-#LyX 1.6.3svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
+#LyX 1.6.6svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
\lyxformat 345
\begin_document
\begin_header
% needed in sec. 19.4
\usepackage{remreset}
+% for the Fourier transformation symbol
+\usepackage{mathrsfs}
+
% center multirows (e.g. in sec. 13.3)
\renewcommand{\multirowsetup}{\centering}
\setboolean{eurosym}{true}}
{\setboolean{eurosym}{false}}
-% needed in sec. 22.4
% check for package braket
+% used for physical vectors
\newboolean{braket}
\IfFileExists{braket.sty}
{\usepackage{braket}
\setboolean{braket}{true}}
{\setboolean{braket}{false}}
-% needed in sec. 22.10
% check for package upgreek
\newboolean{upgreek}
\IfFileExists{upgreek.sty}
\family sans
-Version 2.0.x
+Version 1.6.x
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-To export this document to PDF, PS, or DVI the LaTeX-packages
+To export this document to PDF, PS or DVI the LaTeX-packages
\series bold
eurosym,
\series default
\series bold
-multirow,
+mhchem, multirow
\series default
and
\series bold
was
\series default
must be installed.
- If they are not installed you can export the document anyway but the sections
- where the packages are required won't appear in the output.
+ If
+\series bold
+eurosym,
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+multirow
+\series default
+ or
+\series bold
+was
+\series default
+ are not installed you can export the document anyway but the sections where
+ the packages are required won't appear in the output.
+ If
+\series bold
+mhchem
+\series default
+ is not installed, this file cannot be exported.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
displaystyle
+\series default
+
\begin_inset Index
status collapsed
\end_inset
-
-\series default
to a formula.
Then a new blue box appears in which the desired formula part is inserted.
\end_layout
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- that appear in the output with sub- and superscript letters: TeX, LaTeX,
+ that appear in the output with sub- and superscript letters: TeX, LaTeX
and LyX
\end_layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To edit matrices, case differentiations, and multiline formulas subsequently,
+To edit matrices, case differentiations and multiline formulas subsequently,
the menus
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\backslash
text
+\series default
+
\begin_inset Index
status collapsed
\end_inset
-
-\series default
.
The text appears black in LyX and can therefore be distinguished from the
other formula parts that appear blue.
\end_inset
can be used.
- Here an example:
+ Here is an example:
\begin_inset VSpace -3mm
\end_inset
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-More about chemical symbols is written in
+Typesetting isotopes and chemical symbols is described in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and"
Matrix
\family default
.
- You will be asked for the number of matrix columns and rows, and the alignment.
+ You will be asked for the number of matrix columns and rows and the alignment.
The vertical alignment is hereby only of importance for matrices in inline
formulas:
\end_layout
C & F & I & L\end{array}$
\end_inset
-, and the third bottom
+ and the third bottom
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[b]{cccc}
A & D & G & J\\
B & E & H & K\\
\emph on
c
\emph default
- centered, and
+ centered and
\emph on
r
\emph default
\end_inset
matrix where the first column is left aligned, the second and third are
- centered, and the last one is right aligned, one enters for the horizontal
+ centered and the last one is right aligned, one enters for the horizontal
alignment
\series bold
lccr
\backslash
bigg
\series default
-, and
+ and
\series bold
\backslash
\end_inset
-, and
+ and
\series bold
\backslash
\series bold
white
\series default
-, and
+ and
\series bold
yellow
\end_layout
\series bold
yellow
\series default
-, and
+ and
\series bold
black
\series default
\series bold
green
\series default
-, and
+ and
\series bold
blue
\series default
\end_inset
- Then the description follows as normal text, and finally
+ Then the description follows as normal text and finally
\series bold
}}
\backslash
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection*
-Advices for Integrals
+Advice for Integrals
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Newpage newpage
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
\begin_layout Subsection
Binary Operators
\begin_inset CommandInset label
\backslash
scriptsize
\series default
-, and
+ and
\series bold
\backslash
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Within a formula the size can only be changed for symbols or letters in
- mathematical text.
- To do this, the size command is inserted in mathematical text.
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Within a formula the size can be changed using the following size commands:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ is only used as spacer.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+displaystyle
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! D !
+\backslash
+displaystyle
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6.5mm}{}{\displaystyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}\raisebox{-5.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+textstyle
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{\textstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+scriptstyle
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{\scriptstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}\raisebox{-3.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+scriptscriptstyle
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{\scriptscriptstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}\raisebox{-3.5mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+After entering these commands, a blue box appears in which the formula parts
+ are inserted.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There is a further method to change the font size, that though only works
+ for symbols or letters in mathematical text.
+ To use it, one of the above text size commands is inserted in mathematical
+ text.
All following characters until the end of the mathematical text or until
another size command will have the selected size.
Two examples:
in the default size.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Section
Greek Letters
\begin_inset Index
A list with all symbols of most of the LaTeX-packages can be found in
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
-key "Symbole"
+key "Symbols"
\end_inset
\series bold
'
\series default
- , and
+ and
\series bold
^
\series default
\backslash
v
\series default
-, and accents inserted directly with the keyboard are also available in
- mathematical text.
