\series bold
\backslash
-prod
+intertext
\series default
-^
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+ always creates some vertical space between the text and the formula lines.
+ To avoid this space,
+ in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-
+Options
+\family default
+ for the package
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-infty
+mathtools
\series default
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+mathtools
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-\series bold
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset
-_R=1}
+ set the option to
+\family sans
+Load
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+always
+\family default
+.
+ Then you can use the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+shortintertext
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! V !
-\backslash
-vphantom
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
\end_layout
\end_inset
- is inserted, because the multiplication operator with its limits is the
- largest symbol in the first line and this should be the size for the bracket
- in the second line.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The result is this:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{eqnarray*}
-A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\
- & & \left.\vphantom{\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}}\cdots+B-D\right]
-\end{eqnarray*}
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+shortintertext
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Align Environments
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-Align environments can be used for every kind of multiline formulas.
- They are especially useful to set several formulas side by side.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Align environments consist of columns.
- The odd columns are right aligned, the even ones left aligned.
- Every line in an Align environment can be numbered.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Align environments are created via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math
-\family default
-.
- With the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Change Formula Type
-\family default
- already existing formulas can be converted to Align environments.
+\end_inset
+
+ instead of
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+intertext
+\series default
+:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To add or delete columns, the math toolbar buttons
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-column.png
- scale 85
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{align}
+I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\
+\shortintertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to \ensuremath{\phi=\pi}, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi
+\end{align}
\end_inset
- or
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-column.png
- scale 85
-
-\end_inset
-, respectively, or the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Rows & Columns
-\family default
- can be used.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Standard align Environment
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Standard-align-Environment"
+\begin_layout Section
+Formula Numbering
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula numbering
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! align environment
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+numbering
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro see
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula numbering
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+General
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
-This Align environment is created by pressing
+Numbered formulas can be created with the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Numbered
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Formula
+\family default
+ (shortcut
\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert newline"
+type "shortcuts"
+arg "command-sequence math-display; math-number-toggle;"
\end_inset
- in a formula or by the menu
+).
+ Existing formulas can be numbered with the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-AMS align Environment
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Number
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-An example for two formulas set side by side, that are created with a four
- column align environment:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{align*}
-A & =\sin(B) & C & =D\\
-C & \ne A & B & \ne D
-\end{align*}
+Whole
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+Formula
+\family default
+ (shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "math-number-toggle"
\end_inset
-As it can be seen, the formulas in this environment are placed so as if
- there would be a
-\series bold
+).
+ The formula number is displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
+ behind the formula as a number in parentheses.
+
+\change_deleted 232239728 1611410645
+The number sign is replaced in the output by the formula number.
+\change_deleted 5863208 1612727075
-\backslash
-hfill
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-more about
-\series bold
-\backslash
-hfill
-\series default
- see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Variable-Space"
+\change_inserted 232239728 1611410697
+LyX appears to put the actual formula number in the raw file now
+\change_unchanged
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+\change_unchanged
+
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+When numbering is turned on in multiline formulas,
+ all formulas will be numbered.
+ But the numbering can be controlled with the menu
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Number
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+This
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
+Line
+\family default
+ (shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "math-number-line-toggle"
+\end_inset
-\series default
- before the first and after every even column.
- When the formula style
-\series bold
-Indented
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+) for every formula.
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-formula styles see
+\begin_layout Standard
+Except for inline formulas,
+ all formulas can be numbered with two different styles,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
-
+.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Cross-References
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\series default
- is used, the formula is set without the
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Cross-references
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\backslash
-hfill
-\series default
- before the first column.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+to formulas
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Alignat Environment
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! alignat environment
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The alignat environment has no predefined column separation.
- It can be inserted manually with the spaces that are described
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Space"
-
+All labeled formulas can be cross-referenced.
+ A label is added with the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Label
+\family default
+ or the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "label-insert"
\end_inset
.
-\end_layout
+ The cursor must be inside a displayed formula.
+ Alternatively you can right-click on the formula and choose
+\family sans
+Equation Label
+\family default
+.
+ A dialog pops up displaying the prefix
+\series bold
+eq:
-\begin_layout Standard
-The above example in the alignat environment where 1
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\series default
+ in a text field.
+ The label is inserted behind the prefix.
+ The predefined prefix means
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-cm space was inserted at the beginning of the second formula:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{alignat*}{2}
-A & =\sin(B) & \hspace{1cm}C & =D\\
-C & \ne A & B & \ne D
-\end{alignat*}
+equation
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ and makes it easier to find labels in large documents because it marks it as a formula label to distinguish it from e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
-Because the column separation can be set separately for every column, this
- environment is especially suitable to set three and more formulas side
- by side.
+section labels.
+ To change a label,
+ the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Label
+\family default
+ is used again or you can right-click on a formula and then on
+\family sans
+Equation Label
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The name of the label is displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
+ within parentheses behind the formula number.
+ A formula with a label is always numbered.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Flalign Environment
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Flalign-Environment"
+\begin_layout Standard
+Cross-references are inserted via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Cross-Reference
+\family default
+ or with the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
+\end_inset
+.
+ A formula cross-reference appears in the output as formula number.
+ When in the cross-reference dialog window the format
+\series bold
+(<reference>)
+\series default
+ is chosen,
+ the cross-reference appears in the output as formula number in parentheses.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+By right-clicking on a cross-reference in \SpecialChar LyX
+,
+ one jumps to the formula that is referenced.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+Here are as examples cross-references to formulas of the following subsections:
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! flalign environment
+Note the different cross-reference types.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In this environment the first two columns are always set as much as possible
- to the left and the last two ones to the right.
- An example:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{flalign*}
-A & =1 & B & =2 & C & =3\\
-X & =\textrm{-}1 & Y & =\textrm{-}2 & Z & =4
-\end{flalign*}
+The equations
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:tag"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
+ and
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:c"
+nolink "false"
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-By creating a flalign environment with an odd number of columns where an
- empty TeX-brace is inserted to the last column, several formulas in a document
- can be set to the left, although the formula style
-\series bold
-Centered
-\series default
- is used.
- As example the indented formula
+ are equivalent.
+ In (
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:VolInt"
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "eq:Lat"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
-:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{flalign}
-\hspace{30pt}\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V & =U & {}
-\end{flalign}
+) big Latin letters are used for the numbering in contrary to (
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "eq:Rom"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
-The first two columns contain the formula.
- To indent it as with the formula style
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+When the argument of
\series bold
-Indented
+
+\backslash
+tag
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tag
\series default
-, 30
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+ is described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:User-defined-Numbering"
+nolink "false"
+
\end_inset
-pt space was inserted at the beginning of the first column.
+.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Eqnarray Environment
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Eqnarray-Environment"
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+ contains a box like in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Paragraph-Boxes"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
+,
+ the formula cannot be referenced.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Subnumbering
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! eqnarray environment
+Formula numbering
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+subnumbering
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-When this environment has been created, three blue boxes appear.
- The content of the first box is right aligned, the content of the last
- one left aligned.
- The content of the middle box appears centered and a bit smaller, because
- it is designed to insert there only relation characters.
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{eqnarray*}
-\frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D}\\
-AB & AB & AB\\
-A & = & A
-\end{eqnarray*}
-
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Gather Environment
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! gather environment
+\begin_layout Standard
+Formulas can be numbered as subequations.
+ To activate this feature,
+ add the module
+\family sans
+Subequations
+\family default
+ to the document in the menu
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Modules
+\family default
+.
+ To insert subequations use the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Custom Insets\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Subequations
+\family default
+.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The equations to be subnumbered are put into the
+\family sans
+Subequations
+\family default
+ inset.
+ An example:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+A=C-B
+\end{equation}
+
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset VSpace -5mm
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-This environment consists of only one centered column.
- Every line can be numbered.
+
+\begin_inset Flex Subequations
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{gather}
-A=1\\
-X=\textrm{-}1
-\end{gather}
+\begin{equation}
+B=C-A\label{eq:b}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Multline Environment
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Multline-Environment"
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+C=A+B\label{eq:c}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! multline environment
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The multline environment consists, like the gather environment, of only
- one column.
- But the first line is left aligned, the last one right aligned.
