-#LyX 1.6.0svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
-\lyxformat 340
+#LyX 2.4 created this file. For more info see https://www.lyx.org/
+\lyxformat 620
\begin_document
\begin_header
+\save_transient_properties true
+\origin /systemlyxdir/doc/
\textclass scrartcl
\begin_preamble
% DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
% the documentation team
% email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
-
-% if pdflatex is used
-\usepackage{ifpdf}
-\ifpdf
-
-% set fonts for nicer pdf view
-\IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}
- {\usepackage{lmodern}}{}
-
-\fi % end if pdflatex is used
-
-% Folgendes Problem lösen:
-% Besteht die Kapitelnummer aus zu vielen Ziffern, wird die
-% Kapitelüberschrift im Inhaltsverzeichnis direkt an oder über
-% die Kapitelnummer geschrieben.
-% Als Lösung wird mehr Platz zwischen Nummer und
-% Überschrift eingefügt.
+% solves the following problem:
+% If the dection number consits of too many numerals the section heading
+% will be printed in the TOC without a space between it and the section number.
+% As solution more space between the number and the heading is inserted:
\renewcommand{\l@subsection}{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.8em}}
\renewcommand{\l@subsubsection}{\@dottedtocline{3}{4.3em}{3.6em}}
-% To be able to enter the character ° and · directly in LyX,
-% see sec. 22.11
-\DeclareInputText{176}{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi}
-\DeclareInputText{183}{\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi}
-
% increase link area for cross-references and autoname them,
\AtBeginDocument{\renewcommand{\ref}[1]{\mbox{\autoref{#1}}}}
-\newlength{\abc}
-\settowidth{\abc}{\space}
-\addto\extrasenglish{
- \renewcommand{\equationautorefname}{\hspace{-\abc}}
- \renewcommand{\sectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}
- \renewcommand{\subsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}
- \renewcommand{\subsubsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}}
+\@ifundefined{extrasenglish}{\usepackage[english]{babel}}{}
+\@ifpackageloaded{babel}{
+ \addto\extrasenglish{%
+ \renewcommand*{\equationautorefname}[1]{}%
+ \renewcommand{\sectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}%
+ \renewcommand{\subsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}%
+ \renewcommand{\subsubsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}%
+ }
+}{}
% don't load packages twice
% see first footnote in sec. 9.3
\cleardoublepage
\pagenumbering{arabic}}
+% add 0.5 mm vertical space for table rows
+\@ifundefined{extrarowheight} {\usepackage{array}}{}
+\setlength{\extrarowheight}{0.5mm}
+
% insert additional vertical space of 1.5 mm between footnotes,
\let\myFoot\footnote
\renewcommand{\footnote}[1]{\myFoot{#1\vspace{1.5mm}}}
-% provides caption formatting
+% makes caption labels bold
\setkomafont{captionlabel}{\bfseries}
-% used in Kap. 22.4
-\usepackage{braket}
-
-% used in Kap. 22.6
-\usepackage[samesize]{cancel}
-
-% enables calculation of values,
+% enables calculation of values
\usepackage{calc}
-% for multiple table row and column cells
-\usepackage{multirow}
+% for multiple columns used in sec. 24.7
\usepackage{multicol}
% needed in sec. 19.4
\usepackage{remreset}
-% center multirows (e.g. in sec. 13.3)
-\renewcommand{\multirowsetup}{\centering}
+% for the Fourier transformation symbol
+\usepackage{mathrsfs}
% define a color, used in sec.9.3
\definecolor{darkgreen}{cmyk}{0.5, 0, 1, 0.5}
\DeclareMathOperator*{\Lozenge}{\blacklozenge}
\DeclareMathOperator{\sgn}{sgn}
-\newcommand{\spce}{\textvisiblespace}
-
% example definitions for sec. 20.1
\newcommand{\gr}{\Longrightarrow}
\newcommand{\us}[1]{\underline{#1}}
\newcommand{\fracS}[3][]{\genfrac{}{}{#1}{}{#2}{#3}}
% example macro from sec. 19.4
+%\AtBeginDocument{
%\def\tagform@#1{\maketag@@@{|#1|}}
-
-% macro from sec. 10.2
-\def\clap#1{\hbox to 0pt{\hss #1\hss}}
-\def\mathclap {\mathpalette \mathclapinternal}
-\def\mathclapinternal #1#2{\clap{$\mathsurround =0pt #1{#2}$}}
-
-% redefine the greyed out note
-\renewenvironment{lyxgreyedout}
- {\textcolor{blue}\bgroup}{\egroup}
+%}
% ------------------------------------
% used to check for needed LaTeX packages
\usepackage{ifthen}
+% check for package undertilde
+% used for the command \utilde
+\newboolean{undertilde}
+\IfFileExists{undertilde.sty}
+ {\usepackage{undertilde}
+ \setboolean{undertilde}{true}}
+ {\setboolean{undertilde}{false}}
+
% check for package eurosym
% used for the Euro symbol
\newboolean{eurosym}
\setboolean{eurosym}{true}}
{\setboolean{eurosym}{false}}
-% needed in sec. 22.4
% check for package braket
+% used for physical vectors
\newboolean{braket}
\IfFileExists{braket.sty}
{\usepackage{braket}
\setboolean{braket}{true}}
{\setboolean{braket}{false}}
-% needed in sec. 22.10
+% check for package cancel
+\newboolean{cancel}
+\IfFileExists{cancel.sty}
+ {\usepackage{cancel}
+ \setboolean{cancel}{true}}
+ {\setboolean{cancel}{false}}
+
% check for package upgreek
\newboolean{upgreek}
\IfFileExists{upgreek.sty}
\setboolean{upgreek}{true}}
{\setboolean{upgreek}{false}}
\end_preamble
-\options bibtotoc,idxtotoc,BCOR7.5mm,titlepage,tablecaptionabove
+\options bibliography=totoc,index=totoc,BCOR7.5mm,titlepage,captions=tableheading
+\use_default_options false
+\begin_modules
+subequations
+logicalmkup
+\end_modules
+\maintain_unincluded_children no
\language english
-\inputencoding auto
-\font_roman default
-\font_sans default
-\font_typewriter default
+\language_package default
+\inputencoding utf8
+\fontencoding auto
+\font_roman "lmodern" "default"
+\font_sans "lmss" "default"
+\font_typewriter "lmtt" "default"
+\font_math "auto" "auto"
\font_default_family default
+\use_non_tex_fonts false
\font_sc false
-\font_osf false
-\font_sf_scale 100
-\font_tt_scale 100
-
+\font_roman_osf false
+\font_sans_osf false
+\font_typewriter_osf false
+\font_sf_scale 100 100
+\font_tt_scale 100 100
+\use_microtype false
+\use_dash_ligatures false
\graphics default
+\default_output_format pdf2
+\output_sync 0
+\bibtex_command default
+\index_command makeindex
+\float_placement class
+\float_alignment class
\paperfontsize 12
\spacing single
\use_hyperref true
\pdf_pdfborder false
\pdf_colorlinks true
\pdf_backref false
-\pdf_pagebackref false
\pdf_pdfusetitle false
-\pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false, pdfpagelabels"
-\papersize a4paper
+\pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false"
+\papersize a4
\use_geometry false
-\use_amsmath 2
-\use_esint 1
+\use_package amsmath 2
+\use_package amssymb 2
+\use_package cancel 1
+\use_package esint 1
+\use_package mathdots 1
+\use_package mathtools 2
+\use_package mhchem 1
+\use_package stackrel 1
+\use_package stmaryrd 1
+\use_package undertilde 0
\cite_engine basic
+\cite_engine_type default
+\biblio_style plain
\use_bibtopic false
+\use_indices false
\paperorientation portrait
+\suppress_date false
+\justification true
+\use_refstyle 0
+\use_formatted_ref 0
+\use_minted 0
+\use_lineno 0
+\notefontcolor #0000ff
+\index Index
+\shortcut idx
+\color #008000
+\end_index
\secnumdepth 4
\tocdepth 3
\paragraph_separation skip
-\defskip medskip
-\quotes_language english
+\defskip halfline
+\is_math_indent 0
+\math_numbering_side default
+\quotes_style english
+\dynamic_quotes 0
\papercolumns 1
\papersides 2
\paperpagestyle plain
+\tablestyle default
\bullet 1 0 6 -1
\bullet 2 2 35 -1
\bullet 3 2 7 -1
\tracking_changes false
\output_changes false
-\author ""
-\author ""
+\change_bars false
+\postpone_fragile_content false
+\html_math_output 0
+\html_css_as_file 0
+\html_be_strict false
+\docbook_table_output 0
+\docbook_mathml_prefix 1
\end_header
\begin_body
\begin_layout Title
-LyX's detailed Math manual
+\SpecialChar LyX
+'s Detailed Math Manual
\end_layout
\begin_layout Author
-by the LyX Team
+by the \SpecialChar LyX
+ Team
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
-If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documenta
-tion mailing list:
+If you have comments or error corrections,
+ please send them to the \SpecialChar LyX
+ Documentation mailing list:
+
\family typewriter
\begin_inset CommandInset href
name "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyX's Math manual"
type "mailto:"
+literal "false"
\end_inset
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-author: Uwe Stöhr
+author:
+ Uwe Stöhr
\end_layout
\end_inset
\family sans
-Version 1.6svn
+Version 2.4.x
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-To export this document to PDF, PS, or DVI the LaTeX-packages
+To export this document to PDF,
+ PS or DVI the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-packages
\series bold
-eurosym,
-\series default
-
-\series bold
-multirow,
+braket,
+ cancel,
+ eurosym,
+ mathdots,
+ mathtools,
+ mhchem,
+ undertilde
\series default
and
\series bold
was
\series default
- must be installed.
- If they are not installed you can export the document anyway but the sections
- where the packages are required won't appear in the output.
+ should be installed.
+ If they are not installed the document can be exported anyway but the sections where the packages are required will not appear in the output.
+ An exception is
+\series bold
+mhchem
+\series default
+;
+ if it is not installed,
+ this file cannot be exported.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
-http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/DocumentationDevelopment#Math
+https://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/Manuals#Math
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Section
Introduction
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Introduction"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-This document explains LyX's math features and is furthermore a collection
- of LaTeX-commands used for mathematical characters and constructs.
- The explanations are designed for the usage of commands.
- It is therefore required that you have read the section
+This document details \SpecialChar LyX
+'s math features and the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-commands used for mathematical characters and constructs.
+ It is oriented toward the use of commands.
+ The user should read the
\family typewriter
Mathematical
\begin_inset space ~
Formulas
\family default
- of the User's Guide.
+ section of the User's Guide before proceeding.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Most of the characters and many constructs explained in this manual are
- also accessible via the menu
+Most of the characters and many constructs explained in this manual are also accessible via the menu
\family sans
Insert
\series bold
-\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+\SpecialChar menuseparator
\series default
Math
\family default
-, or the
+ or the
\family sans
math
\family default
toolbar
\family default
.
- But everybody who has to write lots of formulas will notice that it is
- much faster to use commands instead of the math toolbar.
- Therefore this manual is focused on commands but also mentions the correspondin
-g toolbar buttons when available.
+ But everybody who has to write lots of formulas will notice that it is much faster to use commands instead of the math toolbar.
+ Therefore this manual is focused on commands but also mentions the corresponding toolbar buttons when available.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-If not specially mentioned the commands are only available within formulas.
- To be able to use all commands explained in this document, the option
+Unless specially mentioned,
+ math commands are only available within formulas.
+ To be able to use all of the commands explained in this document,
+ the option
\family sans
Use AMS math package
\family default
- must be used in the document settings (menu
+ must be checked in the document settings (menu
\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\end_inset
--math when math constructs are found that are supported by LyX.
+-math when math constructs are found that are supported by \SpecialChar LyX
+.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-math commands
\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-A list with all
+A list containing all
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
-name "amsguide.ps"
-target "ftp://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/macros/amstex/doc/amsguide.ps"
+name "amsguide.pdf"
+target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/amstex/doc/amsguide.pdf"
+literal "false"
\end_inset
\family default
-, which is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
+,
+ which is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Section
General Instructions
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:General-Instructions"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To create an inline formula
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! inline
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+inline
\end_layout
\end_inset
- that is embedded into a text line, press
-\family sans
-Ctrl-m
-\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-mode.png
- scale 85
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ that is embedded in a text line,
+ use one of the shortcuts
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcuts"
+arg "math-mode"
\end_inset
+ or the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-mode"
+\end_inset
+.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
To create a display style formula
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! display style
+display style
\end_layout
\end_inset
- that will appear bigger and in an own paragraph, press
-\family sans
-Ctrl-M
-\family default
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ which will appear bigger,
+ has a different format,
+ and will be in a separate paragraph,
+ use one of these shortcuts:
+
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcuts"
+arg "math-display"
+\end_inset
+
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To change a display style formula to an inline formula, set the cursor into
- the formula and press
-\family sans
-Ctrl-M
-\family default
- or use the menu
+To change a display style formula to an inline formula,
+ place the cursor inside the formula and use the shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcuts"
+arg "math-mutate simple"
+\end_inset
+
+ or the menu
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change formula type
\family default
.
- The same way is used to change an inline formula to a display style formula.
+ Similarly you can use the shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcuts"
+arg "math-mutate equation"
+\end_inset
+
+ to change from an inline to a display style formula.
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
displaystyle
-\begin_inset Index
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! D !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
displaystyle
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
- to a formula.
- Then a new blue box appears in which the desired formula part is inserted.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ in a formula.
+ A new blue box will appear in which the desired formula part is inserted.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The
-\family sans
-math toolbar
-\family default
- can be turned on in the menu
-\family sans
-View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Toolbars
-\family default
-.
- When you click there on
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-Math
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- the toolbar will be shown permanently at the bottom; this state is visualized
- in the
\family sans
-Toolbars
+Math toolbar
\family default
- menu with a checkmark.
- When you click in this state again on
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Math
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- in the
-\family sans
-Toolbars
-\family default
- menu, the
+ visibility is controlled in the menu
\family sans
-math toolbar
-\family default
- is only shown when the cursor is within a formula; this state is visualized
- by the renaming of the menu entry from
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
+View\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Toolbars\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
- to
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-Math
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-(auto)
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-
+\family default
.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The TeX-mode
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+ Three options will be presented,
+ On,
+ Off,
+ and Automatic.
+ Selecting On will cause the toolbar to be shown permanently at the bottom of the screen.
+ Selecting Off will disable the toolbar.
+ Selecting Automatic will cause the toolbar to automatically appear when the cursor is located within a formula.
+ The active state of the toolbar is indicated by a checkmark next to the current menu selection.
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-T@TeX-mode
+The menu functionality appears to have changed,
+ I rewrote the paragraph for the current functionality
\end_layout
\end_inset
- is invoked by pressing the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/ert-insert.png
- scale 85
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
- or by using the menu
-\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Te
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_layout Standard
+\SpecialChar TeX
+ mode
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
+status open
-{}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
\end_layout
\end_inset
-X Code
-\family default
- (shortcut
-\family sans
-Ctrl-l
-\family default
-).
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
+\SpecialChar TeX
+-mode
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-In LyX there are three
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-proper names
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
+ is invoked by pressing the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "ert-insert"
\end_inset
- that appear in the output with sub- and superscript letters: TeX, LaTeX,
- and LyX
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-To avoid that these names are recognized as proper names, a TeX-brace pair
- is inserted.
-\end_layout
-
+ or by using the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+TeX Code
+\family default
+ (shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "ert-insert"
\end_inset
-
+).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To change the LaTeX-preamble
-\begin_inset Index
+To change the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-L@LaTeX-preamble
+\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, use the menu
-\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-LaT
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{}
+\SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble
\end_layout
\end_inset
-eX
+,
+ use the menu
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
+LaTeX
\family default
\family sans
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To edit matrices, case differentiations, and multiline formulas subsequently,
- the menus
+To edit matrices,
+ case differentiations and multiline formulas,
+ use the menus
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math
\family default
and
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Rows
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\end_inset
Columns,
+
\family default
or the
\family sans
table toolbar
\family default
- can be used.
- When lines and columns are swapped via the menu, the column or line where
- the cursor is in is exchanged with the column to the right or the line
- below, respectively.
- Is the cursor in the last column or row, the exchange is done with the
- column to the left or the line above.
+.
+ When lines and columns are swapped via the menu,
+ the column or line where the cursor is in is exchanged with the column to the right or the line below,
+ respectively.
+ If the cursor is in the last column or row,
+ the exchange is done with the column to the left or the line above.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
intertext
\series default
- is used, see
+ is used,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Text-in-multiline"
+reference "subsec:Text-in-multiline"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
mathematical text
\emph default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Text ! in formulas
+Text
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+in formulas
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
is used.
- This mode is invoked with the the shortcut
-\family sans
-Alt-m
-\begin_inset space ~
+ This mode is invoked with the shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-default"
\end_inset
-m
-\family default
or by the insertion of the command
\series bold
\backslash
text
-\begin_inset Index
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! T !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
text
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
.
- The text appears black in LyX and can therefore be distinguished from the
- other formula parts that appear blue.
- In the output mathematical text is set upright, in contrary to other formula
- parts.
+ The text appears black in \SpecialChar LyX
+ and can therefore be distinguished from the other formula parts which appear blue.
+ In the output,
+ mathematical text is set upright contrary to other formula parts.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Most of the LaTeX-commands for math constructs have the following scheme:
+Most \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-commands for math constructs have the following syntax:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-A command starts always with a backslash
+A command always starts with a backslash
\begin_inset Quotes gld
\end_inset
\end_inset
.
- To omit optional arguments, also omit the associated brackets.
- The braces around the required arguments are named in this document as
- TeX-braces
-\begin_inset Index
+ To omit the
+\series bold
+optional
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+argument
+\series default
+s,
+ also omit the associated brackets.
+ The braces around the
+\series bold
+required
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+arguments
+\series default
+ are referred to in this document as \SpecialChar TeX
+ braces
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-T@TeX-braces
+\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+\SpecialChar TeX
+-braces
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
- If you add in a formula a left brace to a command name, LyX creates automatical
-ly a TeX-brace.
- In all other cases TeX-braces are created in formulas with the command
-
+ If you append a left brace to a command name inside a formula,
+ \SpecialChar LyX
+ automatically creates a right \SpecialChar TeX
+ brace.
+ In all other cases standalone \SpecialChar TeX
+ braces are created in formulas with the command
\series bold
\backslash
{
\series default
.
- TeX-braces appear red in LyX, in contrary to normal braces that appear
- blue.
- In TeX-mode no command is needed to get TeX-braces.
- TeX-braces don't appear in the output.
+ Normal braces are created by typing
+\series bold
+{
+\series default
+.
+ \SpecialChar TeX
+ braces appear red in \SpecialChar LyX
+,
+ normal braces appear blue.
+ In \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode a command is not needed to get \SpecialChar TeX
+ braces.
+ \SpecialChar TeX
+ braces don't appear in the output while normal braces do.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When commands without arguments, like commands for symbols are entered in
- TeX-mode, a space character must
+When commands without arguments,
+ like commands for symbols,
+ are entered in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode,
+ a space character must
\emph on
always
\emph default
be behind the command to end it.
This space doesn't appear in the output.
- When the space should appear in the output, the space must be followed
- by a protected space in normal text.
+ When the space should appear in the output,
+ the space must be followed by a non-breaking space in normal text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-A protected space is inserted with
+A non-breaking space is inserted with
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcuts"
+arg "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
+\end_inset
+
+or with the menu selection
+\family sans
+ Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Non-Breaking Normal Space
+\family default
+ or
\family sans
-Ctrl-Space
+Ctrl+Space
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
-Syntax Explanation
+Explanation of Syntax Used in this Manual
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-The symbol
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-This visible space character can be created with the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-textvisiblespace
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! T !
-\backslash
-textvisiblespace
-\end_layout
-
+The symbol
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-, inserted in TeX-mode.
+ denotes a space character to be input by the user.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+An arrow like
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+ denotes the usage of the corresponding arrow key on the keyboard.
+ The
+\family sans
+Tab
+\family default
+ key can often be used instead of
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset space ~
+ and
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset
-denotes a space character to be input.
-\end_layout
+,
+ and
+\family sans
+Shift+Tab
+\family default
+ instead of
+\begin_inset Formula $\leftarrow$
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Itemize
-An arrow like
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+ and
+\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
\end_inset
- denotes the usage of the corresponding arrow key on the keyboard.
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
-Available units
+Available Units
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Float table
placement H
+alignment document
wide false
sideways false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
-\begin_inset Caption
+\begin_inset Caption Standard
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-in = 2,54
+in = 2.54
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Newpage newpage
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
\begin_layout Subsection
Exponents
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
and Indices
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Superscripts|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Superscripts
+\begin_inset IndexMacro see
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
Exponents
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Subscripts|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Subscripts
+\begin_inset IndexMacro see
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
Indices
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
or via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-subscript.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-subscript"
\end_inset
- , exponents with a caret
+,
+ exponents with a caret
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\end_inset
or via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math-superscript.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-superscript"
\end_inset
.
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-command
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}B^{V}$
+\begin_inset Formula $B^{V}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
B^
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}B^{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $B^{A}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-As the caret is in some languages an accent, vowels will be accentuated
- in this case and not set as exponents
+As the caret is in some languages an accent,
+ vowels will be accentuated in this case and not set as exponents
\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Depending on the used keyboard settings this can also happen for other character
-s than vowels.
+Depending on the keyboard settings used this can also happen for characters other than vowels.
\end_layout
\end_inset
.
- To get in this case exponents, press
+ To get exponents in this case,
+ press
\family sans
Space
\family default
Fractions
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Fractions"
+name "subsec:Fractions"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
frac
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! F !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+F
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
frac
\end_layout
\end_inset
- or via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/frac.png
- scale 50
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or via the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\frac"
\end_inset
.
- The font size is adjusted automatically, depending on whether the fraction
- is in an inline or display style formula.
+ The font size is adjusted automatically,
+ depending on whether the fraction is in an inline or display style formula.
With the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/frac-square.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\frac-square"
\end_inset
you can select different fraction types.
\backslash
dfrac
-\begin_inset Index
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! D !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
dfrac
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
- a fraction can be created that has in any case the size of a display style
- formula.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ a fraction can be created that always has the size of a display style formula.
With
\series bold
\backslash
tfrac
-\begin_inset Index
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! T !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
tfrac
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
the fraction appears always with the size of an inline formula.
An example:
\end_layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
frac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\frac{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\frac{A}{B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
dfrac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\dfrac{A}{B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\dfrac{A}{B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
dfrac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
e^
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\backslash
frac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
1
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{8mm}{}\dfrac{e^{\frac{1}{2}}}{3}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\dfrac{e^{\frac{1}{2}}}{3}$
\end_inset
cfrac
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! C !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
cfrac
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
can be used.
- Here an example:
+ Here is an example:
\begin_inset VSpace -3mm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{align*}
\textrm{created with \textbf{\textbackslash frac}} & & \textrm{created with \textbf{\textbackslash cfrac}}\\
-\frac{A}{B+\frac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} & & \cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\cfrac{E}{F}}{D}}\end{align*}
+\frac{A}{B+\frac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} & & \cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\cfrac{E}{F}}{D}}
+\end{align*}
\end_inset
\series bold
\backslash
-cfrac{A
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+cfrac
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+B+
\backslash
-{B+
-\backslash
-cfrac{C+
-\backslash
-cfrac{E
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+cfrac
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-
+C+
\backslash
-{F
-\begin_inset Formula $\to\to$
+cfrac
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+E
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset
+F
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-{D
+D
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
cfrac
\series default
- sets the fraction always in the size of a displayed formula, also when
- it is part of another fraction.
+ always sets the fraction size to that of a displayed formula,
+ even when it is part of another fraction.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+It is possible to specify the alignment of the numerator.
+ The command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cfracleft
+\series default
+ is used to left align it,
+ the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cfracright
+\series default
+ to right-align it.
\series bold
\backslash
cfrac
\series default
- has the following command scheme:
+ centers the numerator.
+ These fractions demonstrate the different alignments:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\cfrac[l]{A}{B+C}\,,\,\cfrac{A}{B+C}\,,\,\cfrac[r]{A}{B+C}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-cfrac[numerator position]{numerator}{denominator}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The numerator position can be
-\emph on
-l
-\emph default
- ,
-\emph on
-c
-\emph default
-, or
-\emph on
-r
-\emph default
- .
- l or r aligns the numerator to the left or right, resp.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
-with the fraction stroke.
- When
-\emph on
-c
-\emph default
- or no position is given, the numerator appears centered.
- These fractions demonstrate the different alignments:
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+\backslash
+cfracleft
+\series default
+ and
\series bold
-\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac[l]{A}{B+C}$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+cfracright
+\series default
+ are not real \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ commands but represent the command
+\series bold
-,
-\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac{A}{B+C}$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+cfrac[alignment]{numerator}{denominator}
+\series default
+ .
+ Therefore you cannot use them in \SpecialChar TeX
+ code.
+\end_layout
-,
-\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac[r]{A}{B+C}$
\end_inset
frac
\series default
:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}}
+\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For inline fractions with a sloped fraction stroke you can use the command
-
+For inline fractions with a sloped fraction stroke you can use the command
\series bold
\backslash
nicefrac
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! N !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+N
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
nicefrac
\end_layout
\end_inset
-:
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{5}{31}$
\end_inset
unitfrac
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! U !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+U
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
unitfrac
\end_layout
\end_inset
-:
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\unitfrac{5}{31}$
\end_inset
- There is furthermore the command
+ There is also the command
\series bold
\backslash
unitfracthree
\series default
- that offers to write a fraction in combination with a number:
+ which allows you to write a fraction in combination with a number:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\unitfrac[2]{1}{3}$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
-Note that
+\series default
+
\series bold
\backslash
unitfracthree
\series default
- is not a real LaTeX command but the command
+ is not a real \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ command but the command
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\backslash
unitfrac[number]{numerator}{denominator}
\series default
-, therefore you cannot use it in TeX code.
+ .
+ Therefore you cannot use it in \SpecialChar TeX
+ code.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+How to define your own fractions where the fraction stroke can be changed is explained in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Self-defined-Fractions"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-How to define own fractions where the fraction stroke can be changed, is
- explained in
+Multiline fractions are explained in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Self-defined-Fractions"
+reference "subsec:Multiline-Fractions"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Roots
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
sqrt
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
sqrt
\end_layout
\end_inset
- or the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/sqrt.png
- scale 85
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\sqrt"
\end_inset
-, all other roots with the command
+,
+ all other roots with the command
\series bold
\backslash
root
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
root
\end_layout
\end_inset
- or with the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/root.png
- scale 85
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or with the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\root"
\end_inset
.
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
sqrt
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A-B
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqrt{A-B}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{A-B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
root
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
3
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqrt[3]{A-B}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[3]{A-B}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-With certain indices the distance to the root is too small, like in this
- formula:
+With certain indices the distance to the root is too small,
+ like in this formula:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[\beta]{B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
touches the root.
- To avoid this, the commands
+ To avoid this,
+ the commands
\series bold
\backslash
leftroot
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! L !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
leftroot
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
and
uproot
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! U !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+U
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
uproot
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
are used with the following scheme:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Distance is the number of Big Points (unit bp;
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{72\, bp=1\, inch}$
+Distance is the number of Big Points (unit bp;
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{72\,bp=1\,inch}$
\end_inset
-), that the index should be moved to the left or top, resp..