+ and accents that are inserted directly with the keyboard are also available
+ in mathematical text.
For the other accents there are special math commands to be used in formulas,
see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
\series default
\begin_inset Index
-status open
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Commands ! A !
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-A=\textrm{small roman}\label{eq:rom}\end{equation}
+A=\textrm{small roman}\end{equation}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-C=\textrm{small Latin}\label{eq:lat}\end{equation}
+C=\textrm{small Latin}\end{equation}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-E=\textrm{Arabic}\label{eq:arab}\end{equation}
+E=\textrm{Arabic}\end{equation}
\end_inset
A description about this can be found in the file
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
-target "Formula-numbering.lyx"
+name "Formula-numbering.lyx"
+target "run:Formula-numbering.lyx"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
-User-defined Commands
+Chemical Symbols and Equations
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\begin_inset Index
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-User-defined commands
+Chemical characters ! Symbols
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Chemical equations
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- The names of user-defined commands and macros may only consist of Latin
- letters.
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Symbols ! chemical
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-The Command
-\backslash
-newcommand
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:The-Command-newcommand"
+\begin_layout Standard
+An example text from chemistry:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Quote
+The
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$
\end_inset
+-ion reacts with two
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+-ions to sodium sulfate
+\begin_inset Formula $\left(\mathrm{Na_{2}SO_{4}}\right)$
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-User-defined commands !
-\backslash
-newcommand
-\end_layout
+.
+ The chemical equation for this is:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\label{eq:chem-reaction}\end{equation}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This chemical equation can directly be created as formula.
+ To avoid that the symbols appear italic, everything is highlighted and
+ changed by the shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-roman"
+\end_inset
+
+ to the upright font style.
+\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! N !
-\backslash
-newcommand
+font styles
+\series bold
+
+\series default
+see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Font-Styles"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Many LaTeX-commands are too long to be used frequently.
- But it is possible to define with the command
+A more convenient way to typeset chemical formulas is to use the command
+
\series bold
\backslash
-newcommand
+ce
\series default
- new shorter commands.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The command scheme of
-\series bold
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! C !
\backslash
-newcommand
+ce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ that is available when the LaTeX-package
+\series bold
+mhchem
\series default
- is:
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! mhchem
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+ is installed.
+ After inserting
\series bold
\backslash
-newcommand{new command name}[number of arguments][optional
+ce
\series default
-
-\series bold
-value]
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
+ to a formula a new blue box appears where chemical formulas can be inserted
+ in an intuitive way.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\series bold
\backslash
-phantom{
+raisebox
+\series default
+ is only used as spacer.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-newcommand
+ce
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-}
+
+\backslash
+spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
-{command definition}
+H2CO3
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{H2CO3}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- Assure that the name of the new command is not already used in your document
- or by LaTeX-packages that you use.
- When you for example define the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-le
-\series default
- for
-\series bold
-\backslash
-Leftarrow
-\series default
-, you get an error message because
-\series bold
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-le
-\series default
- is already defined as command for
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\le$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+ce
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-.
+\backslash
+spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
+SO4^2-
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The number of arguments is an integer in the range 0
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
--
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{SO4^{2-}}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
\end_inset
-9 and specifies how many arguments the new command should have.
- With the optional value a value for an optional argument can be predefined.
- When this is done, the
-\emph on
-first
-\emph default
-
-\emph on
-a
-\emph default
-rgument of the new command is automatically an optional one.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here are some examples:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-To define the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-gr
-\series default
- for
-\series bold
+ce
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-Longrightarrow
-\series default
-, the LaTeX-preamble line is:
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+spce
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+(NH4)2S
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{(NH4)2S}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-gr}{
-\backslash
-Longrightarrow}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-To define the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-us
-\series default
- for
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-underline
-\series default
-, the argument (that should be underlined) must be taken into account.
- For this the preamble line is:
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
+ce
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-us}[1]{
-\backslash
-underline{#1}}
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
-
+spce
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-The character
-\series bold
-#
-\series default
- acts as argument placeholder, the
-\series bold
-1
-\series default
- behind it denotes that it is the placeholder for the first argument.
