+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+More Spaces
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:More-Spaces"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can furthermore insert the following space types:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+Negative
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+thin
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+space A line with a
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \negthinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
+\end_inset
+
+ Negative thin space between the arrows.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+Enspace
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+(0.5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+em) A line with a
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \enskip{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
+\end_inset
+
+ Enspace (0.5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+em) space between the arrows.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+Quad
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+(1
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+em) A line with a
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \quad{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
+\end_inset
+
+ Quad
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+(1
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+em) space between the arrows.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+QQuad
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+(2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+em) A line with a
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \qquad{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
+\end_inset
+
+ QQuad
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+(2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+em) space between the arrows.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+Custom
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+space A line with
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hspace{}
+\length 2cm
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
+\end_inset
+
+ 2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+cm space between the arrows.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Table
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "tab:Width-of-the"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ lists the different space sizes.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Float table
+wide false
+sideways false
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\align center
+\begin_inset Caption
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "tab:Width-of-the"
+
+\end_inset
+
+Width of the different horizontal spaces.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Space
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Width
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Normal
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+1/3
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+em
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Protected
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+1/3
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+em
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Thin
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+1/6
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+em
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Negative thin
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+-1/6
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+em
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Enspace (0.5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+em)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+0.5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+em
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Quad (1
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+em)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+1
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+em
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+QQuad (2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+em)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+em
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+
+\family sans
+Horizontal Fills
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Spacing ! Fills
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Horizontal fills (HFills) are a special LyX feature for adding extra space
+ in a uniform fashion.
+ An HFill is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals
+ the remaining space between the left and right margins.
+ If there is more than one HFill on a line, they divide the available space
+ equally between themselves.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Here a few examples what you can do with them:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Quote
+\noindent
+This is on the left side
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+This is on the right
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Quote
+\noindent
+Left
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+Middle
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+Right
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Quote
+\noindent
+Left
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+1/3 Left
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+Right
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+That was an example in the
+\family sans
+Quote
+\family default
+ environment.
+ Here
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
+\end_inset
+
+is one in a standard paragraph.
+ It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it
+\emph on
+is
+\emph default
+ sitting in-between the two arrows.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+HFills can be made visible when you choose one of the
+\family sans
+Fill
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Pattern
+\family default
+ in the space dialog: The following patterns are available:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Dots:
+\begin_inset space \dotfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Rule:
+\begin_inset space \hrulefill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Left arrow:
+\begin_inset space \leftarrowfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Right arrow:
+\begin_inset space \rightarrowfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Up brace:
+\begin_inset space \downbracefill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Down brace:
+\begin_inset space \upbracefill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ If an HFill is at the beginning of a line, and
+\emph on
+not
+\emph default
+ in the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it.
+ This prevents HFills from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line.
+ If you need space in this case anyway, set the
+\family sans
+Protect
+\family default
+ option in the space dialog.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Phantom Space
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Spacing ! Phantom
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Sometimes you want to insert space with exactly the length of a phrase.
+ E.g.
+ you want to create the following multiple choice question:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+What is correct English?:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+Mr.
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Edge would have been jumps the gun.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+phantom{Mr.
+ Edge }
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+has to be jumped
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+phantom{Mr.
+ Edge }
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+jumps
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+So that the choices appear exactly after the phrase
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Mr.
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Edge
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ To get this, you can use the LaTeX-command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+phantom
+\series default
+ in TeX Code
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+See sec.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:TeX-Code"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for more information about TeX-Code.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ In our case write the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+phantom{Mr.
+ Edge }
+\series default
+ (note the space after
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Edge
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+) at the beginning of the last two lines.
+ The command prints out the phrase within the the two braces, but invisible.
+ That is why it is named
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+phantom
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+There exists also the commands
+\backslash
+
+\series bold
+hphantom
+\series default
+ and
+\backslash
+
+\series bold
+vphantom
+\series default
+, but this too special for the LyX User Guide.
+ If you are interested in knowing more about this, have a look at
+\begin_inset CommandInset citation
+LatexCommand cite
+key "latexcompanion,latexguide"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Vertical Space
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Vertical-Space"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Spacing ! Vertical
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use the
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Vertical
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Space
+\family default
+ dialog.
+ There you find the following sizes:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+SmallSkip
+\family default
+,
+\family sans
+MedSkip
+\family default
+ and
+\family sans
+BigSkip
+\family default
+ are LaTeX sizes which depends on the font size of the document.
+
+\family sans
+DefSkip
+\family default
+ is the skip adjusted in the dialog
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Settings
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Document ! Settings
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+ for the paragraph separation.
+ If you use indentation to separate paragraphs
+\family sans
+DefSkip
+\family default
+ is equal to
+\family sans
+MedSkip
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+VFill
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Spacing ! Fills
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is a variable space, set so that the space is maximal within one page.
+ An example: You have only two short paragraphs on one page with a vfill
+ between them.
+ Then the first paragraph is placed at the top of the page and the second
+ one at the bottom, because the space between them is then maximal.
+
+\family sans
+VFill
+\family default
+s work like
+\family sans
+HFill
+\family default
+s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family sans
+HFill
+\family default
+s are described in section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Horizontal-Space"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ If there are several
+\family sans
+VFill
+\family default
+s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves.
+ You can therefore use
+\family sans
+VFill
+\family default
+s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+Custom
+\family default
+ are custom spaces in units explained in Appendix
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "cha:Units-available-in"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+
+\series medium
+When the extra vertical space would be in the output at the top/bottom of
+ a page, the space is only added if you have also checked the option
+\family sans
+Protect
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Paragraph Alignment
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can change the paragraph alignment with the
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Paragraph Settings
+\family default
+ dialog.
+ There are four possibilities:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\family sans
+Justified
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\family sans
+Left
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\family sans
+Right
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\family sans
+Center
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word
+ spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between
+ the left and right margins.
+ The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align right
+This paragraph is right aligned,
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+this one is centered,
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align left
+this one is left aligned.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Forced Pagebreaks
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Pagebreaks ! Forced
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Forced-Pagebreaks"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If you don't like the way LaTeX does the pagebreaks in your document, you
+ can force a pagebreak where you want one.
+ Normally this will not be necessary, because LaTeX is good at pagebreaking.
+ Only if you use many
+\family sans
+Floats
+\family default
+, LaTeX's page breaking algorithm can fail.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+We recommend not to use forced pagebreaks until the text is finished, and
+ until you have checked in the preview to see if you
+\emph on
+really
+\emph default
+ have to change the pagebreaking.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are two types of pagebreaks: One that ends the page without any special
+ action.
+ This can be inserted above or below a paragraph via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+New
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Page
+\family default
+.
+ The second type, that is inserted via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Page
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Break
+\family default
+, ends a page but stretches the content of the page, so that it fills out
+ the complete page.
+ This type is useful to avoid whitespace when a pagebreak produces a page
+ on which only the last few lines are absent.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You might try to use a pagebreak to ensure that a figure or table appears
+ at the top of a page.
+ This is, of course, the wrong way to do it.
+ LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables
+ appear at the top of a page (or the bottom, or on their own page) without
+ having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table.
+ See chapter
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "cha:Floats-and-Notes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ to learn more about
+\family sans
+Floats
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Clear Pagebreaks
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Clear-Pages"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Pagebreaks ! Clear
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Differently to forced pagebreaks where the content behind the break is directly
+ placed at the next page, pages can also be cleared while breaking them.