- All other lines are centered.
- Therefore this environment is suitable for long formulas.
- As example formula
+Every formula in the
+\family sans
+Subequations
+\family default
+ inset will be subnumbered with a,
+ b,
+ c,
+ \SpecialChar ldots
+ in the output.
+ For multiline formulas every line will be subnumbered.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Referencing subequations works like normal equations:
+
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:lefteqn"
+reference "eq:b"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
- in the multline environment:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{multline}
-4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\
--B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\\
-=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}
-\end{multline}
+,
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:c"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
+.
+ If you want to reference the subequations collectively,
+ insert a label as first thing in the
+\family sans
+Subequations
+\family default
+ inset.
+ Formula
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:Here-is-an"
+plural "false"
+caps "false"
+noprefix "false"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+ is an example.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In the output only the last (first) line of a multline environment appears
- numbered when the document numbering is right (left).
+When inserting subequations,
+ vertical space is added before the equation.
+ To remove this,
+ insert -5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+mm vertical space right before the
+\family sans
+Subequations
+\family default
+ inset.
+ If the formula style
+\series bold
+Indented
\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-numbering styles see
+For formula styles see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-With the commands
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-shoveright
\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
-\backslash
-shoveright
-\end_layout
-
+ is used,
+ insert -7
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
- and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-shoveleft
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
-\backslash
-shoveleft
+mm space instead.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-
- a centered line can be right or left aligned, respectively.
- The commands are used as follows:
+\begin_layout Standard
+To get another subnumber instead of small Latin letters,
+ insert this command as \SpecialChar TeX
+ code before the equations in the
+\family sans
+Subequations
+\family default
+ inset:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-shoveright{line content}
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-
+renewcommand{
\backslash
-shoveleft{line content}
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+theparentequation -
+\backslash
+roman{equation}}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
-The length
\series bold
\backslash
-multlinegap
+theparentequation
\series default
+ creates the parent number and
+\series bold
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! M !
\backslash
-multlinegap
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
+roman{equation}
+\series default
+ adds a small Roman number as subnumber.
+ For more information about the customization of the numbering,
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Numbering-with-Roman"
+nolink "false"
- specifies the distance of the first line from the left page margin.
- Predefined is the length 0
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-pt.
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-As example the above formula where the command
-\end_layout
+Here is an example of a multiline formula where the numbering is customized and turned off for the second line:
+\begin_inset Flex Subequations
+status open
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "eq:Here-is-an"
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-multlinegap}{2cm}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-was inserted in TeX-mode before:
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-setlength{
+renewcommand{
\backslash
-multlinegap}{2cm}
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+theparentequation -
+\backslash
+roman{equation}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{multline}
-4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\
-\shoveleft{-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}\\
-=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}
-\end{multline}
+\begin{eqnarray}
+A & = & (B-Z)^{2}=(B-Z)(B-Z)\\
+ & = & B^{2}-ZB-BZ+Z^{2}\nonumber \\
+ & = & B^{2}-2BZ+Z^{2}
+\end{eqnarray}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-multlinegap}{0pt}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-The second line was left aligned using
-\series bold
-\backslash
-shoveleft
-\series default
-.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-Multiline Formula Parts
+Numbering with Roman Numbers and Letters
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Multiline-Formula-Parts"
+name "subsec:Numbering-with-Roman"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! formula parts
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
+Formula numbering
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\begin_layout Standard
-To display only parts of a formula with multiple lines, one of the following
- environments is used:
-\series bold
-aligned
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-alignedat
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-gathered
-\series default
- or
-\series bold
-split
-\series default
-.
- They can be inserted via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math
-\family default
- or by using the commands described in this section.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+with letters
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The first three have the same properties as the corresponding multiline
- formula environments, but it is possible to set further formula parts beside
- them.
- An example:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\[
-\left.\begin{aligned}\Delta x\Delta p & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\\
-\Delta E\Delta t & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}
-\end{aligned}
-\right\} \textrm{Uncertainty relations}
-\]
-
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To get this formula, a displayed formula is created where the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-aligned
-\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
-\backslash
-aligned
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
+Formula numbering
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
- is inserted.
- A purple box appears around the blue formula box where now columns and
- lines can be added.
- Outside the multiline environment other formula parts can be set, like
- the brace.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+with Roman numbers
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The aligned environment is also suitable for long formulas whose lines are
- horizontally aligned.
- Using aligned in a displayed formula has the advantage that the formula
- number is vertically centered behind the lines.
- As example formula
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:shortlong"
-
\end_inset
- in the aligned environment:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{equation}
-\begin{aligned}H=\; & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\\
- & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}
-\end{aligned}
-\end{equation}
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To use the environments
-\series bold
-alignedat
-\series default
-,
-\series bold
-gathered
-\series default
-, or
-\series bold
-split
-\series default
-, the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-alignedat
-\series default
-,
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
-\backslash
-alignedat
+Formulas can also be numbered with Roman numbers and Latin letters.
+ To number with small Roman numbers,
+ the command
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
-
\series bold
\backslash
-gathered
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! G !
+renewcommand{
\backslash
-gathered
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+roman{equation}}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-
-, or
+\begin_layout Standard
+is inserted before the formula in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+
\series bold
\backslash
-split
+renewcommand
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
-\backslash
-split
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
- are inserted, respectively.
- The split environment has the same properties as the aligned environment
- but it can only have two columns.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Text in multiline Formulas
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Text-in-multiline"
-
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Text ! in formulas
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! text
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-In the Align environments, and the multline and gather environment, text
- can be inserted that will appear in a separate line and doesn't affect
- the column alignment.
- To do this, the command
+ redefines the predefined command
\series bold
\backslash
-intertext
+theequation
\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! I !
-\backslash
-intertext
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- is used in the following scheme:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
+ to the command
\series bold
\backslash
-intertext{text}
-\end_layout
+roman{equation}
+\series default
+.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
-\begin_layout Standard
-The text should not be longer than a line because it cannot be hyphenated.
- As LyX doesn't yet support
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The command
\series bold
\backslash
-intertext
+renewcommand
\series default
- directly, the text is written as mathematical text.
-
+ has the same scheme as the command
\series bold
\backslash
-intertext
+newcommand
\series default
- must hereby be at the beginning of a line and appears in the output above
- this line.
- An example where the text was inserted at the beginning of the second line:
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{align}
-I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\
-\intertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to \ensuremath{\phi=\pi}, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi
-\end{align}
+ described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:The-Command-newcommand"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
-
+.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Formula Numbering
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula numbering
-\end_layout
+
+\series bold
+equation
+\series default
+ is the formula counter.
+ When the command
+\series bold
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+the
+\series default
+ is used as prefix for a counter,
+ the value of the counter is output as Arabic number.
+ When a formula is numbered,
+ \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ sets internally the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+theequation
+\series default
+ behind the formula.
+
+\series bold
+\backslash
+roman{equation}
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! numbering|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-Formula numbering
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-General
+R
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Numbered formulas can be created with the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Numbered
-\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Formula
-\family default
- (shortcut
-\family sans
-Ctrl+Alt
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-N
-\family default
-).
- Existing formulas can be numbered with the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Toggle
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-Numbering
-\family default
- (shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "math-number-toggle"
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-).
- The formula number is displayed in LyX behind the formula as a number sign
- in parentheses.
- The number sign is replaced in the output by the formula number.
+\backslash
+roman
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-When numbering is turned on in multiline formulas, all lines will be numbered.
- But the numbering can be controlled with the menu
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Toggle
-\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Numbering
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-of
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-Line
-\family default
- (shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "math-number-line-toggle"
\end_inset
-) for every line.
+
+\series default
+ outputs the counter as small Roman number.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Except for inline formulas, all formulas can be numbered with two different
- styles, see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+All formulas behind the command
+\series bold
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+renew
+\series default
+c
+\series bold
+ommand
+\series default
+ are now numbered Roman.
+ To switch to numbering with big Roman numbers,
+ the command is inserted again,
+ but
+\series bold
-.
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+roman
+\series default
+ is replaced by
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Roman
+\series default
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Cross-References
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Cross-references ! to formulas
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\begin_layout Standard
-All labeled formulas can be cross-referenced.