+KCr(SO4)2.12H2O
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-For
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-framebox
-\series default
- one can e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-g.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{KCr(SO4)2.12H2O}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
\end_inset
-define the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-fb
-\series default
-:
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-fb}[3]{
\backslash
-framebox#1#2{$#3$}}
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
-
+ce
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The two Dollar signs creates the extra formula needed for
-\series bold
\backslash
-framebox
-\series default
-, see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Boxes-with-Frame"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
+spce
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-To create a new command for
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-fcolorbox
-\series default
- where the color for the box needn't to be specified, the argument for the
- color is defined optional:
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+A-B
+\backslash
+dbond
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-cb}[3][white]{
-\backslash
-fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}}
-\series default
+spce
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+C
+\backslash
+tbond
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-When the color is not specified when using
-\series bold
\backslash
-cb
-\series default
-, the predefined color
-\series bold
-white
-\series default
- will be used.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-A test of the new defined commands:
+spce
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+D
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{A-B\dbond C\tbond D}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-A
+
\backslash
-gr
+ce
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-B
+^227
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+_90
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+Th+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\gr B$
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{_{90}^{227}Th+}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-us{ABcd
+ce
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+CO2
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\us{ABcd}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
++
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-fb{[2cm]
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+spce
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+C
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\backslash
-{
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-{
-\backslash
-int
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+<=>
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-A=B
+2CO
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\ce{CO2 + C <=> 2CO}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-cb{red
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\backslash
-{
-\backslash
-int
+ce
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-A=B
+CO2
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
++
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+C
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-cb[green]
-\backslash
-{red
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
+spce
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+->[
\backslash
-{
+alpha][
\backslash
-int
+beta]
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-A=B
+2CO}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ce{CO2 + C ->[\alpha][\beta] 2CO}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Math Macros
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-User-defined commands! Math macros
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ Inserting a formula to a
+\series bold
+\backslash
+ce
+\series default
+ box will lead to LaTeX errors.
+ In this case TeX code has to be used like for
+\series bold
-\begin_inset Index
+\backslash
+ce{$
+\backslash
+mu
+\backslash
+hyphen$Cl}
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Macros
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+ce{$
+\backslash
+mu
+\backslash
+hyphen$Cl}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-User-defined commands are especially convenient for complex expressions.
- When you are for example dealing in a document with quadratic equations,
- the same solution type occurs several times.
- The general form of a quadratic equation is
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-0=\lambda^{2}+p\lambda+q\]
-
\end_inset
-The general form of the solution is
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\lambda_{1,2}=-\frac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{p²}{4}-q}\]
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To define a command for the solution formula where only the three parameters
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
-\end_inset
+Using
+\series bold
-,
-\begin_inset Formula $p$
+\backslash
+ce
+\series default
+ the command for equation
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-, and
-\begin_inset Formula $q$
-\end_inset
- need to be specified and the index of
-\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:chem-reaction"
+
\end_inset
- can be given optionally, the LaTeX-preamble line is
+ is:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-qG}[4][1,
-\backslash
-,2]{#2_{#1}=-
-\backslash
-frac{#3}{2}
+
\backslash
-pm
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
+ce
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\backslash
-hphantom{
+spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\backslash
-newcommand
+2Na+
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-}
+
+\backslash
+spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
++
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-sqrt{
-\backslash
-frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}}
+spce
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To create with this the solution formula, the command
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+SO4^2-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
\backslash
-qG{
-\backslash
-lambda
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+spce
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-\backslash
-{p
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-{q
-\series default
- is inserted to a formula
-\series bold
-.
+spce
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The definition of the new command is unintuitive because one has to know
- the schemes of all used LaTeX commands, e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-g.
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
+->
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-that a fraction is inserted in LaTeX as
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-frac{numerator}{denominator}
-\series default
-.
- Furthermore one can easily forget a brace in the definition and cannot
- see in LyX what the new command is doing.
- To avoid these problems LyX offers the possibility to use math macros instead
- of the command
-\series bold
\backslash
-newcommand
-\series default
-.
+spce
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-A math macro is created by using the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Macro
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro_newmacroname_newcommand.png
- scale 85
-
\end_inset
-.
- The math macro toolbar appears together with the following box where the
- macro is defined:
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
+Na2SO4
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+To create multiline chemical equations first a multiline formula is created
+ as described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Multiline-Formulas"
-\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
\end_inset
+.
+ Afterwards the command
+\series bold
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename clipart/macrobox.png
+\backslash
+ce
+\series default
+ is used in every small blue box of the formula.
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:TEOS-reaction-1"
\end_inset
+ and
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:TEOS-reaction-2"
-\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
\end_inset
+ are an example of a multi-stage chemical reaction where every equation
+ has its own number.
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
+\ce{TEOS + 4O} & \ce{->} & \ce{Si(OH)4 + 4C2H4O}\label{eq:TEOS-reaction-1}\\
+\ce{Si(OH)4} & \ce{->} & \ce{SiO2 + 2H2O}\label{eq:TEOS-reaction-2}\end{eqnarray}
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\begin_inset FormulaMacro
-\newcommand{\qG}[4][1,\,2]{#2_{#1}=-\frac{#3}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}}
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Besides
+\series bold
\backslash
-newmacroname is the default name of the macro that should be changed to
- something sensible.
- The wanted formula is inserted in the first blue box.
- An argument placeholder is inserted with the command
+ce
+\series default
+ the
+\series bold
+mhchem
+\series default
+ package provides the command
\series bold
\backslash
-#argumentnumber
+cf
\series default
-, e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-g
-\begin_inset space \space{}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\series bold
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! C !