+),
+ that the index should be moved to the left or up,
+ resp..
The commands are written to the index.
This way the command
\begin_inset Newline newline
\backslash
beta
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\series default
-produces a correct typeset formula:
+produces a correct typeset formula:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[\leftroot{-1}\uproot{2}\beta]{B}$
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Binomial Coefficients
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
binom
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! B !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
binom
\end_layout
\end_inset
- or with the submenu of the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/frac-square.png
- scale 85
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or with the submenu of the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\frac-square"
\end_inset
.
- Analog to fractions (
+ As with fractions (
\series bold
\backslash
frac
\series default
-) there are besides
+) in addition to
\series bold
\backslash
binom
\series default
- the commands
+ there are the commands
\series bold
\backslash
dbinom
-\begin_inset Index
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! D !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
dbinom
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
and
\series bold
tbinom
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! T !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
tbinom
\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
.
- For other brackets around binomial coeficients there are the commands
+ For other brackets around binomial coefficients there are the commands
\series bold
\backslash
brace
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! B !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
brace
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
and
brack
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! B !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
brack
\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
.
\end_layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
binom
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\binom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\binom{A}{B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
dbinom
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dbinom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\dbinom{A}{B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
tbinom
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\tbinom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\tbinom{A}{B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
brack
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}{A \brack B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula ${A \brack B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
brace
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}{A \brace B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula ${A \brace B}$
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Case Differentiations
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Case differentiations
+Case differentiations
\end_layout
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
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+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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<row>
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+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
cases
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+B>0
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-spce
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+C
\end_layout
\end_inset
-A
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
-\end_inset
-B>0
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! C !
+
\backslash
cases
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
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</row>
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-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
cases
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
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+arg "newline-insert newline"
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-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-Ctrl-Enter
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{cases}
A & \textrm{for }x>0\\
-B & \textrm{for }x=0\end{cases}$
+B & \textrm{for }x=0
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\end_inset
\backslash
cases
\series default
- or the usage of the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/cases.png
- scale 85
-
+ or pressing the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\cases"
\end_inset
you can create new lines with the shortcut
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Return
-\family default
- or the table toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png
- scale 85
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
+\end_inset
+ or the table toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature append-row"
\end_inset
.
\series default
is also available via the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cases-Environment
\family default
.
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Negations
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+\begin_inset Index idx
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status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
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+By inserting
\series bold
\backslash
not
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
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status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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+
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+
+\end_inset
+
+
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+status open
+
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+
\backslash
not
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
every character can be displayed canceled.
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
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+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
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+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
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-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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<row>
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\end_inset
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<row>
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-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The last example shows, that not all negations look good.
- Therefore there are for some negations special commands (see
+The last example shows that not all negations look good.
+ Therefore there are special commands for some negations (see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Mathematical-Symbols"
+reference "subsec:Mathematical-Symbols"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Relations"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
Placeholders
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Placeholders"
+name "subsec:Placeholders"
\end_inset
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status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
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status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Chemical characters ! Isotopes
+Chemical characters
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
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+
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-
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-
-{
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\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
g.
-\begin_inset space ~
+\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
isotopes
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-More about chemical symbols is written in
+Typesetting isotopes and chemical symbols is described in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and"
+reference "subsec:Chemical-Symbols-and"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
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<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
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+<row topspace="1.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\series bold
\backslash
-raisebox
+phantom
\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
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+P
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The shorter index is by default placed below or above the first character
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- To avoid this there is the command
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+\end_inset
-\backslash
-phantom
-\series default
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! P !
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\backslash
phantom
\end_layout
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+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
or the math toolbar button
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-can be found in the submenu of the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/space.png
- scale 85
-
+Found in the submenu of the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\space"
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/phantom.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math/phantom"
\end_inset
- that creates one or more phantom characters.
- When inserting
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-phantom
-\series default
- a small blue box appears that is superposed with two red arrows.
- The arrows indicate that the complete width and height of the box content
- will be created as placeholder.
- Phantom characters are accordingly placeholders with the size of the characters.
+ to create one or more phantom characters.
+ When inserting phantom characters a small blue box appears that is superposed with two red arrows.
+ The arrows indicate the width and height of the box to be created as a placeholder.
+ Phantom characters are placeholders with the same character size.
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<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
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-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
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<row>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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Result
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-
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-\series default
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-
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-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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^19
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-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
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_
\backslash
phantom
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
1
\end_inset
9
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
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+\end_inset
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+mathrm
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\end_inset
F
\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text
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-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{}_{\phantom{1}9}^{19}\mathrm{F}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
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\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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^235
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-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
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\end_inset
_
\backslash
phantom
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
23
\end_inset
9
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+mathrm
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
F
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{}_{\phantom{23}9}^{235}\mathrm{F}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $_{\phantom{23}9}^{235}\mathrm{F}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_inset Text
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-
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-
-\backslash
-spce
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-
+^
\backslash
phantom
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
ii
\end_inset
t
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
_MMt
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\Lambda_{MMt}^{\phantom{ii}t}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
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\end_inset
vphantom
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
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+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! V !
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+
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+V
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
vphantom
\end_layout
\end_inset
- (toolbar button
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/vphantom.png
- scale 85
+\end_inset
+ (toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math/vphantom"
\end_inset
) and
hphantom
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! H !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
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+H
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
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+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
hphantom
\end_layout
\end_inset
- (toolbar button
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/hphantom.png
- scale 85
+\end_inset
+ (toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math/hphantom"
\end_inset
).
\backslash
hphantom
\series default
- creates only space for the maximal height of the characters in the box
- but not for its width.
+ creates only space for the maximal height of the characters in the box but not for its width.
\series bold
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For example creates
+For example the command
\series bold
\backslash
vphantom
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-
-\series bold
a
\backslash
int
\series default
- space for the height of the integral sign,
+ creates space for the height of the integral sign,
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\backslash
int
\series default
- creates an integral sign, see
+ creates an integral sign,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Big-Operators"
+reference "subsec:Big-Operators"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
An example application is in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Multiline-Brackets"
+reference "subsec:Multiline-Brackets"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Placeholders can also be used for text when they are inserted via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Phantom
+\family default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a sentence.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Phantom Phantom
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is a sentence.
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Subsection
Lines
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
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+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! underlined
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+underlined
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
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-status collapsed
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-\begin_layout Plain Layout
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-raisebox
-\series default
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-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
overline
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A+B
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-spce
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+O
\end_layout
\end_inset
-A+B
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! O !
+
\backslash
overline
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\overline{A+B}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\overline{A+B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
underline
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A+B
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-spce
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+U
\end_layout
\end_inset
-A+B
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! U !
+
\backslash
underline
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\underline{A+B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\underline{A+B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
overline
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\backslash
underline
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A+B
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\overline{\underline{A+B}}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\overline{\underline{A+B}}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In the last example it doesn't matter if first
+In the last example it doesn't matter if
\series bold
\backslash
\backslash
underline
\series default
- is inserted.
+ is inserted first.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To double underline e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.
- results, one uses
+To double underline use
\series bold
\backslash
underline
\series default
- twice.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-It is possible to place up to 6 lines above or below characters.
+ twice (or as many times you want).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
rule
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
rule
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
which has the following scheme:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The optional vertical offset shifts the line upwards (or downwards, when
- the value is negative).
+The optional vertical offset shifts the line upwards (or downwards,
+ when the value is negative).
The units listed in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Available-units"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\backslash
rule
\series default
- can also be used for text when it is inserted in TeX-mode.
+ can also be used for text when a line is inserted via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Horizontal
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Line
+\family default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a sentence
+\begin_inset CommandInset line
+LatexCommand rule
+offset "0.5ex"
+width "3cm"
+height "1pt"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ with one line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Ellipses
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Ellipses"
+name "subsec:Ellipses"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
In the math toolbar in the submenu of the button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/ldots.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\ldots"
\end_inset
\end_inset
- For listings dots at the baseline are used (
+ For listings,
+ dots at the baseline are used (
\series bold
\backslash
ldots
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! L !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
ldots
\end_layout
\end_inset
-), while for operations dots are needed that are on the same height as the
- operators (
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+),
+ while for operations,
+ dots are needed that are on the same height as the operators (
\series bold
\backslash
cdots
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! C !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
cdots
\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
).
When using the command
\series bold
dots
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! D !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
dots
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, LaTeX decides on the basis of the next character what type is used.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+ \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ decides on the basis of the next character what type is used.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features>
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
A_1
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
,
\backslash
dots
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
,A_n
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
A_1
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+
\backslash
dots
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+A_n
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
A_1
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
,
\backslash
ldots
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
,A_n
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
A_1
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+
\backslash
cdots
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+A_n
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+iddots
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\iddots$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc}
A_{11} & \cdots & A_{1m}\\
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\
-A_{n1} & \cdots & A_{nm}\end{array}$
+A_{n1} & \cdots & A_{nm}
+\end{array}$
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
The ellipses available in menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+To use
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+iddots
+\series default
+,
+ the option
+\family sans
+Use mathdots package (automatically)
+\family default
+ must be set in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Options
+\family default
+.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+Using the option
+\family sans
+Use mathdots package
+\family default
+ will improve the appearance of all dots in the documents if their font style or size is not the default.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
Specially for matrices there are ellipses that span over several columns.
They are created with the command
\series bold
hdotsfor
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! H !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
hdotsfor
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, that has the following scheme:
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and have the following scheme (
+\family sans
+mathtools
+\family default
+ must be loaded
+\family sans
+always
+\family default
+ under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Options
+\family default
+ for this to work):
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
hdotsfor[2]{4}
\series default
- was inserted in the first box of the second line, to get an ellipsis with
- a dot distance twice as long as with the command
+ was inserted in the first box of the second line to get an ellipsis with a dot distance twice as long as with the command
\series bold
\backslash
dots
\series default
:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
\left(\begin{array}{cccc}
A & B & C & D\\
\hdotsfor[2]{4}\\
-q & w & e & r\end{array}\right)\]
+q & w & e & r
+\end{array}\right)
+\]
\end_inset
-Note that the matrix fields that should be spanned must be empty, otherwise
- you get LaTeX-errors.
+Note that the matrix fields that should be spanned must be empty,
+ otherwise you get \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-errors.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
dotfill
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! D !
+D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
dotfill
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
the rest of a line with dots.
- The effect of these commands is the same like with
+ The effect of these commands is the same as with
\series bold
\backslash
hfill
\series default
-, see
+,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Variable-Space"
+reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
A
\backslash
dotfill
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
B
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Analog to
+Similar to
\series bold
\backslash
hrulefill
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! H !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
hrulefill
\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
:
\end_layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To use the commands for text, they have to be inserted in TeX-mode.
+To use the commands for text,
+ they have to be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_layout Standard
Matrices can be inserted via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/dialog-show_mathmatrix.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "dialog-show mathmatrix"
\end_inset
or the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Matrix
\family default
.
- You will be asked for the number of matrix columns and rows, and the alignment.
- The vertical alignment is hereby only of importance for matrices in inline
- formulas:
+ In the matrix dialog you can specify the number of columns and rows,
+ the alignment and the decoration.
+ The vertical alignment is only of importance for matrices in inline formulas:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[t]{cccc}
A & D & G & J\\
B & E & H & K\\
-C & F & I & L\end{array}$
+C & F & I & L
+\end{array}$
\end_inset
-, the second middle
+,
+ the second middle
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{cccc}
A & D & G & J\\
B & E & H & K\\
-C & F & I & L\end{array}$
+C & F & I & L
+\end{array}$
\end_inset
-, and the third bottom
+ and the third bottom
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[b]{cccc}
A & D & G & J\\
B & E & H & K\\
-C & F & I & L\end{array}$
+C & F & I & L
+\end{array}$
\end_inset
aligned.
\emph on
l
\emph default
- denotes left aligned,
+ denotes left aligned,
+
\emph on
c
\emph default
- centered, and
+ centered and
\emph on
r
\emph default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-matrix where the first column is left aligned, the second and third are
- centered, and the last one is right aligned, one enters for the horizontal
- alignment
+matrix where the first column is left aligned,
+ the second and third are centered and the last one is right aligned,
+ one enters for the horizontal alignment
\series bold
lccr
\series default
.
- Normally are in a matrix all columns centered, therefore the default is
- for every column is a
+ Normally in a matrix all columns are centered,
+ therefore the default for every column is a
\series bold
c
\series default
\series bold
lll
\series default
- :
+ :
+
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{lll}
10000 & D & G\\
B & 10000 & H\\
-C & F & 10000\end{array}$
+C & F & 10000
+\end{array}$
\end_inset
- ,
+ ,
+
\series bold
ccc
\series default
- :
+ :
+
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc}
10000 & D & G\\
B & 10000 & H\\
-C & F & 10000\end{array}$
+C & F & 10000
+\end{array}$
\end_inset
- ,
+ ,
+
\series bold
rrr
\series default
- :
+ :
+
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{rrr}
10000 & D & G\\
B & 10000 & H\\
-C & F & 10000\end{array}$
+C & F & 10000
+\end{array}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To add or delete rows and columns subsequently, the math toolbar buttons
-
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png
- scale 85
-
+To subsequently add or delete rows and columns,
+ the math toolbar buttons
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature append-row"
\end_inset
-,
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.png
- scale 85
-
+,
+
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature delete-row"
\end_inset
-, etc.
+,
+ etc.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-, or the menu
+,
+ or the menu
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Rows & Columns
\family default
can be used.
New rows can also be created with
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Return
-\family default
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
+\end_inset
+
.
\end_layout
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-Parentheses around a matrix can can either be created with the commands
-
+
+\family sans
+Appearance
+\family default
+ can be used to add parentheses in the selected style around the matrix or to select the
+\family sans
+small
+\family default
+ style,
+ suitable for an inline matrix like this one
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigl(\begin{smallmatrix}0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
+\mathrm{i} & 0
+\end{smallmatrix}\bigr)$
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Here the parentheses have been added manually using commands
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+bigl(
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+bigr).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Alternatively,
+ parentheses can be created with the commands
\series bold
\backslash
left
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! L !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
left
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
and
right
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
right
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
(shortcut
\family sans
-Alt-m
+Alt+M
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-parenthesis
+Parenthesis
\family default
-), see
+),
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
-, or by using the following commands:
+,
+ or by using the following commands:
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
bmatrix
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
2
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
-\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\mathrm{i} & 0
+\end{array}\end{bmatrix}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
Bmatrix
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
2
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{Bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
-\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{Bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\mathrm{i} & 0
+\end{array}\end{Bmatrix}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
pmatrix
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
2
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{pmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{pmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
-\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{pmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\mathrm{i} & 0
+\end{array}\end{pmatrix}$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
vmatrix
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
2
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
-\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\mathrm{i} & 0
+\end{array}\end{vmatrix}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
Vmatrix
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
2
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{Vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
-\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{Vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\mathrm{i} & 0
+\end{array}\end{Vmatrix}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
matrix
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
2
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{matrix}\begin{array}{cc}
+\begin_inset Formula $\begin{matrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
-\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{matrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
+\mathrm{i} & 0
+\end{array}\end{matrix}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
g.
-\begin_inset space ~
+\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
\backslash
vmatrix
\series default
- is inserted, a blue box appears between two vertical lines where the matrix
- is inserted.
+ is inserted,
+ a blue box appears between two vertical lines where the matrix is inserted.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+Note that decorated matrices ignore the vertical alignment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-As all multiline formulas are matrices, the length
+As all multiline formulas are matrices,
+ the length
\series bold
\backslash
arraycolsep
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
arraycolsep
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
that is described in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Column-Separation"
+reference "subsec:Column-Separation"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To change the row separation, the command
+To change the row separation,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
arraystretch
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
arraystretch
\end_layout
\end_inset
- is used.
- It is used as follows:
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is used as follows:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
renewcommand{
\backslash
arraystretch}{stretch factor}
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
renewcommand
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
arraystretch
\series default
.
- To double e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-the row separation, use the factor 2.
+ For example to double the row separation,
+ use a stretch factor of 2.
This is then used for all following matrices.
- To go back to the original separation, assign the factor 1 to
+ To restore the original separation,
+ assign a stretch factor of 1 to
\series bold
\backslash
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To set matrices into a text line, the command
+Small inline matrices can also be obtained using the command
\series bold
\backslash
smallmatrix
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
smallmatrix
\end_layout
\end_inset
- is used.
- When it is inserted a blue box with two dashed lines appears.
- In this box the matrix is inserted.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ When it is inserted in a line a blue box with two dashed lines appears.
+ Adjust the matrix rows and columns as desired.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This is a matrix
\begin_inset Formula $\left(\begin{smallmatrix}A & B\\
-C & D\end{smallmatrix}\right)$
+C & D
+\end{smallmatrix}\right)$
\end_inset
- in a text line.
+ in a text line with automatic delimiters around it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Brackets and Delimiters
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Vertical Brackets and Delimiters
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Brackets ! vertical
+Brackets
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+vertical
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
Note:
+
\series default
- In TeX-mode the command
+ In \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode the command
\series bold
\backslash
textbackslash
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! T !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
textbackslash
\end_layout
\end_inset
- must be used for the backslash, because the command
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ must be used for the backslash,
+ because the command
\series bold
\backslash
\backslash
\series default
- produces there a line break.
+ produces a line break there.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For all characters listed above the size can be adjusted with the commands
- described in the following two subsections.
- When using these commands, the characters < and > can directly be used
- instead of the commands
+For all characters listed above the size can be adjusted with the commands described in the following two subsections.
+ When using these commands,
+ the characters < and > can directly be used instead of the commands
\series bold
\backslash
Manual Bracket Size
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Manual-Bracket-Size"
+name "subsec:Manual-Bracket-Size"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Bracket size ! manual
+Bracket size
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+manual
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The bracket size can be specified manually by the LaTeX-commands
+The bracket size can be specified manually by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-commands
\series bold
\backslash
big
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! B !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
big
\end_layout
\end_inset
-,
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
Big
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
bigg
\series default
-, and
+ and
\series bold
\backslash
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-all brackets in the same size:
+All brackets in the same size:
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $((A+B)(A-B))^{C}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $((A+B)(A-B))^{C}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
+<row topspace="2mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-this looks better:
+This looks better:
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Big((A+B)(A-B)
\backslash
Big)^
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
C
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Here is an overview about all bracket sizes:
+Here is an example containing all bracket sizes:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
ln(3x)
\backslash
big}^2
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
sin(x)
\backslash
Big]^
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Besides the
+In addition to the
\series bold
\backslash
big
\series default
--commands there is the variant
+-commands there is a variant,
+
\series bold
\backslash
bigm
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! B !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
bigm
\end_layout
\end_inset
- that adds a bit more space between the bracket and its content, and the
- variant
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+ that adds a bit more space between the bracket and its content.
+ Other variants
\series bold
\backslash
-bigl
+bigl
\series default
--
+and
\series bold
-
+
\backslash
bigr
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! B !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-bigl -
+bigl –
\backslash
bigr
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, that don't add additional space.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+ don't add additional space.
The
\emph on
l
\backslash
bigl
\series default
- is for a left bracket; for a right bracket this will be replaced by an
-
+ is for a left bracket;
+ for a right bracket this is replaced by an
\emph on
r
\emph default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In the following table is a comparison of the variants:
+The following table contains comparisons of the variants:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="middle">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
ln(3x)
\backslash
bigm)^2
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\series default
-
\backslash
Bigm)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Bigm(\bigm(\ln(3x)\bigm)^{2}\Bigm)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Bigm(\bigm(\ln(3x)\bigm)^{2}\Bigm)$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
ln(3x)
\backslash
big)^2
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\series default
-
\backslash
Big)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Big(\big(\ln(3x)\big)^{2}\Big)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Big(\big(\ln(3x)\big)^{2}\Big)$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
ln(3x)
\backslash
bigr)^2
-\series bold
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\series default
-
\backslash
Bigr)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Bigl(\bigl(\ln(3x)\bigr)^{2}\Bigr)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Bigl(\bigl(\ln(3x)\bigr)^{2}\Bigr)$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\bigl)\ln(3x)\bigr(\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigl)\ln(3x)\bigr($
\end_inset
Automatic Bracket Size
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+name "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Bracket size ! automatic
+Bracket size
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+automatic
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Brackets with variable size can be inserted with the commands
+Variably sized brackets can be inserted with the commands
\series bold
\backslash
left
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! L !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
left
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
and
right
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
right
\end_layout
\end_inset
- or via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/dialog-show_mathdelimiter.png
- scale 85
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or via the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter"
\end_inset
.
- Directly behind
+ The desired bracket must be inserted directly behind the
\series bold
\backslash
\backslash
right
\series default
- the wanted bracket must be inserted.
+ commands.
The bracket size will then automatically be calculated for the output.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
-normal bracket: The command
+normal bracket:
+ The command
\series bold
\backslash
ln(
\backslash
frac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
C
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
)
\series default
creates
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\ln(\frac{A}{C})\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\ln(\frac{A}{C})
+\]
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
-multiline bracket: The command
+multiline bracket:
+ The command
\series bold
\backslash
left(
\backslash
frac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
C
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
right)
\series default
creates
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\ln\left(\frac{A}{C}\right)\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\ln\left(\frac{A}{C}\right)
+\]
\end_inset
\series default
the shortcut
\family sans
-Alt-m
+Alt+M
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-bracket
+Bracket
\family default
can be used.
- This has the advantage that you can see in LyX immediately the real bracket
- size and that the matching right bracket will be created too.
+ This has the advantage that you can see in \SpecialChar LyX
+ immediately the real bracket size and that the matching right bracket will be created too.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-The command for the last example would then be:
+The command for the last example would then be:
+
\series bold
\backslash
-ln Alt-m
+ln Alt+M
\series default
\series bold
(
\backslash
frac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To omit a left or right bracket, a dot is inserted for the omitted bracket.
+To omit a left or right bracket,
+ a dot is inserted for the omitted bracket.
For example the command
\series bold
left.
\backslash
frac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
B
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
creates:
\series bold
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\left.\frac{A}{B}\right\} \]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\left.\frac{A}{B}\right\}
+\]
\end_inset
\backslash
right
\series default
- will be converted by LyX to brackets in the right size when the document
- is reloaded and an omitted bracket will appear as dashed line.
+ will be converted by \SpecialChar LyX
+ to brackets with the correct size when the document is reloaded and an omitted bracket will appear as dashed line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-Because all popular LaTeX-Distributions use eTeX, an extension to LaTeX,
+Because all popular \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ distributions use e\SpecialChar TeX
+,
+ an extension to \SpecialChar LaTeX
+,
the command
\series bold
middle
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! M !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+M
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
middle
\end_layout
\end_inset
- is additionally available for all brackets and limits.
- With this command the height of the following character is adapted to the
- one of the surrounding brackets, what is e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-g.
-\begin_inset space ~
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-needed for physical vectors:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\left\langle \phi\:\middle|\: J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}\right\rangle \]
+ is available for all brackets and limits.
+ With this command the height of the following character is adapted to the one of the surrounding brackets,
+ for example in the case of physical vectors:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\left\langle \phi\:\middle|\:J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\,M_{J}\right\rangle
+\]
\end_inset
-For physical vectors there is a special LaTeX-package, described in
+For physical vectors there is a special \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package,
+ described in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Physical-Vectors"
+reference "subsec:Physical-Vectors"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Horizontal Brackets
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Brackets ! horizontal
+Brackets
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+horizontal
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-raisebox{2.3mm}{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
\backslash
overbrace
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A+B
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-^
-\begin_inset ERT
+^3
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-spce
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+O
\end_layout
\end_inset
-3
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-}
+\backslash
+overbrace
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! O !
-\backslash
-overbrace
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-raisebox{-2.2mm}{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
\backslash
underbrace
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A+B
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
_5
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+U
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! U !
+
\backslash
underbrace
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
overbrace
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\backslash
underbrace
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A+B_w
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
_7
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
^
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
C
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
underbrace
\series default
- is inserted at first.
+ is inserted first.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-When brackets are needed that overlap each other, multiline formulas, as
- described in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Multiline-Formulas"
-
-\end_inset
-, must be used:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
-A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\\
- & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\underbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}_{s}\end{eqnarray*}
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+If in document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-In the first row the formula is inserted together with the first brace.
- It is hereby important that the space command
-\begin_inset Foot
+Options
+\family default
+ the option for the package
+\series bold
+mathtools
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Space commands are explained in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Predefined-Space"
-
-\end_inset
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+mathtools
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\series bold
-\backslash
-:
-\series default
- is inserted before the first
-\begin_inset Formula $d$
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-, because the brace that ends behind the
-\begin_inset Formula $q$
\end_inset
- prevents that the following
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
+ is set to
+\family sans
+Load
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-+
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+always
+\family default
+,
+ you will also have access to square brackets:
+\end_layout
- is surrounded by space.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-because a bracket is not handled as character, see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Binary-Operators"
+Command
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
- In the second row the second brace is inserted.
- As it should begin before the
-\begin_inset Formula $b$
-\end_inset
-
-, first the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-hphantom{gggg+
-\backslash
-:}
-\series default
- is inserted.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-more about
-\series bold
\backslash
-hphantom
-\series default
- see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Placeholders"
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+overbracket
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\strikeout default
+\uuline default
+\uwave default
+\noun default
+\color inherit
+{A+B
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+^3
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
- This space is needed because the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+O
+\end_layout
-+
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- is also surrounded by space in the formula.
- The brace is placed under the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-hphantom{bbqq+dddd}
-\series default
-.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-It gets more complicated when brackets overlap each other, like in the following
- example:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-setlength{
\backslash
-jot}{-6pt}
+overbracket
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
- & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\overbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}^{s}\\
-A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\end{eqnarray*}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-jot}{3pt}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-The first formula row is the same as the second row of the previous example,
- with the difference that the brace is above.
- The second row contains the formula together with the second brace.
- To avoid that there is space between the upper brace in the first row and
- the formula, the row spacing need to be reduced.
- This is not easily possible due to a bug in LyX
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-name "LyX-bug #1505"
-target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1505"
-
+\begin_inset Formula $\overbracket{A+B}^{3}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
- As solution for the problem, the global formula row separation
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-jot
+under
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+bracket
+\family default
\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\strikeout default
+\uuline default
+\uwave default
+\noun default
+\color inherit
+{A+B
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+_5
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! J !
-\backslash
-jot
-\end_layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+U
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+under
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+bracket
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\underbracket{A+B}_{5}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+overbracket{
+\backslash
+underbracket{A+B_w
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+_7
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+^C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\overbracket{\underbracket{A+B_{w}}_{7}}^{C}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+overbracket
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+underbracket
+\series default
+ you can change the thickness of the bracket's stroke by specifying the desired thickness in square brackets behind the command:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+overbracket
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\strikeout default
+\uuline default
+\uwave default
+\noun default
+\color inherit
+[3pt]
+\backslash
+{A+B
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+^3
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\overbracket[3pt]{A+B}^{3}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+under
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+bracket
+\family default
+\series default
+\shape default
+\size default
+\emph default
+\bar default
+\strikeout default
+\uuline default
+\uwave default
+\noun default
+\color inherit
+[1pt]
+\backslash
+{A+B
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+_5
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\underbracket[1pt]{A+B}_{5}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+When brackets overlap each other,
+ multiline formulas as described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Multiline-Formulas"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ must be used:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\:dddd\\
+ & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\underbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}_{s}
+\end{eqnarray*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+In the first row,
+ the formula is inserted together with the first brace.