- A label is added by the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Label
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/label-insert.png
- scale 85
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
+status open
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-.
- The cursor must hereby be inside a displayed formula.
- Alternatively you can right-click on the formula and choose
-\family sans
-Equation Label
-\family default
-.
- A dialog pops up displaying the prefix
-\series bold
-eq:
-\series default
- in a text field.
- The label is inserted there behind the prefix.
- The predefined prefix means
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+roman
+\end_layout
-equation
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- and makes it easier to find labels in large documents because it marks
- it as formula label to divide it from e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-g.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
+\backslash
+Roman
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-section labels.
- To change a label, the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Label
-\family default
- is used again or you right-click on a formula and then on
-\family sans
-Equation Label
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The name of the label is displayed in LyX within two parentheses behind
- formula.
- A formula with a label is always numbered.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Cross-references are inserted via the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Cross-Reference
-\family default
- or with the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png
- scale 85
-
\end_inset
.
- A formula cross-reference appears in the output as formula number.
- When in the cross-reference dialog window the format
+ To
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+number
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ with small Latin letters there is the command
\series bold
-(<reference>)
+
+\backslash
+alph
\series default
- is chosen, the cross-reference appears in the output as formula number
- in parentheses.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-By right-clicking on a cross-reference in LyX, one jumps to the formula
- that is referenced.
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here are as examples cross-references to formulas of the following subsections:
-\begin_inset Note Note
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Note the different cross-reference types.
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\begin_layout Standard
-The equations
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:tag"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+alph
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- and
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:c"
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
- are equivalent.
- In (
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "eq:Lat"
+,
+ for big ones there is the command
+\series bold
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+Alph
+\series default
-) big Latin letters are used for the numbering in contrary to (
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "eq:Rom"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-).
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-When the argument of
-\series bold
-\backslash
-tag
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
+status open
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-tag
-\series default
- is described in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:User-defined-Numbering"
+alph
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-.
+
+\backslash
+Alph
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
- contains a box like in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Paragraph-Boxes"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-, the formula cannot be referenced.
+.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Subnumbering
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula numbering ! subnumbering
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+
+\series default
+ Only a maximum of 26
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+formulas can be numbered with Latin letters in one document.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-With the help of the commands
-\series bold
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-begin{subequations}
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
\backslash
-end{subequations}
-\series default
- formulas can be subnumbered.
- Both commands are inserted in TeX-mode.
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+roman{equation}}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-An example:
\begin_inset Formula
\begin{equation}
-A=C-B\label{eq:a}
+A=\textrm{small roman}
\end{equation}
\end_inset
\backslash
-addtocounter{equation}{-1}
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+Roman{equation}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+B=\textrm{big Roman}\label{eq:Rom}
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\backslash
-begin{subequations}
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+alph{equation}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset VSpace -5mm
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{equation}
-B=C-A\label{eq:b}
-\end{equation}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\begin_inset Formula
\begin{equation}
-C=A+B\label{eq:c}
+C=\textrm{small Latin}
\end{equation}
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\backslash
-end{subequations}
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+Alph{equation}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+D=\textrm{big Latin}\label{eq:Lat}
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
-\begin_layout Standard
-To create the example, the following is done:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-first formula is inserted
+\begin_layout Standard
+To switch back to the default numbering,
+ insert the command:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-addtocounter{equation}{-1}
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
\backslash
-begin{subequations}
+arabic{equation}}
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
-\backslash
-addtocounter
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series default
-is inserted after the first formula
+\backslash
+arabic
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-second formula is inserted
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-third formula is inserted
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-end{subequations}
-\series default
- is inserted after the third formula
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Every formula between the commands
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-begin
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\backslash
-end
-\series default
- is subnumbered as a, b,
-\begin_inset Newline linebreak
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-c, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
- For multiline formulas every line will be subnumbered.
- All subnumbered formulas are treated as
-\emph on
-one
-\emph default
- numbered formula.
- But as every numbered formula increases the counter
-\series bold
-equation
-\series default
- by one, the command
-\series bold
\backslash
-addtocounter
-\series default
- is needed to decrease it.
- Otherwise the formulas
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:a"
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+arabic{equation}}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-,
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:b"
-
-\end_inset
-,
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:c"
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+E=\textrm{Arabic}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
- would be numbered as
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:a"
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-,
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:d"
+As you see,
+ formulas are numbered serially independent from the numbering style.
+ When then numbering should start with
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+1
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
-,
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:f"
+ when the style is changed,
+ new equation counters have to be defined.
+ A description of this can be found in the file
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "Formula-numbering.lyx"
+target "run:Formula-numbering.lyx"
+type "other"
+literal "false"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-By inserting the commands in TeX-mode, a space is created between the first
- two formulas.
- To revert this -5
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\begin_layout Subsection
+User-defined Numbering
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:User-defined-Numbering"
+
\end_inset
-mm vertical space is inserted after the command
-\series bold
-\backslash
-begin{subequations}
-\series default
-.
- When the formula style
-\series bold
-Indented
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-formula styles see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+Formula numbering
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+user-defined
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\series default
- is used, -7
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-mm space is inserted instead.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Here is an example for a multiline formula where the numbering was turned
- off for the second line:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\series bold
+Note:
-\backslash
-begin{subequations}
-\end_layout
-
+\series default
+ If the document language is a right-to-left language such as Arabic,
+ you must add this to the to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble to be able to use the commands described in this section:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{eqnarray}
-A & = & (B-Z)^{2}=(B-Z)(B-Z)\label{eq:d}\\
- & = & B^{2}-ZB-BZ+Z^{2}\nonumber \\
- & = & B^{2}-2BZ+Z^{2}\label{eq:f}
-\end{eqnarray}
+\series bold
+\backslash
+AtBeginDocument{
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\series bold
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-end{subequations}
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\backslash
+def
+\backslash
+tagform@#1{
+\backslash
+maketag@@@{(
+\backslash
+ignorespaces#1
+\backslash
+unskip)}} }
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-User-defined Numbering
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:User-defined-Numbering"
-
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula numbering ! user-defined
+Formula numbering
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+self-defined delimiters
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+With standard numbering,
+ parentheses are set around a formula number.
+ To replace the parentheses for example with vertical bars,
+ the following line is added to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble:
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+AtBeginDocument{
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula numbering ! self-defined delimiters
-\end_layout
+\series bold
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-With the standard numbering parentheses are set around the formula number.
- To replace the parentheses for example by vertical bars, the following
- line is added to the LaTeX-preamble:
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\series bold
\backslash
def
\backslash
tagform@#1{
\backslash
-maketag@@@{|#1|}}
+maketag@@@{|#1|}} }
\series default
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-This macro is already declared in the LaTeX-preamble for testing.
- To activate it, remove the percent sign at the beginning.
+This macro is already declared in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble for testing.
+ To activate it,
+ remove the percent signs at the beginning.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To use other characters, the vertical bars besides the
+To use other characters,
+ the vertical bars besides the
\series bold
#1
\series default
- are replaced by one ore more characters.
- To get only the formula number the vertical bars are omitted.
+ are replaced by one or more characters.
+ To display only the formula number the vertical bars are omitted.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-When there should be an expression of your choice instead of the consecutive
- formula number in parentheses behind the formula, the command
+When there should be an expression of your choice instead of the consecutive formula number in parentheses behind the formula,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! T !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
tag
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
is used:
something
\series default
- is inserted instead, the star prevents the parentheses around the expression:
+ is inserted instead,
+ the parentheses are removed:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
A+B=C\tag*{something}
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-To restart the formula numbering with new document parts or sections, the
- following command is used:
+To restart the formula numbering with new document parts or sections,
+ the following command is used:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
@
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-"
\end_layout
\end_inset
- !
-\backslash
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-"
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
+\backslash
-@
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-addtoreset
+@addtoreset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To be able to use these commands in TeX-mode, the
+To be able to use these commands in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode,
+ the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- for LaTeX using the command
+ for \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ using the command
\series bold
\backslash
\backslash
makeatother
\series default
- reverts this.
- So the command sequence in TeX-mode is:
+ disables this.