\backslash
-#1
-\series default
- or by using the macro toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-add-param.png
- scale 85
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- Argument placeholders are displayed red.
- Maximum 9 arguments are possible.
- Optional arguments are created with the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-add-optional-param.png
- scale 85
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- The first non-optional argument can be transformed to an optional one with
- the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-make-optional.png
- scale 85
-
-\end_inset
+cf
+\end_layout
-.
- In the second blue box the appearance of the macro in LyX can be defined.
- Normally you want to see it as it is defined, so the box is kept empty.
- But when you have created a macro that needs lot of space on the screen,
- you can insert in the box for example
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-
-\series bold
-qG:
-\backslash
-#1
-\series default
-
-\series bold
-,
-\series default
-
+ that has to be used for special cases.
+ For more information about
\series bold
\backslash
-#2
+cf
\series default
-
+ and more examples have a look at the documentation of
\series bold
-,
+mhchem
\series default
-
-\series bold
+,
+\begin_inset CommandInset citation
+LatexCommand cite
+key "mhchem"
-\backslash
-#3,
-\backslash
-#4
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+.
+\end_layout
-\series default
-For the macro only the arguments with the macro name in front of them will
- then be displayed in LyX, leading to a better overview.
- The formula appears in the output as defined in the first box.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
-The appearance of macros in formulas can furthermore be changed for single
- macros by setting the cursor in the macro and using the menu
-\family sans
-View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-(Un)fold
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-Math
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-Macro
-\family default
-.
+\begin_layout Section
+Diagrams
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To use a macro, the macro name is inserted as command to a formula, in our
- case
+LyX supports two types of commutative diagrams:
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-qG
+amscd
\series default
-.
- Our macro looks in LyX like this:
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename clipart/macrouse.png
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
-\end_inset
-
+ and
+\series bold
+xymatrix
+\series default
+ that are explained in the following.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Amscd Diagrams
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
-Here is our macro example with the arguments
-\begin_inset Formula $x$
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Diagrams ! amscd
+\end_layout
-,
-\begin_inset Formula $\ln(x)$
\end_inset
-, and
-\begin_inset Formula $B$
-\end_inset
-:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+Diagrams of this type visualize relations by vertical and horizontal lines
+ or arrows:
\begin_inset Formula \[
-\qG x{\ln(x)}B\]
+\begin{CD}A@>>>B@>>>C\\
+@AAA@.@VVV\\
+F@<<<E@<<<D\end{CD}\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-A math macro is transformed internally to a
+To get them, the command
\series bold
\backslash
-newcommand
-\series default
- command when exporting the document.
- The created
-\series bold
+CD
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! C !
\backslash
-newcommand
-\series default
- command is not placed in the LaTeX-preamble, therefore macros can only
- be used in formulas that are in the document below the macro definition
- box.
+CD
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Math macros can also be directly be created from a
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-newcommand
-\series default
- command.
- When writing for example the command
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
-
-
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-larrow}[2]{
-\backslash
-xleftarrow[#2]{#1}}
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series default
-in LyX as normal text, highlighting it completely and using then the shortcut
-
-\family sans
-Ctrl+M
-\family default
-, the command will be transformed to a math macro.
- Using this method you need to be careful that the
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-newcommand
-\series default
- command is typed correctly, otherwise you get a faulty macro leading to
- LaTeX errors.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Math macros currently yet have the problem that further formulas in macro
- definitions are handled wrongly.
- Therefore the example
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-fb
-\series default
- from
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:The-Command-newcommand"
-
+ is inserted to a formula.
+ A blue box appears with two dashed lines where further commands can be
+ inserted.
+ With
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset
- cannot be created as macro.
+ a new line is created.
+ Horizontal relations are inserted in odd, vertical in even formula lines.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When the cursor is in a macro definition box, you will see the macro toolbar
- in LyX:
+To create the relations there are the following commands:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace defskip
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\series bold
+@<<<
+\series default
+ creates a left arrow,
+\series bold
+@>>>
+\series default
+ a right arrow and
+\series bold
+@=
+\series default
+ a long equal sign
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename clipart/MacroToolbar.png
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Itemize
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Macros ! Toolbar
+\series bold
+@AAA
+\series default
+ creates an up arrow,
+\series bold
+@VVV
+\series default
+ an down arrow and
+\series bold
+@|
+\series default
+ a vertical equal sign
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\series bold
+@.
+\series default
+ is a placeholder for non-existent relations
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace defskip
-\end_inset
-
+All arrows can be labeled as follows:
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Is text inserted between the first and second < or >, resp., it is placed
+ above the arrow.
+ When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears under
+ the arrow.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The macro toolbar contains from left to right the following buttons:
+\begin_layout Itemize
+When text for vertical arrows is inserted between the first and second A
+ or V, resp., it is placed left beside the arrow.
+ When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears right
+ beside the arrow.