+ It is important that the space command
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Space commands are explained in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Predefined-Space"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+:
+
+\series default
+ is inserted before the first
+\begin_inset Formula $d$
+\end_inset
+
+ because the brace that ends behind the
+\begin_inset Formula $q$
+\end_inset
+
+ prevents the following
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
++
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ from being surrounded by spaces.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Because a bracket is not handled as a character,
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Binary-Operators"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ The second brace is inserted in the second row.
+ As it should begin before the
+\begin_inset Formula $b$
+\end_inset
+
+,
+ first the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hphantom{gggg+
+\backslash
+:}
+\series default
+ is inserted.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+More about
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hphantom
+\series default
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Placeholders"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ This space is needed because the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
++
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ is surrounded by spaces in the formula.
+ The brace is placed under the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hphantom{bbqq+dddd}
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+It gets more complicated when brackets overlap each other above and under the formula as in the following example:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+jot}{-6pt}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+ & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\overbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}^{s}\\
+A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\:dddd
+\end{eqnarray*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+jot}{3pt}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+The first formula row is the same as the second row of the previous example,
+ with the difference that the brace is above.
+ The second row contains the formula together with the second brace.
+ To avoid the space between the upper brace in the first row and the formula,
+ the row spacing needs to be reduced.
+ This is not easily done due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX
+.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "LyX-bug #1505"
+target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505"
+literal "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ As a solution for the problem,
+ the global formula row separation
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+jot
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+J
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+jot
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\backslash
jot}{-6pt}
\series default
- in TeX-mode.
+ in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
\series bold
More about the row separation in formulas is explained in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Line-Separation"
+reference "subsec:Line-Separation"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Section
Arrows
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_layout Standard
Arrows can be inserted via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/leftarrow.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\leftarrow"
\end_inset
or the commands listed in the following subsections.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Newpage newpage
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
\begin_layout Subsection
Horizontal Arrows
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Arrows ! horizontal
+Arrows
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+horizontal
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-Arrows used as accent like e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-vector arrows are listed in
+Arrows used as accents such as vector arrows are listed in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Accents"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-Furthermore there are the labeled arrows
-\begin_inset Index
+Labeled arrows
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Arrows ! labeled
+Arrows
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+labeled
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ are also available using the commands
\series bold
\backslash
xleftarrow
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! X !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+X
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
xleftarrow
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
and
xrightarrow
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! X !
-\backslash
-xrightarrow
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+X
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-vspace{4mm}
+xrightarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
.
- When inserting one of these commands in a formula, an arrow with two blue
- boxes appear where the label can be inserted.
+ When inserting one of these commands in a formula,
+ an arrow with two blue boxes appears indicating where the labels can be inserted.
The length of the arrow adapts to the label width.
\end_layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
F(a)
\backslash
xleftarrow
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
x=a
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}F(a)\xleftarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(x)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $F(a)\xleftarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(x)$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
F(x)
\backslash
xrightarrow
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
x=a
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}F(x)\xrightarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(a)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $F(x)\xrightarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(a)$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Vertical and diagonal Arrows
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Arrows ! diagonal
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+If in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
+Options
+\family default
+ for the package
+\series bold
+mathtools
+\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Arrows ! vertical
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+mathtools
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
+ the option
+\family sans
+Load
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+always
+\family default
+ is set,
+ you will have access to the following labeled arrows:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+Example
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+
\backslash
-uparrow
+xleftrightarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xleftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+
\backslash
-Uparrow
+xLeftarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Uparrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xLeftarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-updownarrow
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xRightarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\updownarrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xRightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-Updownarrow
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xLeftrightarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Updownarrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xLeftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+
\backslash
-Downarrow
+xhookleftarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\Downarrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xhookleftarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+
\backslash
-downarrow
+xhookrightarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xhookrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features>
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+Example
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-nearrow
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xleftharpoondown
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\nearrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xleftharpoondown[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
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+
+\family roman
+\series medium
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+\strikeout off
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+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xleftharpoonup
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\searrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xleftharpoonup[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-swarrow
+
+\family roman
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+\noun off
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\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\swarrow$
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\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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\backslash
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+
+\family roman
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\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\nwarrow$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xrightharpoonup[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
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-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
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+\size normal
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+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\xleftrightharpoons[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="2mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Vertical arrows can be used also as delimiter together with the commands
- described in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Manual-Bracket-Size"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\end_inset
+\backslash
- and
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\strikeout off
+\uuline off
+\uwave off
+\noun off
+\color none
+xrightleftharpoons
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\xrightleftharpoons[x=a]{x>0}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Accents
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Accents"
-
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Accents
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Accents can be inserted via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/hat.png
- scale 85
+The command scheme for all of these arrows is:
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
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+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
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+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- or the commands listed in the following subsections.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
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-\begin_layout Subsection
-Accents for one Character
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
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+Result
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
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-
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\end_inset
+F(x)
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-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
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+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
-accents in text see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Accents-in-Text"
-
+\begin_inset Formula $F(a)\xleftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}F(x)$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
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-\begin_inset ERT
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-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-}{}
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-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Note Note
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+Vertical and Diagonal Arrows
+\begin_inset Index idx
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status collapsed
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-
-\backslash
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+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
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-More about
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring is in section
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
+diagonal
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Accents-for-one"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
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+\begin_inset Index idx
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status collapsed
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-Accents ! for one character
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+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+vertical
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
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-<features>
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<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
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\begin_inset Text
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\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
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-
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-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-dot
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
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-
-\end_inset
-
-A
+uparrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dot{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ddot
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-A
+Uparrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddot{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Uparrow$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-dddot
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+updownarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\updownarrow$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-A
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+Updownarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dddot{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Updownarrow$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ddddot{A
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\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddddot{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\Downarrow$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-vec
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+downarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-A
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Vectors
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+nearrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\vec{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\nearrow$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bar
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+searrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\searrow$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-A
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+swarrow
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\bar{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\swarrow$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mathring
+nwarrow
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\nwarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+Vertical arrows can also be used as delimiters together with the commands described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Manual-Bracket-Size"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Accents
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Accents"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Accents
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Accents can be inserted via the math toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\hat"
+\end_inset
+
+ or the commands listed in the following subsections.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Accents for One Character
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\backslash
-spce
+texorpdfstring{
\end_layout
\end_inset
-A
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+For accents in text see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Accents-in-Text"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\mathring{A}$
+
+}{}
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring
+\series default
+ is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+More about
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring
+\series default
+ is in section
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Formulas-in-Section"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Accents-for-one"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Accents
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+for one character
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
-<features>
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-tilde
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+dot
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\tilde{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\dot{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-hat
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+ddot
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\hat{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-check
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+dddot
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\check{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\dddot{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-acute
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+ddddot
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\acute{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddddot{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-grave
-\begin_inset ERT
+vec
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
+Vectors
\end_layout
\end_inset
-A
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\grave{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\vec{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-breve
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+bar
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bar{A}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+mathring
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\breve{A}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathring{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-
-To create umlauts
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Umlauts
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- in formulas, a quotation mark is inserted before the vowel.
- These two characters are then treated by LaTeX as
-\emph on
-one
-\emph default
- character when the formula part with the umlaut is marked as German.
- In contrary to
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ddot
-\series default
-, with this method
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-real
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
+tilde
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
- umlauts are created as demonstrated in the following example:
+A
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\tilde{A}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+
+\backslash
+hat
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Formula $\hat{A}$
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
+check
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\check{A}$
+\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\lang ngerman
-\begin_inset Quotes grd
+\backslash
+acute
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-i
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\lang ngerman
-\begin_inset Formula $"i$
+\begin_inset Formula $\acute{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ddot
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+grave
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\grave{A}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-i
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+breve
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddot{i}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\breve{A}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Another advantage to
+You can directly insert accents such as é in formulas.
+ \SpecialChar LyX
+ will transform them to the corresponding accent command.
+ For umlauts
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Umlauts
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ however it is better to insert a quotation mark before the vowel.
+ These two characters are then treated by \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ as
+\emph on
+one
+\emph default
+ character when the formula part with the umlaut is marked as German.
+ In contrast to
\series bold
\backslash
ddot
\series default
- is that umlauts can directly be converted to mathematical text because
- the accent commands above are
-\emph on
-not allowed
-\emph default
-
-\emph on
-in mathematical text
-\emph default
-.
- To convert an accented character to mathematical text, only the character
- under the accent may be converted.
- This applies also for all other conversions, e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+,
+ with this method
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-g.
-\begin_inset space ~
+real
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
-to italic or bold.
+ umlauts are created as demonstrated in the following example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In mathematical text, umlauts and other accented characters can directly
- be inserted.
+\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Accents for Operators
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Accents ! for operators
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-With the commands
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-overset
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! O !
-\backslash
-overset
+\begin_inset Quotes grd
+\end_inset
+
+i
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- and
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset space \hspace{}
+\length 0pt
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-underset
-\series default
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\lang ngerman
+
+\begin_inset Formula $"i$
+\end_inset
+
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! U !
-\backslash
-underset
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
- characters can be placed above or below an operator, respectively, to accent
- it.
- With the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sideset
-\series default
+ddot
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+i
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
-\backslash
-sideset
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{i}$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
- characters can be set before and behind an operator.
- The command scheme is:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
+One advantage with
\series bold
\backslash
-sideset{character
-\series default
-
-\series bold
-before}{character
+ddot
\series default
+ is that umlauts can be directly converted to mathematical text because the accent commands above are
+\emph on
+not allowed
+\emph default
-\series bold
-behind}
+\emph on
+in mathematical text
+\emph default
+.
+ To convert an accented character to mathematical text,
+ only the character under the accent may be converted.
+ This applies for all conversions,
+ e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+
+to italic or bold.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-sideset
-\series default
- must always be before the operator that should be accented.
- You can accent with several characters and even with other operators and
- symbols.
- To place with
-\series bold
-\backslash
-sideset
-\series default
- for example only characters behind an operator, write nothing between the
- first braces but don't omit the braces.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For example the command
+\SpecialChar LyX
+ also supports a tilde under the character if the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
+undertilde
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+undertilde
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-sideset{
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-\backslash
-{
-\series default
-'
-\series bold
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
+ is installed on your system:
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-sum_k=1
+\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\backslash
-spce
+ifundertilde
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
-^
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
-n
+undertilde
\series default
- produces:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\sideset{}{'}\sum_{k=1}^{n}\]
+ is installed.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The command
-\series bold
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\backslash
-overset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-spce
+utilde
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\utilde{A}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-maltese
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\backslash
-spce
+else
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+undertilde
\series default
+ is not installed:
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
-a
+undertilde
\series default
- produces:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\overset{a}{\maltese}\]
-
-\end_inset
+ to see the rest of this subsection in the output.
+\end_layout
-As seen in the last example, with
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
-\backslash
-overset
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-underset
-\series default
- also symbols and characters can be accented; with
-\series bold
\backslash
-sideset
-\series default
- this is not possible.
+fi
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Accents for several Characters
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Accents-for-several"
-
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Accents for Several Characters
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Accents ! for several characters
+Accents
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+for several characters
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
overleftarrow
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A=B
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overleftarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\overleftarrow{A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
underleftarrow
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A=B
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underleftarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\underleftarrow{A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
overleftrightarrow
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A=B
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overleftrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\overleftrightarrow{A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
underleftrightarrow
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A=B
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underleftrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\underleftrightarrow{A=B}$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
overrightarrow
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A=B
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
underrightarrow
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A=B
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\underrightarrow{A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
widetilde
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A=B
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\widetilde{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\widetilde{A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
widehat
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A=B
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\widehat{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\widehat{A=B}$
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-With these commands as many characters as you like can be accented.
+Using these commands you can accent as many characters as you like.
But the accents
\series bold
\backslash
widehat
\series default
- will only be set in the output with a length of three characters, as shown
- in the following example:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\widetilde{A+B=C-D}\]
+ will only be set in the output with a length of three characters,
+ as shown in the following example:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\widetilde{A+B=C-D}
+\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-With the commands
+It is also possible to accent several characters using the commands
\series bold
\backslash
overset
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! O !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+O
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
overset
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
and
underset
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! U !
-\backslash
-underset
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+U
\end_layout
\end_inset
- described in the previous subsection it is also possible to accent several
- characters.
- The command
-\series bold
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
underset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+ described in the previous subsection.
+ The command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+underset
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A=B
***
\series default
creates:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\underset{***}{A=B}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\underset{***}{A=B}
+\]
\end_inset
Space
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Space"
+name "subsec:Space"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Space ! horizontal
+Space
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+horizontal
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
Predefined Space
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Predefined-Space"
+name "subsec:Predefined-Space"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Space ! horizontal ! predefined
+Space
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+horizontal
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+predefined
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Sometimes it is necessary to insert horizontal space to a formula.
- This is done by inserting a protected space (shortcut
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Space
-\family default
-).
- A blue
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-\series bold
-\color blue
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+Sometimes it is necessary to insert horizontal space into a formula.
+ This is done by inserting a non-breaking space (shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+).
+ A
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
+\color blue
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\series default
\color inherit
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\family default
several times one can select one of eight different space sizes.
The spaces can also be inserted using the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/space.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\space"
\end_inset
or special commands.
- Independent from the inserted command, one can select the size again by
- pressing
+ The size can be adjusted at any time by positioning the cursor on the
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\space"
+\end_inset
+
+ and pressing
\family sans
Space
\family default
- afterwards.
+ until the desired size is achieved.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
-\begin_inset VSpace -5mm
-\end_inset
-
-
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="7">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="6.8cm">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="15col%">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Number of
+\family sans
+Space
+\family default
+ keystrokes
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+0
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\,B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\:B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+2
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\;B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+3
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\quad B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+4
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\qquad B$
+\end_inset
+
-\backslash
-!
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="15col%">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family sans
Space
\family default
- keystrokes after inserting the protected space
+ keystrokes
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-0
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-1
+
+\backslash
+hfill
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-2
+5
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-3
+\begin_inset Formula $A\hfill B$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-4
+
+\backslash
+hspace*{1em}
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-5
+6
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+\begin_inset Formula $A\hspace*{1em}B$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\, B$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+hspace{1em}
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+7
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\: B$
+\begin_inset Formula $A\hspace{1em}B$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\; B$
+
+\backslash
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\quad B$
+8
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\ B$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\qquad B$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+!
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+9
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\! B$
+\begin_inset Formula $A\!B$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The last size seem to produce no space.
- It is displayed red in LyX contrary to the other sizes, because it is a
- negative space.
+Space's
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+–
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+7 are variable spaces which are explained in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Space
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+9 appears to produce no space.
+ It is displayed red in \SpecialChar LyX
+ contrary to the other sizes,
+ because it is a negative space.
There are two more negative spaces:
\end_layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="6.8cm">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
\family sans
Space
\family default
- keystrokes after inserting the protected space
+ keystrokes after inserting the non-breaking space
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-6
+10
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-7
+11
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
Negative spaces can lead to characters overlapping each other.
- Thus they can be used to enforce ligatures, what is e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-useful for summation operators:
+ Thus they can be used to enforce ligatures,
+ which are useful for things such as summation operators:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
sum
\backslash
sum
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
f_kl
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sum\sum f_{kl}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\sum\sum f_{kl}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
negmedspace
\backslash
sum
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
f_kl
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sum\negmedspace\sum f_{kl}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\sum\negmedspace\sum f_{kl}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Relations like for example equal signs, are always surrounded by space.
- To suppress this, the equal sign is placed into a TeX-brace.
+\noindent
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+Relational operators,
+ for example equal or less than signs,
+ are always surrounded by space.
+ To suppress this,
+ the operator is placed into a \SpecialChar TeX
+ brace.
The following example demonstrates this:
\end_layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-normal equation
+Normal equation
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}$
-\end_inset
-
-equation without space
+Equation without space
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
-The command for the last formula is:
+The command for the last formula is:
+
\series bold
A
\backslash
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-Spaces are needed for physical units, because the space between the value
- and the unit is the smallest one and not a normal space.
- For units in text, the smallest space is inserted via the menu
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Another example of controlled spaces is physical units.
+ The space between a value and its unit is smaller than a normal space,
+ typically a thin space is used.
+ For units in text,
+ the smaller space is inserted via the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Thin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Space
\family default
(shortcut
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Shift-Space
-\family default
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "space-insert thin"
+\end_inset
+
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-space between value and unit
+Space between value and unit
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-smallest space between value and unit
+Thin space between value and unit
\end_layout
\end_inset
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-for vertical space in formulas see
+For vertical space in formulas see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Line-Separation"
+reference "subsec:Line-Separation"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
texorpdfstring is in section
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section"
+reference "subsec:Formulas-in-Section"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Variable-Space"
+name "subsec:Variable-Space"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Space ! horizontal ! variable
+Space
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+horizontal
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+variable
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Space with a defined length can be inserted in LyX with the command
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Space with a defined length can be inserted with the command
\series bold
\backslash
-hspace{length}
+hspace
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! H !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
hspace
\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
.
- For the length all units listed in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "tab:Available-units"
+ A long
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color blue
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
- are allowed, except of the unit
+
+\color inherit
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ will appear,
+ the length of which can be specified by left-clicking on the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-mu
+
+\color blue
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color inherit
+
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
The length may also be negative.
- To insert so many space that the formula uses all available space, the
- command
+ If the space is the first character in a line,
+ it will ordinarily be omitted.
+ To force its output use the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hspace*
+\series default
+ instead of
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hspace
+\series default
+ or left-click on the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color blue
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color inherit
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ and check the option
+\family sans
+Protect
+\family default
+.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+To insert as much space as is available,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
hfill
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! H !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
hfill
\end_layout
\end_inset
- is used.
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace -1mm
\end_inset
-
+ is used.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+Command (
+\backslash
+hspace length)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
A=B
\backslash
-hspace{3cm
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+hspace
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\backslash
-not=C
+not=C (3
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+cm)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
A
\backslash
-hspace{-1mm
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+hspace
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\backslash
-not=A
+not=A (-1
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+mm)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
A=A
\backslash
hfill
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
B=B
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In the last example the available space is given by the longest column entry
- of the table.
- In an inline formula the space depends on the length of the line in which
-
+In the last example the available space is given by the longest column entry of the table.
+ In an inline formula the space depends on the length of the line in which
\series bold
\backslash
hfill
\series default
is inserted.
- Thus, when the line uses the full width, no space will be created.
+ Thus,
+ when the line uses the full width,
+ no space will be created.
\series bold
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\backslash
hfill
\series default
-, there are the commands
+,
+ there are also commands,
+
\series bold
\backslash
\series bold
\backslash
-hrulefill
+hrulefill,
+
\series default
- that fill the space with a pattern, see
+ that fill the space with a pattern.
+ See
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Ellipses"
+reference "subsec:Ellipses"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For text, variable space can be inserted via the menu
+For text,
+ variable space can be inserted via the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Horizontal
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Space
\family default
-, what is not possible in formulas:
+:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-Space besides inline Formulas
-\begin_inset Index
+Space Besides Inline Formulas
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Space ! besides inline formulas
+Space
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+besides inline formulas
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The space that surrounds inline formulas can be adjusted with the length
-
+The space that surrounds inline formulas can be adjusted with the length
\series bold
\backslash
mathsurround
-\begin_inset Index
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! M !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+M
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
mathsurround
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
.
The value of a length is set with the command
\series bold
\backslash
setlength
-\begin_inset Index
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
setlength
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
- that has the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ which has the following scheme:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-mm, the command
+mm,
+ the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-is inserted in TeX-mode.
+is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
5
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To return to the predefined value,
+To return to the predefined value,
+
\series bold
\backslash
\begin_layout Section
Boxes and Frames
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Frames | see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Frames
+\begin_inset IndexMacro see
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
Boxes
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
\end_layout
\end_inset
Boxes with Frame
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Boxes-with-Frame"
+name "subsec:Boxes-with-Frame"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Boxes ! with frame
+Boxes
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+with frame
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-It is possible to frame formulas or parts of it with the commands
+It is possible to frame a formula or part of one with the commands
\series bold
\backslash
fbox
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! F !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+F
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
fbox
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
and
boxed
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! B !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
boxed
\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When one of these commands is inserted to a formula, a blue box appears
- within a frame to enter formula parts.
+When one of these commands is inserted in a formula,
+ a blue box appears within a frame to enter formula parts.
For
\series bold
\series default
an additional formula has to be created by
\family sans
-Ctrl-m
+Ctrl+M
\family default
- within this box
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Due to a bug in LyX it is not possible to create a new formula with
-\family sans
-Ctrl-m
-\family default
-, see
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-name "LyX-bug #1435"
-target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-, because the box content will otherwise be treated as mathematical text.
+ within this box,
+ because the box content will otherwise be treated as mathematical text.
When
\series bold
\backslash
boxed
\series default
- is used, a new formula is automatically created inside the frame.
+ is used,
+ a new formula is automatically created inside the frame.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
fbox
\series default
- is not suitable to frame displayed formulas, because the formula will always
- be set in the size of the text.
-
+ is not suitable to frame displayed formulas because the formula will always be set in the size of the documents text.
+ Conversly
\series bold
\backslash
boxed
\series default
- is in contrary not suitable to frame inline formulas, because the formula
- will always be set in the size of a displayed formula.
+ is not suitable to frame inline formulas because the formula will always be set in the size of a displayed formula.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-As extension to
+An extension to
\series bold
\backslash
fbox
\series default
- there is the command
+ is the command
\series bold
\backslash
framebox
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! F !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+F
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
framebox
\end_layout
\end_inset
- where additionally the frame width and the alignment can be specified.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ with which the frame width and the alignment can be specified.
\series bold
\emph on
l
\emph default
- left aligns,
+ left aligns and
\emph on
r
\emph default
right aligns the formula in the box.
- When no position is given, the formula will be centered.
+ If no position is given the formula will be centered.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-Is no width given, also no position can be given.
+If width is not given then position can not be given.
In this case the frame width is adjusted to the box content like for
\series bold
\backslash
framebox
\series default
- is inserted, a box appears containing three blue boxes.
- The first two boxes are surrounded by brackets and denote the two optional
- arguments.
+ is inserted,
+ a box appears containing three blue boxes.
+ The first two boxes are surrounded by brackets and denote the two optional arguments.
The third box is for formula parts like for
\series bold
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The table has been set into a minipage to make the footnote appearing.
- Otherwise the footnote text would not be displayed.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Box Frameless
-position "c"
-hor_pos "c"
-has_inner_box 1
-inner_pos "c"
-use_parbox 0
-width "100col%"
-special "none"
-height "1in"
-height_special "totalheight"
-status open
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Due to a bug in LyX it is not possible to create a new formula with
-\family sans
-Ctrl-m
-\family default
-, see
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-name "LyX-bug #1435"
-target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
fbox
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\family sans
-Ctrl-m
+Ctrl+M
\family default
\backslash
int
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A=B
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fbox{$\int A=B$}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\fbox{\ensuremath{\int A=B}}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
boxed
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\backslash
int
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A=B
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{8.5mm}{}\boxed{\int A=B}\raisebox{-6.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\boxed{\int A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
A+
\backslash
fbox
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
B
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}A+\fbox{B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $A+\fbox{B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
framebox
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
20mm
\family sans
-Ctrl-m
+Ctrl+M
\family default
\backslash
frac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\framebox[20mm][]{$\frac{A}{B}$}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\framebox[20mm][]{\ensuremath{\frac{A}{B}}}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The frame thickness can also be adjusted.
- To do this the following commands have to be inserted in TeX-mode before
- the formula
+To adjust the frame thickness the following commands are inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before the formula:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- specifies the minimal distance between the frame and the first character
- in the box.
- An example for this is the following framed formula:
+ specifies the minimum distance between the frame and the first character in the box.
+ An example of this is given in the following framed formula:
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\boxed{A+B=C}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\boxed{A+B=C}
+\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-were inserted in TeX-mode.
- The given values are used for all following boxes.
+were inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ These values are then used for all following boxes.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To return to the standard frame size, the command
+To return to the standard frame size,
+ the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series default
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-is inserted in TeX-mode before the next formula.
+is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before the next formula.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-Boxes without Frame
+Boxes Without Frame
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Boxes-without-Frame"
+name "subsec:Boxes-without-Frame"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Boxes ! without frame
+Boxes
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+without frame
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For boxes without a frame there are the following box commands:
+For boxes without a frame the following box commands:
+
\series bold
\backslash
mbox
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! M !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+M
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
mbox
\end_layout
\end_inset
-,
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
makebox
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! M !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+M
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
makebox
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, and
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and
\series bold
\backslash
raisebox
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
raisebox
\end_layout
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+ are available.
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
With
\series bold
raisebox
\series default
a box can be super- or subscripted.
- But in contrary to normal super- and subscripting, the characters in the
- box keep their font size.
+ But in contrary to normal super- and subscripting,
+ the characters in the box keep their font size.
\series bold
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When the box should contain a formula, an extra formula is needed like for
-
+When the box contains a formula,
+ an extra formula is needed like for
\series bold
\backslash
.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series medium
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+
+\series default
+ For
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ this extra formula is created by pressing
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+ twice instead of once because \SpecialChar LyX
+ doesn't yet support
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ directly.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
{
\family sans
-Ctrl-m
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
\family default
\backslash
sqrt
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
B
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-$A=
-\backslash
-raisebox{-2mm}{$
-\backslash
-sqrt{B}$}$
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset Formula $A=\raisebox{-2mm}{\mbox{\ensuremath{\sqrt{B}}}}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The last formula can currently only be created using TeX-mode because LyX
- inserts a box instead of the needed extra formula.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-see
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-name "LyX-bug #1435"
-target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
framebox
\series default
-, with the difference that there is no frame.
+,
+ except that there is no frame.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Colored Boxes
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Colored-Boxes"
+name "subsec:Colored-Boxes"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Boxes ! colored
+Boxes
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+colored
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To be able to use all commands explained in this section, the LaTeX-package
-
+To be able to use all commands explained in this section,
+ the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
color
\series default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The LaTeX-package
+The \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
color
\series default
- is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
+ is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! color
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+color
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
- has to be loaded in the LaTeX-preamble with the line
+ must be loaded in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble with the line
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
When text is colored somewhere in the document with a predefined color,
- LyX loads the LaTeX-package
+ \SpecialChar LyX
+ loads the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ package
\series bold
color
\series default
automatically.
- Thus it is possible that the package is loaded twice, but this doesn't
- arise problems.
+ Thus it is possible that the package is loaded twice,
+ but this does not cause problems.
\end_layout
\end_inset
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-To avoid that the package is loaded twice, a macro was inserted to the LaTeX-pre
-amble.
+To avoid that the package is loaded twice,
+ a macro was inserted to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-To color boxes, the command
+To create color boxes,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
colorbox
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! C !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
colorbox
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
is used in the following scheme:
colorbox
\series default
can also be part of another box (see the 2nd and 3rd example).
- When the box should contain a formula, an extra formula has to be created,
- the same as for
+ When the box should contain a formula,
+ an extra formula has to be created,
+ the same way as for
\series bold
\backslash
-fbox
+raisebox
\series default
.
\begin_inset Foot
\backslash
fcolorbox
\series default
-.
- Thereby note
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-name "LyX-bug #1435"
-target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435"
-
-\end_inset
-
.