+ That means that the current paragraph is terminated and all, perhaps not
+ yet processed floats from previous document parts are placed behind it,
+ if necessary by adding pages.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can insert a clear pagebreak with the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Clear
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Page
+\family default
+.
+ When you have a two-sided document like a book, you can use the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Clear
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Double
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Page
+\family default
+ to insert a clear pagebreak that assures that the next page is a right-hand
+ page (odd-numbered), if necessary by adding a page.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Forced Linebreaks
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Linebreaks
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Forced-Linebreaks"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Similar to pagebreaks there are two types of linebreaks: One that simply
+ breaks the line.
+ You can force this line break within a paragraph by selecting
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ragged
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Line
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Break
+\family default
+ or with
+\family sans
+C-Return
+\family default
+.
+ Another type that is inserted via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Justified
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Line
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Break
+\family default
+ breaks the line and stretches it so that it fills out the whole space between
+ the page margins.
+ This is necessary to avoid
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+fringes
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ in justified paragraphs due to whitespace introduced by linebreaks.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You shouldn't use forced linebreaks to correct LaTeX's linebreaking, as
+ LaTeX is very good at linebreaking.
+ There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to actively
+ set a linebreak, e.g.
+ in a poem or for an address (see sections
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Quote"
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Verse"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Address-Usage"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Horizontal Lines
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Horizontal-Lines"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Horizontal lines
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\lyxline
+In the dialog
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Horizontal
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Line
+\family default
+ you can insert horizontal lines that spans over the whole document columns
+ width.
+\lyxline
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Characters and Symbols
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can directly enter all characters that are available on your keyboard.
+ You can also use special keyboard maps to be able to enter e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+characters needed for French with an English keyboard.
+ See section
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Keyboard-mapping"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for informations how this is done.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For the case where you need a character that is not on your keyboard, you
+ can use the
+\family sans
+Symbols
+\family default
+ dialog via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Special Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Symbols
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ Maybe not all symbols inserted with the symbols dialog can be displayed
+ when you are using a special screen font in LyX's preferences.
+ But the inserted symbols will in every case be displayed in the output.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Fonts and Text Styles
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Fonts-and-Text"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Font Types
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Font ! Types
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are two types of fonts:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+Vector
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+fonts
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Fonts ! Vector-
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ are fonts, built from outlines of the single glyphs (i.e.
+ characters) in the font.
+ This means that each glyph is defined using mathematical curves that are
+ well suited for scaling to any requested size.
+ This mathematical definition is interpreted by the font renderer and the
+ curve is filled out with pixels according to the size and glyph.
+ This means that outline fonts will look pretty good in all sizes.
+ Only at very small sizes it might be hard to provide a good rendering at
+ very small sizes, where each pixel has to be very carefully computed to
+ provide a good image.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+One could mean that one only needs to define one font size and scale them.
+ But to achieve a better quality, many fonts define several font sizes.
+ That improves the appearance, because you need more details at large font
+ sizes than at small ones.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+The font types
+\family typewriter
+TrueType
+\family default
+,
+\family typewriter
+OpenType
+\family default
+, and
+\family typewriter
+Type
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+1 PostScript
+\family default
+ are vector fonts.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+Bitmap
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+fonts
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Fonts ! Bitmap-
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ on the other hand, are defined by bitmap graphics from the start, so they
+ will look good at all the sizes they are meant for.
+ However, they don't scale well, because in order to scale a glyph, each
+ pixel is enlarged into several pixels.
+ It is the same effect that happens if you try to enlarge a picture in a
+ picture manipulation program.
+ In order to relieve this effect, bitmap fonts are typically provided in
+ several fixed sizes typically from around 8 pixels high up to 34 pixels
+ or so high in steps according to what is believed to be useful.
+ The advantage of bitmap fonts is that no complicated computations are necessary
+ to display each glyph, so bitmap fonts are thus faster displayed than scalable
+ fonts.
+ The disadvantage is that sizes that don't exists as fixed versions have
+ to be scaled by doubling pixels, and thus look bad.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+Bitmap fonts are named
+\family typewriter
+Type
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+3
+\family default
+ in PostScript- and PDF-documents.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The result of all this, is that bitmap fonts are best for the size they
+ are designed for, while scalable fonts are good for nearly all sizes.
+ So one need less font size definitions for scalable fonts.
+ That's the reason why nearly all text render and typesetting programs use
+ scalable fonts.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To test which fonts are used in a PDF-document, you can have a look into
+ its document properties.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards
+ specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font.
+ For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current
+ font to emphasize text, you use an
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+emphasized style
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ instead.
+ This concept fits in perfectly with LyX.
+ In LyX, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting
+ details.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Document Font and Font size
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Document-Font"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Font ! Size
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Document ! Font
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can set the document fonts in the
+\family sans
+ Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Settings
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Document ! Settings
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ dialog.
+ There you can specify which font should be used for the three different
+ font shapes roman (serif),
+\family sans
+sans
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+serif
+\family default
+, and
+\family typewriter
+typewriter
+\family default
+ and its scalings.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The possible options for the font include
+\family sans
+default
+\family default
+ and a list of fonts available on your system.
+
+\family sans
+default
+\family default
+ uses the standard TeX fonts, known as
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+Computer Modern
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ (
+\family typewriter
+cm
+\family default
+) or
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+European Computer Modern
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ (
+\family typewriter
+ec
+\family default
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+As
+\family typewriter
+cm
+\family default
+ and
+\family typewriter
+ec
+\family default
+ are bitmap fonts, they often looks pixeled in PDF output, especially when
+ you read the PDF in a zoomed size.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This problem doesn't appear if you read PDFs in
+\family typewriter
+Adobe
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Reader
+\family default
+ version 6 or later, because this program includes a special bitmap font
+ renderer.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ To get rid of pixeled fonts, you have to use a vector font.
+ There are three ways to use one:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+One way is to use the
+\family typewriter
+AE
+\family default
+ fonts.
+
+\family typewriter
+AE
+\family default
+ is a virtual font.
+ Virtual means that it
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+steals
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ outline
+\family typewriter
+cm
+\family default
+-glyphs from other fonts.
+ This has the disadvantage that some characters are missing, like the French
+ guillemets (
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+«
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+»
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Loading the LaTeX-package
+\series bold
+aeguill
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+LaTeX-packages ! aeguill
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ with the document preamble line
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+usepackage[ec]{aeguill}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+will fix the guillemet problem.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and that accented characters are not
+\emph on
+one
+\emph default
+ glyph, they are build of
+\emph on
+two
+\emph default
+ characters, the accent and the letter.
+ Therefore you can't search in documents using the
+\family typewriter
+AE
+\family default
+ fonts for words with accented characters.
+ If you search for example for the French word
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+rève
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ in a PDF, you won't get any result, because the PDF-viewer searches for
+ the glyph
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+ è
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ and not for the glyph
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+ e +
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+ ̀
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Another possibility is to use three different outline fonts
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Other fonts, like
+\family typewriter
+Latin Modern
+\family default
+ or
+\family typewriter
+Computer Modern
+\family default
+, consists of these three main font types
+\family sans
+sans
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+serif
+\family default
+,
+\family sans
+typewriter
+\family default
+, and
+\family sans
+serif
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\family typewriter
+Times Roman
+\family default
+ as roman font,
+\family sans
+
+\family typewriter
+Helvetica
+\family default
+ scaled to 92 or 95
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+% as sans
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+serif font, and
+\family typewriter
+courier
+\family default
+ as typewriter font.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+The differences between roman,
+\family sans
+sans
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+serif
+\family default
+, and
+\family typewriter
+typewriter
+\family default
+ fonts are explained in section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+The font
+\family typewriter
+Times Roman
+\family default
+ was originally designed for newspapers.