+ If the text contains an A or V, these letters must be set into a TeX-brace.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace defskip
-\end_inset
-
-
+As example a diagram with all possible relations:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
-<features islongtable="true">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="85col%">
-<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-remove-param.png
- BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
- rotateOrigin center
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\begin{CD}A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F\\
+@AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\
+D@<<j<E@>k>>F@=C\end{CD}\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command for this is:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Macro
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Remove Last Argument
-\end_layout
+\series bold
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+CD
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-add-param.png
- BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
- rotateOrigin center
-
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Macro
-\begin_inset space ~
+A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl+Return
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Append Argument
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-make-optional.png
- BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
- rotateOrigin center
-
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+hphantom{
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Macro
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Make First Non-Optional into
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+CD
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\backslash
-hphantom{
+spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Macro
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-Optional Argument
-\end_layout
+@AmAA@.@VV
+\backslash
+{V
+\series default
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-make-nonoptional.png
- BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
- rotateOrigin center
+\series bold
+V@| Ctrl+Return
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Macro
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Make Last Optional into
-\begin_inset Newline newline
+\backslash
+hphantom{
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+\backslash
+CD
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\backslash
-hphantom{
+spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Macro
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-Non-Optional Argument
+D@<<j<E@>k>>F@=C
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Xymatrix Diagrams
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-remove-optional-param.png
- BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
- rotateOrigin center
+Diagrams ! xymatrix
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+To be able to use xymatrices, the LaTeX-package
+\series bold
+xypic
+\series default
+ must be installed.
+ A xymatrix is created by inserting the command
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+xymatrix
+\series default
+ in a formula.
+ Then you are able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices,
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Matrices"
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Macro
-\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Remove Optional Argument
+.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-add-optional-param.png
- BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
- rotateOrigin center
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+In contrary to amscd diagrams, xymatrices supports diagonal and curved arrows,
+ and much more.
+ All possibilities to create commutative diagrams and decorations are explained
+ in detail in the
+\emph on
+XY-pic manual
+\emph default
+ that you find in the menu
+\family sans
+Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Specific
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
+Manuals\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+XY-pic
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+Manual
+\family default
+.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Section
+User-defined Commands
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+User-defined commands
+\end_layout
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Macro
-\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Insert Optional Argument
+
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-remove-greedy-param.png
- BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
- rotateOrigin center
-
-\end_inset
-
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ The names of user-defined commands and macros may only consist of Latin
+ letters.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Macro
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+The Command
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:The-Command-newcommand"
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Remove Last Argument
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
+User-defined commands !
\backslash
-hphantom{
+newcommand
\end_layout
\end_inset
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Macro
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
+Commands ! N !
+\backslash
+newcommand
\end_layout
\end_inset
-Spitting Out To The Right
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-append-greedy-param.png
- BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
- rotateOrigin center
+\begin_layout Standard
+Many LaTeX-commands are too long to be used frequently.
+ But it is possible to define with the command
+\series bold
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+ new shorter commands.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command scheme of
+\series bold
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+ is:
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_layout Standard
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Macro
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
+\series bold
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Append Argument
+\backslash
+newcommand{new command name}[number of arguments][optional
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+value]
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\backslash
-hphantom{
+phantom{
\end_layout
\end_inset
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Macro
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+\backslash
+newcommand
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-Eating From The Right
+{command definition}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param.png
- BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
- rotateOrigin center
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ Assure that the name of the new command is not already used in your document
+ or by LaTeX-packages that you use.
+ When you for example define the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+le
+\series default
+ for
+\series bold
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+Leftarrow
+\series default
+, you get an error message because
+\series bold
+\backslash
+le
+\series default
+ is already defined as command for
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Macro
-\begin_inset space ~
+\begin_inset Formula $\le$
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Append Optional Argument
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+.
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-hphantom{
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The number of arguments is an integer in the range 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Macro
-\begin_inset space ~
+-
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
+9 and specifies how many arguments the new command should have.
+ With the optional value a value for an optional argument can be predefined.
+ When this is done, the
+\emph on
+first
+\emph default
+
+\emph on
+a
+\emph default
+rgument of the new command is automatically an optional one.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-
-Eating From The Right
+\begin_layout Standard
+Here are some examples:
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\begin_layout Itemize
+To define the command
+\series bold
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+gr
+\series default
+ for
+\series bold
+\backslash
+Longrightarrow
+\series default
+, the LaTeX-preamble line is:
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Section
-Diagrams
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+gr}{
+\backslash
+Longrightarrow}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-LyX supports two types of commutative diagrams:
+\begin_layout Itemize
+To define the command
\series bold
-amscd
+
+\backslash
+us
\series default
- and
+ for
\series bold
-xymatrix
-\series default
- that are explained in the following.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Amscd Diagrams
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Diagrams ! amscd
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+underline
+\series default
+, the argument (that should be underlined) must be taken into account.
+ For this the preamble line is:
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-Diagrams of this type visualize relations by vertical and horizontal lines
- or arrows:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\begin{CD}A@>>>B@>>>C\\
-@AAA@.@VVV\\
-F@<<<E@<<<D\end{CD}\]
-
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To get them, the command
\series bold
\backslash
-CD
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! C !