\end_layout
\series bold
black
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
blue
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
cyan
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
green
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
magenta
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
red
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
white
\series default
-, and
+ and
\series bold
yellow
+\begin_inset VSpace smallskip
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\colorbox{yellow}{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\colorbox{yellow}{A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
{
\backslash
fbox
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\gets\gets$
\end_inset
A=B
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\colorbox{green}{\fbox{A=B}}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\colorbox{green}{\fbox{A=B}}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
fbox
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset Formula $\gets\gets$
\end_inset
\backslash
-{A=B
+{
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+C=D
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fbox{\colorbox{green}{A=B}}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\fbox{\colorbox{green}{\mbox{\ensuremath{\int C=D}}}}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
+\begin_inset VSpace smallskip
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
colorbox
\series default
- only colors the box but not the characters in the box.
- To color all characters, the whole formula is highlighted and the wanted
- color is chosen in the
+ only colors the box background,
+ not the characters in the box.
+ To color all characters,
+ the whole formula is highlighted and the desired color is chosen in the
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\family default
dialog.
The dialog can be called with the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/dialog-show_character.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "dialog-show character"
\end_inset
or the menu
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Style\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Properties\SpecialChar menuseparator
Customized
\family default
.
- The formula number has then the same color as the formula.
- When the formula number should get another color than the formula characters,
+ The formula number will have the same color as the formula.
+ If a different color for the formula number is desired,
the color must be changed within the formula.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\color red
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-\int A=B\label{eq:red}\end{equation}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\int A=B\label{eq:red}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
\color green
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-\textcolor{red}{\int A=B}\label{eq:redgreen}\end{equation}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\textcolor{red}{\int A=B}\label{eq:redgreen}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:red"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:redgreen"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-To color the frame different than the rest of the box, the command
+To color the frame different than the rest of the box,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
fcolorbox
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! F !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+F
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
fcolorbox
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
is used in the following scheme:
colorbox
\series default
.
- The frame width is set, like for
+ The frame width is set,
+ like for
\series bold
\backslash
framebox
\series default
-, with
+,
+ with
\series bold
\backslash
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{A=B}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{A=B}
+\]
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-To use other colors than the predefined ones, they have to be defined first.
+To use colors other than predefined ones,
+ they must be defined first.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- with the LaTeX-preamble line:
+ with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
definecolor{darkgreen}{cmyk}{0.5,
+
\series default
\series bold
0,
+
\series default
\series bold
1,
+
\series default
\series bold
0.5}
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! D !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
definecolor
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
cmyk
\series default
- is the color space that denotes the colors
+ is the color space denoting the colors
\series bold
cyan
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
magenta
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
yellow
\series default
-, and
+ and
\series bold
black
\series default
.
- The four comma separated numbers are the portion factor for the corresponding
- colors of the color space.
+ The four comma separated numbers are the portion factors for the corresponding colors of the color space.
The factors can be in the range of 0
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
1.
Instead of
\series bold
-cmyk
+cmyk,
+
\series default
- also the color space
+ the color space
\series bold
rgb
\series default
- can be used for definitions.
+ can also be used for definitions.
\series bold
rgb
\series bold
red
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
green
\series default
-, and
+ and
\series bold
blue
\series default
-, so that there are in this case three portion factors for the corresponding
- colors.
+,
+ so there are three portion factors for the corresponding colors.
Furthermore there is the color space
\series bold
gray
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-As example a framed box with the new defined color
+As an example here is a framed box with the newly defined color
\series bold
darkgreen
\series default
yellow
\series default
:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-\colorbox{darkgreen}{\color{yellow}\boxed{\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}}\end{equation}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\colorbox{darkgreen}{\color{yellow}\boxed{\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Self-defined colors can also be used for text with the help of the command
-
+Self-defined colors can also be used for text with the help of the command
\series bold
\backslash
textcolor
\series default
:
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Text ! colored
+Text
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+colored
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
textcolor
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! T !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
textcolor
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
is used in the scheme
Paragraph Boxes
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Paragraph-Boxes"
+name "subsec:Paragraph-Boxes"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Boxes ! as paragraph
+Boxes
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+as paragraph
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-A box that can contain several lines and paragraphs, a so called paragraph
- box (parbox), can be created with the menu
+A box that can contain several lines and paragraphs,
+ a so-called paragraph box (parbox),
+ can be created with the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Box
\family default
or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/box-insert.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "box-insert"
\end_inset
.
has_inner_box 1
inner_pos "t"
use_parbox 1
+use_makebox 0
width "5cm"
special "none"
height "1in"
height_special "totalheight"
+thickness "0.4pt"
+separation "3pt"
+shadowsize "4pt"
+framecolor "black"
+backgroundcolor "none"
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-cm long and can also contain formulas:
+cm long and can also contain formulas:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\int A\,\mathrm{d}s=C$
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
Such a box is created by right-clicking on the gray box inset.
A dialog pops up showing the box properties.
- In our case set:
+ In our case set:
+
\emph on
Decoration
\emph default
-: Recangular box,
+:
+ Rectangular box,
+
\emph on
Inner Box
\emph default
-: Parbox,
+:
+ Parbox,
+
\emph on
Width
\emph default
-: 5
+:
+ 5
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-cm,
+cm,
+
\emph on
Vertical Box Alignment
\emph default
-: Middle
+:
+ Middle
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-In LaTeX a parbox is created with the command
+In \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ a parbox is created with the command
\series bold
\backslash
parbox
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! P !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+P
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
parbox
\end_layout
\end_inset
- that has the following scheme:
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ which has the following scheme:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
b
\emph default
- for bottom means that the box is aligned within the surrounding text with
- its last line.
+ for
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+bottom
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ means that the box is aligned within the surrounding text with its last line.
With
\emph on
t
\emph default
- for top this is done with the first line.
- When no position is given, the box will be vertically centered, see section
-
+ for
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+top
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ this is done with the first line.
+ When no position is given,
+ the box will be vertically centered,
+ see section
\emph on
Boxes
\emph default
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-To frame formulas completely, including the formula number, the formula
- must be set into a parbox.
- To do this, the command
+To frame formulas completely,
+ including the formula number,
+ the formula must be set into a parbox.
+ To do this,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
\backslash
fboxrule}{
\series default
- is inserted in TeX-mode before the formula.
+ is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before the formula.
\series bold
\backslash
linewidth
-\begin_inset Index
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! L !
-\backslash
-linewidth
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
- is hereby the line width set for the document.
- Because the frame is outside the parbox, 2
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-times the frame separation and the frame thickness must be subtracted from
- the line width.
- As this is not automatically done by LyX due to a bug
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-name "LyX-bug #4483"
-target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4483"
+
+\backslash
+linewidth
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-, TeX-mode has to be used.
- To be able to multiply and subtract in arguments, the LaTeX-package
+ is the line width set for the document.
+ Because the frame is outside the parbox,
+ two times the frame separation and the frame thickness must be subtracted from the line width.
+ To be able to multiply and subtract in arguments,
+ the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
calc
\series default
\series bold
calc
\series default
- is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
+ is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! calc
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+calc
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
- must be loaded in the LaTeX-preamble with the line
+ must be loaded in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble with the line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
}}
\series default
- in TeX-mode.
+ in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
Here is an example:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}\end{equation}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-As a parbox is used as argument of
+As a parbox is used as the argument of
\series bold
\backslash
fbox
\series default
-, there is in this case no difference between
+,
+ there is in this case no difference between
\series bold
\backslash
\end_inset
Paragraph boxes are very useful to comment formulas directly.
- To do this,
+ To do this,
+
\series bold
\backslash
see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:User-defined-Numbering"
+reference "subsec:User-defined-Numbering"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Such a formula must be inserted completely in TeX-mode because LyX does
- not yet support the command
+Such a formula must be inserted completely in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode because \SpecialChar LyX
+ does not yet support the command
\series bold
\backslash
\backslash
parbox{5cm}{
\series default
- is inserted in TeX-mode.
+ is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\series bold
Indented
\series default
- is used,
+ is used,
+
\series bold
\backslash
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
- Then the description follows as normal text, and finally
+ Then the description follows as normal text and finally
\series bold
}}
\backslash
]
\series default
- is inserted in TeX-mode.
+ is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
The commands
\series bold
\backslash
]
\series default
- hereby create a displayed formula.
+ create a displayed formula.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_inset
using the mathematical textmode:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-5x-7b=3b\textrm{This is a description. It is not separated from the formula ...}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+5x-7b=3b\textrm{This is a description. It is not separated from the formula ...}
+\]
\end_inset
\begin_layout Section
Operators
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Big Operators
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Big-Operators"
+name "subsec:Big-Operators"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Operators ! big
+Operators
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+big
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To be able to use all integral operators listed here, the option
+To be able to use all of the integral operators listed here,
+ the
+\family sans
+Load automatically
+\family default
+ option for the
\family sans
-Use esint package automatically
+ esint package
\family default
must be set in the document settings under
\family sans
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sum
-\begin_inset Index
+int
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+I
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-sum
+int
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
+\begin_inset Formula $\int$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-int
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! I !
-\backslash
-int
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
+oint
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\int$
+\begin_inset Formula $\oint$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-intop
+ointctrclockwise
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\intop$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-oint
+ointclockwise
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\oint$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ointop
+sqint
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\ointop$
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqint$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ointctrclockwise
+fint
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\fint$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-ointclockwise
+landupint
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\landupint$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-sqint
+landdownint
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\sqint$
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\landdownint$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
-<features>
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+sum
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+sum
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
prod
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! P !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+P
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
prod
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_layout Standard
All big operators can also be inserted via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/intop.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\intop"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The operators are called big because they are bigger than the sometimes
- equal looking binary operators.
+The operators are called big because they are bigger than the sometimes equal looking binary operators.
All big operators can have limits as described in the next subsection.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The operators
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-intop
-\series default
- and
+For all integral operators there is a second version available,
+ ending in
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-ointop
+op
\series default
- are different from
+:
+
\series bold
\backslash
-int
+intop
\series default
- and
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
-oint
+ointop
\series default
-, resp.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-in the style the operator limits are displayed, see
+ etc.
+ These operators differ in the style the operator limits are displayed,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Operator-Limits"
+reference "subsec:Operator-Limits"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
.
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection*
-Advices for Integrals
+Advice for Integrals
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
d
\emph default
- in an integral is an operator, that therefore has to be set upright.
+ in an integral is an operator that has to be set upright.
This is done by highlighting the
\emph on
d
\emph default
and using the keyboard shortcut
-\family sans
-Alt-c
-\begin_inset space ~
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-roman"
\end_inset
-r
-\family default
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Styles"
+reference "subsec:Font-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
.
- Finally the smallest space is inserted before the
+ Also the smallest space is inserted before the
\emph on
d
\emph default
-, as this is usual for operators.
+,
+ as this is usual for operators.
An example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-incorrect:
+incorrect:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)dx$
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-hphantom{in}
+in
\end_layout
\end_inset
-correct:
+correct:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)\,\mathrm{d}x$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For multiple integrals there are the following commands:
+The following commands exist for multiple integrals:
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\iint$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\oiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\oiint$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqiint$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\iiint$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iiiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\iiiint$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\dotsint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\dotsint$
\end_inset
Operator Limits
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Operator-Limits"
+name "subsec:Operator-Limits"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Operators ! Limits
+Operators
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Limits
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
prod^
\backslash
infty
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\prod_{0}^{\infty}A(x)\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\prod_{0}^{\infty}A(x)$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Limits of inline formulas are set right beside the operator.
- Limits in displayed formulas are set above or below the operator, except
- of integral limits.
+Limits of inline formulas are set on the right side of the operator.
+ Limits in displayed formulas are set above or below the operator,
+ except for integral limits.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To force that the limits are set beside the operator, the cursor is set
- directly behind the operator and the limits type is changed with the menu
-
+To force the limits to be set beside the operator,
+ the cursor is placed directly behind the operator and the limits type is changed with the menu
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change Limits Type
\family default
to
\family default
\series default
(shortcut
-\family sans
-Alt-m
-\begin_inset space ~
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "math-limits"
\end_inset
-l
-\family default
).
An example:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The default limits type is this:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\sum_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}\]
+The default displayed formulas limits type is this:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\sum_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}
+\]
\end_inset
-This is how it looks when the limits type was changed to
+This is how it looks when the limits type is changed to
\family sans
\series bold
Inline
\family default
\series default
:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\sum\nolimits _{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\sum\nolimits_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}
+\]
\end_inset
-For integrals, except of
+For integrals,
+ except those ending with
+\series bold
+op
+\series default
+ like
\series bold
\backslash
intop
\series default
- and
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
ointop
\series default
-, the limits are by default set beside the operator.
+ etc.,
+ the limits by default are set beside the operator.
But for multiple integrals the limits are often set below the operator.
- In the following example the limits type was therefore set to
+ In the following example the limits type was set to
\series bold
Display
\series default
and so set below the integrals:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V=U\label{eq:VolInt}\end{equation}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\iiint\limits_{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V=U\label{eq:VolInt}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-To specify conditions for limits, the commands
+To specify conditions for limits,
+ the commands
\series bold
\backslash
subarray
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
subarray
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
and
substack
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
substack
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
are used.
- To create for example this expression
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+ To create this expression
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
\sum_{\begin{subarray}{c}
0<k<1000\\
-\\k\,\in\,\mathbb{N}\end{subarray}}^{n}k^{-2}\label{eq:substack}\end{equation}
+\\k\,\in\,\mathbb{N}
+\end{subarray}}^{n}k^{-2}\label{eq:substack}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-the following has to be done:
+the following must be done:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
^
\series bold
n
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
_
\series default
is typed in.
- One is now in a blue box under the summation operator and insert there
- the command
+ The cursor is now in a blue box under the summation operator.
+ Insert the command
\series bold
\backslash
subarray
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\series default
.
- The blue box is now within a purple box and now several lines can be written
- among each other.
+ The blue box is now within a purple box and now multiple limit lines can be written.
A new line is created by inserting a line break (
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Return
-\family default
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
+\end_inset
+
).
- When now
+ When
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series bold
-0<k<1000 Ctrl-Return
+0<k<1000 Ctrl+Return
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\series default
-is typed in, a new box appears below for the new line.
+is typed in,
+ a new box appears below for the new limit line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family default
or the menu
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Rows &Columns
\family default
.
- To get right alignment,
+ To get right alignment,
+
\series bold
\backslash
hfill
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-Like in formula
+As in formula
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:substack"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
- there can be too much space beside an operator, because the characters
- following the operator are set beside the limits.
-\end_layout
+ there can be too much space beside an operator.
+ This occurs because the characters following the operator are set beside the limits.
+ To avoid this the command
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Standard
-To avoid this, the following macro can be used in the LaTeX-preamble:
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+smashoperator
+\series default
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-def
-\backslash
-clap#1{
-\backslash
-hbox to 0pt{
-\backslash
-hss #1
-\backslash
-hss}}
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-def
-\backslash
-mathclap {
-\backslash
-mathpalette
-\backslash
-mathclapinternal}
-\begin_inset Newline newline
+smashoperator
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-\backslash
-def
-\backslash
-mathclapinternal #1#2{
-\backslash
-clap{$
-\backslash
-mathsurround =0pt #1{#2}$}}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-This defines the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-mathclap
+ can be used.
+ To use it,
+ set the package
+\series bold
+mathtools
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! M !
-\backslash
-mathclap
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+mathtools
\end_layout
\end_inset
- that sets the width of the limit to 0
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-pt.
- The command scheme is
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
+
+ in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Options
+\family default
+ to
+\family sans
+Load
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+always
+\family default
+.
+
\series bold
\backslash
-mathclap{limit}
-\end_layout
+smashoperator
+\series default
+ sets the space besides the operator to 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-where the limit can consist of several conditions.
-\end_layout
+pt.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
Applied on formula
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:substack"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
-, one uses the command
+,
+ one uses the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-sum_
-\backslash
-mathclap{
-\backslash
-substack
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+smashoperator{
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+and inserts the operator with its limits into the braces.
+ Behind the brace one continues the formula:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\smashoperator{\sum_{\begin{subarray}{c}
+0<k<1000\\
+\\k\,\in\,\mathbb{N}
+\end{subarray}}^{n}}k^{-2}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+It is possible to set the space of only one side of the operator to 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-0<k<1000 Ctrl-Enter
+pt.
+ To do this write either
+\series bold
+[l]
+\series default
+ or
+\series bold
+[r]
+\series default
+ between
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+smashoperator
+\series default
+ and its brace.
+
+\series bold
+l
+\series default
+ stands for the left and
+\series bold
+r
+\series default
+ for the right side of the operator.
+ Here is an example of the possible
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+smashoperator
+\series default
+ forms:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-to create the lower limit.
- The summand is now directly behind the summation operator:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\sum_{\mathclap{\substack{0<k<1000\\
-\\k\,\in\,\mathbb{N}}
-}}^{n}k^{-2}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+Y\smashoperator{\sum_{1\le i\le j\le n}^{n=3456}}X_{ij}=Y\smashoperator[l]{\sum_{1\le i\le j\le n}^{n=3456}}X_{ij}=Y\smashoperator[r]{\sum_{1\le i\le j\le n}^{n=3456}}X_{ij}
+\]
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-How to use one limit for several operators is described in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Self-defined-Operators"
-
-\end_inset
-.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Newpage newpage
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
+When several consecutive operators have limits the typesetting of the limits looks often imperfect in the output,
+ for example:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\text{a)}\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}\quad\text{b)}\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p^{2}\ge n}\quad\text{c)}\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup_{p^{2}\ge nK}\quad\text{d)}\limsup_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}
+\]
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Binary Operators
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Binary-Operators"
+\end_inset
+To improve the typesetting,
+ in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
+Options
+\family default
+ for the package
+\series bold
+mathtools
+\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Operators ! binary
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+mathtools
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Binary operators are surrounded by space when there is a character before
- and behind them.
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+,
+ set the option to
+\family sans
+ Load
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
+always
+\family default
+.
+ Then insert the command
+\series bold
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\backslash
+adjustlimits
+\series default
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
-\begin_inset Note Note
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+
+\backslash
+adjustlimits
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $+$
+ directly before the first operator.
+ The example will then look like this:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\text{a)}\adjustlimits\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}\quad\text{b)}\adjustlimits\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p^{2}\ge n}\quad\text{c)}\adjustlimits\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup_{p^{2}\ge nK}\quad\text{d)}\adjustlimits\limsup_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}
+\]
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
--
-\end_layout
+How to use one limit for several operators is described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Self-defined-Operators"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Decoration for Operators
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $-$
+Operators
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Decoration
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-pm
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Standard
+With the commands
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\pm$
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+overset
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+O
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-mp
+overset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mp$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+ and
+\series bold
\backslash
-cdot
-\end_layout
+underset
+\series default
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
-\end_inset
-
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+U
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-times
+underset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ characters can be placed above or below an operator respectively.
+ With the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sideset
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+sideset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ characters can be set before and behind a big operator.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are 4
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+variants of
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sideset
+\series default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sideset
+\series default
+ is used to set characters at the corners of the operator
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sidesetn
+\series default
+ is used to set characters before and/or behind the operator (this variant represents \SpecialChar LaTeX
+'s original
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sideset
+\series default
+ command)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sidesetl
+\series default
+ is used to set characters at the left corners and/or behind the operator
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sidesetr
+\series default
+ is used to set characters at the right corners and/or before the operator
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For example the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sidesetn
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+sum
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+'
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+_k=1
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+^
+\series bold
+n
+\series default
+ produces:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\sideset{}{'}\sum_{k=1}^{n}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+
+\backslash
+sideset
+\series default
+ can only be used to decorate big operators,
+ binary operators are not allowed.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+overset
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+underset
+\series default
+ can also be used to decorate symbols and characters.
+ For example,
+ the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+overset
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+maltese
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+a
+\series default
+ produces:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\overset{a}{\maltese}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Binary Operators
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Binary-Operators"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Operators
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+binary
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Binary operators are surrounded by space when there is a character before and after them.
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ is only used as spacer.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
++
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $+$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+-
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $-$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+pm
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\pm$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+mp
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mp$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+cdot
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+times
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\times$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
All binary operators can also be inserted via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/pm.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\pm"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To typeset the Laplace operator also
+To typeset the Laplace operator,
+
\series bold
\backslash
\begin_inset Formula $\nabla^{2}$
\end_inset
-) can be used instead of
+) can also be used instead of
\series bold
\backslash
bigtriangleup
\series default
- .
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family default
from the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special Character
\family default
is the operator
Self-defined Operators
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Self-defined-Operators"
+name "subsec:Self-defined-Operators"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Operators ! self-defined
+Operators
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+self-defined
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
DeclareMathOperator
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! D !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-dbinom@
+dbinom
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\backslash
DeclareMathOperator
\end_layout
\end_inset
- custom operators can be defined in the LaTeX-preamble.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+ custom operators can be defined in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble.
Its command scheme is:
\end_layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Display can be characters or symbols that define how the operator looks
- in the output.
+Display can be characters or symbols that define how the operator looks in the output.
To define a big operator a * is set behind the command.
All self-defined big operators can have limits as described in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Operator-Limits"
+reference "subsec:Operator-Limits"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For example the LaTeX-preamble line
+For example the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
Lozenge
\series default
-, that inserts a big operator consisting of the lozenge symbol from
+,
+ that inserts a big operator consisting of the black lozenge symbol from
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Miscellaneous-Symbols"
+reference "subsec:Miscellaneous-Symbols"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\Lozenge_{n=1}^{\infty}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\Lozenge_{n=1}^{\infty}
+\]
\end_inset
-The command for this formula is:
+The command for this formula is:
+
\series bold
\backslash
mathop
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! M !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+M
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
mathop
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
and
mathbin
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! M !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+M
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
mathbin
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, which have the following scheme:
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+ which have the following scheme:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
mathop
\series default
- defines big operators,
+ defines big operators,
+
\series bold
\backslash
\backslash
mathop
\series default
- can e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-be used to use one limit for several operators:
+ can be used to use one limit for several operators:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\mathop{\sum\negmedspace\sum}_{i,j=1}^{N}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\mathop{\sum\negmedspace\sum}_{i,j=1}^{N}
+\]
\end_inset
sum
\series default
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
^N
\series default
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\begin_layout Section
Fonts
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Font Styles
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Font-Styles"
+name "subsec:Font-Styles"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Font ! style
+Font
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+style
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Latin letters in formulas can be set in one of the following font styles:
-\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Latin letters in formulas can be set in one of the following font styles:
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-shortcut
+Shortcut
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
mathbb
\series bold
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Alt-c c
+-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
mathbf
\series bold
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
--
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-bold"
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
boldsymbol
\series bold
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Alt-c b
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-boldsymbol"
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
mathcal
\series bold
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Alt-c e
+-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
mathfrak
\series bold
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-shortcut
+Shortcut
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
mathit
\series bold
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
mathrm
\series bold
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Alt-c r
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-roman"
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
mathsf
\series bold
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Alt-c s
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-sans"
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
mathtt
\series bold
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+AbC
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{AbC}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-typewriter"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+mathscr
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
\series default
-AbC
+ABC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{AbC}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathscr{ABC}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Alt-c p
+-
\end_layout
\end_inset
\series bold
Note:
+
\series default
The styles
\series bold
\backslash
mathbb
\series default
- and
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
mathcal
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathscr
\series default
can only be used for big letters.
\end_layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Predefined is the style
+The style
\series bold
\backslash
mathnormal
\series default
-.
+ is predefined.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The style commands work also for letters in mathematical constructs:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\mathfrak{A=\frac{b}{C}}\]
+The style commands also work for letters in mathematical constructs:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\mathfrak{A=\frac{b}{C}}
+\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Characters in mathematical text don't appear in a math font style but in
- the text font style
+Characters in mathematical text don't appear in a math font style but in the text font style
\series bold
\backslash
textrm
\series default
.
- That their style can't be set correctly via the text style dialog is a
- bug in LyX.
+ Note that their style can't be set correctly via the text style dialog.
+ This is a known bug in \SpecialChar LyX
+.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
-name "LyX-bug #4091"
-target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4091"
+name "LyX-bug #4629"
+target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/4629"
+literal "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Instead of the style commands the dialog
+Instead of the style commands,
+
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text Style
\family default
- or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/font.png
- scale 85
-
+ dialog,
+ or the toolbar button,
+
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\font"
\end_inset
can be used.
Bold Formulas
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Bold-Formulas"
+name "subsec:Bold-Formulas"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! bold
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+bold
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To make a complete formula bold, the command
+To make a complete formula bold,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
mathbf
\series default
- from the previous subsection cannot be used, because it doesn't work for
- small Greek letters.
- Furthermore it prints Latin letters always upright, like in the following
- equation:
+ from the previous subsection cannot be used because it doesn't work for small Greek letters.
+ Additionally it always prints Latin letters upright,
+ as in the following equation:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\mathbf{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash mathbf}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\mathbf{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash mathbf}
+\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To display the formula correctly, the command
+To display the formula correctly,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
boldsymbol
\series default
is used:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\boldsymbol{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash boldsymbol}}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\boldsymbol{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash boldsymbol}}
+\]
\end_inset
\backslash
boldmath
-\begin_inset Index
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! B !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
boldmath
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
- in TeX-mode.
- To end the environment, the command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ To end the environment,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
unboldmath
-\begin_inset Index
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! U !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+U
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
unboldmath
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
- is inserted in TeX-mode.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation in a boldmath environment}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation in a boldmath environment}
+\]
\end_inset
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Colored Formulas
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+colored
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Formulas can be colored like normal text:
+ Highlight a formula or a formula part and use the
+\family sans
+Text Style
+\family default
+ dialog.
+ Here is a formula in magenta:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+{\color{magenta}\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can also define your own colors as described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Colored-Boxes"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ They can be used with the \SpecialChar TeX
+ code command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+textcolor
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+textcolor
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ in the scheme
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+textcolor{color}{characters or formula}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The following example was colored completely dark green and partly red:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+textcolor{darkgreen}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{{\color{red}\sqrt[5]{B}}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX
+ only complete formulas can be colored with self-defined colors.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "LyX-bug #5269"
+target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/5269"
+literal "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Font Sizes
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Font-Sizes"
+name "subsec:Font-Sizes"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Font ! size
+Font
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+size
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For characters in formulas there are, analog to characters in text, the
- following size commands:
+As with characters in text,
+ the following size commands are available for formula characters:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
Huge
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
huge
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
LARGE
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
Large
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
large
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
normalsize
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
\backslash
footnotesize
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
scriptsize
\series default
-, and
+ and
\series bold
\backslash
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The size produced by the commands depends on the document font size, that
- corresponds with the command
+The font size produced by the commands depends on the document's original font size,
+ which corresponds to the command
\series bold
\backslash
normalsize
\series default
.
- The other commands produce smaller or larger sizes than
+ The other commands produce character sizes smaller or larger than
\series bold
\backslash
normalsize
\series default
.
- The font size can however not exceed a certain value.
- Is for example the document font size 12
+ There are however limits to how small or large the font size can be changed.
+ If for example the document font size is 12
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-pt, the command
+pt,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
huge
\series default
.
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-A size command is inserted in TeX-mode before the formula and sets the size
- for all following formula and text characters.
- To switch back to the initial size, the command
+A size command is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before a formula and sets the size for all of the following formulas and text characters.
+ To switch back to the initial size,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
normalsize
\series default
- is inserted behind the formula in TeX-mode.
+ is inserted behind the formula,
+ again in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Within a formula the size can only be changed for symbols or letters in
- mathematical text.
- To do this, the size command is inserted in mathematical text.