+ That means its glyphs are smaller than the one from other fonts to fit
+ into the small newspaper columns.
+ Therefore
+\family typewriter
+Times Roman
+\family default
+ is not the optimal choice for larger documents like books.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+The best solution is to use the
+\family typewriter
+Latin Modern
+\family default
+ (
+\family typewriter
+lm
+\family default
+) fonts.
+ These fonts are developed in order of the LaTeX community to replace
+\family typewriter
+cm
+\family default
+ as default fonts.
+ In most cases they look the same as
+\family typewriter
+cm
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+One difference is improved kerning for the
+\family typewriter
+lm
+\family default
+ fonts.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, but
+\family typewriter
+lm
+\family default
+ covers a vast number of characters over the other two families
+\family typewriter
+cm
+\family default
+ and
+\family typewriter
+ec
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+For the font size there are four possible values:
+\family sans
+default, 10
+\family default
+,
+\family sans
+11
+\family default
+, and
+\family sans
+12
+\family default
+.
+ The size of
+\family sans
+default
+\family default
+ depends on your LaTeX-system, normally it is equal to the font size 10.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The font sizes are the
+\emph on
+base size
+\emph default
+.
+ LyX actually scales all other possible font sizes (such as those used in
+ footnotes, super-, and subscripts) by this value.
+ You can fine-tune the font size of text parts via the
+\family sans
+Text
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Style
+\family default
+ dialog if needed.
+ The possible font sizes for text parts are explained in section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ When you choose a new font or font size, LyX does
+\emph on
+not
+\emph default
+ change the screen font! You will only see a difference in the printed output;
+ this is part of the WYSIWYM concept.
+ LyX's screen fonts can be adjusted in the
+\family sans
+Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Preferences
+\family default
+ dialog, see section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Screen-Fonts"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Using Different Character Styles
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Character Styles
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Text Style
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for
+ certain paragraph environments.
+ LyX supports two character styles,
+\family sans
+Emphasized
+\family default
+ and
+\family sans
+Noun
+\family default
+.
+ You can activate both of these styles via keybindings, the menus, and the
+ toolbar.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To activate the
+\family sans
+Noun
+\family default
+ style, do one of the following:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+click on the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/font-noun.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+use the key binding
+\family sans
+M-c
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+c
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+These commands are all toggles.
+ That is, if
+\family sans
+Noun
+\family default
+ style is already active, they deactivate it.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+One typically uses the
+\family sans
+Noun
+\family default
+ style for proper names.
+ For example:
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\noun on
+Matthias Ettrich
+\noun default
+ is the original author of LyX.
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A more widely used character style is the
+\family sans
+Emphasized
+\family default
+ style.
+ You can activate (or deactivate - it's also a toggle) the
+\family sans
+Emphasized
+\family default
+ style by:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+clicking on the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/font-emph.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+using the keybindings
+\family sans
+M-c
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+e
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Normally the
+\family sans
+Emphasized
+\family default
+ style is equivalent to an italic font but some document classes or LaTeX-packag
+es use a different font.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+We've been using the
+\family sans
+Emphasized
+\family default
+ style all over the place in this document.
+ Here's one more example:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Quotation
+
+\emph on
+Don't overuse character styles!
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+It's also a warning in addition to an example.
+ One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation.
+ Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid
+ the common tendency to overuse character style.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can always reset to the default font using the key binding
+\family sans
+M-c
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Space
+\family default
+ or the dialog
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Text
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Style
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Fine-Tuning with the
+\family sans
+Text Style
+\family default
+ dialog
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Text Style
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are always occasions when you'll need to do some fine-tuning, so LyX
+ gives you a way to create custom character style.
+ For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet
+ requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations.
+ Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts
+ from ordinary dialog.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a
+ warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles!
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+Documents that overuse different fonts and sizes are not well readable and
+ tend to look like someone has knocked huge holes in it.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To use custom character styles, open the
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Text
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Style
+\family default
+ dialog.
+ There are several boxes on this dialog, each corresponding to a different
+ font property which you can choose.
+ You can choose an option for one of these properties, or select
+\family sans
+No
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+change
+\family default
+, which keeps the current state of that property.
+ The item
+\family sans
+Reset
+\family default
+ will reset the property to whatever is the default.
+ You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph
+ environments in a snap.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The font properties, and their options (in addition to
+\family sans
+No
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+change
+\family default
+ and
+\family sans
+Reset
+\family default
+) are:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Family
+\family default
+ The
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+overall look
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ of the font.
+ The possible options are:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Roman
+\family default
+ This is the Roman font family.
+ Normally a serif font.
+ It's also the default family.
+ (key binding
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-c
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+r
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The LaTeX-command prevents text to be broken at the end of a line.
+ It is explained in section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Hyphenation"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Sans
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Serif
+\family default
+
+\family sans
+This is the Sans Serif font family.
+
+\family default
+ (key binding
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-c
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+s
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Typewriter
+\family default
+
+\family typewriter
+This is the Typewriter font family.
+
+\family default
+ (key binding
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-c
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+p
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Series
+\family default
+ This corresponds to the print weight.
+ Options are:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Medium
+\family default
+ This is the Medium font series.
+ It's also the default series.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Bold
+\family default
+
+\series bold
+This is the Bold font series.
+
+\series default
+ (key binding
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-c
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+b
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Shape
+\family default
+ As the name implies.
+ Options are:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Upright
+\family default
+ This is the Upright font shape.
+ It's also the default shape.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Italic
+\family default
+
+\shape italic
+This
+\shape default
+
+\family sans
+\shape italic
+i
+\family default
+s the Italic font shape
+\shape default
+\emph on
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Slanted
+\family default
+
+\shape slanted
+This is the Slanted font shape
+\shape default
+ (although it might not be visible in LyX, this is different from italic).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Small
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Caps
+\family default
+
+\shape smallcaps
+This is the Small caps font shape
+\shape default
+\noun on
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Size
+\family default
+ Alters the size of the font.
+ You'll find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually proportio
+nal to the document font size.
+ Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of
+ what you want to do.
+ The options are:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Tiny
+\family default
+
+\size tiny
+This is the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Tiny
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ font size.
+
+\size default
+ (key binding
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-s
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+t
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-s
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+1
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Smallest
+\family default
+
+\size scriptsize
+This is the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Smallest
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ font size
+\size default
+.
+ (key binding
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-s
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+2
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Smaller
+\family default
+
+\size footnotesize
+This is the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Smaller
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ font size.
+
+\size default
+ (key binding
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-s
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+S
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-s
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+3
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Small
+\family default
+
+\size small
+This is the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Small
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ font size.
+
+\size default
+ (key binding
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-s
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+s
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-s
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+4
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Normal
+\family default
+ This is the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Normal
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ font size.
+ It's also the default size.