+ So the command sequence in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode is:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In the LaTeX-preamble
+In the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble
\series bold
\backslash
\backslash
makeatother
\series default
- can be omitted as they are automatically internally inserted by LyX.
+ can be omitted as they are automatically internally inserted by \SpecialChar LyX
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
@addtoreset
\series default
-, the file
+,
+ the file
\series bold
remreset.sty
\series default
\series bold
remreset
\series default
- is part of the LaTeX-package
+ is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
carlisle
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! carlisle
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+carlisle
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
- that is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
+ that is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! remreset
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+remreset
\end_layout
\end_inset
- has to be loaded in the LaTeX-preamble with the line
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ has to be loaded in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble with the line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
@
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-"
\end_layout
\end_inset
- !
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
\begin_inset ERT
\end_inset
-@
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-"
+@removefromreset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-removefromreset
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! N !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+N
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
numberwithin
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, which is used with the following scheme:
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+ which is used with the following scheme:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Counter denotes what kind of numbering is affected, sectioning denotes what
- number is before the dot.
+Counter denotes what kind of numbering is affected,
+ sectioning denotes what the number before the dot is.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Thus in our case the following LaTeX-preamble or TeX code line is used:
+Thus in our case the following \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ preamble or \SpecialChar TeX
+ code line is used:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
-tables so that the number of the part is the sectioning,
+ tables so that the number of the part is the sectioning,
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To go back to the standard numbering or to prevent this kind of numbering
- when it is defined by the document class, the following command is inserted
- as TeX code or to the LaTeX-preamble:
+To go back to the standard numbering or to prevent this kind of numbering when it is defined by the document class,
+ the following command is inserted as \SpecialChar TeX
+ code or to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ preamble:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
arabic{equation}}
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
arabic
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\series default
\begin_inset ERT
\backslash
numberwithin
\series default
- uses internally the command
+ internally uses the command
\series bold
\backslash
@addtoreset
\series default
-, described above, that also needs to be reverted.
+,
+ described above,
+ and would also need to be reverted.
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Numbering with Roman Numbers and Letters
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula numbering ! with letters
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula numbering ! with Roman numbers
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Formulas can also be numbered with Roman numbers and Latin letters.
- To number for example with small Roman numbers, the command
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-roman{equation}}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-is inserted before the formula in TeX-mode.
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
-\backslash
-renewcommand
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- redefines the predefined command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-theequation
-\series default
- to the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-roman{equation}
-\series default
-.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand
-\series default
- has the same scheme like the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-newcommand
-\series default
- that is described in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:The-Command-newcommand"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series bold
-equation
-\series default
- is the formula counter.
- When the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-the
-\series default
- is used as prefix for a counter, the value of the counter is output as
- Arabic number.
- When a formula is numbered, LaTeX sets internally the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-theequation
-\series default
- behind the formula.
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-roman{equation}
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
-\backslash
-roman
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series default
- outputs the counter as small Roman number.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-All formulas behind the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-renew
-\series default
-c
-\series bold
-ommand
-\series default
- are now numbered Roman.
- To switch to numbering with big Roman numbers, the command is inserted
- again, but
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-roman
-\series default
- is replaced by
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-Roman
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
-\backslash
-roman@
-\backslash
-Roman
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- To
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-number
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- with small Latin letters there is the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-alph
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
-\backslash
-alph
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+Chemical Symbols and Equations
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Chemical-Symbols-and"
\end_inset
-, for big ones there is the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-Alph
-\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
-\backslash
-alph@
-\backslash
-Alph
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+Chemical characters
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-\color none
-Note:
-\series default
- Only maximal 26
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-formulas can be numbered with Latin letters in one document.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-roman{equation}}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{equation}
-A=\textrm{small roman}
-\end{equation}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-Roman{equation}}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{equation}
-B=\textrm{big Roman}\label{eq:Rom}
-\end{equation}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-alph{equation}}
+Symbols
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{equation}
-C=\textrm{small Latin}
-\end{equation}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-Alph{equation}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{equation}
-D=\textrm{big Latin}\label{eq:Lat}
-\end{equation}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To switch back to the default numbering, insert the command:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-arabic{equation}}
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
-\backslash
-arabic
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-arabic{equation}}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula
-\begin{equation}
-E=\textrm{Arabic}
-\end{equation}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
-
-As you see, formulas are numbered serially independent from the numbering
- style.
- When then numbering should start with
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-1
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- when the style is changed, new equation counters have to be defined.
- A description about this can be found in the file
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-name "Formula-numbering.lyx"
-target "run:Formula-numbering.lyx"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Newpage newpage
-\end_inset
-
-
+Chemical equations
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Chemical Symbols and Equations
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and"
-
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Chemical characters ! Symbols
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
+Symbols
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Chemical equations
+chemical
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index idx
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Symbols ! chemical
\end_layout
\end_inset
The chemical equation for this is:
\begin_inset Formula
\begin{equation}
-\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\label{eq:chem-reaction}
+\mathrm{2\,Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\label{eq:chem-reaction}
\end{equation}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-This chemical equation can directly be created as formula.
- To avoid that the symbols appear italic, everything is highlighted and
- changed by the shortcut
+Chemical equations can be created as formulas.
+ To avoid the symbols appearing in italic,
+ everything is highlighted and changed by the shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "font-roman"
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-font styles
+For font styles
\series bold
\series default
see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Styles"
+reference "subsec:Font-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-A more convenient way to typeset chemical formulas is to use the command
-
+A more convenient way to typeset chemical formulas is to use the command
\series bold
\backslash
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! C !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
ce
\end_layout
\end_inset
- that is available when the LaTeX-package
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ which is available when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
mhchem
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! mhchem
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+mhchem
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\backslash
ce
\series default
- to a formula a new blue box appears where chemical formulas can be inserted
- in an intuitive way.
+ in a formula a new blue box appears where chemical formulas can be inserted in an intuitive way.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{H2CO3}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{H2CO3}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{SO4^{2-}}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{SO4^{2-}}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{(NH4)2S}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{(NH4)2S}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{KCr(SO4)2.12H2O}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{KCr(SO4)2.12H2O}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{A-B\dbond C\tbond D}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{A-B\dbond C\tbond D}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{_{90}^{227}Th+}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{_{90}^{227}Th+}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-CO2
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-+
+\backslash
+mu
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-C
-\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
-\end_inset
-<=>
+\backslash
+hyphen
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-2CO
+Cl
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{CO2 + C <=> 2CO}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{\ensuremath{\mu\hyphen}Cl}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-->[
-\backslash
-alpha][
-\backslash
-beta]
+<=>
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-2CO}
+2CO
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{CO2 + C ->[\alpha][\beta] 2CO}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{CO2 + C <=> 2CO}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
-\color none
-Note:
-\series default
- Inserting a formula to a
-\series bold
-
\backslash
ce
-\series default
- box will lead to LaTeX errors due to a LyX bug.
-\color inherit
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+CO2
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-name "LyX-bug #8566"
-target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/8566"
++
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+C
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+->[
+\backslash
+alpha][
+\backslash
+beta]
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+2CO}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-
-\color none
- In this case TeX code has to be used like for
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-ce{$
-\backslash
-mu
-\backslash
-hyphen$Cl}
-\series default
-:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{CO2 + C ->[\alpha][\beta] 2CO}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-ce{$
-\backslash
-mu
-\backslash
-hyphen$Cl}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
-\color none
Note:
+
\series default
- It is not possible in LyX to use the character ^ to get an up-arrow as
- described in the
+ It is not possible in \SpecialChar LyX
+ to use the character ^ to get an up-arrow as described in the
\series bold
mhchem
\series default
\backslash
uparrow
\series default
-:
+:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\ce{Fe + 2H+ -> Fe^{2+} + H2\negthinspace\uparrow}$
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:chem-reaction"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To create multiline chemical equations first a multiline formula is created
- as described in
+To create multiline chemical equations first a multiline formula is created as described in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Multiline-Formulas"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:TEOS-reaction-1"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:TEOS-reaction-2"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
- are an example of a multi-stage chemical reaction where every equation
- has its own number.
+ are an example of a multi-stage chemical reaction where every equation has its own number.