- All following characters until the end of the mathematical text or until
- another size command will have the selected size.
- Two examples:
-\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+Size can also be changed within a formula using the following size commands or the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\style"
\end_inset
-
+:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-huge
+displaystyle
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+D
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-A=\frac{B}{c}\cdot\maltese\]
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+displaystyle
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\maltese A\textrm{\Large\maltese\textit{A}}\textrm{\tiny\maltese\textit{A}}\]
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$
+\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-normalsize
+textstyle
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$
+\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-Before both formulas the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-huge
-\series default
- was inserted.
- The command for the second formula is:
-\begin_inset Newline newline
+scriptstyle
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$
\end_inset
-\series bold
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-maltese
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+scriptscriptstyle
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
-A Alt-m m
-\backslash
-Large
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+After entering these commands,
+ a blue box appears in which the formula parts are inserted.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There is another method for changing the font size,
+ although it only works for symbols or letters in mathematical text.
+ To use it,
+ one of the above text size commands is inserted into mathematical text.
+ All characters until the end of the mathematical text or until another size command will have the selected size.
+ Two examples:
+\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\backslash
-spce
+huge
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\backslash
-maltese
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+A=\frac{B}{c}\cdot\maltese
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\maltese A\textrm{{\Large \maltese\textit{A}}}\textrm{{\tiny \maltese\textit{A}}}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\backslash
-spce
+normalsize
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+Before the first formula the command
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-textit
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+huge
+\series default
+ was inserted.
+ The command for the second formula is:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\series bold
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
+maltese
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+A Alt+M M
+\backslash
+Large
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+maltese
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+textit
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\length 1cm
\end_inset
-Alt-m
+Alt+M
\series default
\series bold
-m
+M
\backslash
tiny
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\backslash
maltese
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\backslash
textit
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-If a symbol cannot be displayed in different sizes, it will always be displayed
- in the default size.
+If a symbol cannot be displayed in different sizes,
+ it will always be displayed in the default size.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Greek Letters
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-All Greek letters can also be inserted via the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/alpha.png
- scale 85
-
+Greek letters can be inserted via the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\alpha"
\end_inset
-.
+ as well as by command.
+ All international typesetting norms purport that Greek letters in math have to be typeset italic/slanted.
+ In some languages,
+ like French or Russian,
+ they are nevertheless sometimes typeset upright.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Small Letters
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Small-Letters"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Greek letters
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+small
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Greek letters ! small
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2">
-<features>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
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-How to create upright Greek letters is explained in
+Creating upright Greek letters is explained in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Upright-small-Greek"
+reference "subsec:Upright-small-Greek"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Big Letters
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Greek letters ! big
+Greek letters
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+big
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
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</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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</cell>
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<row>
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</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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-That the big Greek letters appear upright is caused by a design bug when
- TeX was developed.
- To get correct italic big letters, begin every command with
+The big Greek letters appearing upright is caused by a design bug in \SpecialChar TeX
+.
+ To create correct italic big letters,
+ begin every command with
\series bold
var
\series default
\backslash
varGamma
\series default
- produces:
+ produces
\begin_inset Formula $\varGamma$
\end_inset
+.
+ Another way is to load the package
+\series bold
+fixmath
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+fixmath
+\series default
+ is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+was
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+was
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+fixmath
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+usepackage{fixmath}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Then all big Greek letters in a document will automatically be typeset italic.
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Subsection
Bold Letters
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Greek letters ! bold
+Greek letters
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+bold
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
boldsymbol
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! B !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
boldsymbol
\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
.
\end_layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
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\begin_inset Text
</cell>
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+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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</row>
<row>
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+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-A list with all symbols of most of the LaTeX-packages can be found in
+A list with all symbols of most of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-packages can be found in
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
-key "Symbole"
+key "Symbols"
+literal "true"
\end_inset
texorpdfstring is in section
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section"
+reference "subsec:Formulas-in-Section"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Many of the symbols listed in this section can also be inserted via the
- toolbar buttons
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/nabla.png
- scale 85
-
+Many of the symbols listed in this section can also be inserted via the toolbar buttons
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\nabla"
\end_inset
and
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/digamma.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\digamma"
\end_inset
.
Mathematical Symbols
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Mathematical-Symbols"
+name "subsec:Mathematical-Symbols"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Symbols ! mathematical
+Symbols
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
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-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_inset Text
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+
+
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-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-More symbols are listed in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Miscellaneous-special-Characters"
-
-\end_inset
-.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Some symbols can be displayed in different sizes, see
+Some symbols can be displayed in different sizes,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Sizes"
+reference "subsec:Font-Sizes"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
The Euro-Symbol €
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Symbols ! Euro-symbol
+Symbols
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Euro-symbol
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
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status collapsed
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+status open
+
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-@
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To use the Euro symbol in formulas, the LaTeX-package
+To use the Euro symbol in formulas,
+ the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
eurosym
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! eurosym
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+eurosym
\end_layout
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- must be installed and loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ must be installed and loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
euro
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
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+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+E
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
euro
\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The Euro symbol can directly be inserted with the € key in mathematical
- text, without having
+The Euro symbol can directly be inserted with the € key in mathematical text,
+ without having
\series bold
eurosym
\series default
\series bold
eurosym
\series default
- is installed,
+ is installed,
+
\series bold
\backslash
euro
\series default
- can also be inserted in TeX-mode.
+ can also be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
The official currency symbol can then be inserted with the command
\series bold
officialeuro
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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+Commands
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+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+O
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
officialeuro
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, that is only available in TeX-mode.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+ which is also only available in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The following table will only be displayed when the LaTeX-package
+The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
eurosym
\series default
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
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<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
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+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+cmidrule[0.08em]{2-3}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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<row>
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+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
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+\series default
+ is used here only for table borders.
+ See sec.
+
+\family sans
+Formal Tables
+\family default
+ of the
+\emph on
+EmbeddedObjects
+\emph default
+ manual for details.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The following will be displayed when the LaTeX-package
+The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
eurosym
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-You need to install the LaTeX-package
+You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
eurosym
\series default
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Comparisons|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Comparisons
+\begin_inset IndexMacro see
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
Relations
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-All relations can also be inserted via the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/leq.png
- scale 85
-
+All of the following relations can also be inserted via the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\leq"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
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+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
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\begin_inset Text
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\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
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\begin_inset Text
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\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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<row>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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<row>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+Relation
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
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\begin_inset Text
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\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
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<row>
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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<row>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\begin_inset Text
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
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<row>
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+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset space \hfill{}
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
triangleright
\series default
-, respectively.
+,
+ respectively.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\SpecialChar LyX
+ supports also many special relations.
+ Use the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\leqq"
+\end_inset
+
+ to see a list of these relations.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Relations are, in contrary to symbols, always surrounded by space.
+Contrary to symbols,
+ relations are always surrounded by space.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
stackrel
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
stackrel
\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
:
\end_layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
A(r)
\backslash
stackrel
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
r
to
\backslash
infty
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\backslash
approx
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
B
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}A(r)\stackrel{r\to\infty}{\approx}B$
+\begin_inset Formula $A(r)\stackrel{r\to\infty}{\approx}B$
\end_inset
Predefined Functions
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Predefined-Functions"
+name "subsec:Predefined-Functions"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Functions ! predefined
+Functions
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+predefined
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In general, variables are set
+In general,
+ variables are set
\emph on
italic
\emph default
- in mathematical expressions, but not function names, because
+ in mathematical expressions,
+ but not function names,
+ because
\begin_inset Formula $sin$
\end_inset
\end_inset
.
- Therefore there are predefined functions, that are additionally a bit separated
- from prefactors.
+ Also predefined functions are separated a bit from the character in front of them.
They are inserted as commands starting with a backslash before their name.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="4">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
+Asin(x)+B
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+\begin_inset Formula $Asin(x)+B$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \quad{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Asin(x)+B
+Command
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $Asin(x)+B$
-\end_inset
-
-
+Result
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Newpage pagebreak
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="4">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_layout Standard
They can also be inserted with the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/functions.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\functions"
\end_inset
.
\begin_layout Subsection
Self-defined Functions
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Functions ! self-defined
+Functions
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+self-defined
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To use a function that is not predefined, like for example the sign function
- sgn(x), there are two possibilities:
+To use a function that is not predefined,
+ for instance the sign function sgn(x),
+ there are two possibilities:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-Define the function by inserting the following line to the LaTeX-preamble
+Define the function by inserting the following line in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Self-defined-Operators"
+reference "subsec:Self-defined-Operators"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
sgn}{sgn}
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! D !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-dbinom@
+dbinom
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\backslash
DeclareMathOperator
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-Now the new defined function can be called with the command
+Now the newly defined function can be called with the command
\series bold
\backslash
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-Write the the formula as usual, mark the formula name, in our example the
- letters
+Write the formula as usual,
+ mark the formula name,
+ in our example the letters
\emph on
sgn
\emph default
-, and change it to mathematical text.
- At last a space is inserted between prefactor and function.
+,
+ and change it to mathematical text.
+ Finally,
+ insert a space between the prefactor and function.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-In LyX self-defined functions are displayed red, predefined ones black.
+In \SpecialChar LyX
+ self-defined functions are displayed red,
+ predefined ones black.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
A
\backslash
,
-\begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{\textrm{sgn}}_{\textrm{Alt-m}\,\textrm{m}}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{\textrm{sgn}}_{\textrm{Alt+M}\,\textrm{M}}$
\end_inset
(x)+B
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The first method is more suitable when the self-defined function should
- be used several times.
+The first method is more suitable when the self-defined function will be used several times.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Limits
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For limits there are defined besides
+For limits,
+ in addition to the commands
\series bold
\backslash
lim
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! L !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
lim
\end_layout
\end_inset
-,
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+
\series bold
\backslash
\backslash
limsup
\series default
- furthermore the following functions:
+ the following functions are defined:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset space \hspace{}
-\length 1cm
-\end_inset
-
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-hspace
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- are used here as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
lim_x
\backslash
to
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
x=B
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\hspace{1cm}\raisebox{5mm}{}\lim_{x\to A}x=B$
+\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\to A}x=B$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In a displayed formula the limit is set below the formula, as usual:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\lim_{x\to A}x=B\]
+In a displayed formula the limit is set below the formula,
+ as usual:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\lim_{x\to A}x=B
+\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+How to adjust the typesetting of the limits see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Operator-Limits"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Subsection
Modulo-Functions
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Functions ! modulo-
+Functions
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+modulo-
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The modulo-function is special, because it exists in four variants.
+The modulo-function is special,
+ because it exists in four variants.
+ The variants in an inline formula are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The variants in a displayed formula:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*}
-\underline{\textrm{Command}\raisebox{-0.9mm}{}} & & \underline{\textrm{Result}}\\
-\mathrm{a\backslash mod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\mod b\\
-\mathrm{a\backslash pmod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\pmod b\\
-\mathrm{a\backslash bmod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\bmod b\\
-\mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{\spce}b} & & a\pod b\end{align*}
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+a
+\backslash
+mod
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+b
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $a\mod b$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+a
+\backslash
+pmod
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+b
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $a\pmod b$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+a
+\backslash
+bmod
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+b
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $a\bmod b$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+a
+\backslash
+pod
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+b
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $a\pod b$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In an inline formula less space is set before the function names for all
- variants.
+In a display formula,
+ more space is set before the function names for all variants but
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mod.
+
+\series default
+ This later version is also the only one that does not take the
+\series bold
+b
+\series default
+ as argument but acts as a binary operator.
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Special Characters
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The characters ^ and _ would normally create a superscript and subscript,
+ respectively.
+ To get these characters you have to insert them with a leading
+\backslash
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+^
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathcircumflex$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+_
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\_$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The following commands can only be used in mathematical text or in TeX-mode:
+The following commands can only be used in mathematical text or in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\aa}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{å}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
AA
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-@
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-textrm{
-\backslash
-AA}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Å}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Å}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-command
+Command
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The space of 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-hspace{0mm}
-\series default
- is used for separation, because otherwise the output will be ¡ and ¿ respective
-ly.
+mm is used for separation,
+ because otherwise the output will be ¡ and ¿ respectively.
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
`
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
`
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_layout Standard
The characters
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\textrm{Å}}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Å}$
\end_inset
and
-\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\textrm{Ø}}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Ø}$
\end_inset
can also be inserted via the math toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/math/digamma.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-insert \\digamma"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-An exception are the commands
+The commands
\series bold
!
\begin_inset space \hspace{}
`
\series default
-, because they can be inserted in LyX directly to text.
+ are exceptions because they can be inserted in \SpecialChar LyX
+ directly to text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Accents in Text
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Accents-in-Text"
+name "subsec:Accents-in-Text"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Accents ! in text
+Accents
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+in text
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-With the following commands all letters can be accented.
- The commands must be inserted in TeX-mode.
+Any letter can be accented with the following commands.
+ The commands must be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
^
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
e
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
u
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
e
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
b
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
e
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
t
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
ee
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="block" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
H
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
e
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
~e
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
v
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
e
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
d
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
e
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
c
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
e
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
t
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
sz
\series default
- creates:
+ creates:
+
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\series bold
`
\series default
- ,
+ ,
+
\series bold
'
\series default
- , and
+ and
\series bold
^
\series default
- can in combination with vowels directly be inserted with the keyboard without
- using TeX-mode.
+ can in combination with vowels be directly inserted with the keyboard without using \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
The same applies for the tilde
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\emph on
a
\emph default
- ,
+ ,
+
\emph on
n
\emph default
- , or
+ ,
+ or
\emph on
o
\emph default
\backslash
b
\series default
- ,
+ ,
+
\series bold
\backslash
c
\series default
- ,
+ ,
+
\series bold
\backslash
d
\series default
- ,
+ ,
+
\series bold
\backslash
H
\series default
- ,
+ ,
+
\series bold
\backslash
t
\series default
- ,
+ ,
+
\series bold
\backslash
u
\series default
- ,
+ ,
+
\series bold
\backslash
v
\series default
-, and accents inserted directly with the keyboard are also available in
- mathematical text.
- For the other accents there are special math commands to be used in formulas,
+ and accents that are inserted directly with the keyboard are also available in mathematical text.
+ For the other accents there are special math commands used in formulas,
see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Accents-for-one"
+reference "subsec:Accents-for-one"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-Furthermore, with the command
+With the command
\series bold
\backslash
textcircled
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! T !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
textcircled
\end_layout
\end_inset
- all numbers and letters can be set into a circle, quasi accented with a
- circle, similar to the the copyright symbol.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ any number or letter can be set into a circle,
+ quasi accented with a circle,
+ similar to the copyright symbol.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}$
-\end_inset
-
-
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-One has to take care that the character fits in the circle.
+One has to take care that the character fits into the circle.
\series bold
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-see
+See
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Sizes"
+reference "subsec:Font-Sizes"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
- specifies thereby the size of the circle.
+ specifies the size of the circle.
With the help of
\series bold
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-see
+See
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Boxes-without-Frame"
+reference "subsec:Boxes-without-Frame"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-Minuscule Numbers
-\begin_inset Index
+Old-style Figures
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Minuscule numbers
+Old-style Figures
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Minuscule numbers are created with the command
+Old-style figures (also known as old-style numerals) are created with the command
\series bold
\backslash
oldstylenums
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! O !
-\backslash
-oldstylenums
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- The command can be used in formulas and in TeX-mode.
- The command scheme is:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-oldstylenums{number}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-oldstylenums{0123456789
-\series default
- produces:
-\begin_inset Formula $\oldstylenums{0123456789}$
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Miscellaneous special Characters
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Miscellaneous-special-Characters"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Special characters ! miscellaneous
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The following characters can only be inserted to formulas by using commands:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\align center
-\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Command
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Result
+O
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-^
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
+oldstylenums
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathcircumflex$
-\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-_
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\_$
-\end_inset
-
+.
+ The command can be used in formulas and in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ The command scheme is:
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-^
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\series bold
\backslash
-spce
+oldstylenums{number}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command
+\series bold
\backslash
-circ
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-°
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
-\begin_inset Text
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $^{\circ}$
+oldstylenums{0123456789}
+\series default
+ produces:
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\oldstylenums{0123456789}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-</cell>
-</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+\begin_layout Section
+Formula Styles
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Formula-Styles"
\end_inset
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-The degree sign ° can nevertheless be directly inserted if the LaTeX-preamble
- contains the following line
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-More about this is described in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Text-Characters-in"
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\backslash
-DeclareInputtext{176}{
-\backslash
-ifmmode^
-\backslash
-circ
-\backslash
-else
-\backslash
-textdegree
-\backslash
-fi}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+styles
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Formula Styles
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:Formula-Styles"
-
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! styles
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Description
-Centered is the predefined standard
+Centered is the predefined standard.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Description
-Indented for this the option
-\series bold
-fleqn
-\series default
- must be inserted in the menu
+Indented can be set using the menu
\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
under
\family sans
-Document
+Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Class
+Options.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Indented
\series default
- is used, the indentation can be adjusted with the length
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-mathindent
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! M !
-\backslash
-mathindent
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-.
- Should the distance be 15
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-mm, the following command line is inserted in the LaTeX-preamble
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-setlength{
-\backslash
-mathindent}{15mm}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-When no length is specified, the predefined value of 30
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-pt will be used.
+ is used,
+ the indentation can be adjusted.
+ The default value depends on the document class.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
-And two different numbering styles:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_deeper
-\begin_layout Description
-Right is the predefined standard
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Description
-Left for this the option
-\series bold
-leqno
-\series default
- must be inserted in the menu
+Two different numbering styles are available in the menu
\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
under
\family sans
-Document
+Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Class
+Options
+\family default
+:
\end_layout
-\end_deeper
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Description
+Right is in most cases the default.
+\end_layout
-\series bold
-fleqn
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-leqno
-\series default
- can also be used together.
- In this case both options are inserted, separated by a comma.
+\begin_layout Description
+Left
\end_layout
+\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
The chosen styles are used for all displayed formulas of the document.
- When both, centered and indented formulas should be created in a document,
+ When both,
+ centered and indented formulas should be created in a document,
the style
\series bold
Centered
\series default
is used.
- The indented formulas are then set in a flalign environment, see
+ The indented formulas are then set in a flalign environment,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Flalign-Environment"
+reference "subsec:Flalign-Environment"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In LyX multiline formulas are created by pressing
-\family sans
-\series bold
-Ctrl-Return
-\family default
-\series default
+In \SpecialChar LyX
+,
+ multiline formulas are created by pressing
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
+\end_inset
+
inside a formula.
This creates either an
\series bold
-eqnarray environment
+align environment
\series default
that is described in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Eqnarray-Environment"
+reference "subsec:Standard-align-Environment"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
- or, when the option
+ or,
+ when automatically loading of the package
\family sans
-Use AMS math package
+ AMS math
\family default
- in the document settings is selected, an
+ is disabled in the document settings,
+ an
\series bold
-align environment
+eqnarray environment
\series default
that is described in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Standard-align-Environment"
+reference "subsec:Eqnarray-Environment"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
.
+ The align environment is recommended as it provides a typographically correct output in all cases.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-There are other multiline formula environments that can be created via the
- menu
+There are other multiline formula environments that can be created via the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In all multiline formula environments a new line is created by pressing
-
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Return
-\family default
-.
- To add or delete lines, the math toolbar buttons
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png
- scale 85
+In all multiline formula environments a new line is created by pressing
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
+\end_inset
+.
+ To add or delete lines,
+ use the math toolbar buttons
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature append-row"
\end_inset
or
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature delete-row"
\end_inset
-, respectively, or the menu
+ respectively,
+ or the menu option
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+ Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Rows & Columns
\family default
- can be used.
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Line Separation
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Line-Separation"
+name "subsec:Line-Separation"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! Line separation
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Line separation
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-There is sometimes not enough space in multiline formulas between the lines:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
+Sometimes there is not enough space in multiline formulas between the lines:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\
-4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0\end{eqnarray*}
+4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0
+\end{eqnarray*}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In LaTeX additional line space is specified as optional argument of the
- new line command.
- This is not yet possible in LyX
+In \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ additional line space is specified as an optional argument of the new line command.
+ This is not yet possible in \SpecialChar LyX
+
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "LyX-bug #1505"
-target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1505"
+target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505"
+literal "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
-, therefore the whole formula must be inserted in TeX-mode.
- To add in our example space, the command
+,
+ therefore the whole formula must be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ To add in our example space,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
[3mm]
\series default
is inserted at the end of the first line.
- One gets:
+ One gets:
+
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD &
- = &
+B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = &
\backslash
textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}
\backslash
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-To set the the line separation for all lines in a formula, the length
+To set the line separation for all lines in a formula,
+ the length of
\series bold
\backslash
jot
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! J !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+J
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
jot
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
is changed.
- The definition is:
-\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{line separation}=\mathrm{6\, pt+\backslash jot}$
+ The definition is:
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{line separation}=\mathrm{6\,pt+\backslash jot}$
\end_inset
.
- Predefined for
+
\series bold
\backslash
jot
\series default
- is the value 3
+ is predefined as 3
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-mm additional line separation as in the previous example, the command
+mm of additional line separation as in the previous example,
+ the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-is inserted in TeX-mode before the formula.
- This requires that the LaTeX-package
+is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before the formula.
+ This requires that the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
calc
\series default
\series bold
calc
\series default
- is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
+ is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! calc
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+calc
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
- was loaded in LaTeX-preamble with the line
+ was loaded in \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble with the line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-One gets:
+One gets:
+
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\
-4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0\end{eqnarray*}
+4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0
+\end{eqnarray*}
\end_inset
\end_inset
- To get back to the predefined distance,
+ To get restore
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+jot
+\series default
+ to its original value,
+
\series bold
\backslash
Column Separation
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Column-Separation"
+name "subsec:Column-Separation"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! Column separation
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Column separation
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
Multiline formulas form a matrix.
- A formula in the eqnarray environment is for example a matrix with three
- columns.
- By changing the column separation in this environment, the space beside
- the relation sign can be changed.
+ A formula in the eqnarray environment for example is a matrix with three columns.
+ By changing the column separation in this environment,
+ the space beside the relation sign can be changed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
arraycolsep
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
arraycolsep
\end_layout
\end_inset
- according to:
-\begin_inset Newline newline
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-column separation = 2
+ according to the formula:
+ column separation = 2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-Thus, the command
+Thus,
+ the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-inserted in TeX-mode, sets for all following formulas a column separation
- of 2
+inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode,
+ sets all following formula column separations to 2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
cm.
- To get back to the predefined distance,
+ To return to the predefined distance,
+
\series bold
\backslash
cm column separation:
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
A & = & B\\
-C & \ne & A\end{eqnarray*}
+C & \ne & A
+\end{eqnarray*}
\end_inset
pt:
\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
A & = & B\\
-C & \ne & A\end{eqnarray*}
+C & \ne & A
+\end{eqnarray*}
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Long Formulas
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! long
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Long formulas can be typeset using these methods:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Itemize
-When one side of the equation is much shorther than the line width, this
- one is chosen for the left side and the right side is typeset over two
- lines:
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Long Formulas
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-medskip
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+long
\end_layout
\end_inset
-
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
-H & = & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\nonumber \\
- & & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\label{eq:kurzlang}\end{eqnarray}
-
-\end_inset
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-smallskip
+\begin_layout Standard
+Long formulas can be typeset using these methods:
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
+If one side of an equation is much shorter than the line width,
+ this is chosen for the left side and the right side is typeset over two lines:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray}
+H & = & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\nonumber \\
+ & & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\label{eq:shortlong}
+\end{eqnarray}
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Newline newline
+The minus sign at the beginning of the second line does normally not appear as an operator because it is the first character of the line.
+ Thus it would not be surrounded by space and could not be distinguished from the fraction bar.
+ To avoid this,
+ a 3
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-The minus sign at the beginning of the second line does normally not appear
- as operator because it is the first character of the line.
- Thus it would not be surrounded by space and could not be distinguished
- from the fraction bar.
- To avoid this, space was inserted behind the minus sign with the command
-
+pt space was inserted behind the minus sign with the command
\series bold
\backslash
-hspace{3pt}
+hspace
\series default
-
+.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-more about
+For more about
\series bold
\backslash
see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Variable-Space"
+reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! H !
-\backslash
-hspace
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-.
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-When both sides of the equation are too long, the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-lefteqn
-\series default
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! L !
+
\backslash
-lefteqn
+hspace
\end_layout
\end_inset
- is used.
- It is inserted to the first column of the first line and effects that all
- further insertions overwrite the following columns:
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-medskip
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
-\lefteqn{4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}}\nonumber \\
- & & -\hspace{3pt}B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\nonumber \\
- & & =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\label{eq:lefteqn}\end{eqnarray}
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Itemize
+When both sides of the equation are long,
+ the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+lefteqn
+\series default
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-smallskip
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-After the insertion of
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
lefteqn
-\series default
-, the cursor is in a purple box that is a bit shifted to the left from the
- blue one.
- In this the formula is inserted.
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-medskip
\end_layout
\end_inset
+ is used.
+ It is inserted in the first column of the first line and causes all further insertions to overwrite the following columns:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray}
+\lefteqn{4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}}\nonumber \\
+ & & -\hspace{3pt}B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\nonumber \\
+ & & =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\label{eq:lefteqn}
+\end{eqnarray}
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-The content of the further lines is inserted to the second or another formula
- column.
- The greater the column number where it was inserted, the larger the indentation.
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
+After the insertion of
+\series bold
\backslash
-medskip
-\end_layout
+lefteqn
+\series default
+,
+ the cursor is in a purple box that is shifted a bit to the left from the blue one.
+ The formula is inserted there.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+The content of additional lines is inserted in the second or another formula column.
+ The greater the insertion column number ,
+ the larger the indentation.
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
\end_inset
g.
-\begin_inset space ~
+\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
the term
\begin_inset Formula $-B^{2}$
\end_inset
- is added to the first line in the above example, it would have been outside
- the page margin.
- To better use the width, negative space can be inserted at the beginning
- of the first line.
+ is added to the first line in the above example,
+ it would have been outside the page margin.
+ To better use the width,
+ negative space can be inserted at the beginning of the first line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-Due to a bug in LyX the cursor cannot be set with the mouse into the first
- line.
+Due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX
+ the cursor cannot be set with the mouse in the first line.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "LyX-bug #1429"
-target "http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1429"
+target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1429"
+literal "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
- One can only set the cursor at the beginning of the line and move it with
- the arrow keys.
+ One can only set the cursor at the beginning of the line and move it with the arrow keys.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-Other methods to set long formulas are offered by the environments described
- in
+Other methods to set long formulas are offered by the environments described in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Multline-Environment"
+reference "subsec:Multline-Environment"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Multiline-Formula-Parts"
+reference "subsec:Multiline-Formula-Parts"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Multiline Fractions
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Multiline-Fractions"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Fractions
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are cases where the denominator and/or the numerator of a fraction is so long that the fraction does not fit on one line.
+ It is then necessary to add a line break within the fraction.