+ (key binding
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-s
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+n
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-s
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+5
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Large
+\family default
+
+\size large
+This is the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Large
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ font size.
+
+\size default
+ (key binding
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-s
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+l
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-s
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+6
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Larger
+\family default
+
+\size larger
+This is the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Larger
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ font size.
+
+\size default
+ (key binding
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-s
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+S-L
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-s
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+7
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Largest
+\family default
+
+\size largest
+This is the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Largest
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ font size.
+
+\size default
+ (key binding
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-s
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+8
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Huge
+\family default
+
+\size huge
+This is the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Huge
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ font size.
+
+\size default
+ (key binding
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-s
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+h
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-s
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+9
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Huger
+\family default
+
+\size giant
+This is the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Huger
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ font size.
+
+\size default
+ (key binding
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-s
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+H
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-s
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+0
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Standard
+We'll warn you
+\emph on
+yet again
+\emph default
+: don't go crazy with this feature.
+ You should almost never need to change the font size.
+ LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments
+ - use that instead.
+ This is here for fine-tuning only!
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Misc
+\family default
+ Here you can change a few other things at the character level.
+ Options are:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_deeper
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Emph
+\family default
+
+\emph on
+This is text with emphasize on
+\emph default
+.
+ This might seem like the same as
+\shape italic
+Italic
+\shape default
+, but it is actually a bit different.
+ Emphasized is a
+\emph on
+logical
+\emph default
+ attribute.
+ That means every document class can define its own font used for emphasized
+ text.
+ Normally this font is equal to italic.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Underbar
+\family default
+
+\bar under
+This is text with Underbar on.
+
+\bar default
+ (key binding
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+mbox{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+M-c
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+u
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+)
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+Avoid using underbar if you can! It's a holdover from the typewriter days,
+ when you couldn't change fonts.
+ We no longer need to emphasize text by underscoring characters.
+ It's only included in LyX because some people
+\emph on
+may
+\emph default
+ need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Noun
+\family default
+
+\noun on
+This is text with Noun on.
+
+\noun default
+ Like
+\family sans
+Emph
+\family default
+, this is a logical attribute.
+ Normally it's equivalent to
+\family sans
+Small
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Caps
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_deeper
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Color
+\family default
+ You can adjust the color of the text with this control.
+ Notice that not all DVI-viewers are able to display colors.
+ Besides
+\family sans
+No
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+color
+\family default
+, which is the default
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+color
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ and means normally black, you can choose between
+\family sans
+Black
+\family default
+,
+\family sans
+White
+\family default
+,
+\family sans
+Red
+\family default
+,
+\family sans
+Green
+\family default
+,
+\family sans
+Blue
+\family default
+,
+\family sans
+Cyan
+\family default
+,
+\family sans
+Magenta
+\family default
+ and
+\family sans
+Yellow
+\family default
+ text.
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Color ! Text
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Language
+\family default
+ This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from
+ the language of the document.
+ Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change
+ (only within LyX).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+So you have a huge number of combinations to choose from.
+ Once you've chosen a new character style via the
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Text
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Style
+\family default
+ dialog, the settings are saved.
+ You can activate them using the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/textstyle-apply.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The button lets you toggle the state of your custom character style even
+ when the dialog isn't visible.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To completely reset the character style to the default, use
+\family sans
+M-c
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Space
+\family default
+.
+ If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed
+ (suppose you just set the shape to
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+slanted
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ and the series to
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+bold
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+), set the
+\family sans
+Toggle
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+all
+\family default
+ switch and press
+\family sans
+Apply
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You should also know something about the differences between the three main
+ font types
+\family sans
+serif
+\family default
+,
+\family sans
+sans
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+serif
+\family default
+, and
+\family sans
+typewriter
+\family default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\family sans
+Typewriter
+\family default
+ is a so called
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+monospaced
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ font, that means every character has the same width, the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+i
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ is as wide as the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+m
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Here is an example
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+phantom{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+no
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+typewriter text
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+For more on phantoms see section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:More-Spaces"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+no typewriter text
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\family sans
+Serif
+\family default
+ fonts use characters with serifs.
+ These are the small
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+appendices
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ at all ends of of the streaks that form the character.
+ The following example will show the difference:
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+text with serifs
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+text without serifs
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+Serifs facilitates an easy and fast reading.
+ They are therefore used as default font (named
+\family sans
+roman
+\family default
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+
+\family sans
+Sans serif
+\family default
+ don't use serifs.
+ This font type is therefore often used for headings and short texts.
+ We use it in this document to highlight menu names.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+We conclude with the same warning once again: Don't overuse the fonts.
+ They are, more often than not, a kludge and a bad substitute for good writing.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Printing and Previewing
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Overview
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Now that we've covered some of the basic features of document preparation
+ using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece.
+ Before we tell you that, we want to give you a quick explanation of what
+ goes on behind-the-scenes.
+ We cover these informations in much greater detail in the
+\emph on
+Extended
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Features
+\emph default
+ manual as well.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+LyX uses the program LaTeX as its backend.
+ LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system, but to prevent
+ confusion, we'll only refer to LaTeX.
+ LyX is what you use to do your actual writing.
+ Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output.
+ This happens in two stages:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX,
+ generating a file with the extension,
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+.tex
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Next, LaTeX uses the commands in the
+\family typewriter
+.tex
+\family default
+ file to produce printable output.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Output file formats
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+File formats
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Output-file-formats"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+ASCII
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+File formats ! ASCII
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This file type has the extension
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+.txt
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ It contains your document as plain text following the rules of the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+American Standard Code for Information Interchange
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ (ASCII).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can export your document to ASCII by the menu
+\family sans
+File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+ASCII
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+LaTeX
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+File formats ! LaTeX
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This file type has the extension
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+.tex
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ and contains all commands that are necessary for the LaTeX program to process
+ your document.
+ If you know LaTeX, you can use it to find out LaTeX-Errors or to process
+ it manually with console commands.
+ The LaTeX-file is automatically created in LyX's temporary directory whenever
+ you view or export your document.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can export your document as LaTeX-file using the menu
+\family sans
+File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+LaT
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+eX
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+DVI
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+File formats ! DVI
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This file type has the extension
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+.dvi
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ It is called
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+device-independent
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ (DVI), because it is completely portable; you can move them from one machine
+ to another without needing to do any sort of conversion.
+ At the time when this file-format was developed, this was no matter of
+ course.
+ DVIs are used for quick previews and as pre-stage for other output formats,
+ like PostScript.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ The DVI file doesn't contain images, they will only be a linked.
+ So don't forget to deliver the images together with your DVIs.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+This property can also slow down your computer when you view the DVI.
+ Because the DVI-viewer has to convert the image in the background to make
+ it visible when you scroll in the DVI.
+ So we recommend to use PDF for files with many images.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can export your document to DVI by the menu
+\family sans
+File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+DVI
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+PostScript
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+File formats ! PostScript
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This file type has the extension
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+.ps
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ PostScript was developed by the company
+\family typewriter
+Adobe
+\family default
+ as printer language.
+ The file contains therefore commands that the printer uses to print the
+ file.
+ PostScript can be seen as
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+programming language
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+; you can calculate with it and draw diagrams and images.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+If you are interested to learn more about this, have a look at the LaTeX-package
+
+\series bold
+pstricks
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+LaTeX-packages ! pstricks
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Due to this ability, the files are often bigger than PDFs.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+PostScript can only contain images in the format
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Encapsulated PostScript
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ (EPS, file extension
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+.eps
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+).