+newcommand{
\backslash
-CD
-\end_layout
+us}[1]{
+\backslash
+underline{#1}}
+\series default
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-\series default
- is inserted to a formula.
- A blue box appears with two dashed lines where further commands can be
- inserted.
- With
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "newline-insert newline"
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
- a new line is created.
- Horizontal relations are inserted in odd, vertical in even formula lines.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To create the relations there are the following commands:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\series bold
-@<<<
-\series default
- creates a left arrow,
+The character
\series bold
-@>>>
+#
\series default
- a right arrow, and
+ acts as argument placeholder, the
\series bold
-@=
+1
\series default
- a long equal sign
+ behind it denotes that it is the placeholder for the first argument.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-
-\series bold
-@AAA
-\series default
- creates an up arrow,
-\series bold
-@VVV
-\series default
- an down arrow, and
+For
\series bold
-@|
+
+\backslash
+framebox
\series default
- a vertical equal sign
-\end_layout
+ one can e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Itemize
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+define the command
\series bold
-@.
+\backslash
+fb
\series default
- is a placeholder for non-existent relations
-\end_layout
+:
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-All arrows can be labeled as follows:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-Is text inserted between the first and second < or >, resp., it is placed
- above the arrow.
- When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears under
- the arrow.
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Itemize
-When text for vertical arrows is inserted between the first and second A
- or V, resp., it is placed left beside the arrow.
- When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears right
- beside the arrow.
- If the text contains an A or V, these letters must be set into a TeX-brace.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-As example a diagram with all possible relations:
-\end_layout
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\begin{CD}A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F\\
-@AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\
-D@<<j<E@>k>>F@=C\end{CD}\]
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+fb}[3]{
+\backslash
+framebox#1#2{$#3$}}
+\series default
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The command for this is:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-
+The two Dollar signs creates the extra formula needed for
\series bold
\backslash
-CD
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+framebox
+\series default
+, see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Boxes-with-Frame"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
+.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+To create a new command for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\series default
+ where the color for the box needn't to be specified, the argument for the
+ color is defined optional:
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl+Return
+
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+cb}[3][white]{
+\backslash
+fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}}
+\series default
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-hphantom{
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+When the color is not specified when using
+\series bold
\backslash
-CD
+cb
+\series default
+, the predefined color
+\series bold
+white
+\series default
+ will be used.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A test of the new defined commands:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ is only used as spacer.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\backslash
+gr
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\gr B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+us{ABcd
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\us{ABcd}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+fb{[2cm]
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+cb{red
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+cb[green]
+\backslash
+{red
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+int
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Math Macros
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+User-defined commands! Math macros
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Macros
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+User-defined commands are especially convenient for complex expressions.
+ When you are for example dealing in a document with quadratic equations,
+ the same solution type occurs several times.
+ The general form of a quadratic equation is
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+0=\lambda^{2}+p\lambda+q\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+The general form of the solution is
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\lambda_{1,2}=-\frac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{p²}{4}-q}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To define a command for the solution formula where only the three parameters
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset Formula $p$
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset Formula $q$
+\end_inset
+
+ need to be specified and the index of
+\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
+\end_inset
+
+ can be given optionally, the LaTeX-preamble line is
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+qG}[4][1,
+\backslash
+,2]{#2_{#1}=-
+\backslash
+frac{#3}{2}
+\backslash
+pm
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+hphantom{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+sqrt{
+\backslash
+frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To create with this the solution formula, the command
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+qG{
+\backslash
+lambda
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{p
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{q
+\series default
+ is inserted to a formula
+\series bold
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The definition of the new command is unintuitive because one has to know
+ the schemes of all used LaTeX commands, e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+
+that a fraction is inserted in LaTeX as
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+frac{numerator}{denominator}
+\series default
+.
+ Furthermore one can easily forget a brace in the definition and cannot
+ see in LyX what the new command is doing.
+ To avoid these problems LyX offers the possibility to use math macros instead
+ of the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A math macro is created by using the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Macro
+\family default
+ or the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math-macro_newmacroname_newcommand.png
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The math macro toolbar appears together with the following box where the
+ macro is defined:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/macrobox.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset FormulaMacro
+\newcommand{\qG}[4][1,\,2]{#2_{#1}=-\frac{#3}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+newmacroname is the default name of the macro that should be changed to
+ something sensible.
+ The wanted formula is inserted in the first blue box.
+ An argument placeholder is inserted with the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+#argumentnumber
+\series default
+, e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+#1
+\series default
+ or by using the macro toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math-macro-add-param.png
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Argument placeholders are displayed red.
+ Maximum 9 arguments are possible.
+ Optional arguments are created with the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math-macro-add-optional-param.png
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The first non-optional argument can be transformed to an optional one with
+ the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math-macro-make-optional.png
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ In the second blue box the appearance of the macro in LyX can be defined.
+ Normally you want to see it as it is defined, so the box is kept empty.