+ This can be done using the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+splitfrac
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+splitfrac
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ To activate it,
+ go to the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Options
+\family default
+ for the package
+\series bold
+mathtools
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+mathtools
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ and set its option to
+\family sans
+Load
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
+always
+\family default
.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+splitfrac
+\series default
+ has the scheme
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+splitfrac{first line}{second line}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+and is used for either the denominator or numerator:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+a=\frac{\splitfrac{xy+xy+xy+xy+xy}{+wy+wy+wy+wy}}{z}\ne\frac{\splitdfrac{xy+\frac{xy}{z}+xy+xy+xy}{+xy+xy+xy+xy}}{z}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+The command for the first numerator above is:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+splitfrac{xy+xy+xy+xy+xy
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{+wy+wy+wy+wy
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Multiline Brackets
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Multiline-Brackets"
+name "subsec:Multiline-Brackets"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Brackets ! for multiline expressions
+Brackets
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+for multiline expressions
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
For brackets spanning multiple lines the following problem occurs:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\
- & & \left.\cdots+B-D\right]\end{eqnarray*}
+ & & \left.\cdots+B-D\right]
+\end{eqnarray*}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The closing bracket is smaller than the opening bracket because brackets
- with variable size may not span multiple lines.
+The closing bracket is smaller than the opening bracket because brackets with variable size may not span multiple lines.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To set the bracket size for the second line correctly, the first line is
- ended with
+To set the bracket size for the second line correctly,
+ the first line is ended with
\series bold
\backslash
right.
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
right
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
and the second line with
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-for more about
+For more about
\series bold
\backslash
see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! L !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
left
\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
.
After
\series bold
vphantom
\series default
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
prod
\series default
^
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
infty
\series default
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
_R=1}
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! V !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+V
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
vphantom
\end_layout
\end_inset
- is inserted, because the multiplication operator with its limits is the
- largest symbol in the first line and this should be the size for the bracket
- in the second line.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is inserted,
+ because the multiplication operator with its limits is the largest symbol in the first line and this should be the size for the bracket in the second line.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The result is this:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\
- & & \left.\vphantom{\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}}\cdots+B-D\right]\end{eqnarray*}
+ & & \left.\vphantom{\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}}\cdots+B-D\right]
+\end{eqnarray*}
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
Align environments can be used for every kind of multiline formulas.
- They are specially useful to set several formulas side by side.
+ They are especially useful to set several formulas side by side.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Align environments consist of columns.
- The odd columns are right aligned, the even ones left aligned.
+ The odd columns are right aligned,
+ the even ones left aligned.
Every line in an Align environment can be numbered.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Align environments are created via the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math
\family default
.
With the menu
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change Formula Type
\family default
- already existing formulas can be converted to Align environments.
+ pre-existing formulas can be converted to Align environments.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To add or delete columns, the math toolbar buttons
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-column.png
- scale 85
-
+To add or delete columns,
+ use the math toolbar buttons
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature append-column"
\end_inset
or
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-column.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "tabular-feature delete-column"
\end_inset
-, respectively, or the menu
+ respectively,
+ or the menu option
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Rows & Columns
\family default
can be used.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
-Standard align Environment
+Standard Align Environment
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Standard-align-Environment"
+name "subsec:Standard-align-Environment"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! align environment
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+align environment
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-This Align environment is created by presssing
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Return
-\family default
+This align environment is created by pressing
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
+\end_inset
+
in a formula or by the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
AMS align Environment
\family default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-An example for two formulas set side by side, that are created with a four
- column align environment:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*}
+An example for two formulas set side by side,
+ that are created with a four column align environment:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{align*}
A & =\sin(B) & C & =D\\
-C & \ne A & B & \ne D\end{align*}
+C & \ne A & B & \ne D
+\end{align*}
\end_inset
-As it can be seen, the formulas in this environment are placed so as if
- there would be a
+As it can be seen,
+ the formulas in this environment are placed so as if there would be a
\series bold
\backslash
hfill
\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-more about
+For more about
\series bold
\backslash
see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Variable-Space"
+reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\series bold
Indented
\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-formula styles see
+For formula styles see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\series default
- is used, the formula is set without the
+ is used,
+ the formula is set without the
\series bold
\backslash
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Alignat Environment
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! alignat environment
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+alignat environment
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
The alignat environment has no predefined column separation.
- It can be inserted manually with the spaces that are described
+ It can be inserted manually with the spaces that are described in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Space"
+reference "subsec:Space"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The above example in the alignat environment where 1
+The above example is shown in the alignat environment where 1
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
cm space was inserted at the beginning of the second formula:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{alignat*}{2}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{alignat*}{2}
A & =\sin(B) & \hspace{1cm}C & =D\\
-C & \ne A & B & \ne D\end{alignat*}
+C & \ne A & B & \ne D
+\end{alignat*}
\end_inset
-Because the column separation can be set separately for every column, this
- environment is especially suitable to set three and more formulas side
- by side.
+Because the column separation can be set separately for every column,
+ this environment is especially suitable to set three or more formulas side by side.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsubsection
Flalign Environment
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Flalign-Environment"
+name "subsec:Flalign-Environment"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! flalign environment
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+flalign environment
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In this environment the first two columns are always set as much as possible
- to the left and the last two ones to the right.
+In this environment the first column is always set to the left as much as possible and the last one to the right.
An example:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign*}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{flalign*}
A & =1 & B & =2 & C & =3\\
-X & =\textrm{-}1 & Y & =\textrm{-}2 & Z & =4\end{flalign*}
+X & =\textrm{-}1 & Y & =\textrm{-}2 & Z & =4
+\end{flalign*}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-By creating a flalign environment with an odd number of columns where an
- empty TeX-brace is inserted to the last column, several formulas in a document
- can be set to the left, although the formula style
+By creating a flalign environment with an odd number of columns where an empty \SpecialChar TeX
+ brace is inserted in the last column,
+ several formulas in a document can be set to the left,
+ although the formula style
\series bold
Centered
\series default
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:VolInt"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign}
-\hspace{30pt}\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V & =U & {}\end{flalign}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{flalign}
+\hspace{30pt}\iiint_{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V & =U & {}
+\end{flalign}
\end_inset
\series bold
Indented
\series default
-, 30
+,
+ a 30
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
Eqnarray Environment
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Eqnarray-Environment"
+name "subsec:Eqnarray-Environment"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! eqnarray environment
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+eqnarray environment
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When this environment has been created, three blue boxes appear.
- The content of the first box is right aligned, the content of the last
- one left aligned.
- The content of the middle box appears centered and a bit smaller, because
- it is designed to insert there only relation characters.
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
+When this environment is created,
+ three blue boxes appear.
+ The content of the first box is right aligned,
+ the content of the last box left aligned.
+ The content of the middle box appears centered and a bit smaller because it is intended for relational characters only.
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D}\\
AB & AB & AB\\
-A & = & A\end{eqnarray*}
+A & = & A
+\end{eqnarray*}
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Gather Environment
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! gather environment
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+gather environment
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-This environment consists of only one centered column.
+This environment consists of one centered column.
Every line can be numbered.
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{gather}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{gather}
A=1\\
-X=\textrm{-}1\end{gather}
+X=\textrm{-}1
+\end{gather}
\end_inset
Multline Environment
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Multline-Environment"
+name "subsec:Multline-Environment"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! multline environment
-\end_layout
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multline environment
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The multline environment consists, like the gather environment, of only
- one column.
- But the first line is left aligned, the last one right aligned.
+The multline environment consists,
+ like the gather environment,
+ of one column.
+ But the first line is left aligned,
+ the last one right aligned.
All other lines are centered.
Therefore this environment is suitable for long formulas.
- As example formula
+ Using example formula
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:lefteqn"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
in the multline environment:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{multline}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{multline}
4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\
-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\\
-=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\end{multline}
+=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}
+\end{multline}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In the output only the last (first) line of a multline environment appears
- numbered when the document numbering is right (left).
+In the output,
+ only the last line of a multline environment appears numbered when the document numbering is on the right .
+ If the document numbering is on the left then only the first line will appear numbered.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-numbering styles see
+For numbering styles see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\backslash
shoveright
-\begin_inset Index
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
shoveright
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
and
\series bold
\backslash
shoveleft
-\begin_inset Index
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
shoveleft
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
- a centered line can be right or left aligned, respectively.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ a centered line can be right or left aligned,
+ respectively.
The commands are used as follows:
\end_layout
\backslash
multlinegap
-\begin_inset Index
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! M !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+M
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
multlinegap
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
specifies the distance of the first line from the left page margin.
Predefined is the length 0
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-was inserted in TeX-mode before:
+was inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{multline}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{multline}
4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\
\shoveleft{-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}\\
-=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\end{multline}
+=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}
+\end{multline}
\end_inset
Multiline Formula Parts
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Multiline-Formula-Parts"
+name "subsec:Multiline-Formula-Parts"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! formula parts
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+formula parts
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To display only parts of a formula with multiple lines, one of the following
- environments are used:
+To display only parts of a formula with multiple lines,
+ one of the following environments is used:
+
\series bold
aligned
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
alignedat
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
gathered
\series default
.
They can be inserted via the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math
\family default
or by using the commands described in this section.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The first three have the same properties as the corresponding multiline
- formula environments, but it is possible to set further formula parts beside
- them.
+The first three have the same properties as the corresponding multiline formula environments,
+ but it is possible to set additional formula parts beside them.
An example:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
\left.\begin{aligned}\Delta x\Delta p & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\\
-\Delta E\Delta t & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\end{aligned}
-\right\} \textrm{Uncertainty relations}\]
+\Delta E\Delta t & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}
+\end{aligned}
+\right\} \textrm{Uncertainty relations}
+\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To get this formula, a displayed formula is created where the command
+To get this formula,
+ a displayed formula is created where the command
\series bold
\backslash
aligned
-\begin_inset Index
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
aligned
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
is inserted.
- A purple box appears around the blue formula box where now columns and
- lines can be added.
- Outside the multiline environment other formula parts can be set, like
- the brace.
+ A purple box appears around the blue formula box where now columns and lines can be added.
+ Outside the multiline environment other formula parts can be set,
+ like the brace.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The aligned environment is also suitable for long formulas whose lines are
- horizontally aligned.
- Using aligned in a displayed formula has the advantage that the formula
- number is vertically centered behind the lines.
- As example formula
+The aligned environment is also suitable for long formulas whose lines are horizontally aligned.
+ Using aligned in a displayed formula has the advantage that the formula number is vertically centered behind the lines.
+ For example here is formula
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:kurzlang"
+reference "eq:shortlong"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
in the aligned environment:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}H=\; & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\\
- & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\end{aligned}
+ & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}
+\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
\end_inset
\series bold
alignedat
\series default
-,
+,
+
\series bold
gathered
\series default
-, or
+,
+ or
\series bold
split
\series default
-, the command
+,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
alignedat
\series default
,
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
alignedat
\end_layout
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
\series bold
gathered
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! G !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+G
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
gathered
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, or
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+ or
\series bold
\backslash
split
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! S !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
split
\end_layout
\end_inset
- are inserted, respectively.
- The split environment has the same properties as the aligned environment
- but it can only have two columns.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ are inserted,
+ respectively.
+ The split environment has the same properties as the aligned environment but it can only have two columns.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
-Text in multiline Formulas
+Text in Multiline Formulas
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Text-in-multiline"
+name "subsec:Text-in-multiline"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Text ! in formulas
+Text
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+in formulas
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! multiline ! text
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multiline
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+text
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In the Align environments, and the multline and gather environment, text
- can be inserted that will appear in a separate line and doesn't affect
- the column alignment.
- To do this, the command
+In the align environments as well as the multline and gather environment,
+ text can be inserted that will appear in a separate line and doesn't affect the column alignment.
+ To do this,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
intertext
-\begin_inset Index
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! I !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+I
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
intertext
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
is used in the following scheme:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The text should not be longer than a line because it cannot be hyphenated.
- As LyX doesn't yet support
+ As \SpecialChar LyX
+ doesn't yet support
\series bold
\backslash
intertext
\series default
- directly, the text is written as mathematical text.
-
+ directly,
+ the text is written as mathematical text.
+ Therefore
\series bold
\backslash
intertext
\series default
- must hereby be at the beginning of a line and appears in the output above
- this line.
+ must be at the beginning of a line and will appear in the output above this line.
An example where the text was inserted at the beginning of the second line:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{align}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{align}
I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\
-\intertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to $\phi=\pi$, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\end{align}
+\intertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to \ensuremath{\phi=\pi}, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi
+\end{align}
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Formula Numbering
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+intertext
+\series default
+ always creates some vertical space between the text and the formula lines.
+ To avoid this space,
+ in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Options
+\family default
+ for the package
+\series bold
+mathtools
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula numbering
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+mathtools
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
+ set the option to
+\family sans
+Load
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+always
+\family default
+.
+ Then you can use the command
+\series bold
-\begin_inset Index
+\backslash
+shortintertext
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! numbering|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
-{
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+shortintertext
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ instead of
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+intertext
+\series default
+:
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{align}
+I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\
+\shortintertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to \ensuremath{\phi=\pi}, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi
+\end{align}
+
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Formula Numbering
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
Formula numbering
-\begin_inset ERT
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+numbering
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro see
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula numbering
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
Numbered formulas can be created with the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Numbered
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Formula
\family default
(shortcut
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Alt
-\begin_inset space ~
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcuts"
+arg "command-sequence math-display; math-number-toggle;"
\end_inset
-n
-\family default
).
Existing formulas can be numbered with the menu
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Toggle
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Number
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-Numbering
-\family default
- (shortcut
-\family sans
-Alt-m
+Whole
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-n
+Formula
\family default
+ (shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "math-number-toggle"
+\end_inset
+
).
- The formula number is displayed in LyX behind the formula as number sign
- in parentheses.
- The number sign is replaced in the output by the formula number.
+ The formula number is displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
+ behind the formula as a number in parentheses.
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When numbering is turned on in multiline formulas, all lines will be numbered.
+When numbering is turned on in multiline formulas,
+ all formulas will be numbered.
But the numbering can be controlled with the menu
\family sans
-Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Toggle
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-Numbering
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Number
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-of
+This
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Line
\family default
(shortcut
-\family sans
-Alt-m
-\begin_inset space ~
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "math-number-line-toggle"
\end_inset
-N
-\family default
-) for every line.
+) for every formula.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Except of inline formulas, all formulas can be numbered with two different
- styles, see
+Except for inline formulas,
+ all formulas can be numbered with two different styles,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Cross-References
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Cross-References"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Cross-references
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+to formulas
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Cross-references ! to formulas
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
All labeled formulas can be cross-referenced.
- A label is added by the menu
+ A label is added with the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Label
\family default
or the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/label-insert.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "label-insert"
\end_inset
.
- The cursor must hereby be inside a displayed formula.
+ The cursor must be inside a displayed formula.
+ Alternatively you can right-click on the formula and choose
+\family sans
+Equation Label
+\family default
+.
A dialog pops up displaying the prefix
\series bold
eq:
+
\series default
in a text field.
- The label is inserted there behind the prefix.
+ The label is inserted behind the prefix.
The predefined prefix means
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- and makes it easier to find labels in large documents because it marks
- it as formula label to divide it from e.
+ and makes it easier to find labels in large documents because it marks it as a formula label to distinguish it from e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
-\begin_inset space ~
+\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
section labels.
- To change a label, the menu
+ To change a label,
+ the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Label
\family default
- is used again.
+ is used again or you can right-click on a formula and then on
+\family sans
+Equation Label
+\family default
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The name of the label is displayed in LyX within two parentheses behind
- formula.
+The name of the label is displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
+ within parentheses behind the formula number.
A formula with a label is always numbered.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Cross-references are inserted via the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cross-Reference
\family default
or with the toolbar button
-\begin_inset Graphics
- filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png
- scale 85
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
\end_inset
.
\series bold
(<reference>)
\series default
- is chosen, the cross-reference appears in the output as formula number
- in parentheses.
+ is chosen,
+ the cross-reference appears in the output as formula number in parentheses.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-By right-clicking on a cross-reference in LyX, one jumps to the formula
- that is referenced.
+By right-clicking on a cross-reference in \SpecialChar LyX
+,
+ one jumps to the formula that is referenced.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:tag"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:c"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:Lat"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:Rom"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
is described in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:User-defined-Numbering"
+reference "subsec:User-defined-Numbering"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
contains a box like in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Paragraph-Boxes"
+reference "subsec:Paragraph-Boxes"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
-, the formula cannot be referenced.
+,
+ the formula cannot be referenced.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Subnumbering
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula numbering ! subnumbering
+Formula numbering
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+subnumbering
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-With the help of the commands
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-begin{subequations}
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-\backslash
-end{subequations}
-\series default
- formulas can be subnumbered.
- Both commands are inserted in TeX-mode.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-An example:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-A=C-B\label{eq:a}\end{equation}
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Formulas can be numbered as subequations.
+ To activate this feature,
+ add the module
+\family sans
+Subequations
+\family default
+ to the document in the menu
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Modules
+\family default
+.
+ To insert subequations use the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Custom Insets\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Subequations
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The equations to be subnumbered are put into the
+\family sans
+Subequations
+\family default
+ inset.
+ An example:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+A=C-B
+\end{equation}
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-addtocounter{equation}{-1}
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset VSpace -5mm
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Flex Subequations
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+B=C-A\label{eq:b}
+\end{equation}
-
-\backslash
-begin{subequations}
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset VSpace -5mm
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-B=C-A\label{eq:b}\end{equation}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+C=A+B\label{eq:c}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-C=A+B\label{eq:c}\end{equation}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Every formula in the
+\family sans
+Subequations
+\family default
+ inset will be subnumbered with a,
+ b,
+ c,
+ \SpecialChar ldots
+ in the output.
+ For multiline formulas every line will be subnumbered.
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Referencing subequations works like normal equations:
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:b"
+nolink "false"
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-end{subequations}
-\end_layout
+,
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:c"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
+.
+ If you want to reference the subequations collectively,
+ insert a label as first thing in the
+\family sans
+Subequations
+\family default
+ inset.
+ Formula
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:Here-is-an"
+plural "false"
+caps "false"
+noprefix "false"
+nolink "false"
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-To create the example, the following is done:
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-first formula is inserted
+ is an example.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Standard
+When inserting subequations,
+ vertical space is added before the equation.
+ To remove this,
+ insert -5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+mm vertical space right before the
+\family sans
+Subequations
+\family default
+ inset.
+ If the formula style
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-addtocounter{equation}{-1}
-\backslash
-begin{subequations}
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+Indented
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
-\backslash
-addtocounter
-\end_layout
+For formula styles see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
\series default
-is inserted after the first formula
-\end_layout
+ is used,
+ insert -7
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-second formula is inserted
+mm space instead.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
-third formula is inserted
+\begin_layout Standard
+To get another subnumber instead of small Latin letters,
+ insert this command as \SpecialChar TeX
+ code before the equations in the
+\family sans
+Subequations
+\family default
+ inset:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Enumerate
+\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-end{subequations}
-\series default
- is inserted after the third formula
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+theparentequation -
+\backslash
+roman{equation}}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Every formula between the commands
-\series bold
-\backslash
-begin
-\series default
- and
\series bold
\backslash
-end
-\series default
- is subnumbered as a, b,
-\begin_inset Newline linebreak
-\end_inset
-
-c, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
- For multiline formulas every line will be subnumbered.
- All subnumbered formulas are treated as
-\emph on
-one
-\emph default
- numbered formula.
- But as every numbered formula increases the counter
-\series bold
-equation
+theparentequation
\series default
- by one, the command
+ creates the parent number and
\series bold
\backslash
-addtocounter
+roman{equation}
\series default
- is needed to decrease it.
- Otherwise the formulas
+ adds a small Roman number as subnumber.
+ For more information about the customization of the numbering,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:a"
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Numbering-with-Roman"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
-,
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:b"
+.
+\end_layout
-\end_inset
-
-,
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:c"
-
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+Here is an example of a multiline formula where the numbering is customized and turned off for the second line:
+\begin_inset Flex Subequations
+status open
- would be numbered as
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:a"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "eq:Here-is-an"
\end_inset
-,
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:d"
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
-,
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand eqref
-reference "eq:f"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\end_inset
-.
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+theparentequation -
+\backslash
+roman{equation}}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-By inserting the commands in TeX-mode, a space is created between the first
- two formulas.
- To revert this -5
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-mm vertical space is inserted after the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-begin{subequations}
-\series default
-.
- When the formula style
-\series bold
-Indented
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-formula styles see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray}
+A & = & (B-Z)^{2}=(B-Z)(B-Z)\\
+ & = & B^{2}-ZB-BZ+Z^{2}\nonumber \\
+ & = & B^{2}-2BZ+Z^{2}
+\end{eqnarray}
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\series default
- is used, -7
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Numbering with Roman Numbers and Letters
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Numbering-with-Roman"
+
\end_inset
-mm space is inserted instead.
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Here is an example for a multiline formula where the numbering was turned
- off for the second line:
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula numbering
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-begin{subequations}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+with letters
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
-A & = & (B-Z)^{2}=(B-Z)(B-Z)\label{eq:d}\\
- & = & B^{2}-ZB-BZ+Z^{2}\nonumber \\
- & = & B^{2}-2BZ+Z^{2}\label{eq:f}\end{eqnarray}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula numbering
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-end{subequations}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+with Roman numbers
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-User-defined Numbering
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:User-defined-Numbering"
-
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula numbering ! user-defined
\end_layout
-\end_inset
-
-
+\begin_layout Standard
+Formulas can also be numbered with Roman numbers and Latin letters.
+ To number with small Roman numbers,
+ the command
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula numbering ! self-defined delimiters
-\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\series bold
-With the standard numbering parentheses are set around the formula number.
- To replace the parentheses for example by vertical bars, the following
- line is added to the LaTeX-preamble:
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+roman{equation}}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
+is inserted before the formula in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+
\series bold
\backslash
-def
-\backslash
-tagform@#1{
-\backslash
-maketag@@@{|#1|}}
+renewcommand
\series default
-\begin_inset Note Note
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-This macro is already declared in the LaTeX-preamble for testing.
- To activate it, remove the percent sign at the beginning.
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To use other characters, the vertical bars besides the
-\series bold
-#1
-\series default
- are replaced by one ore more characters.
- To get only the formula number the vertical bars are omitted.
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-When there should be an expression of your choice instead of the consecutive
- formula number in parentheses behind the formula, the command
+ redefines the predefined command
\series bold
\backslash
-tag
+theequation
\series default
+ to the command
+\series bold
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\backslash
+roman{equation}
+\series default
+.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! T !
+The command
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-tag
-\end_layout
+renewcommand
+\series default
+ has the same scheme as the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+ described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:The-Command-newcommand"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
- is used:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-A+B=C\tag{something}\label{eq:tag}\end{equation}
+.
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-In this example the command
+
+\series bold
+equation
+\series default
+ is the formula counter.
+ When the command
\series bold
\backslash
-tag
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
+the
+\series default
+ is used as prefix for a counter,
+ the value of the counter is output as Arabic number.
+ When a formula is numbered,
+ \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ sets internally the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-something
+theequation
\series default
- was inserted to the formula.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-When the command
+ behind the formula.
+
\series bold
\backslash
-tag*
-\begin_inset ERT
+roman{equation}
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-spce
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
\end_layout
\end_inset
-something
-\series default
- is inserted instead, the star prevents the parentheses around the expression:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-A+B=C\tag*{something}\]
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+roman
+\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-To restart the formula numbering with new document parts or sections, the
- following command is used:
+
+\series default
+ outputs the counter as small Roman number.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+All formulas behind the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+renew
+\series default
+c
+\series bold
+ommand
+\series default
+ are now numbered Roman.
+ To switch to numbering with big Roman numbers,
+ the command is inserted again,
+ but
\series bold
\backslash
-@addtoreset{equation}{part}
+roman
\series default
+ is replaced by
+\series bold
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\backslash
+Roman
+\series default
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands !
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-"
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-@
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-"
+R
\end_layout
\end_inset
- !
-\backslash
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-"
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-@
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-"
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-addtoreset
+\backslash
+roman
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
+\backslash
+Roman
+\end_layout
-resp.
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-@addtoreset{equation}{section}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To be able to use these commands in TeX-mode, the
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-
-@
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- character has to be made
+.
+ To
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-active
+number
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
- for LaTeX using the command
+ with small Latin letters there is the command
\series bold
\backslash
-makeatletter.
-
+alph
\series default
- The command
-\series bold
-\backslash
-makeatother
-\series default
- reverts this.
- So the command sequence in TeX-mode is:
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-makeatletter
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\backslash
-@addtoreset{equation}{section}
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-makeatother
+alph
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-In the LaTeX-preamble
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-makeatletter
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-\backslash
-makeatother
-\series default
- can be omitted as they are automatically internally inserted by LyX.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To revert
+\end_inset
+
+,
+ for big ones there is the command
\series bold
\backslash
-@addtoreset
-\series default
-, the file
-\series bold
-remreset.sty
+Alph
\series default
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\series bold
-remreset
-\series default
- is part of the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-carlisle
-\series default
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! carlisle
+
+\backslash
+alph
\end_layout
\end_inset
- that is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
+
+\backslash
+Alph
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! remreset
\end_layout
\end_inset
- has to be loaded in the LaTeX-preamble with the line
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
+Note:
-\backslash
-usepackage{remreset}
+\series default
+ Only a maximum of 26
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+formulas can be numbered with Latin letters in one document.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Then the command
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-@removefromreset
-\series default
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands !
+\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-"
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+roman{equation}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-@
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-"
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+A=\textrm{small roman}
+\end{equation}
+
\end_inset
- !
-\backslash
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-"
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+Roman{equation}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-@
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+B=\textrm{big Roman}\label{eq:Rom}
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-"
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+alph{equation}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-removefromreset
-\end_layout
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+C=\textrm{small Latin}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
- can be used with the same scheme as
-\series bold
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-@addtoreset
-\series default
-.
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+Alph{equation}}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-Sometimes formulas should be numbered in the following form:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-\family typewriter
-(section number.formula number)
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+D=\textrm{big Latin}\label{eq:Lat}
+\end{equation}
-\begin_layout Standard
-The formula number should start with every section with
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-1
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
-.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-For this case there is the command
+To switch back to the default numbering,
+ insert the command:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
\series bold
\backslash
-numberwithin
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+arabic{equation}}
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! N !
-\backslash
-numberwithin
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, which is used with the following scheme:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-numberwithin{counter}{sectioning}
+arabic
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Counter denotes what kind of numbering is affected, sectioning denotes what
- number is before the dot.
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
-\begin_layout Standard
-Thus in our case the following LaTeX-preamble or TeX-Code line is used:
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-\backslash
-numberwithin{equation}{section}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-This is the result:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\backslash
-numberwithin{equation}{section}
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+arabic{equation}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-A+B=C\end{equation}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+E=\textrm{Arabic}
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To number e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-g.
-\begin_inset space ~
+As you see,
+ formulas are numbered serially independent from the numbering style.
+ When then numbering should start with
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-tables so that the number of the part is the sectioning,
-\begin_inset Newline newline
+1
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
+ when the style is changed,
+ new equation counters have to be defined.
+ A description of this can be found in the file
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "Formula-numbering.lyx"
+target "run:Formula-numbering.lyx"
+type "other"
+literal "false"
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-numberwithin{table}{part}
-\series default
- is used.
-\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Standard
-To go back to the standard numbering or to prevent this kind of numbering
- when it is defined by the document class, the following command is inserted
- as TeX-Code or to the LaTeX-preamble:
+.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_layout Subsection
+User-defined Numbering
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:User-defined-Numbering"
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-arabic{equation}}
-\begin_inset Index
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
-\backslash
-arabic
+Formula numbering
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+user-defined
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-arabic{equation}}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ If the document language is a right-to-left language such as Arabic,
+ you must add this to the to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble to be able to use the commands described in this section:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\series default
-or
\series bold
+\backslash
+AtBeginDocument{
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-thetable}{
-\backslash
-arabic{table}}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\backslash
-numberwithin
-\series default
- uses internally the command
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-@addtoreset
-\series default
-, described above, that also needs to be reverted.