+ As LyX allows you to use any known image format in your document, it has
+ to convert them in the background to EPS.
+ If you have e.g 50 images in your document, LyX has to do 50 conversions
+ whenever you view or export your document.
+ This will slow down your workflow with LyX drastically.
+ So if you plan to use PostScript, you can insert your images directly as
+ EPS to avoid this problem.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can export your document to PostScript using the menu
+\family sans
+File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+PostScript
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+PDF
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+File formats ! PDF
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+PDF
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This file type has the extension
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+.pdf
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Portable Document Format
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ (PDF) is developed by
+\family typewriter
+Adobe
+\family default
+ as derivative from PostScript.
+ It is more compressed and it uses much less commands than PostScript.
+ As the name
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+portable
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ implies, it can be processed at any computer system and the printed output
+ looks exactly the same.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+PDF can contain images in its own PDF format and in the formats
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Joint Photographic Experts Group
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ (JPG, file extension
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+.jpg
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ or
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+.jpeg
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+) and
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Portable Network Graphics
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ (PNG, file extension
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+.png
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+).
+ You can although use any other image format, because LyX converts them
+ in the background to one of these formats.
+ But as described in the section about PostScript, the image conversion
+ will slow down your workflow.
+ So we recommend to use images in one of the three mentioned formats.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can export your document to PDF via the menu
+\family sans
+File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Export
+\family default
+ in three different ways:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+PDF This uses the program
+\family typewriter
+ps2pdf
+\family default
+ that creates a PDF from a PostScript-version of your file.
+ The PostScript-version is produced by the program
+\family typewriter
+dvips
+\family default
+ which uses a DVI-version as intermediate step.
+ So this export variant consist of three conversions.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+PDF
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+(dvipdfm) This uses the program
+\family typewriter
+dvipdfm
+\family default
+ that converts your file in the background to DVI and in a second step to
+ PDF.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+PDF
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+(pdflatex) This uses the program
+\family typewriter
+pdftex
+\family default
+ that converts your file directly to PDF.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+We recommend to use
+\family sans
+PDF
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+(pdflatex)
+\family default
+ because
+\family typewriter
+pdftex
+\family default
+ supports all features of actual PDF-versions, is quick and works stable
+ without problems.
+ The program
+\family typewriter
+dvipdfm
+\family default
+ is no more under development and therefore a bit outdated.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Previewing
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Document ! Preview
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the pagebreaks
+ in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, use the menu
+\family sans
+View
+\family default
+ and choose a file type.
+ A viewing program will popup showing the output.
+ For
+\family sans
+View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+DVI
+\family default
+ you can use the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/buffer-view_dvi.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (shortcut
+\family sans
+C-d
+\family default
+), for
+\family sans
+View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+PDF
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+(pdflatex)
+\family default
+ the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/buffer-view_pdf2.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+, and for
+\family sans
+View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Postscript
+\family default
+ the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/buffer-view_ps.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (shortcut
+\family sans
+C-t
+\family default
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If you have changed your document, you can refresh the output in the same
+ viewer window using the menu
+\family sans
+View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Update
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When you preview a file, the output file is only generated in LyX's temporary
+ directory.
+ To have a real output, export your document.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Printing the File from within LyX
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Printing-the-File"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Instead of exporting your file and then printing them, you can also print
+ it directly from within LyX.
+ To print a file, select the menu
+\family sans
+File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Print
+\family default
+ or click on the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/dialog-show_print.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ LyX will internally call LaTeX to produce a DVI.
+ This file is then processed by the program
+\family typewriter
+dvips
+\family default
+ to PostScript-file, which is finally printed using the program
+\family typewriter
+Ghostscript
+\family default
+.
+ Due to these steps in the background, this method is not the fastest.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can choose to print only even-numbered or odd-numbered pages - this
+ is useful for printing on two sides: You can re-insert the pages after
+ printing one set to print on the other side.
+ Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down.
+ By choosing a particular order to print in, you can take the entire stack
+ of pages out of the printer without needing to reorder them.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can set the parameters in the
+\family sans
+Print
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Destination
+\family default
+ box as follows:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+Printer
+\family default
+ This is the name of the printer to print to.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Note that this printer name is for the program
+\family typewriter
+dvips
+\family default
+.
+ That means
+\family typewriter
+dvips
+\family default
+ has to be configured for this printer name.
+ The default printer can be set in LyX's preferences dialog, see section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Printer"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ The printer should understand PostScript.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+File
+\family default
+ The name of a file to print to.
+ The output will be a PostScript file.
+ It will be written in LyX's working directory unless you specify the full
+ path.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+A few Words about Typography
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Typography
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Hyphens
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Hyphens
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Hyphens"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In LyX, the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+-
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+ character comes in three lengths, often called the
+\emph on
+hyphen
+\emph default
+, the
+\emph on
+en dash
+\emph default
+, and the
+\emph on
+em dash
+\emph default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+hyphen
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+-
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+made with
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+-
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+en dash
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+--
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+made with
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+em dash
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+---
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+made with
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+/
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+-
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+minus sign
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $-$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+a
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+-
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+ in math mode
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You generate them by inserting the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+-
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+ character multiple times in a row.
+ They are automatically converted to the appropriate length dash in the
+ final output, but not in LyX.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The three dash types are distinct from the minus sign, which appears in
+ math mode and has a length of its own.
+ Here are some examples of the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+-
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+ in use:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+line- and page-breaks
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+(
+\emph on
+hyphen
+\emph default
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+From A--Z
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+(
+\emph on
+en dash
+\emph default
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Oh --- there's a dash.
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+(
+\emph on
+em dash
+\emph default
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+(
+\emph on
+minus sign
+\emph default
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Hyphenation
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Hyphenation
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Hyphenation"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Words aren't hyphenated within LyX but automatically in the output.
+ Hyphenation is done by the LaTeX-package
+\series bold
+babel
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+LaTeX-packages ! babel
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ following the rules of the document language
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+For German readers: That's one of the main differences between the languages
+
+\family sans
+German
+\family default
+ and
+\family sans
+German
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+(new
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+spelling)
+\family default
+ in the
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Settings
+\family default
+ dialog.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+LaTeX hyphenates nearly perfectly, it has only problems with text in the
+ font
+\family sans
+typewriter
+\family default
+ and with unusual constructs, like
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+h3knix/m0n0wall
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ If LaTeX can't break a word correctly, you can set hyphenation points manually.
+ This is done with the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Hyphenation
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Point
+\family default
+.
+ These extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX.
+ If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will ignore them.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Sometimes you want to prevent words or constructs to be hyphenated.
+ The keybindings/shortcuts in this document consists of three letters with
+ a hyphen and a space in the form
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+A-b c
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ LaTeX finds there the hyphen
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+-
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ as hyphenation possibility.
+ Hyphenating at this point would look ugly.
+ To prevent the shortcut from being hyphenated, we can put it in the argument
+ of the LaTeX-box-command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mbox
+\series default
+, because text within LaTeX-boxes can't be hyphenated.
+ As LyX doesn't support
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mbox
+\series default
+, we have to use TeX Code.