\begin_inset Formula
\begin{eqnarray}
\ce{TEOS + 4O} & \ce{->} & \ce{Si(OH)4 + 4C2H4O}\label{eq:TEOS-reaction-1}\\
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! C !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
cf
\end_layout
\end_inset
- that has to be used for special cases.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ that is used for special cases.
For more information about
\series bold
\series bold
mhchem
\series default
-,
+,
+
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "mhchem"
+literal "true"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-LyX supports two types of commutative diagrams:
+\SpecialChar LyX
+ supports two types of commutative diagrams:
+
\series bold
amscd
\series default
\series bold
xymatrix
\series default
- that are explained in the following.
+ and are explained below.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Amscd Diagrams
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Diagrams ! amscd
+Diagrams
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+amscd
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Diagrams of this type visualize relations by vertical and horizontal lines
- or arrows:
+Diagrams of this type visualize relations by vertical and horizontal lines or arrows:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
\begin{CD}A@>>>B@>>>C\\
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To get them, the command
+To create them,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
CD
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! C !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
CD
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\series default
is inserted to a formula.
- A blue box appears with two dashed lines where further commands can be
- inserted.
+ A blue box appears with two dashed lines where additional commands can be inserted.
With
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
\end_inset
a new line is created.
- Horizontal relations are inserted in odd, vertical in even formula lines.
+ Horizontal relations are inserted in odd formula lines,
+ vertical in even formula lines.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To create the relations there are the following commands:
+To create the relations use the following commands:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
@<<<
\series default
- creates a left arrow,
+ creates a left arrow,
+
\series bold
@>>>
\series default
\series bold
@AAA
\series default
- creates an up arrow,
+ creates an up arrow,
+
\series bold
@VVV
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-If text inserted between the first and second < or >, resp., it is placed
- above the arrow.
- When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears under
- the arrow.
+If text inserted between the first and second < or >,
+ resp.,
+ it is placed above the arrow.
+ When it is inserted between the second and third one,
+ it appears under the arrow.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-When text for vertical arrows is inserted between the first and second A
- or V, resp., it is placed left beside the arrow.
- When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears right
- beside the arrow.
- If the text contains an A or V, these letters must be set into a TeX-brace.
+When text for vertical arrows is inserted between the first and second A or V,
+ resp.,
+ it is placed left beside the arrow.
+ When it is inserted between the second and third one,
+ it appears right beside the arrow.
+ If the text contains an A or V,
+ these letters must be set into a \SpecialChar TeX
+ brace.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_layout Subsection
Xymatrix Diagrams
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Diagrams ! xymatrix
+Diagrams
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+xymatrix
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To be able to use xymatrices, the LaTeX-package
+To be able to use xymatrices,
+ the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
xypic
\series default
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Matrices"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In contrary to amscd diagrams, xymatrices supports diagonal and curved arrows,
+Contrary to amscd diagrams,
+ xymatrices support diagonal and curved arrows,
and much more.
- All possibilities to create commutative diagrams and decorations are explained
- in detail in the
+ The commands used to create commutative diagrams and decorations are explained in detail in the
\emph on
XY-pic manual
\emph default
- that you find in the menu
+ found in the menu
\family sans
-Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
Specific
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\noun default
Diagrams
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Diagrams ! Feynman
+Diagrams
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Feynman
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\noun on
Feynman
\noun default
--diagrams, the LaTeX-package
+-diagrams,
+ the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
feyn
\series default
Diagram
\series default
in a formula.
- Then you are able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices,
+ Then you will be able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices,
see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Matrices"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Examples how to create
+Examples of how to create
\noun on
Feynman-
\noun default
-diagrams in LyX is given in the
+diagrams in \SpecialChar LyX
+ are given in the
\emph on
-Feynman-diagram manual
+Feynman-diagram
\emph default
- that you find in the menu
+ manual that you find in the menu
\family sans
-Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
Specific
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Newpage newpage
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
\begin_layout Section
User-defined Commands
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
+
\series default
- The names of user-defined commands and macros may only consist of Latin
- letters.
+ The names of user-defined commands and macros may only consist of Latin letters.
\end_layout
\end_inset
newcommand
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:The-Command-newcommand"
+name "subsec:The-Command-newcommand"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-User-defined commands !
+User-defined commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
newcommand
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! N !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+N
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
newcommand
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Many LaTeX-commands are too long to be used frequently.
+Many \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-commands are too long to be used frequently.
But it is possible to define with the command
\series bold
\series bold
Note:
+
\series default
- Assure that the name of the new command is not already used in your document
- or by LaTeX-packages that you use.
- When you for example define the command
+ Verify that the name of the new command is not already used in your document or by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-packages that you use.
+ If you for example define the command
\series bold
\backslash
\backslash
Leftarrow
\series default
-, you get an error message because
+,
+ you will get an error message because
\series bold
\backslash
9 and specifies how many arguments the new command should have.
With the optional value a value for an optional argument can be predefined.
- When this is done, the
+ When this is done,
+ the
\emph on
first
\emph default
\backslash
Longrightarrow
\series default
-, the LaTeX-preamble line is:
+,
+ the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line is:
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\backslash
underline
\series default
-, the argument (that should be underlined) must be taken into account.
+,
+ the argument (that should be underlined) must be taken into account.
For this the preamble line is:
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\series bold
#
\series default
- acts as argument placeholder, the
+ acts as argument placeholder,
+ the
\series bold
1
\series default
\backslash
framebox
\series default
-, see
+,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Boxes-with-Frame"
+reference "subsec:Boxes-with-Frame"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\backslash
fcolorbox
\series default
- where the color for the box need not be specified, the argument for the
- color is defined optional:
+ where the color for the box need not be specified,
+ the argument for the color is defined optional:
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\backslash
cb
\series default
-, the predefined color
+,
+ the predefined color
\series bold
white
\series default
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\us{ABcd}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\us{ABcd}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\cb{red}{\int A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}$
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Math Macros
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-User-defined commands! Math macros
+User-defined commands!
+ Math macros
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_layout Standard
User-defined commands are especially convenient for complex expressions.
- When you are for example dealing with a document that has quadratic equations,
+ For example if you are dealing with a document that has quadratic equations,
the same solution type occurs several times.
The general form of a quadratic equation is
\begin_inset Formula
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To define a command for the solution formula where only the three parameters
-
+To define a command for the solution formula where only the three parameters
\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
\end_inset
-,
+,
+
\begin_inset Formula $p$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
\end_inset
- can be given optionally, the LaTeX-preamble line is
+ can be given optionally,
+ the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line is
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To create with this the solution formula, the command
+To create with this the solution formula,
+ the command
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The definition of the new command is unintuitive because one has to know
- the schemes of all used LaTeX commands, e.
+The definition of the new command is unintuitive because one has to know the schemes of all used \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ commands,
+ e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
-that a fraction is inserted in LaTeX as
+that a fraction is inserted in \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ as
\series bold
\backslash
frac{numerator}{denominator}
\series default
.
- Furthermore one can easily forget a brace in the definition and cannot
- see in LyX what the new command is doing.
- To avoid these problems LyX offers the possibility to use math macros instead
- of the command
+ Furthermore one can easily forget a brace in the definition and cannot see in \SpecialChar LyX
+ what the new command is doing.
+ To avoid these problems \SpecialChar LyX
+ offers the possibility to use math macros instead of the command
\series bold
\backslash
\begin_layout Standard
A math macro is created by using the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Macro
\family default
or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro_newmacroname_newcommand.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro newmacroname_newcommand"
\end_inset
.
- The math macro toolbar appears together with the following box where the
- macro is defined:
+ The math macro toolbar appears together with the following box where the macro is defined:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/macrobox.png
+ scale 95
\end_inset
\backslash
-newmacroname is the default name of the macro that should be changed to
- something sensible.
+newmacroname is the default name of the macro that should be changed to something sensible.
The wanted formula is inserted in the first blue box.
An argument placeholder is inserted with the command
\series bold
\backslash
#argumentnumber
\series default
-, e.
+,
+ e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
#1
\series default
or by using the macro toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-add-param.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-add-param"
\end_inset
.
arguments are possible.
Optional arguments are created with the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-add-optional-param.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-add-optional-param"
\end_inset
.