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-makeatletter
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_inset
\backslash
-@removefromreset{equation}{section}
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
+def
\backslash
-makeatother
+tagform@#1{
+\backslash
+maketag@@@{(
+\backslash
+ignorespaces#1
+\backslash
+unskip)}} }
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Numbering with Roman Numbers and Letters
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Numbering-with-Roman"
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula numbering ! with letters
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+Formula numbering
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula numbering ! with Roman numbers
+self-defined delimiters
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Formulas can also be numbered with Roman numbers and Latin letters.
- To number for example with small Roman numbers, the command
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-roman{equation}}
+With standard numbering,
+ parentheses are set around a formula number.
+ To replace the parentheses for example with vertical bars,
+ the following line is added to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-is inserted before the formula in TeX-mode.
-
-\series bold
-\backslash
-renewcommand
-\series default
-
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
-\backslash
-renewcommand
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
- redefines the predefined command
\series bold
\backslash
-theequation
-\series default
- to the command
-\series bold
+AtBeginDocument{
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-roman{equation}
-\series default
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The command
-\series bold
-\backslash
-renewcommand
-\series default
- has the same scheme like the command
\series bold
-
-\backslash
-newcommand
-\series default
- that is described in
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:User-defined-Commands"
-
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-.
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
-.
-
-\series bold
-equation
-\series default
- is the formula counter.
- When the command
-\series bold
\backslash
-the
-\series default
- is used as prefix for a counter, the value of the counter is output as
- Arabic number.
- When a formula is numbered, LaTeX sets internally the command
-\series bold
-
+def
\backslash
-theequation
+tagform@#1{
+\backslash
+maketag@@@{|#1|}} }
\series default
- behind the formula.
-
-\series bold
-\backslash
-roman{equation}
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
-\backslash
-roman
+This macro is already declared in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble for testing.
+ To activate it,
+ remove the percent signs at the beginning.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series default
- outputs the counter as small Roman number.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-All formulas behind the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-renew
-\series default
-c
+To use other characters,
+ the vertical bars besides the
\series bold
-ommand
+#1
\series default
- are now numbered Roman.
- To switch to numbering with big Roman numbers, the command is inserted
- again, but
-\series bold
+ are replaced by one or more characters.
+ To display only the formula number the vertical bars are omitted.
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-roman
-\series default
- is replaced by
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+When there should be an expression of your choice instead of the consecutive formula number in parentheses behind the formula,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
-Roman
+tag
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! R !
-\backslash
-roman@
-\backslash
-Roman
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
\end_layout
\end_inset
-.
- To
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
-\end_inset
-number
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
- with small Latin letters there is the command
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-alph
-\series default
+tag
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
-\backslash
-alph
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, for big ones there is the command
-\series bold
+ is used:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+A+B=C\tag{something}\label{eq:tag}
+\end{equation}
-\backslash
-Alph
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status open
+In this example the command
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
-\backslash
-alph@
\backslash
-Alph
-\end_layout
-
+tag
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-.
+something
+\series default
+ was inserted in the formula.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
+When the command
+\series bold
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+tag*
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
-\series bold
-Note:
+something
\series default
- Only maximal 26 formulas can be numbered with Latin letters in one document.
-\end_layout
+ is inserted instead,
+ the parentheses are removed:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+A+B=C\tag*{something}
+\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-roman{equation}}
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
-
+To restart the formula numbering with new document parts or sections,
+ the following command is used:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-A=\textrm{small roman}\label{eq:rom}\end{equation}
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+@addtoreset{equation}{part}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+"
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-Roman{equation}}
+\end_inset
+
+@
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-B=\textrm{big Roman}\label{eq:Rom}\end{equation}
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+"
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-alph{equation}}
+@addtoreset
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-C=\textrm{small Latin}\label{eq:lat}\end{equation}
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+resp.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-Alph{equation}}
+@addtoreset{equation}{section}
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+To be able to use these commands in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode,
+ the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
+@
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-D=\textrm{big Latin}\label{eq:Lat}\end{equation}
+ character has to be made
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+active
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
+ for \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ using the command
+\series bold
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+makeatletter.
-\begin_layout Standard
-To switch back to the default numbering, insert the command:
+\series default
+ The command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+makeatother
+\series default
+ disables this.
+ So the command sequence in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode is:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
-\backslash
-arabic{equation}}
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+makeatletter
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! A !
-\backslash
-arabic
-\end_layout
+\backslash
+@addtoreset{equation}{section}
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
+\backslash
+makeatother
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
+In the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble
+\series bold
\backslash
-renewcommand{
-\backslash
-theequation}{
+makeatletter
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-arabic{equation}}
+makeatother
+\series default
+ can be omitted as they are automatically internally inserted by \SpecialChar LyX
+.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+To revert
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+@addtoreset
+\series default
+,
+ the file
+\series bold
+remreset.sty
+\series default
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-E=\textrm{Arabic}\label{eq:arab}\end{equation}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+remreset
+\series default
+ is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+carlisle
+\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\end_layout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset VSpace medskip
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+carlisle
+\end_layout
-As you see, formulas are numbered serially independent from the numbering
- style.
- When then numbering should start with
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
-1
-\begin_inset Quotes erd
-\end_inset
- when the style is changed, new equation counters have to be defined.
- A description about this can be found in the file
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-target "Formula-numbering.lyx"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-.
+ that is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-User-defined Commands
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sec:User-defined-Commands"
-
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-User-defined commands
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+remreset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-Many LaTeX-commands are too long to be used frequently.
- But it is possible to define with the command
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-newcommand
-\series default
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! N !
-\backslash
-newcommand
\end_layout
\end_inset
- new shorter commands.
+ has to be loaded in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble with the line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-The command scheme of
+
\series bold
\backslash
-newcommand
-\series default
- is:
+usepackage{remreset}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-
+Then the command
\series bold
\backslash
-newcommand{new command name}[number of arguments][optional
+@removefromreset
\series default
-
-\series bold
-value]
-\begin_inset Newline newline
-\end_inset
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+"
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-phantom{
+\end_inset
+
+@
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-newcommand
+
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-}
+"
\end_layout
\end_inset
-{command definition}
+@removefromreset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
-status open
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- Assure that the name of the new command is not already used in your document
- or by LaTeX-packages that you use.
- When you for example define the command
-\series bold
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-le
-\series default
- for
-\series bold
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-Leftarrow
-\series default
-, you get an error message because
+ can be used with the same scheme as
\series bold
\backslash
-le
+@addtoreset
\series default
- is already defined as command for
-\begin_inset Quotes eld
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset
+Sometimes formulas should be numbered in the following form:
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\le$
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family typewriter
+(section number.formula number)
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+The formula number should start with every section with
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Standard
+For this case there is the command
+\series bold
+\backslash
+numberwithin
+\series default
-\end_layout
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-Note:
-\series default
- The names of user-defined commands may only consist of Latin letters.
+N
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+numberwithin
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-The number of arguments is an integer in the range 0
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
--
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-9 and specifies how many arguments the new command should have.
- With the optional value a value for an optional argument can be predefined.
- When this is done, the
-\emph on
-first
-\emph default
-
-\emph on
-a
-\emph default
-rgument of the new command is automatically an optional one.
+,
+ which is used with the following scheme:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Here are some examples:
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-To define the command
\series bold
\backslash
-gr
-\series default
- for
+numberwithin{counter}{sectioning}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Counter denotes what kind of numbering is affected,
+ sectioning denotes what the number before the dot is.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Thus in our case the following \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ preamble or \SpecialChar TeX
+ code line is used:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
\series bold
\backslash
-Longrightarrow
-\series default
-, the LaTeX-preamble line is:
+numberwithin{equation}{section}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is the result:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\backslash
-medskip
+numberwithin{equation}{section}
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series bold
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+A+B=C
+\end{equation}
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-gr}{
-\backslash
-Longrightarrow}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-To define the command
+\begin_layout Standard
+To number e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+
+ tables so that the number of the part is the sectioning,
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
\series bold
\backslash
-us
+numberwithin{table}{part}
\series default
- for
+ is used.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To go back to the standard numbering or to prevent this kind of numbering when it is defined by the document class,
+ the following command is inserted as \SpecialChar TeX
+ code or to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ preamble:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
\series bold
\backslash
-underline
-\series default
-, the argument (that should be underlined) must be taken into account.
- For this the preamble line is:
-\begin_inset ERT
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+arabic{equation}}
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-medskip
+arabic
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series bold
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-us}[1]{
-\backslash
-underline{#1}}
\series default
\begin_inset ERT
\backslash
-medskip
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+theequation}{
+\backslash
+arabic{equation}}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\series default
-The character
-\series bold
-#
-\series default
- acts as argument placeholder, the
+or
\series bold
-1
-\series default
- behind it denotes that it is the placeholder for the first argument.
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+thetable}{
+\backslash
+arabic{table}}
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-For
+\begin_layout Standard
+
\series bold
\backslash
-framebox
+numberwithin
\series default
- one can e.
-\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
-\end_inset
-
-g.
-\begin_inset space ~
-\end_inset
-
-define the command
+ internally uses the command
\series bold
\backslash
-fb
+@addtoreset
\series default
-:
+,
+ described above,
+ and would also need to be reverted.
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\backslash
-medskip
+makeatletter
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+@removefromreset{equation}{section}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+makeatother
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series bold
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Chemical Symbols and Equations
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Chemical-Symbols-and"
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-fb}[3]{
-\backslash
-framebox#1#2{$#3$}}
-\series default
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Chemical characters
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Symbols
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Chemical equations
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-medskip
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Symbols
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+chemical
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series bold
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\series default
-The two Dollar signs creates the extra formula needed for
-\series bold
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-framebox
+\begin_layout Standard
+An example text from chemistry:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Quote
+The
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$
+\end_inset
+
+-ion reacts with two
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$
+\end_inset
+
+-ions to sodium sulfate
+\begin_inset Formula $\left(\mathrm{Na_{2}SO_{4}}\right)$
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The chemical equation for this is:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\mathrm{2\,Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\label{eq:chem-reaction}
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Chemical equations can be created as formulas.
+ To avoid the symbols appearing in italic,
+ everything is highlighted and changed by the shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "font-roman"
+\end_inset
+
+ to the upright font style.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+For font styles
+\series bold
+
\series default
-, see
+see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Boxes-with-Frame"
+reference "subsec:Font-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
-.
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Itemize
-To create a new command for
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A more convenient way to typeset chemical formulas is to use the command
\series bold
\backslash
-fcolorbox
+ce
\series default
- where the color for the box needn't to be specified, the argument for the
- color is defined optional:
-\begin_inset ERT
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
-medskip
+ce
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\series bold
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-
-\backslash
-newcommand{
-\backslash
-cb}[3][white]{
-\backslash
-fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}}
+ which is available when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+mhchem
\series default
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-
-\backslash
-medskip
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+mhchem
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-When the color is not specified when using
+ is installed.
+ After inserting
\series bold
\backslash
-cb
-\series default
-, the predefined color
-\series bold
-white
+ce
\series default
- will be used.
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-A test of the new defined commands:
+ in a formula a new blue box appears where chemical formulas can be inserted in an intuitive way.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
-<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- is only used as spacer.
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+H2CO3
\end_layout
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{H2CO3}$
+\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-A
-\backslash
-gr
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-B
+SO4^2-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $A\gr B$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{SO4^{2-}}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-us{ABcd
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+(NH4)2S
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\us{ABcd}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{(NH4)2S}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-fb{[2cm]
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+KCr(SO4)2.12H2O
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-{
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{KCr(SO4)2.12H2O}$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-{
-\backslash
-int
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\backslash
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+A-B
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
+dbond
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+C
+\backslash
+tbond
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A=B
+D
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{A-B\dbond C\tbond D}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-cb{red
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
+^227
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-{
-\backslash
-int
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+_90
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
-A=B
+Th+
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{_{90}^{227}Th+}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-cb[green]
-\backslash
-{red
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
\backslash
-{
-\backslash
-int
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+mu
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+hyphen
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-A=B
+Cl
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{\ensuremath{\mu\hyphen}Cl}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-</lyxtabular>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+CO2
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
++
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+C
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+<=>
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+2CO
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{CO2 + C <=> 2CO}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+CO2
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
++
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+C
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+->[
+\backslash
+alpha][
+\backslash
+beta]
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+2CO}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{CO2 + C ->[\alpha][\beta] 2CO}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+
+\series default
+ It is not possible in \SpecialChar LyX
+ to use the character ^ to get an up-arrow as described in the
+\series bold
+mhchem
+\series default
+ manual.
+ One instead uses a negative thin space followed by the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+uparrow
+\series default
+:
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\ce{Fe + 2H+ -> Fe^{2+} + H2\negthinspace\uparrow}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Using
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+ce
+\series default
+ the command for equation
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:chem-reaction"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+ce
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+2Na+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
++
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+SO4^2-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+->
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+Na2SO4
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To create multiline chemical equations first a multiline formula is created as described in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Multiline-Formulas"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Afterwards the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+ce
+\series default
+ is used in every small blue box of the formula.
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:TEOS-reaction-1"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:TEOS-reaction-2"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ are an example of a multi-stage chemical reaction where every equation has its own number.
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{eqnarray}
+\ce{TEOS + 4O} & \ce{->} & \ce{Si(OH)4 + 4C2H4O}\label{eq:TEOS-reaction-1}\\
+\ce{Si(OH)4} & \ce{->} & \ce{SiO2 + 2H2O}\label{eq:TEOS-reaction-2}
+\end{eqnarray}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Besides
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+ce
+\series default
+ the
+\series bold
+mhchem
+\series default
+ package provides the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cf
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+cf
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+ that is used for special cases.
+ For more information about
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cf
+\series default
+ and more examples have a look at the documentation of
+\series bold
+mhchem
+\series default
+,
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset citation
+LatexCommand cite
+key "mhchem"
+literal "true"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-LyX supports two types of commutative diagrams:
+\SpecialChar LyX
+ supports two types of commutative diagrams:
+
\series bold
amscd
\series default
\series bold
xymatrix
\series default
- that are explained in the following.
+ and are explained below.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Amscd Diagrams
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Diagrams ! amscd
+Diagrams
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+amscd
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Diagrams of this type visualize relations by vertical and horizontal lines
- or arrows:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
+Diagrams of this type visualize relations by vertical and horizontal lines or arrows:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
\begin{CD}A@>>>B@>>>C\\
@AAA@.@VVV\\
-F@<<<E@<<<D\end{CD}\]
+F@<<<E@<<<D
+\end{CD}
+\]
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To get them, the command
+To create them,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
CD
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! C !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
CD
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\series default
is inserted to a formula.
- A blue box appears with two dashed lines where further commands can be
- inserted.
+ A blue box appears with two dashed lines where additional commands can be inserted.
With
-\family sans
-Ctrl-Return
-\family default
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "newline-insert newline"
+\end_inset
+
a new line is created.
- Horizontal relations are inserted in odd, vertical in even formula lines.
+ Horizontal relations are inserted in odd formula lines,
+ vertical in even formula lines.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To create the relations there are the following commands:
+To create the relations use the following commands:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
@<<<
\series default
- creates a left arrow,
+ creates a left arrow,
+
\series bold
@>>>
\series default
- a right arrow, and
+ a right arrow and
\series bold
@=
\series default
\series bold
@AAA
\series default
- creates an up arrow,
+ creates an up arrow,
+
\series bold
@VVV
\series default
- an down arrow, and
+ a down arrow and
\series bold
@|
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-Is text inserted between the first and second < or >, resp., it is placed
- above the arrow.
- When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears under
- the arrow.
+If text inserted between the first and second < or >,
+ resp.,
+ it is placed above the arrow.
+ When it is inserted between the second and third one,
+ it appears under the arrow.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-When text for vertical arrows is inserted between the first and second A
- or V, resp., it is placed left beside the arrow.
- When it is inserted between the second and third one, it appears right
- beside the arrow.
- If the text contains an A or V, these letters must be set into a TeX-brace.
+When text for vertical arrows is inserted between the first and second A or V,
+ resp.,
+ it is placed left beside the arrow.
+ When it is inserted between the second and third one,
+ it appears right beside the arrow.
+ If the text contains an A or V,
+ these letters must be set into a \SpecialChar TeX
+ brace.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Formula \[
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
\begin{CD}A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F\\
@AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\
-D@<<j<E@>k>>F@=C\end{CD}\]
+D@<<j<E@>k>>F@=C
+\end{CD}
+\]
\end_inset
\backslash
CD
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl+Return
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\series bold
\backslash
-spce
+CD
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
-A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl-Enter
+@AmAA@.@VV
+\backslash
+{V
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+V@| Ctrl+Return
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\series bold
\backslash
-hphantom{
+CD
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
+D@<<j<E@>k>>F@=C
+\end_layout
-\backslash
-CD
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Xymatrix Diagrams
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Diagrams
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+xymatrix
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To be able to use xymatrices,
+ the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+xypic
+\series default
+ must be installed.
+ A xymatrix is created by inserting the command
+\series bold
\backslash
-spce
+xymatrix
+\series default
+ in a formula.
+ Then you are able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices,
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Matrices"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Contrary to amscd diagrams,
+ xymatrices support diagonal and curved arrows,
+ and much more.
+ The commands used to create commutative diagrams and decorations are explained in detail in the
+\emph on
+XY-pic manual
+\emph default
+ found in the menu
+\family sans
+Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Specific
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
+Manuals
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset ERT
+\begin_layout Subsection
+
+\noun on
+Feynman
+\noun default
+ Diagrams
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Diagrams
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-}
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Feynman
\end_layout
\end_inset
-@AmAA@.@VV
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To be able to use
+\noun on
+Feynman
+\noun default
+-diagrams,
+ the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+feyn
+\series default
+ must be installed.
+ A
+\noun on
+Feynman
+\noun default
+-diagram is created by inserting the command
+\series bold
+
\backslash
-{V
+Diagram
\series default
+ in a formula.
+ Then you will be able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices,
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Matrices"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Examples of how to create
+\noun on
+Feynman-
+\noun default
+diagrams in \SpecialChar LyX
+ are given in the
+\emph on
+Feynman-diagram
+\emph default
+ manual that you find in the menu
+\family sans
+Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Specific
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Manuals
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+User-defined Commands
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+User-defined commands
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\series bold
-V@| Ctrl-Enter
-\begin_inset Newline newline
+Note:
+
+\series default
+ The names of user-defined commands and macros may only consist of Latin letters.
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+The Command
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:The-Command-newcommand"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+User-defined commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-hphantom{
+newcommand
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\backslash
-CD
-\begin_inset ERT
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+N
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Many \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-commands are too long to be used frequently.
+ But it is possible to define with the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+ new shorter commands.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command scheme of
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+ is:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{new command name}[number of arguments][optional
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+value]
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+{command definition}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+
+\series default
+ Verify that the name of the new command is not already used in your document or by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-packages that you use.
+ If you for example define the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+le
+\series default
+ for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Leftarrow
+\series default
+,
+ you will get an error message because
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+le
+\series default
+ is already defined as command for
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\le$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The number of arguments is an integer in the range 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+-
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+9 and specifies how many arguments the new command should have.
+ With the optional value a value for an optional argument can be predefined.
+ When this is done,
+ the
+\emph on
+first
+\emph default
+
+\emph on
+a
+\emph default
+rgument of the new command is automatically an optional one.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Here are some examples:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+To define the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+gr
+\series default
+ for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+Longrightarrow
+\series default
+,
+ the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line is:
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+gr}{
+\backslash
+Longrightarrow}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+To define the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+us
+\series default
+ for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+underline
+\series default
+,
+ the argument (that should be underlined) must be taken into account.
+ For this the preamble line is:
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+us}[1]{
+\backslash
+underline{#1}}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+The character
+\series bold
+#
+\series default
+ acts as argument placeholder,
+ the
+\series bold
+1
+\series default
+ behind it denotes that it is the placeholder for the first argument.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+For
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+ one can e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+
+define the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fb
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+fb}[3]{
+\backslash
+framebox#1#2{$#3$}}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+The two Dollar signs creates the extra formula needed for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+,
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Boxes-with-Frame"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+To create a new command for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\series default
+ where the color for the box need not be specified,
+ the argument for the color is defined optional:
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+cb}[3][white]{
+\backslash
+fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+When the color is not specified when using
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cb
+\series default
+,
+ the predefined color
+\series bold
+white
+\series default
+ will be used.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A test of the new defined commands:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\backslash
+gr
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\gr B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+us{ABcd
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\us{ABcd}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+fb{[2cm]
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+cb{red
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\cb{red}{\int A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+cb[green]
+\backslash
+{red
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+As is obvious,
+ commands defined in the preamble do not display `nicely' in LyX itself.
+ Most such commands can be defined in LyX using `math macros',
+ however,
+ which we are about to explain,
+ and these do display nicely.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Math Macros
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+User-defined commands!
+ Math macros
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Macros
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+User-defined commands are especially convenient for complex expressions.
+ For example if you are dealing with a document that has quadratic equations,
+ the same solution type occurs several times.
+ The general form of a quadratic equation is
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+0=\lambda^{2}+p\lambda+q
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+The general form of the solution is
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\lambda_{1,2}=-\frac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{p²}{4}-q}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To define a command for the solution formula where only the three parameters
+\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
+\end_inset
+
+,
+
+\begin_inset Formula $p$
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset Formula $q$
+\end_inset
+
+ need to be specified and the index of
+\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
+\end_inset
+
+ can be given optionally,
+ the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line is
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+qG}[4][1,
+\backslash
+,2]{#2_{#1}=-
+\backslash
+frac{#3}{2}
+\backslash
+pm
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+sqrt{
+\backslash
+frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To create with this the solution formula,
+ the command
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+qG{
+\backslash
+lambda
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{p
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{q
+\series default
+ is inserted to a formula
+\series bold
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The definition of the new command is unintuitive because one has to know the schemes of all used \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ commands,
+ e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+
+that a fraction is inserted in \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ as
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+frac{numerator}{denominator}
+\series default
+.
+ Furthermore one can easily forget a brace in the definition and cannot see in \SpecialChar LyX
+ what the new command is doing.
+ To avoid these problems \SpecialChar LyX
+ offers the possibility to use math macros instead of the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A math macro is created by using the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\family default
+ or the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro newmacroname_newcommand"
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The math macro toolbar appears together with the following box where the macro is defined:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/macrobox.png
+ scale 95
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset FormulaMacro
+\newcommand{\qG}[4][1,\,2]{#2_{#1}=-\frac{#3}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+newmacroname is the default name of the macro that should be changed to something sensible.
+ The wanted formula is inserted in the first blue box.
+ An argument placeholder is inserted with the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+#argumentnumber
+\series default
+,
+ e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+#1
+\series default
+ or by using the macro toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-add-param"
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Argument placeholders are displayed red.
+ A maximum of 9
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+arguments are possible.
+ Optional arguments are created with the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-add-optional-param"
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The first non-optional argument can be transformed to an optional one with the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-make-optional"
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ In the second blue box the appearance of the macro in \SpecialChar LyX
+ can be defined.
+ Normally you want to see it as it is defined,
+ so the box is kept empty.
+ But when you have created a macro that needs lot of space on the screen,
+ you can insert in the box for example
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+qG:
+
+\backslash
+#1
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+,
+
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+#2
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+,
+
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+#3,
+
+\backslash
+#4
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+For the macro only the arguments with the macro name in front of them will then be displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
+,
+ leading to a better overview.
+ The formula appears in the output as defined in the first box.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+The appearance of macros in formulas can furthermore be changed for single macros by setting the cursor in the macro and using the menu
+\family sans
+View\SpecialChar menuseparator
+(Un)fold
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Macro
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To use a macro,
+ the macro name is inserted as command to a formula,
+ in our case
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+qG
+\series default
+.
+ Our macro looks in \SpecialChar LyX
+ like this:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/macrouse.png
+ scale 95
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+Here is our macro example with the arguments
+\begin_inset Formula $x$
+\end_inset
+
+,
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\ln(x)$
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset Formula $B$
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\qG x{\ln(x)}B
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\SpecialChar LyX
+ offers in the menu
+\family sans
+Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Editing\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Control
+\family default
+ different styles to edit macros.
+ To find the style that suits you best,
+ choose a style and set the cursor in a macro formula to see the difference.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A math macro is transformed internally to a
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+ command when exporting the document.
+ The created
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+ command is not placed in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble,
+ therefore macros can only be used in formulas that are in the document below the macro definition box.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Math macros can also be directly created from a
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+ command.
+ When writing for example the command
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+larrow}[2]{
+\backslash
+xleftarrow[#2]{#1}}
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+in \SpecialChar LyX
+ as normal text,
+ highlighting it completely and using the shortcut
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+,
+ the command will be transformed to a math macro.
+ Using this method you need to be careful that the
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\series default
+ command is typed correctly,
+ otherwise you get a faulty macro leading to \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ errors.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Math macros currently have the problem that further formulas in macro definitions are handled wrong.
+ Therefore the example
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fb
+\series default
+ from
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:The-Command-newcommand"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ cannot be created as macro.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When the cursor is in a macro definition box,
+ you will see the macro toolbar in \SpecialChar LyX
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace defskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/MacroToolbar.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Macros
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Toolbar
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace defskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The macro toolbar contains from left to right the following buttons:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace defskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
+<features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="85col%">
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-remove-param"
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Remove Last Argument
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-add-param"
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Append Argument
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-make-optional"
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Transform First Non-Optional to
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Optional Argument
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-make-nonoptional"
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Transform Last Optional to
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Non-Optional Argument
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-remove-optional-param"
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Remove Optional Argument
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-add-optional-param"
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Insert Optional Argument
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-remove-greedy-param"
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Remove Last Argument
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
-\backslash
-spce
\end_layout
\end_inset
+Spitting Out To The Right
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-append-greedy-param"
\end_inset
-D@<<j<E@>k>>F@=C
+
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Xymatrix Diagrams
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Diagrams ! xymatrix
-\end_layout
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Append Argument
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-To be able to use xymatrices, the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-xypic
-\series default
- must be installed.
- A xymatrix is created by inserting the command
-\series bold
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
-\backslash
-xymatrix
-\series default
- in a formula.
- Then you are able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices,
- see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sec:Matrices"
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-.
-\end_layout
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
-\begin_layout Standard
-In contrary to amscd diagrams, xymatrices supports diagonal and curved arrows,
- and much more.
- All possibilities to create commutative diagrams and decorations are explained
- in detail in this manual:
-\begin_inset CommandInset href
-LatexCommand href
-target "http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/XY-pic#xy-manual"
+\end_layout
\end_inset
-.
+Eating From The Right
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-\begin_inset Newpage newpage
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param"
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Section
-Tips
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring{
-\end_layout
-
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Append Optional Argument
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Other useful math tips can be found in
-\begin_inset CommandInset citation
-LatexCommand cite
-key "Voss"
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Macro
+\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
-.
+Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
+Eating From The Right
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-}{}
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Math Macros for External Commands
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+Sometimes,
+ you may need to use a LaTeX package which defines a math command that is not natively supported in LyX.
+ This is easy enough to do:
+ Just include the package in the preamble and type out the command in math.