+ But when you have created a macro that needs lot of space on the screen,
+ you can insert in the box for example
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+qG:
+\backslash
+#1
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+,
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+#2
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+,
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+#3,
+\backslash
+#4
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+For the macro only the arguments with the macro name in front of them will
+ then be displayed in LyX, leading to a better overview.
+ The formula appears in the output as defined in the first box.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+The appearance of macros in formulas can furthermore be changed for single
+ macros by setting the cursor in the macro and using the menu
+\family sans
+View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+(Un)fold
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Macro
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To use a macro, the macro name is inserted as command to a formula, in our
+ case
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+qG
+\series default
+.
+ Our macro looks in LyX like this:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/macrouse.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+Here is our macro example with the arguments
+\begin_inset Formula $x$
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset Formula $\ln(x)$
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset Formula $B$
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\qG x{\ln(x)}B\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+LyX offers in the menu
+\family sans
+Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Editing\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Control
+\family default
+ different styles to edit macros.
+ To find the style that suits you the most, choose a style and set the cursor
+ in a macro formula to see the difference.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A math macro is transformed internally to a
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+ command when exporting the document.
+ The created
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+ command is not placed in the LaTeX-preamble, therefore macros can only
+ be used in formulas that are in the document below the macro definition
+ box.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Math macros can also be directly be created from a
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+ command.
+ When writing for example the command
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+larrow}[2]{
+\backslash
+xleftarrow[#2]{#1}}
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+in LyX as normal text, highlighting it completely and using then the shortcut
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+, the command will be transformed to a math macro.
+ Using this method you need to be careful that the
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+ command is typed correctly, otherwise you get a faulty macro leading to
+ LaTeX errors.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Math macros currently yet have the problem that further formulas in macro
+ definitions are handled wrongly.
+ Therefore the example
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fb
+\series default
+ from
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:The-Command-newcommand"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ cannot be created as macro.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When the cursor is in a macro definition box, you will see the macro toolbar
+ in LyX:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace defskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/MacroToolbar.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Macros ! Toolbar
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace defskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The macro toolbar contains from left to right the following buttons:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace defskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
+<features islongtable="true">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="85col%">
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math-macro-remove-param.png
+ BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
+ rotateOrigin center
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Remove Last Argument
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math-macro-add-param.png
+ BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
+ rotateOrigin center
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Append Argument
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math-macro-make-optional.png
+ BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
+ rotateOrigin center
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Make First Non-Optional into
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+hphantom{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-@AmAA@.@VV
-\backslash
-{V
-\series default
+Optional Argument
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math-macro-make-nonoptional.png
+ BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
+ rotateOrigin center
-\series bold
-V@| Ctrl+Return
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-hphantom{
-\end_layout
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Make Last Optional into
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\backslash
-CD
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\backslash
-spce
+hphantom{
\end_layout
\end_inset
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-D@<<j<E@>k>>F@=C
+Non-Optional Argument
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Xymatrix Diagrams
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Diagrams ! xymatrix
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math-macro-remove-optional-param.png
+ BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
+ rotateOrigin center
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To be able to use xymatrices, the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-xypic
-\series default
- must be installed.
- A xymatrix is created by inserting the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-xymatrix
-\series default
- in a formula.
- Then you are able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices,
- see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Matrices"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-In contrary to amscd diagrams, xymatrices supports diagonal and curved arrows,
- and much more.
- All possibilities to create commutative diagrams and decorations are explained
- in detail in the
-\emph on
-XY-pic manual
-\emph default
- that you find in the menu
\family sans
-Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Specific
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Macro
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Manuals\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-XY-pic
-\begin_inset space ~
+Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Remove Optional Argument
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Manual
-\family default
-.
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math-macro-add-optional-param.png
+ BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
+ rotateOrigin center
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Tips
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring{
+Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert Optional Argument
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Other useful math tips can be found in
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "Voss"
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math-macro-remove-greedy-param.png
+ BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
+ rotateOrigin center
\end_inset
-.
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Remove Last Argument
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
\begin_inset ERT
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-}{}
+
+\backslash
+hphantom{
\end_layout
\end_inset
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Note
+Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+
+\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
+}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-More about
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring is in section
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section"
-
\end_inset
-.
+Spitting Out To The Right
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math-macro-append-greedy-param.png
+ BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
+ rotateOrigin center
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Tips
-\end_layout
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
+Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Append Argument
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Ions|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-{
+
+\backslash
+hphantom{
\end_layout
\end_inset
-Chemical characters
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-
+Eating From The Right
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Chemical Symbols and Equations
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param.png
+ BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
+ rotateOrigin center
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Chemical characters ! Symbols
-\end_layout
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Append Optional Argument
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Chemical equations
+
+
+\backslash
+hphantom{
\end_layout
\end_inset
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Symbols ! chemical
+
+}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-An example text from chemistry:
+Eating From The Right
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Quote
-The
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
--ion reacts with two
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$
\end_inset
--ions to sodium sulfate
-\begin_inset Formula $\left(\mathrm{Na_{2}SO_{4}}\right)$
-\end_inset
-.