- The first non-optional argument can be transformed to an optional one with
- the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-make-optional.png
- scale 85
-
+ The first non-optional argument can be transformed to an optional one with the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-make-optional"
\end_inset
.
- In the second blue box the appearance of the macro in LyX can be defined.
- Normally you want to see it as it is defined, so the box is kept empty.
+ In the second blue box the appearance of the macro in \SpecialChar LyX
+ can be defined.
+ Normally you want to see it as it is defined,
+ so the box is kept empty.
But when you have created a macro that needs lot of space on the screen,
you can insert in the box for example
\begin_inset Newline newline
\series bold
-qG:
+qG:
+
\backslash
#1
\series default
\series bold
,
+
\series default
\series bold
\series bold
,
+
\series default
\series bold
\backslash
-#3,
+#3,
+
\backslash
#4
\begin_inset Newline newline
\series default
-For the macro only the arguments with the macro name in front of them will
- then be displayed in LyX, leading to a better overview.
+For the macro only the arguments with the macro name in front of them will then be displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
+,
+ leading to a better overview.
The formula appears in the output as defined in the first box.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-The appearance of macros in formulas can furthermore be changed for single
- macros by setting the cursor in the macro and using the menu
+The appearance of macros in formulas can furthermore be changed for single macros by setting the cursor in the macro and using the menu
\family sans
-View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+View\SpecialChar menuseparator
(Un)fold
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To use a macro, the macro name is inserted as command to a formula, in our
- case
+To use a macro,
+ the macro name is inserted as command to a formula,
+ in our case
\series bold
\backslash
qG
\series default
.
- Our macro looks in LyX like this:
+ Our macro looks in \SpecialChar LyX
+ like this:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Graphics
filename clipart/macrouse.png
+ scale 95
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $x$
\end_inset
-,
+,
+
\begin_inset Formula $\ln(x)$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-LyX offers in the menu
+\SpecialChar LyX
+ offers in the menu
\family sans
-Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Editing\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Editing\SpecialChar menuseparator
Control
\family default
different styles to edit macros.
- To find the style that suits you the most, choose a style and set the cursor
- in a macro formula to see the difference.
+ To find the style that suits you best,
+ choose a style and set the cursor in a macro formula to see the difference.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
newcommand
\series default
- command is not placed in the LaTeX-preamble, therefore macros can only
- be used in formulas that are in the document below the macro definition
- box.
+ command is not placed in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble,
+ therefore macros can only be used in formulas that are in the document below the macro definition box.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series default
-in LyX as normal text, highlighting it completely and using then the shortcut
-
+in \SpecialChar LyX
+ as normal text,
+ highlighting it completely and using the shortcut
\family sans
Ctrl+M
\family default
-, the command will be transformed to a math macro.
+,
+ the command will be transformed to a math macro.
Using this method you need to be careful that the
\series bold
\backslash
newcommand
\series default
- command is typed correctly, otherwise you get a faulty macro leading to
- LaTeX errors.
+ command is typed correctly,
+ otherwise you get a faulty macro leading to \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ errors.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Math macros currently have the problem that further formulas in macro definition
-s are handled wrongly.
+Math macros currently have the problem that further formulas in macro definitions are handled wrong.
Therefore the example
\series bold
from
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:The-Command-newcommand"
+reference "subsec:The-Command-newcommand"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When the cursor is in a macro definition box, you will see the macro toolbar
- in LyX:
+When the cursor is in a macro definition box,
+ you will see the macro toolbar in \SpecialChar LyX
+:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Macros ! Toolbar
+Macros
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Toolbar
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
+<features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="85col%">
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-remove-param.png
- rotateOrigin center
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-remove-param"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Macro
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
Remove Last Argument
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-add-param.png
- rotateOrigin center
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-add-param"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Macro
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
Append Argument
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-make-optional.png
- rotateOrigin center
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-make-optional"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Macro
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Make First Non-Optional into
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Transform First Non-Optional to
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Macro
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-make-nonoptional.png
- rotateOrigin center
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-make-nonoptional"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Macro
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Make Last Optional into
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Transform Last Optional to
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Macro
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-remove-optional-param.png
- rotateOrigin center
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-remove-optional-param"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Macro
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
Remove Optional Argument
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-add-optional-param.png
- rotateOrigin center
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-add-optional-param"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Macro
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
Insert Optional Argument
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-remove-greedy-param.png
- rotateOrigin center
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-remove-greedy-param"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Macro
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
Remove Last Argument
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Macro
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-append-greedy-param.png
- rotateOrigin center
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-append-greedy-param"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Macro
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
Append Argument
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Macro
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
\end_layout
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param.png
- rotateOrigin center
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Macro
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
Append Optional Argument
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Macro
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
\end_layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-LyX offers the exchange between mathematical expressions written in LyX's
- math editor and external applications or user defined scripts.
+\SpecialChar LyX
+ offers the exchange between mathematical expressions written in \SpecialChar LyX
+'s math editor and external applications or user defined scripts.
Currently supported applications are
\family sans
Maple
\family default
-,
+,
+
\family sans
Mathematica
\family default
-,
+,
+
\family sans
Maxima
\family default
Octave
\family default
.
- Note that the set of supported mathematical constructs is limited only
- to very simple cases.
+ Note that the set of supported mathematical constructs is limited only to very simple cases.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Write some expression in a formula, go to the
+Write some expression in a formula,
+ go to the
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Use Computer Algebra System
\family default
menu and choose the application you have installed on the computer.
- After that the result of computation should show on the right side of the
- expression together with the
+ After that the result of computation should show on the right side of the expression together with the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $\int\left(\frac{1}{1+x^{3}}\right)dx=-\frac{\log\left(x^{2}-x+1\right)}{6}+\frac{\arctan\left(\frac{2\,x-1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)}{\sqrt{3}}+\frac{\log\left(x+1\right)}{3}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+
+\series default
+ One needs to use proper delimiter insets
+\begin_inset Formula $\left(\right)$
+\end_inset
+
+ instead of simple '(' ')' characters.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $powerseries\left(-\log\left(5-x\right),x,1\right)=\sum_{{\mathit{i}_{2}}=0}^{\infty}{\frac{4^{-{\mathit{i}_{2}}-1}\,\left(x-1\right)^{{\mathit{i}_{2}}+1}}{{\mathit{i}_{2}}+1}}-\log4$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $solve\left(x_{1}+y_{1}^{3}=y_{1}+x_{1}^{2},x_{1}\right)=\left[x_{1}=-\frac{\sqrt{4\,y_{1}^{3}-4\,y_{1}+1}-1}{2},x_{1}=\frac{\sqrt{4\,y_{1}^{3}-4\,y_{1}+1}+1}{2}\right]$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\family sans
math-extern
\family default
- LyX function (see the
+ \SpecialChar LyX
+ function (see the
\family sans
\emph on
-LyX Functions
+\SpecialChar LyX
+ Functions
\family default
\emph default
manual).
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
-command-alternatives break-paragraph;math-extern maxima
+command-alternatives paragraph-break;math-extern maxima
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Miscellaneous
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Negative Numbers
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Numbers ! negative
+Numbers
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+negative
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Negative numbers often look ugly in formulas because the minus sign before
- the number is set with the same length as the minus operator sign.
- When writing the negative number in normal text, the minus sign appears
- correctly.
+Negative numbers often look ugly in formulas because the minus sign before the number is set with the same length as the minus operator sign.
+ When writing the negative number in normal text,
+ the minus sign appears correctly.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Thus, the problem disappears when converting the minus sign to mathematical
- text.
+Thus,
+ the problem disappears when converting the minus sign to mathematical text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="right" valignment="top">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="right" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Comma as decimal Separator
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In LaTeX a comma inside a formula is used, according to the English convention,
+In \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ a comma inside a formula is used,
+ according to the English convention,
as number group separator.