+ The result looks in LyX like:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/mbox.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To learn more about TeX Code, have a look at section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:TeX-Code"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Punctuation Marks
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Punctuation marks
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Abbreviations and End of Sentence
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Abbreviations"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When LyX calls LaTeX to generate the final version of your document, LaTeX
+ automatically distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations.
+ LaTeX then adds the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+appropriate amount of space
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ That means sentences get a little bit more space between the period and
+ the next word.
+ Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period as a word uses.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation works
+ not for all cases.
+ If a
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+.
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's
+ at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Here are some examples of
+\emph on
+correct
+\emph default
+ abbreviations and the end of a sentence:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+M.
+ Butterfly
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Don't worry.
+ Be happy.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+And here's an example of the algorithm going wrong:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+e.
+ g.
+ this is too much space!
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+This is I.
+ It's okay.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You won't see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To fix this problem, use one of the following:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Use an
+\family sans
+Inter-word
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Space
+\family default
+ after lowercase abbreviations (see section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Inter-word-Space"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Spaces ! inter-word
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Use a
+\family sans
+Thin
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Space
+\family default
+ between two tokens of an abbreviation (see section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Thin-Space"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Spaces ! thin
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Use an
+\family sans
+End
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+of
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+sentence
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+period
+\family default
+ found under the
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Special
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Character
+\family default
+ menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing.
+ This function is also bound to
+\family sans
+C-period
+\family default
+ for easy access.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\begin_inset space \space{}
+\end_inset
+
+this is too much space!
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+This is I\SpecialChar \@.
+ It's okay.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences.
+ If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry, because the
+ LaTeX will care about this.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors:
+ Check out the
+\family sans
+Check
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+TeX
+\family default
+ feature described in section
+\emph on
+Checking TeX
+\emph default
+ of the
+\emph on
+Extended Features
+\emph default
+ manual.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Quotes
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Typography ! Quotes
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Quotes | see
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Typography
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Quotes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+LyX usually sets quotes correctly.
+ Specifically, it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text,
+ and use a closing quote at the end.
+ For example,
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+open close
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The keyboard character,
+\family sans
+"
+\family default
+, generates this automatically.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can change the behavior of the
+\family sans
+"
+\family default
+ key using the submenu
+\family sans
+Language
+\family default
+ of the dialog
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Settings
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Document ! Settings
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ dialog.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can also select quotes for different languages in the box
+\family sans
+Type
+\family default
+ option.
+ There are six choices:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Text
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+ Use quotes like this
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+double
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ or
+\begin_inset Quotes els
+\end_inset
+
+single
+\begin_inset Quotes ers
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+Text
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+ Use quotes like
+\begin_inset Quotes sld
+\end_inset
+
+this
+\begin_inset Quotes srd
+\end_inset
+
+ or 'this
+\begin_inset Quotes ers
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+\begin_inset Quotes gld
+\end_inset
+
+Text
+\begin_inset Quotes grd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+ Use quotes like
+\begin_inset Quotes gld
+\end_inset
+
+this
+\begin_inset Quotes grd
+\end_inset
+
+ or
+\begin_inset Quotes gls
+\end_inset
+
+this
+\begin_inset Quotes grs
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+\begin_inset Quotes pld
+\end_inset
+
+Text
+\begin_inset Quotes prd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+ Use quotes like
+\begin_inset Quotes pld
+\end_inset
+
+this
+\begin_inset Quotes prd
+\end_inset
+
+ or
+\begin_inset Quotes pls
+\end_inset
+
+this
+\begin_inset Quotes prs
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+Text
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+ Use quotes like
+\begin_inset Quotes fld
+\end_inset
+
+this
+\begin_inset Quotes frd
+\end_inset
+
+ or
+\begin_inset Quotes fls
+\end_inset
+
+this
+\begin_inset Quotes frs
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Labeling
+\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
+
+\family sans
+\begin_inset Quotes ald
+\end_inset
+
+Text
+\begin_inset Quotes ard
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+ Use quotes like
+\begin_inset Quotes ald
+\end_inset
+
+this
+\begin_inset Quotes ard
+\end_inset
+
+ or
+\begin_inset Quotes als
+\end_inset
+
+this
+\begin_inset Quotes ars
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+These settings affects what character the
+\family sans
+"
+\family default
+ key produces.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Ligatures
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Typography ! Ligatures
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Ligatures | see
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Typography
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Ligatures"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and
+ print them as single characters.
+ These groups are known as
+\emph on
+ligatures
+\emph default
+.
+ Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your documents will contain them too
+ in the output.
+ Here are the standard ligatures:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+ff
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+fi
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+fl
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+ffi
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+ffl
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Some languages uses other ligatures if the document font supports them.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Sometimes, you don't want a ligature in a word.
+ While a ligature may be okay in the word,
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+graffiti,
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ it looks really weird in compound words, such as
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+cufflink
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ or the German
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Dorffest.
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ To break a ligature, use
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Ligature
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Break.
+
+\family default
+ This changes
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+cufflinks
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ to
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+cuff\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
+links
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Dorffest
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ to
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Dorf\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
+fest
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+LyX's Proper Names
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+LyX ! Proper names
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:LyX's-Proper-Names"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You have surely noticed, that the word
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+LaTeX
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ appears always with characters in different size and height.
+ LaTeX is the name of the program used by LyX and is therefore recognized
+ as proper name when you type it in LyX as
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+LaT
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+eX
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The braces in TeX Code are here to avoid that the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+command
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ appear as proper name in the output, see the last paragraph of this section.
+ To create proper names omit the TeX Code.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Note the order of the upper-and lowercase letters! LyX recognizes the following
+ proper names:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+LyX The name of the game, write
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+L
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+yX
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ to produce it.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+TeX The program used by LaTeX, write
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+T
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+eX
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ to produce it.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+LaTeX The program used by LyX, write
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+LaT
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+eX
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ to produce it.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+LaTeX2e The actual version of LaTeX, write
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+LaT
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+eX2e
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ to produce it.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You might wonder why the LaTeX-version is
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+2
+\begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ It's an old tradition in the TeX-world to give programs geek version numbers.
+ For example the version number of TeX converges to the number
+\begin_inset Formula $\pi$
+\end_inset
+
+: The actual version is
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+TeX-3.141592
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+, the previous one was
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+TeX-3.14159
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If you don't want to use proper names, e.g.
+ in section headings, you can insert two empty braces in TeX Code in the
+ word.
+ This will look in LyX like:
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/LaTeX.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+For more about TeX Code, look at section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:TeX-Code"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Units
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Typography ! Units
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Generally the space between units and the number is smaller than the normal
+ space between two words.
+ As you can see in the example below, it looks better when the space is
+ smaller.
+ To get such a
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+half space
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ for units use the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Thin
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Space
+\family default
+ (shortcut
+\family sans
+C-S-Space
+\family default
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Here's an example to show the differences:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+24
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+kW
+\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
+\end_inset
+
+h
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+space between number and unit
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+24
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+kW
+\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
+\end_inset
+
+h
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+half space between number and unit
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Widows and Orphans
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Typography ! Widows and orphans
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Widows"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page
+ happened to end.
+ There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text.
+ You may remember once printing out a document, only to find the heading
+ for a new section printed at the very bottom of the page, the first line
+ of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page, or the last line
+ of a paragraph at the top of a new page.
+ These bits of text became known as
+\emph on
+widows
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+orphans
+\emph default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading.
+ That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments.