- The chemical equation for this is:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\]
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-This chemical equation can directly be created as formula.
- To avoid that the symbols appear italic, everything is highlighted and
- changed by the shortcut
-\begin_inset Info
-type "shortcut"
-arg "font-roman"
-\end_inset
-
- to the upright font style.
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_layout Section
+Tips
+\begin_inset Index
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-font styles
-\series bold
-
-\series default
-see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Styles"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
+Tips
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+
+\lang german
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
Das Spektrum wird fouriertransformiert.
- the Fouriertransformation wird verwendet, um the überlagerten Signale (Netzwerk
+ Die Fouriertransformation wird verwendet, um die überlagerten Signale (Netzwerk
, Lösungsmittel) zu trennen.
- Nachdem wir the Phasenverschiebung bestimmen konnten, interessiert uns
+ Nachdem wir die Phasenverschiebung bestimmen konnten, interessiert uns
nun das Aussehen des Ausgangssignals.
- Im Experiment haben wir es with sehr vielen Teilchen zu tun, so that man
+ Im Experiment haben wir es mit sehr vielen Teilchen zu tun, so dass man
über alle Phasen integrieren muss.
Sei nun
\begin_inset Formula $S$
\end_inset
- unser normiertes Ausgangssignal and
+ unser normiertes Ausgangssignal und
\begin_inset Formula $P$
\end_inset
- the Phasenverteilungsfunktion, so ergibt sich the Beziehung
+ die Phasenverteilungsfunktion, so ergibt sich die Beziehung
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_inset Formula $S_{0}$
\end_inset
- das Signal ohne Gradient ist and the Normierungsbedingung
+ das Signal ohne Gradient ist und die Normierungsbedingung
\begin_inset Formula $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\,\mathrm{d}\phi=1$
\end_inset
gilt.
- Nun dürfen wir aber nicht the Relaxationsprozess außer Acht lassen.
- Direkt nach the
+ Nun dürfen wir aber nicht den Relaxationsprozess außer Acht lassen.
+ Direkt nach dem
\begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{\pi}{2}$
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
--rf-Puls beginnt sich the Magnetisierung zu entfokussieren, wodurch sich
+-rf-Puls beginnt sich die Magnetisierung zu entfokussieren, wodurch sich
das Signal zusätzlich abschwächt.
- Diese Abschwächung verläuft exponentiell in Abhängigkeit the so genannten
+ Diese Abschwächung verläuft exponentiell in Abhängigkeit der so genannten
\begin_inset Formula $T_{2}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+
+\lang german
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\end_inset
consists of five columns whereas in the first two columns contain the equation,
- the third the matrix, and the last one an empty TeX-brace.
+ the third the matrix and the last one an empty TeX-brace.
\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign}
\hspace{30pt}F_{A} & =\rho·V·g & \footnotesize\begin{array}{ll}
\rho & \textrm{density}\\
\series bold
upgreek
\series default
- is installed.
+ is installed:
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
that lists some of the ISO rules.
+ More rules are listed in
+\begin_inset CommandInset citation
+LatexCommand cite
+key "Checklist"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-: 30
+, no matter if they appear in italic text: 30
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\end_inset
is used.
- It is available via the menu
+ It is available either via the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+times
+\series default
+ or via the menu
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Special Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Symbols
\family default
.
- With some keyboard definitions it can also be inserted directly.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-The differentiation/integration operator 'd', the Euler's number 'e', and
+The differentiation/integration operator 'd', the Euler's number 'e' and
the imaginary unit 'i' should be set upright, to avoid mixing them up with
other variables.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+The character that denotes a
+\noun on
+Fourier
+\noun default
+ transformation is inserted either by the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathscr
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{F
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands ! M !
+\backslash
+mathscr
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Special Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Symbols\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Letterlike
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Symbols
+\family default
+:
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathscr{F}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+To be able to use the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathscr
+\series default
+, the LaTeX package
+\series bold
+mathrsfs
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! mathrsfs
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ needs to be loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+usepackage{mathrsfs}
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
of LaTeX's math abilities
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Bibliography
-\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
-LatexCommand bibitem
-key "Voss"
-
-\end_inset
-
-LaTeX tips and tricks-
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-name "page"
-target "http://tug.org/TeXnik/"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
-key "Symbole"
+key "Symbols"
\end_inset
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Bibliography
+\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
+LatexCommand bibitem
+key "mhchem"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "Documentation"
+target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mhchem/mhchem.pdf"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ of the LaTeX-package
+\series bold
+mhchem
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages ! mhchem
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Bibliography
Auflage, Duden 2001
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection*
+\begin_layout Bibliography
+\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
+LatexCommand bibitem
+key "Checklist"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "Check list"
+target "http://physics.nist.gov/Document/checklist.pdf"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for reviewing manuscripts
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset CommandInset index_print
LatexCommand printindex
projects / lyx.git / blobdiff