So there will be space added behind all commas in formulas.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To avoid this, the comma is highlighted and changed to mathematical text
- (shortcut
+To avoid this,
+ the comma is highlighted and changed to mathematical text (shortcut
\begin_inset Info
type "shortcut"
arg "math-mode"
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To use all formula commas in the document as decimal separator, the file
-
+To use all formula commas in the document as decimal separator,
+ the file
\series bold
icomma.sty
\series default
\series bold
icomma
\series default
- is part of the LaTeX-package
+ is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
was
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! was
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-vspace{4mm}
+was
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! icomma
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+icomma
\end_layout
\end_inset
- is loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Physical Vectors
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Physical-Vectors"
+name "subsec:Physical-Vectors"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Vectors ! physical
+Vectors
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+physical
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Predefined vectors are offered by the LaTeX-package
+Predefined vectors are offered by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
braket
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! braket
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+braket
\end_layout
\end_inset
- that is loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ that is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The following table will only be displayed when the LaTeX-package
+The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
braket
\series default
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
assures that all vertical bars are set in the size of the surrounding brackets:
\begin_inset Formula
\[
-\Braket{\phi|J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}}
+\Braket{\phi|J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\,M_{J}}
\]
\end_inset
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The following will be displayed when the LaTeX-package
+The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
braket
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-You need to install the LaTeX-package
+You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
braket
\series default
\backslash
middle
\series default
-, that is described in
+,
+ that is described in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
Self-defined Fractions
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Self-defined-Fractions"
+name "subsec:Self-defined-Fractions"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Fractions ! self-defined
+Fractions
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+self-defined
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To define custom commands for fractions, the command
+To define custom commands for fractions,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! G !
-\backslash
-genfrac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+G
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-vspace{4mm}
+genfrac
\end_layout
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When no style is given, the size is adjusted to the surrounding environment
- like for the command
+When no style is given,
+ the size is adjusted to the surrounding environment like for the command
\series bold
\backslash
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When no fraction bar thickness is given, the predefined value of 0.4
+When no fraction bar thickness is given,
+ the predefined value of 0.4
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-For example, the commands
+For example,
+ the commands
\series bold
\backslash
from
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Fractions"
+reference "subsec:Fractions"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-To define a fraction where the fraction bar thickness can be given as optional
- argument, the following line is inserted to the LaTeX-preamble:
+To define a fraction where the fraction bar thickness can be given as optional argument,
+ the following line is inserted to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_inset
-As one can see, the distance of the numerator and the denominator to the
- fraction bar is round about three times the bar thickness.
+As one can see,
+ the distance of the numerator and the denominator to the fraction bar is round about three times the bar thickness.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Canceled Formulas
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! canceled
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+canceled
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The following table will only be displayed when the LaTeX-package
+The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
cancel
\series default
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The space and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- are used here as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\cancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\cancel{\int A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\bcancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\bcancel{\int A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\xcancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xcancel{\int A=B}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\cancelto{1}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}\hspace{3mm}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\cancelto{1}{\int A=B}\hspace{3mm}$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- value one can add the LaTeX-preamble line
+ value one can add the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
samesize
\series default
- which leads to the same size as for the canceled value, or
+ which leads to the same size as for the canceled value,
+ or
\series bold
Smaller
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To color the cancellation bar one adds this command as TeX code:
+To color the cancellation bar one adds this command as \SpecialChar TeX
+ code:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For further customizations, see the documentation of the package
+For further customizations,
+ see the documentation of the package
\series bold
cancel
\series default
-,
+,
+
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "cancel"
+literal "true"
\end_inset
.
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! cancel
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+cancel
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The following will be displayed when the LaTeX-package
+The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
cancel
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-You need to install the LaTeX-package
+You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
cancel
\series default
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Newpage newpage
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Formulas in Section Headings
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Formulas-in-Section"
+name "subsec:Formulas-in-Section"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! in section headings
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+in section headings
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When formulas are used in section headings, the following has to be taken
- into account:
+When formulas are used in section headings,
+ the following has to be taken into account:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! hyperref
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+hyperref
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
Properties
\family default
-, PDF-bookmarks are created for every section heading in the table of contents.
- If a section heading contains formulas, they are incorrectly displayed
- in the bookmark text, because formulas in bookmarks infringe the PDF convention
-s.
+,
+ PDF-bookmarks are created for every section heading in the table of contents.
+ If a section heading contains formulas,
+ they are incorrectly displayed in the bookmark text,
+ because formulas in bookmarks infringe the PDF conventions.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Both problems can be solved by inserting at the end of the section heading
- a short title with the menu
+Both problems can be solved by inserting at the end of the section heading a short title with the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Short
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Title
\family default
.
- Short titles are used as alternative for multiline section headings to
- keep the table of contents clearly arranged.
- Only the short title appears in the table of contents and therefore also
- in the PDF-bookmark.
+ Short titles are used as alternative for multiline section headings to keep the table of contents clearly arranged.
+ Only the short title appears in the table of contents and therefore also in the PDF-bookmark.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
hyperref
\series default
- is used, one can use the following command in TeX-mode:
+ is used,
+ one can use the following command in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
texorpdfstring{part}{alternative}
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! T !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
texorpdfstring
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Part is the part of the heading that shouldn't appear in the PDF-bookmark.
- This can be characters, formulas, footnotes, but also cross-references.
+ This can be characters,
+ formulas,
+ footnotes,
+ but also cross-references.
The alternative is used instead of the part for the bookmark.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-In the first heading a short title was used, in the second one
+In the first heading a short title was used,
+ in the second one
\series bold
\backslash
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To get the same formatting as for the other headings, the complete heading
- was set into a
+To get the same formatting as for the other headings,
+ the complete heading was set into a
\series bold
boldmath
\series default
environment
\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-see
+See
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Bold-Formulas"
+reference "subsec:Bold-Formulas"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Formulas in multi-column Text
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! in multi-column text
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+in multi-column text
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Formulas in multi-column text are often too wide to fit into a column and
- thus need to be set over the whole page width.
- This is done by using the LaTeX-package
+Formulas in multi-column text are often too wide to fit into a column and thus need to be set over the whole page width.
+ This is done by using the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
multicol
\series default
\series bold
multicol
\series default
- is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
+ is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! multicol
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multicol
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, that is loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+ that is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family default
in the menu
\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
under
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-is written in TeX-mode.
+is written in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
The column number is a number in the range of 2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-in TeX-mode.
+in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Due to the command some space is automatically added before the formula.
- To revert this, -6
+ To correct this,
+ -6
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\series bold
Indented
\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-formula styles see
+For formula styles see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\series default
- is used, -9
+ is used,
+ a -9
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
-\lang german
+\lang ngerman
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
Das Spektrum wird fouriertransformiert.
- Die Fouriertransformation wird verwendet, um die überlagerten Signale (Netzwerk
-, Lösungsmittel) zu trennen.
- Nachdem wir die Phasenverschiebung bestimmen konnten, interessiert uns
- nun das Aussehen des Ausgangssignals.
- Im Experiment haben wir es mit sehr vielen Teilchen zu tun, so dass man
- über alle Phasen integrieren muss.
+ Die Fouriertransformation wird verwendet,
+ um die überlagerten Signale (Netzwerk,
+ Lösungsmittel) zu trennen.
+ Nachdem wir die Phasenverschiebung bestimmen konnten,
+ interessiert uns nun das Aussehen des Ausgangssignals.
+ Im Experiment haben wir es mit sehr vielen Teilchen zu tun,
+ so dass man über alle Phasen integrieren muss.
Sei nun
\begin_inset Formula $S$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $P$
\end_inset
- die Phasenverteilungsfunktion, so ergibt sich die Beziehung
+ die Phasenverteilungsfunktion,
+ so ergibt sich die Beziehung
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
--rf-Puls beginnt sich die Magnetisierung zu entfokussieren, wodurch sich
- das Signal zusätzlich abschwächt.
- Diese Abschwächung verläuft exponentiell in Abhängigkeit der so genannten
-
+-rf-Puls beginnt sich die Magnetisierung zu entfokussieren,
+ wodurch sich das Signal zusätzlich abschwächt.
+ Diese Abschwächung verläuft exponentiell in Abhängigkeit der so genannten
\begin_inset Formula $T_{2}$
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
-\lang german
+\lang ngerman
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Subsection
Formulas with Description of Variables
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! with description of variables
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+with description of variables
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To describe variables within a formula, like in formula
+To describe variables within a formula,
+ like in formula
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:within"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
-, a 2
+,
+ a 2
\series bold
×
\series default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-matrices see
+For matrices see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Matrices"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
- To set the description in a smaller size, before the matrix e.