+ But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line
+ of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules
+ built into LaTeX governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there
+ to specifically prevent widows and orphans.
+ This is the advantage LyX has in using LaTeX as its backend.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There's no way we can go into how TeX and LaTeX decide to break a page,
+ or how you can tweak that behavior.
+ Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography [such as
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset citation
+LatexCommand cite
+key "latexcompanion"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset citation
+LatexCommand cite
+key "latexguide"
+
+\end_inset
+
+] may have more information.
+ You will almost never need to worry about this, however.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Chapter
+Notes, Graphics, Tables, and Floats
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "cha:Floats-and-Notes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the
+\emph on
+Embedded Objects
+\emph default
+ manual.
+ There you'll also find tips and tricks for special cases.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Notes
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Notes
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Notes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+LyX offers you a few types of notes to add to your document:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+LyX
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Note This note type is for internal notes that won't appear in the output.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This is text in a note box that doesn't appear in the output.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+Comment This note also doesn't appear in the output but it appears as LaTeX-comm
+ent, when you export the document to LaTeX via the menu
+\family sans
+File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+LaTeX (pdflatex) / (plain)
+\family default
+.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Comment
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This is text in a note box that only appears as comment in LaTeX-files.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+Greyed
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Out This note will appear in the output as grey text.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This is text
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This is an example footnote within a greyed out note.
+ In this document the greyed out note color is redefined to blue.
+ How this can be done is explained in the
+\emph on
+Embedded Objects
+\emph default
+ manual.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ of a comment that appears in the output as grey text.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+As you can see in the example, the first line of greyed out notes is a bit
+ indented and greyed out notes can have footnotes.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Notes are inserted with the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/note-insert.png
+ scale 85
+ scaleBeforeRotation
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Note
+\family default
+.
+ Right-click on the appearing note box to select the note type.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Footnotes
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Footnotes
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Footnotes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+LyX uses boxes to display footnotes: When you insert a footnote using the
+ menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Footnote
+\family default
+ or the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/footnote-insert.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\bar no
+you'll see
+\family default
+\series default
+\bar default
+ the following box:
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/footnoteQt4.png
+ scale 80
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\bar no
+ This box is LyX's representation of your footnote.
+ If you
+\family default
+\series default
+\bar default
+ left-click on
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\bar no
+the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+foot
+\family roman
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+\series default
+\bar default
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\bar no
+label, the box will
+\family default
+\series default
+\bar default
+ be opened and you can enter the footnote text into it.
+ Clicking on the box label again, will close
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\bar no
+the
+\family default
+\series default
+\bar default
+ box
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\bar no
+.
+ If you want to turn existing text into a footnote, simply mark it and click
+ on the footnote
+\family default
+\series default
+\bar default
+ toolbar
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\bar no
+button
+\family default
+\series default
+\bar default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Here's an example footnote:
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\bar no
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+To close a footnote, click on the footnote box label.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The footnote will appear in the output as a superscript number at the text
+ position where the footnote box is placed.
+ The footnote text is placed at the bottom of the current page.
+ The footnote number is calculated by LyX, the numbers are consecutive,
+ no matter in which chapter the footnote is in.
+ LyX doesn't support other numbering schemes yet, but you can get another
+ scheme using special LaTeX-commands.
+ T
+\family roman
+h
+\family default
+ey are described in the
+\emph on
+Embedded Objects
+\emph default
+ manual.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Marginal Notes
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Marginal notes
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Marginal-Notes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Marginal notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX.
+ When you insert a margin note via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Marginal
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Note
+\family default
+ or the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/marginalnote-insert.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+, you'll see
+\family roman
+\series medium
+a
+\family default
+\series default
+ grey
+\family roman
+\series medium
+box with a
+\family default
+\series default
+ red
+\family roman
+\series medium
+label
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+margin
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ appearing within your text.
+ This box is LyX's representation of your margin
+\family default
+\series default
+al
+\family roman
+\series medium
+note.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+At the side is an example marginal note.
+\family roman
+\series medium
+
+\begin_inset Marginal
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This is a marginal note.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Marginal notes appear at the right side in single-sided documents.
+ In double-sided documents they appear in the outer margin -- left on even
+ pages, right on odd pages.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Graphics and Images
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Images
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Graphics
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Graphics"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To insert an image in your document, place the cursor at the text position
+ you want and click on the toolbar icon
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_graphics.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or select
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Graphics
+\family default
+ from the menu.
+ Then a dialog will appear to choose the file to load.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This dialog has numerous mostly self-explanatory parameters.
+ The
+\family sans
+Graphics
+\family default
+ tab allows you to choose your image file.
+ The image can be transformed by setting a rotation angle and a scaling
+ factor.
+ The scaling units are explained in Appendix
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "cha:Units-available-in"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the tab
+\family sans
+Clipping
+\family default
+ it is possible to set image coordinates to adjust the height and width
+ of the image in the output.
+ The coordinates can also be calculated automatically by pressing the button
+
+\family sans
+Get
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+from
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+file
+\family default
+.
+ The option
+\family sans
+Clip
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+to
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+bounding
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+box
+\family default
+ will only print the image region within the given coordinates.
+ Normally you don't need to take care about image coordinates and can ignore
+ the tab
+\family sans
+Clipping
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the
+\family sans
+LaTeX and LyX options
+\family default
+ tab LaTeX experts can specify additional LaTeX options.
+ You can also specify here the appearance of the image inside LyX.
+ The option
+\family sans
+Draft
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+mode
+\family default
+ has the effect that the image doesn't appear in the output, only a frame
+ with the image size is printed.
+ The option
+\family sans
+Don't
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+unzip
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+on
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+export
+\family default
+ is explained in the
+\emph on
+Embedded Objects
+\emph default
+ manual in section
+\emph on
+Graphics Dialog
+\emph default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The graphics dialog can be called at any time by clicking on an image.
+ The image will appear in the output exactly at the position where it is
+ in the text.
+ This is an example image within a separate, horizontally centered paragraph:
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/mobius.eps
+ scale 70
+ rotateOrigin center
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If you need image captions and want to reference images, you have to put
+ the image into a float, see section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Figure-Floats"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Image Formats
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Images ! Formats
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Image-Formats"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can insert images in any known file format.
+ But as we explained in section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Output-file-formats"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, every output document format allows only a few image formats.
+ LyX uses therefore the program
+\family typewriter
+Imagemagick
+\family default
+ in the background to convert the images to the right format.
+ To increase your workflow by avoiding these conversions in the background,
+ you can use only the image formats listed in the subsections of section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Output-file-formats"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Similar to fonts there are two types of image formats:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+Bitmap
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+images consist of pixel values, often in a compressed form.
+ They are therefore not fully scalable and look pixeled in large zooms.
+ Well-known bitmap image formats are
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Graphics Interchange Format
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ (GIF, file extension
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+.gif
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+GIF|see
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Image formats
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Portable Network Graphics
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ (PNG, file extension
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+.png
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+PNG|see
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Image formats
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, and
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Joint Photographic Experts Group
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ (JPG, file extension
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+.jpg
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ or
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+.jpeg
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+JPG|see
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Image formats
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+Scalable
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+images consist of vectors and can therefore be scaled to any size without
+ data loss.
+ The scaling ability is necessary if you want to create presentations, because
+ presentations are always scaled by the beamer.