+ As with commands defined in the preamble,
+ however,
+ the display in LyX will not be `nice'.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Note Note
+\begin_layout Standard
+As of LyX 2.4,
+ this problem has been solved.
+ Just define a math macro with empty LaTeX slot!
+ The LyX part will be used for display,
+ but no corresponding LaTeX will be output.
+ For example,
+ the
+\begin_inset Flex Code
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
+godelnum.sty
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-More about
-\backslash
-texorpdfstring is in section
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Formulas-in-Section"
-
\end_inset
-.
+ package defines a Godelnum macro that puts a single argument into corner quotes.
+ To get a nice LyX display of this macro,
+ just do:
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset FormulaMacro
+\newcommand{\Godelnum}[1]{}
+{\ulcorner#1\urcorner}
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Tips
+\begin_layout Standard
+The same trick,
+ of course,
+ can be used for commands defined in the preamble.
\end_layout
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Section
+Computer Algebra Systems
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\SpecialChar LyX
+ offers the exchange between mathematical expressions written in \SpecialChar LyX
+'s math editor and external applications or user defined scripts.
+ Currently supported applications are
+\family sans
+Maple
+\family default
+,
+
+\family sans
+Mathematica
+\family default
+,
+
+\family sans
+Maxima
+\family default
+ and
+\family sans
+Octave
+\family default
+.
+ Note that the set of supported mathematical constructs is limited only to very simple cases.
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Usage
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\begin_layout Standard
+Write some expression in a formula,
+ go to the
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Use Computer Algebra System
+\family default
+ menu and choose the application you have installed on the computer.
+ After that the result of computation should show on the right side of the expression together with the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Ions|see
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+=
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+ operator.
+\end_layout
-{
+\begin_layout Standard
+Here are few simple examples (with results from
+\family typewriter
+Maxima
+\family default
+) to show what kind of computations can be performed:
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $\frac{37}{3}*2-\sum_{i=1}^{3}i^{i}=-\frac{22}{3}$
\end_inset
-Chemical characters
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-}
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $\frac{37.0}{3}=12.33333333333333$
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $\int_{1}^{2}\sin(x)dx=\cos1-\cos2$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Subsection
-Chemical Symbols and Equations
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Chemical-Symbols-and"
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $\int\left(\frac{1}{1+x^{3}}\right)dx=-\frac{\log\left(x^{2}-x+1\right)}{6}+\frac{\arctan\left(\frac{2\,x-1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)}{\sqrt{3}}+\frac{\log\left(x+1\right)}{3}$
+\end_inset
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Chemical characters ! Symbols
-\end_layout
+\series bold
+Note:
+
+\series default
+ One needs to use proper delimiter insets
+\begin_inset Formula $\left(\right)$
\end_inset
+ instead of simple '(' ')' characters.
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\end_inset
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Chemical equations
+
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $\det\left[\begin{array}{ccc}
+1 & 6 & 7\\
+2 & 5 & 8\\
+3 & 4 & 17
+\end{array}\right]=-56$
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Symbols ! chemical
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}\left(\frac{\sin(x)}{x}\right)=1$
\end_inset
\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-An example text from chemistry:
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Quote
-The
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$
-\end_inset
-
--ion reacts with two
-\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $powerseries\left(-\log\left(5-x\right),x,1\right)=\sum_{{\mathit{i}_{2}}=0}^{\infty}{\frac{4^{-{\mathit{i}_{2}}-1}\,\left(x-1\right)^{{\mathit{i}_{2}}+1}}{{\mathit{i}_{2}}+1}}-\log4$
\end_inset
--ions to sodium sulfate
-\begin_inset Formula $\left(\mathrm{Na_{2}SO_{4}}\right)$
-\end_inset
-.
- The chemical equation for this is:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\]
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Itemize
+\begin_inset Formula $solve\left(x_{1}+y_{1}^{3}=y_{1}+x_{1}^{2},x_{1}\right)=\left[x_{1}=-\frac{\sqrt{4\,y_{1}^{3}-4\,y_{1}+1}-1}{2},x_{1}=\frac{\sqrt{4\,y_{1}^{3}-4\,y_{1}+1}+1}{2}\right]$
\end_inset
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Keyboard shortcut
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
-This chemical equation can directly be created as formula.
- To avoid that the symbols appear italic, everything is highlighted and
- changed by the shortcut
+Currently there is no keyboard shortcut for calling the algebra applications.
+ One can easily bind a shortcut to the
\family sans
-Alt-c
-\begin_inset space ~
+math-extern
+\family default
+ \SpecialChar LyX
+ function (see the
+\family sans
+\emph on
+\SpecialChar LyX
+ Functions
+\family default
+\emph default
+ manual).
+ One could e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
-r
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+
+bind the
+\family sans
+Return
\family default
- to the upright font style.
-\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+ key inside the math editor.
+ To bind it to
+\family typewriter
+Maxima
+\family default
+ one would use this shortcut definition command:
+\end_layout
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-font styles
-\series bold
-
-\series default
-see
-\begin_inset CommandInset ref
-LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Styles"
+\begin_layout Standard
-\end_inset
+\series bold
+command-alternatives paragraph-break;math-extern maxima
+\end_layout
+\begin_layout Section
+Miscellaneous
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Miscellaneous
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Negative Numbers
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Numbers ! negative
+Numbers
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+negative
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Negative numbers often look ugly in formulas because the minus sign before
- the number is set with the same length as the minus operator sign.
- When writing the negative number in normal text, the minus sign appears
- correctly.
+Negative numbers often look ugly in formulas because the minus sign before the number is set with the same length as the minus operator sign.
+ When writing the negative number in normal text,
+ the minus sign appears correctly.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Thus, the problem disappears when converting the minus sign to mathematical
- text.
+Thus,
+ the problem disappears when converting the minus sign to mathematical text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="right" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="right" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Comma as decimal Separator
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-In LaTeX a comma inside a formula is used, according to the English convention,
+In \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ a comma inside a formula is used,
+ according to the English convention,
as number group separator.
So there will be space added behind all commas in formulas.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To avoid this, the comma is highlighted and changed to mathematical text
- (shortcut
-\family sans
-Alt-m
-\begin_inset space ~
+To avoid this,
+ the comma is highlighted and changed to mathematical text (shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "math-mode"
\end_inset
-m
-\family default
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To use all formula commas in the document as decimal separator, the file
-
+To use all formula commas in the document as decimal separator,
+ the file
\series bold
icomma.sty
\series default
\series bold
icomma
\series default
- is part of the LaTeX-package
+ is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
was
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! was
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-vspace{4mm}
+was
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! icomma
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+icomma
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
- is loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line
+ is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Physical Vectors
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Physical-Vectors"
+name "subsec:Physical-Vectors"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Vectors ! physical
+Vectors
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+physical
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Predefined vectors are offered by the LaTeX-package
+Predefined vectors are offered by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
braket
\series default
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
-\series bold
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
braket
-\series default
- should be part of every LaTeX standard installation.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! braket
\end_layout
\end_inset
- that is loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line
+ that is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The following table will only be displayed when the LaTeX-package
+The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
braket
\series default
\end_inset
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
The following commands are defined:
\end_layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Braket
\series default
assures that all vertical bars are set in the size of the surrounding brackets:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\Braket{\phi|J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\Braket{\phi|J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\,M_{J}}
+\]
\end_inset
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The following will be displayed when the LaTeX-package
+The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
braket
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-You need to install the LaTeX-package
+You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
braket
\series default
\backslash
middle
\series default
-, that is described in
+,
+ that is described in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
Self-defined Fractions
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Self-defined-Fractions"
+name "subsec:Self-defined-Fractions"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Fractions ! self-defined
+Fractions
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+self-defined
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To define custom commands for fractions, the command
+To define custom commands for fractions,
+ the command
\series bold
\backslash
genfrac
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! G !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+G
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
genfrac
\end_layout
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\end_inset
is used in the following scheme:
\end_inset
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\backslash
-phantom{
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
+\series bold
\backslash
genfrac
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When no style is given, the size is adjusted to the surrounding environment
- like for the command
+When no style is given,
+ the size is adjusted to the surrounding environment like for the command
\series bold
\backslash
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When no fraction bar thickness is given, the predefined value of 0.4
+When no fraction bar thickness is given,
+ the predefined value of 0.4
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-For example, the commands
+For example,
+ the commands
\series bold
\backslash
from
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Fractions"
+reference "subsec:Fractions"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-To define a fraction where the fraction bar thickness can be given as optional
- argument, the following line is inserted to the LaTeX-preamble:
+To define a fraction where the fraction bar thickness can be given as optional argument,
+ the following line is inserted to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_layout Standard
A test:
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{align*}
\text{Command} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[1mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[5mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B}\\
-\text{Result} & & \fracS[1mm]{A}{B} & & \fracS[5mm]{A}{B}\end{align*}
+\text{Result} & & \fracS[1mm]{A}{B} & & \fracS[5mm]{A}{B}
+\end{align*}
\end_inset
-As one can see, the distance of the numerator and the denominator to the
- fraction bar is round about three times the bar thickness.
+As one can see,
+ the distance of the numerator and the denominator to the fraction bar is round about three times the bar thickness.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Canceled Formulas
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Canceled-Formulas"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+canceled
+\end_layout
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! canceled
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To cancel formulas or formula parts, the LaTeX-package
-\series bold
-cancel
-\series default
+There are four ways to cancel formulas or parts of formulas:
+\end_layout
-\begin_inset Foot
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\series bold
-cancel
-\series default
- is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
+
+\backslash
+ifcancel
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! cancel
+The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+cancel
+\series default
+ is installed.
\end_layout
\end_inset
- has to be loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line
-\end_layout
-
-\begin_layout Standard
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-usepackage[samesize]{cancel}
-\end_layout
-\begin_layout Standard
-There are four ways to cancel formulas:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
-<features>
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
-<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Result
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-hspace
-\series default
- and
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
- are used here as spacer.
-\end_layout
-
-\end_inset
-
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-cancel{
-\backslash
-int
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+cancel
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A=B
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\cancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\cancel{\int A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-bcancel{
-\backslash
-int
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+bcancel
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A=B
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\bcancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\bcancel{\int A=B}$
\end_inset
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
-<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-xcancel{
-\backslash
-int
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
+xcancel
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A=B
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\xcancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\xcancel{\int A=B}$
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
-cancelto{1
-\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+cancelto
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
-\backslash
-{
\backslash
int
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-spce
-\end_layout
-
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset
A=B
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\cancelto{1}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}\hspace{3mm}$
+\begin_inset Formula $\cancelto{1}{\int A=B}\hspace{3mm}$
\end_inset
cancelto
\series default
is especially suitable to visualize the reduction of fractions within formulas:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To change the size of
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cancelto
+\series default
+'s
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+subscript
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ value one can add the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+PassOptionsToPackage{option}{cancel}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+where
+\series bold
+option
+\series default
+ is either
+\series bold
+samesize
+\series default
+ which leads to the same size as for the canceled value,
+ or
+\series bold
+Smaller
+\series default
+ which makes is it a bit smaller than normal.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To color the cancellation bar one adds this command as \SpecialChar TeX
+ code:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+CancelColor}{
+\backslash
+color{red}}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+red
+\series default
+ can be replaced by a color of your choice.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+CancelColor}{
+\backslash
+color{red}}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+renewcommand{
+\backslash
+CancelColor}{
+\backslash
+color{black}}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+reset the color
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For further customizations,
+ see the documentation of the package
+\series bold
+cancel
+\series default
+,
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset citation
+LatexCommand cite
+key "cancel"
+literal "true"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+cancel
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+else
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+cancel
+\series default
+ is not installed:
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+cancel
+\series default
+ to see the rest of this subsection in the output.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+fi
+\end_layout
\end_inset
Formulas in Section Headings
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Formulas-in-Section"
+name "subsec:Formulas-in-Section"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! in section headings
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+in section headings
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-When formulas are used in section headings, the following has to be taken
- into account:
+When formulas are used in section headings,
+ the following has to be taken into account:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
hyperref
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! hyperref
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+hyperref
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
Properties
\family default
-, PDF-bookmarks are created for every section heading in the table of contents.
- If a section heading contains formulas, they are incorrectly displayed
- in the bookmark text, because formulas in bookmarks infringe the PDF convention
-s.
+,
+ PDF-bookmarks are created for every section heading in the table of contents.
+ If a section heading contains formulas,
+ they are incorrectly displayed in the bookmark text,
+ because formulas in bookmarks infringe the PDF conventions.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Both problems can be solved by inserting at the end of the section heading
- a short title with the menu
+Both problems can be solved by inserting at the end of the section heading a short title with the menu
\family sans
-Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Short
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Title
\family default
.
- Short titles are used as alternative for multiline section headings to
- keep the table of contents clearly arranged.
- Only the short title appears in the table of contents and therefore also
- in the PDF-bookmark.
+ Short titles are used as alternative for multiline section headings to keep the table of contents clearly arranged.
+ Only the short title appears in the table of contents and therefore also in the PDF-bookmark.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
hyperref
\series default
- is used, one can use the following command in TeX-mode:
+ is used,
+ one can use the following command in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
texorpdfstring{part}{alternative}
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Commands ! T !
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
\backslash
texorpdfstring
\end_layout
\end_inset
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Part is the part of the heading that shouldn't appear in the PDF-bookmark.
- This can be characters, formulas, footnotes, but also cross-references.
+ This can be characters,
+ formulas,
+ footnotes,
+ but also cross-references.
The alternative is used instead of the part for the bookmark.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset OptArg
+\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
-In the first heading a short title was used, in the second one
+In the first heading a short title was used,
+ in the second one
\series bold
\backslash
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To get the same formatting as for the other headings, the complete heading
- was set into a
+To get the same formatting as for the other headings,
+ the complete heading was set into a
\series bold
boldmath
\series default
environment
\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-see
+See
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Bold-Formulas"
+reference "subsec:Bold-Formulas"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_layout Subsection
Formulas in multi-column Text
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! in multi-column text
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+in multi-column text
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-Formulas in multi-column text are often too wide to fit into a column and
- thus need to be set over the whole page width.
- This is done by using the LaTeX-package
+Formulas in multi-column text are often too wide to fit into a column and thus need to be set over the whole page width.
+ This is done by using the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
multicol
\series default
\series bold
multicol
\series default
- is part of every LaTeX standard installation.
+ is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
\end_layout
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! multicol
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+multicol
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
-, that is loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line
+,
+ that is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Note herby that the setting
+Note that in this case the setting
\family sans
Two-column
\begin_inset space ~
\family default
in the menu
\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
under
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-is written in TeX-mode.
+is written in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
The column number is a number in the range of 2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-in TeX-mode.
+in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Due to the command some space is automatically added before the formula.
- To revert this, -6
+ To correct this,
+ -6
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\series bold
Indented
\begin_inset Foot
-status collapsed
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-formula styles see
+For formula styles see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\series default
- is used, -9
+ is used,
+ a -9
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+
+\lang ngerman
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
Das Spektrum wird fouriertransformiert.
- the Fouriertransformation wird verwendet, um the überlagerten Signale (Netzwerk
-, Lösungsmittel) zu trennen.
- Nachdem wir the Phasenverschiebung bestimmen konnten, interessiert uns
- nun das Aussehen des Ausgangssignals.
- Im Experiment haben wir es with sehr vielen Teilchen zu tun, so that man
- über alle Phasen integrieren muss.
+ Die Fouriertransformation wird verwendet,
+ um die überlagerten Signale (Netzwerk,
+ Lösungsmittel) zu trennen.
+ Nachdem wir die Phasenverschiebung bestimmen konnten,
+ interessiert uns nun das Aussehen des Ausgangssignals.
+ Im Experiment haben wir es mit sehr vielen Teilchen zu tun,
+ so dass man über alle Phasen integrieren muss.
Sei nun
\begin_inset Formula $S$
\end_inset
- unser normiertes Ausgangssignal and
+ unser normiertes Ausgangssignal und
\begin_inset Formula $P$
\end_inset
- the Phasenverteilungsfunktion, so ergibt sich the Beziehung
+ die Phasenverteilungsfunktion,
+ so ergibt sich die Beziehung
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
-S(t)=S_{0}(t)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\phi}\,\mathrm{d}\phi\label{eq:fouriertrafo}\end{equation}
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+S(t)=S_{0}(t)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\phi}\,\mathrm{d}\phi
+\end{equation}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Formula $S_{0}$
\end_inset
- das Signal ohne Gradient ist and the Normierungsbedingung
+ das Signal ohne Gradient ist und die Normierungsbedingung
\begin_inset Formula $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\,\mathrm{d}\phi=1$
\end_inset
gilt.
- Nun dürfen wir aber nicht the Relaxationsprozess außer Acht lassen.
- Direkt nach the
+ Nun dürfen wir aber nicht den Relaxationsprozess außer Acht lassen.
+ Direkt nach dem
\begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{\pi}{2}$
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
--rf-Puls beginnt sich the Magnetisierung zu entfokussieren, wodurch sich
- das Signal zusätzlich abschwächt.
- Diese Abschwächung verläuft exponentiell in Abhängigkeit the so genannten
-
+-rf-Puls beginnt sich die Magnetisierung zu entfokussieren,
+ wodurch sich das Signal zusätzlich abschwächt.
+ Diese Abschwächung verläuft exponentiell in Abhängigkeit der so genannten
\begin_inset Formula $T_{2}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
+
+\lang ngerman
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed
\end_inset
-
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection
Formulas with Description of Variables
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Formula ! with description of variables
+Formula
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+with description of variables
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-To describe variables within a formula, like in formula
+To describe variables within a formula,
+ like in formula
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:within"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
-, a 2
+,
+ a 2
\series bold
×
\series default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-matrices see
+For matrices see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Matrices"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
- To set the description in a smaller size, before the matrix e.
+ To set the description in a smaller size,
+ before the matrix e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
g.
-\begin_inset space ~
+\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
the command
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-font sizes see
+For font sizes see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Sizes"
+reference "subsec:Font-Sizes"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-formula styles see
+For formula styles see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\series default
- is used, a
+ is used,
+ a
\series bold
\backslash
\series bold
Indented
\series default
-, see
+,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Variable-Space"
+reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
- is inserted before and after the matrix to have the same separation of
- the matrix from the equation and the side margin.
+ is inserted before and after the matrix to have the same separation of the matrix from the equation and the side margin.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\series bold
Centered
\series default
- is used, the method described in
+ is used,
+ the method described in
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Flalign-Environment"
+reference "subsec:Flalign-Environment"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:within"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
- consists of five columns whereas in the first two columns contain the equation,
- the third the matrix, and the last one an empty TeX-brace.
-\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign}
-\hspace{30pt}F_{A} & =\rho·V·g & \footnotesize\begin{array}{ll}
+ consists of five columns where in the first two columns contain the equation,
+ the third the matrix and the last one an empty \SpecialChar TeX
+ brace.
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{flalign}
+\hspace{30pt}F_{A} & =\rho·V·g & {\footnotesize \begin{array}{ll}
\rho & \textrm{density}\\
V & \textrm{volume}\\
-g & \textrm{gravitational acceleration}\end{array} & & {}\label{eq:within}\end{flalign}
+g & \textrm{gravitational acceleration}
+\end{array}} & & {}\label{eq:within}
+\end{flalign}
\end_inset
Upright small Greek Letters
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Upright-small-Greek"
+name "subsec:Upright-small-Greek"
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Greek letters ! upright
+Greek letters
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+upright
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
Most of the math fonts only provide italic small Greek letters.
- But for symbols of elementary particles like pions and neutrinos, upright
- Greek letters are needed.
+ But for symbols of elementary particles like pions and neutrinos,
+ upright Greek letters are needed.
The file
\series bold
upgreek.sty
\series bold
upgreek
\series default
- is part of the LaTeX-package
+ is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
was
\series default
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! was
-\begin_inset ERT
-status collapsed
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-
-\backslash
-vspace{4mm}
+was
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Packages ! upgreek
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+upgreek
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\end_inset
- that is loaded with the LaTeX-preamble line
+ that is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The following table will only be displayed when the LaTeX-package
+The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
upgreek
\series default
- is installed.
+ is installed:
\end_layout
\end_inset
- They are created when the command for a small Greek letters is started
- with
+ They are created when the command for a small Greek letter is started with
\series bold
up
\series default
\backslash
uptau
\series default
- creates this:
+ creates this:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\uptau$
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
With these commands reactions of elementary particles can be typeset:
-\begin_inset Formula \[
-\uppi^{+}\to\upmu^{+}+\upnu_{\upmu}\]
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\uppi^{+}\to\upmu^{+}+\upnu_{\upmu}
+\]
\end_inset
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-The following will be displayed when the LaTeX-package
+The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
upgreek
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-You need to install the LaTeX-package
+You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
\series bold
upgreek
\series default
\begin_layout Subsection
Text Characters in Formulas
-\begin_inset CommandInset label
-LatexCommand label
-name "sub:Text-Characters-in"
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
-\end_inset
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Text
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+in formulas
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
-\begin_inset Index
-status collapsed
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-Text ! in formulas
\end_layout
\end_inset
\begin_layout Standard
In some cases you might want to insert text characters directly into formulas.
- When for example the centered dot · is often used in formulas like
+ For example the centered dot · is often used in formulas like
\begin_inset Formula $\nu=5·10^{5}\,\mathrm{Hz}$
\end_inset
-, one would have to insert the command
+.
+ One would have to insert the command
\series bold
\backslash
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-see
+See
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Binary-Operators"
+reference "subsec:Binary-Operators"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
- all the time, because this character is defined in all encodings as text
- character.
- But the encoding can be changed by this LaTeX-preamble line:
+ all the time,
+ because this character is defined in all encodings as a text character.
+ But the encoding can be changed by this \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
textperiodcentered
\backslash
-f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
+f\SpecialChar ligaturebreak
i}
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The character encoding (menu
\family sans
-Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
-Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Language
\family default
) specifies what character appears when a keyboard key is pressed.
- When the key for the character '·' is pressed, internally the command
+ When the key for the character '·' is pressed,
+ internally the command
\series bold
\backslash
textperiodcentered
\series default
is used.
- But this command is not available in a formula so that you would get LaTeX-erro
-rs.
- With the changed encoding the right command is chosen automatically, depending
- on if the character was inserted into a formula or not.
+ But this command is not available in a formula so that you would get \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-errors.
+ With the changed encoding the correct command is chosen automatically,
+ depending on if the character was inserted into a formula or not.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The encoding of several characters is saved in definition files.
- Fore example the encoding
+ For example the encoding
\series bold
latin9
\series default
\series bold
latin9.def
\series default
- that is in the installation folder of LaTeX.
- Encodings should only be changed via the LaTeX-preamble and not in the
- definition files.
- Otherwise own documents could not be edited by other LyX users working
- on other computers.
+ which is in the installation folder of \SpecialChar LaTeX
+.
+ Encodings should only be changed via the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble and not in the definition files.
+ Otherwise documents could not be edited by other \SpecialChar LyX
+ users working on other computers.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset
-Besides the centered dot, in this document the degree sign ° is defined
- with the following LaTeX-preamble line so that it can directly be inserted
- to a formula:
+Besides the centered dot,
+ in this document the degree sign ° is defined with the following \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line so that it can be directly inserted into a formula:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\backslash
textdegree
\backslash
-f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
+f\SpecialChar ligaturebreak
i}
\end_layout
+\begin_layout Subsection
+\SpecialChar LaTeX
+-comments in formulas
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\SpecialChar LaTeX
+-comments
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In text you can insert a comment that will only be visible in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ source code of your file with the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Note\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Comment
+\family default
+.
+ This is not possible in a formula but you can insert \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-comments with the command
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+%
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This creates a box in which you can write your comment.
+ Due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "LyX-bug #9002"
+target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/9002"
+literal "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ you cannot write normal text inside the comment,
+ even when you use mathematical text,
+ you will see its \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-commands in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-output.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+This a formula with a \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-comment:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+A=B%\text{This is the comment}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset
\begin_layout Section
\start_of_appendix
Typographic Advice
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
-This section is a summary of the most important typographic rules, listed
- in ISO norms.
+This section is a summary of the most important typographic rules,
+ listed in ISO norms.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-This collection was partly taken from the German semi-official dictionary
- called
+This collection was partly taken from the German semi-official dictionary called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "Duden"
+literal "true"
\end_inset
that lists some of the ISO rules.
+ More rules are listed in
+\begin_inset CommandInset citation
+LatexCommand cite
+key "Checklist"
+literal "true"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
\end_layout
\end_inset
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-done with font styles, see
+Done with font styles,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Font-Styles"
+reference "subsec:Font-Styles"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_inset
-: 30
+,
+ no matter if they appear in italic text:
+ 30
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-Between the value and the unit is the smallest space, see
+Between the value and the unit is the smallest space,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Predefined-Space"
+reference "subsec:Predefined-Space"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
unittwo
\series default
is used.
- When it is entered to a formula, two boxes appear.
- In the first one the value is inserted, in the second one the unit, and
- one gets as above:
+ When it is entered in a formula,
+ two boxes appear.
+ In the first one the value is inserted,
+ in the second one the unit,
+ and the result is as above:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\unit[30]{km/h}$
\end_inset
\backslash
unittwo
\series default
- is not a real LaTeX command but the command
+ is not a real \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ command but the command
\series bold
\backslash
unit[value]{unit}
\series default
-, therefore you cannot use it in TeX code.
+,
+ therefore you cannot use it in \SpecialChar TeX
+ code.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-1,2
+1.2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-The degree sign follows directly on the value: 15°, but not when it is used
- in units: 15
+The degree sign follows the value directly:
+ 15°,
+ except when it is used in units:
+ 15
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-In numbers with more than four digits the smallest space is inserted before
- every third digit to group them:
+In numbers with more than four digits the smallest space is inserted before every third digit to group them:
+
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\end_inset
is used.
- It is available with the LaTeX-command
+ It is available either via the command
\series bold
\backslash
-texttimes
+times
\series default
-, but can also directly be inserted with some keyboard definitions.
+ or via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Special Character\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Symbols
+\family default
+.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-Functions with names consisting of several letters are set upright to avoid
- confusions, see
+Functions with names consisting of several letters are set upright to avoid confusions,
+ see
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
-reference "sub:Predefined-Functions"
+reference "subsec:Predefined-Functions"
+nolink "false"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-Indices consisting of several letters, are set upright:
+Indices consisting of several letters,
+ are set upright:
+
\begin_inset Formula $E_{\mathrm{kin}}$
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
-Components of matrices are set italic:
+Components of matrices are set italic:
+
\begin_inset Formula $\hat{H}_{kl}$
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
-The differentiation/integration operator 'd', the Euler's number 'e', and
- the imaginary unit 'i' should be set upright, to avoid mixing them up with
- other variables.
+The differentiation/integration operator 'd',
+ the Euler's number 'e' and the imaginary unit 'i' should be set upright,
+ to avoid mixing them up with other variables.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+The character that denotes a
+\noun on
+Fourier
+\noun default
+ transformation is inserted either by the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathscr
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+F
+\series default
+ or via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Special Character\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Symbols\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Letterlike
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Symbols
+\family default
+:
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathscr{F}$
+\end_inset
+
+
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_layout Section
Synonyms
-\begin_inset Index
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2">
-<features>
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_inset
</cell>
-<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
equivalent to
-\begin_inset Note Note
-status collapsed
-
-\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
-\series bold
-
-\backslash
-raisebox
-\series default
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projects / lyx.git / blobdiff