+ To set the description in a smaller size,
+ before the matrix e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-font sizes see
+For font sizes see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Sizes"
+reference "subsec:Font-Sizes"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-formula styles see
+For formula styles see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\series default
- is used, a
+ is used,
+ a
\series bold
\backslash
\series bold
Indented
\series default
-, see
+,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Variable-Space"
+reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
- is inserted before and after the matrix to have the same separation of
- the matrix from the equation and the side margin.
+ is inserted before and after the matrix to have the same separation of the matrix from the equation and the side margin.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Centered
\series default
- is used, the method described in
+ is used,
+ the method described in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Flalign-Environment"
+reference "subsec:Flalign-Environment"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:within"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
consists of five columns where in the first two columns contain the equation,
- the third the matrix and the last one an empty TeX-brace.
+ the third the matrix and the last one an empty \SpecialChar TeX
+ brace.
\begin_inset Formula
\begin{flalign}
\hspace{30pt}F_{A} & =\rho·V·g & \footnotesize\begin{array}{ll}
Upright small Greek Letters
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Upright-small-Greek"
+name "subsec:Upright-small-Greek"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Greek letters ! upright
+Greek letters
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+upright
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
Most of the math fonts only provide italic small Greek letters.
- But for symbols of elementary particles like pions and neutrinos, upright
- Greek letters are needed.
+ But for symbols of elementary particles like pions and neutrinos,
+ upright Greek letters are needed.
The file
\series bold
upgreek.sty
\series bold
upgreek
\series default
- is part of the LaTeX-package
+ is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
was
\series default
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! was
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-vspace{4mm}
+was
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! upgreek
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+upgreek
\end_layout
\end_inset
- that is loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ that is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The following table will only be displayed when the LaTeX-package
+The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
upgreek
\series default
\end_inset
- They are created when the command for a small Greek letter is started with
-
+ They are created when the command for a small Greek letter is started with
\series bold
up
\series default
\backslash
uptau
\series default
- creates this:
+ creates this:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\uptau$
\end_inset
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The following will be displayed when the LaTeX-package
+The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
upgreek
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-You need to install the LaTeX-package
+You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
upgreek
\series default
\begin_layout Subsection
Text Characters in Formulas
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Text-Characters-in"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Text ! in formulas
+Text
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+in formulas
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
In some cases you might want to insert text characters directly into formulas.
- When for example the centered dot · is often used in formulas like
+ For example the centered dot · is often used in formulas like
\begin_inset Formula $\nu=5·10^{5}\,\mathrm{Hz}$
\end_inset
-, one would have to insert the command
+.
+ One would have to insert the command
\series bold
\backslash
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-see
+See
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Binary-Operators"
+reference "subsec:Binary-Operators"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
- all the time, because this character is defined in all encodings as text
- character.
- But the encoding can be changed by this LaTeX-preamble line:
+ all the time,
+ because this character is defined in all encodings as a text character.
+ But the encoding can be changed by this \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
textperiodcentered
\backslash
-f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
+f\SpecialChar ligaturebreak
i}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The character encoding (menu
\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Language
\family default
) specifies what character appears when a keyboard key is pressed.
- When the key for the character '·' is pressed, internally the command
+ When the key for the character '·' is pressed,
+ internally the command
\series bold
\backslash
textperiodcentered
\series default
is used.
- But this command is not available in a formula so that you would get LaTeX-erro
-rs.
- With the changed encoding the right command is chosen automatically, depending
- on if the character was inserted into a formula or not.
+ But this command is not available in a formula so that you would get \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-errors.
+ With the changed encoding the correct command is chosen automatically,
+ depending on if the character was inserted into a formula or not.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
latin9.def
\series default
- which is in the installation folder of LaTeX.
- Encodings should only be changed via the LaTeX-preamble and not in the
- definition files.
- Otherwise documents could not be edited by other LyX users working on other
- computers.
+ which is in the installation folder of \SpecialChar LaTeX
+.
+ Encodings should only be changed via the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble and not in the definition files.
+ Otherwise documents could not be edited by other \SpecialChar LyX
+ users working on other computers.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-Besides the centered dot, in this document the degree sign ° is defined
- with the following LaTeX-preamble line so that it can be directly inserted
- into a formula:
+Besides the centered dot,
+ in this document the degree sign ° is defined with the following \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line so that it can be directly inserted into a formula:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
textdegree
\backslash
-f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
+f\SpecialChar ligaturebreak
i}
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+\SpecialChar LaTeX
+-comments in formulas
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\SpecialChar LaTeX
+-comments
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In text you can insert a comment that will only be visible in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ source code of your file with the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Note\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Comment
+\family default
+.
+ This is not possible in a formula but you can insert \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-comments with the command
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+%
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This creates a box in which you can write your comment.
+ Due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "LyX-bug #9002"
+target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/9002"
+literal "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ you cannot write normal text inside the comment,
+ even when you use mathematical text,
+ you will see its \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-commands in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-output.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+This a formula with a \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-comment:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+A=B%\text{This is the comment}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\start_of_appendix
Typographic Advice
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-This section is a summary of the most important typographic rules, listed
- in ISO norms.
+This section is a summary of the most important typographic rules,
+ listed in ISO norms.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-This collection was partly taken from the German semi-official dictionary
- called
+This collection was partly taken from the German semi-official dictionary called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "Duden"
+literal "true"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "Checklist"
+literal "true"
\end_inset
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-done with font styles, see
+Done with font styles,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Styles"
+reference "subsec:Font-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
-, no matter if they appear in italic text: 30
+,
+ no matter if they appear in italic text:
+ 30
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-Between the value and the unit is the smallest space, see
+Between the value and the unit is the smallest space,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Predefined-Space"
+reference "subsec:Predefined-Space"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
unittwo
\series default
is used.
- When it is entered to a formula, two boxes appear.
- In the first one the value is inserted, in the second one the unit, and
- one gets as above:
+ When it is entered in a formula,
+ two boxes appear.
+ In the first one the value is inserted,
+ in the second one the unit,
+ and the result is as above:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\unit[30]{km/h}$
\end_inset
\backslash
unittwo
\series default
- is not a real LaTeX command but the command
+ is not a real \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ command but the command
\series bold
\backslash
unit[value]{unit}
\series default
-, therefore you cannot use it in TeX code.
+,
+ therefore you cannot use it in \SpecialChar TeX
+ code.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-The degree sign follows directly on the value: 15°, but not when it is used
- in units: 15
+The degree sign follows the value directly:
+ 15°,
+ except when it is used in units:
+ 15
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-In numbers with more than four digits the smallest space is inserted before
- every third digit to group them:
+In numbers with more than four digits the smallest space is inserted before every third digit to group them:
+
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\series default
or via the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Special Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Special Character\SpecialChar menuseparator
Symbols
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-Functions with names consisting of several letters are set upright to avoid
- confusions, see
+Functions with names consisting of several letters are set upright to avoid confusions,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Predefined-Functions"
+reference "subsec:Predefined-Functions"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-Indices consisting of several letters, are set upright:
+Indices consisting of several letters,
+ are set upright:
+
\begin_inset Formula $E_{\mathrm{kin}}$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-Components of matrices are set italic:
+Components of matrices are set italic:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\hat{H}_{kl}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-The differentiation/integration operator 'd', the Euler's number 'e' and
- the imaginary unit 'i' should be set upright, to avoid mixing them up with
- other variables.
+The differentiation/integration operator 'd',
+ the Euler's number 'e' and the imaginary unit 'i' should be set upright,
+ to avoid mixing them up with other variables.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series default
or via the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Special Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Symbols\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Special Character\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Symbols\SpecialChar menuseparator
Letterlike
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Symbols
\family default
-:
+:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\mathscr{F}$
\end_inset
\begin_layout Section
Synonyms
\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
equivalent to
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-raisebox{-1.2mm}{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
*
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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<row>
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_inset Text
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-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
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+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\begin_inset Text
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<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2">
-<features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
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<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
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+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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</row>
<row>
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\begin_inset Text
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</cell>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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</row>
<row>
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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<row>
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projects / lyx.git / blobdiff