+ Scaling is also useful for online documents to let the user zoom into diagrams.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+Scalable image formats can be
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Scalable Vector Graphics
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ (SVG, file extension
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+.svg
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+SVG|see
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Image formats
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Encapsulated PostScript
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ (EPS, file extension
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+.eps
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+EPS|see
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Image formats
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, and
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Portable Document Format
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ (PDF, file extension
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family typewriter
+.pdf
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+PDF
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ We say it can be, because you can convert any bitmap image format to PDF
+ or EPS and the result won't be scalable.
+ In this cases only a header with the image properties is added to the original
+ image
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+In the case of PDF, the original image is additionally compressed.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Normally one can't convert a bitmap image into a scalable one, only vice
+ versa.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Grouping of Image Settings
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Images ! Settings grouping
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Each image can define a new group of image settings or join an existing
+ group.
+ Images within such a group share their settings, so adjusting one image
+ of the group automatically also adjusts all other images of the group in
+ the same way.
+ So you can for example change the size for a bunch of images without the
+ need to manually change each of them.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A new group can be set by entering a name in the
+\family sans
+Initialize
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Group
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Name
+\family default
+ field in the Graphics dialog.
+ Joining an existing group can be done using the context menu of the image
+ by checking the name of the desired group.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Tables
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Tables
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Tables"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can insert a table using either the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/tabular-insert.png
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Table
+\family default
+.
+ A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns.
+ The default table has lines around any cell and the first row appears separated
+ from the rest of the table.
+ This separation appears due to a double line: The cells of the first row
+ have a line below them and the cells of the second row have a line above
+ them.
+ Here's an example table:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="4">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0in">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+2
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+3
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\size normal
+\noun off
+\color none
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+The Table dialog
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button, which
+ brings up the table dialog.
+ Here you can adjust the settings of the cell and row/column respectively
+ where the cursor is placed currently.
+ Most of the dialog options also work on selections.
+ This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is
+ done on all of your selection.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Additionally to the table dialog the
+\family sans
+table
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+toolbar
+\family default
+, that appears when the cursor is inside a table, helps you in setting table
+ properties.
+ It is for example currently only possible to add
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+/
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+delete lines via the table toolbar.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the tab
+\family sans
+Table
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Settings
+\family default
+ of the table dialog you can set the alignment for the current row.
+ If you add a row or column, it will be inserted right beside or below the
+ current cell respectively.
+ The vertical alignment of a column can only be adjusted when a column width
+ is given.
+ A given width will allow the cell to have line breaks and multiple paragraphs
+ of text, see section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Table-Cells"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can mark multiple cells of one row as a multicolumn cell using the check
+ box
+\family sans
+Multicolumn
+\family default
+.
+ This will merge the cells to
+\emph on
+one
+\emph default
+ cell, spread over more than one column.
+ Multicolumn cells are treated as own rows, so that the alignment, width,
+ and border settings affect only the multicolumn cell.
+ Here's an example table with a multicolumn cell in the first row and one
+ in the last row without the upper border:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="4">
+<features firstHeadTopDL="true" firstHeadBottomDL="true">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0in">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+abc
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+def ghi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+jkl
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+A
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+2
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+3
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+4
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+At the moment LyX doesn't support multirow cells.
+ Adept users can declare special LaTeX-arguments for the table.
+ They are necessary for special table formatting, like for multirow cells,
+ explained in the tables section of the
+\emph on
+Extended
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Features
+\emph default
+ manual.
+ You can also rotate the current cell or the whole table 90
+\begin_inset Formula $\,$
+\end_inset
+
+degrees counterclockwise.
+ These rotations are not visible in LyX but in the output.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ Most DVI-viewers are
+\emph on
+not
+\emph default
+ able to display rotations.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The
+\family sans
+Borders
+\family default
+ tab allows you to add and delete border lines for the current row/column.
+ The button
+\family sans
+Default
+\family default
+ adds lines for all cell borders.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Longtables
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Tables ! Longtables
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Longtables
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If the table is too long to fit on one page, you can use the option
+\family sans
+Use
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+long
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+table
+\family default
+ in the tab
+\family sans
+Longtable
+\family default
+ of the table dialog to split the table automatically over more pages.
+ Doing this enables some check boxes and you can now define:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+
+\family sans
+Header
+\family default
+: The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options
+ defined, are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable;
+ except for the first page, if
+\family sans
+First
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+header
+\family default
+ is defined.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+
+\family sans
+First
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+header
+\family default
+: The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options
+ defined, are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+
+\family sans
+Footer
+\family default
+: The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options
+ defined, are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable;
+ except for the last page, if
+\family sans
+Last
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+footer
+\family default
+ is defined.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+
+\family sans
+Last
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+footer
+\family default
+: The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options
+ defined, are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+Caption: The first row is reset as single column.
+ You can now insert there the table caption via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Caption
+\family default
+.
+ More about longtable captions can be found in the
+\emph on
+Embedded
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Objects
+\emph default
+ manual.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can also specify a row where the table is split.
+ If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware
+ of the fact that only the first one is used in the given table row.
+ The others will then be defined as
+\emph on
+empty
+\emph default
+.
+ In this context, first means first in this order:
+\family sans
+Footer, Last
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+footer,
+\family default
+
+\family sans
+Header,
+\family default
+
+\family sans
+First
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+header.
+
+\family default
+ See the following longtable to see how it works:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="69" columns="3">
+<features islongtable="true">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" width="5cm">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="right" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row endfirsthead="true">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Example Phone List (ignore the names)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row endfirsthead="true">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+NAME
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+TEL.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row endhead="true">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Example Phone List
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row endhead="true">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+NAME
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+TEL.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row endfoot="true">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+continue ...
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Annovi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Silvia
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+111
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Bertoli
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Stefano
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+111
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Bozzi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Walter
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+111
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Cachia
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Maria
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+111
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Cachia
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Maurizio
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+111
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Cinquemani
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Giusi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+111
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Colin
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Bernard
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+111
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Concli
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Gianfranco
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+111
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Dal Bosco
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Carolina
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+111
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Dalpiaz
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Annamaria
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+111
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Feliciello
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Domenico
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+111
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Focarelli
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Paola
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+111
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Galletti
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Oreste
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+111
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Gasparini
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Franca
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+111
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Rizzardi
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Paola
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+111
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Lassini
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Giancarlo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+111
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Malfatti
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Luciano
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+111
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Malfatti
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Valeriano
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+111
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Meneguzzo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Roberto
+\end_layout
+
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+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+555
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Pochiesa
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Paolo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+555, 222
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Radina
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Claudio
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+555
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Stuffer
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Oskar
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+555
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Tacchelli
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Ugo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+555
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Tezzele
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Margit
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+555
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Unterkalmsteiner
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Frieda
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+555
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Vieider
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Hilde
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+555
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Vigna
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Jürgen
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+999
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Weber
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Maurizio
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+555
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Winkler
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Franz
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+555
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row endlastfoot="true">
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="block" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+End
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Table Cells
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Tables ! Cells
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Table-Cells"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A table cell can contain text, inline equations, a figure, or another table.
+ All these kinds of objects can be placed in the same cell.
+ Font sizes and shapes can also be altered.
+ But you can't put a special environment in a cell (like
+\family sans
+Section*
+\family default
+, etc.), nor set spacing options etc.
+ for the cell's paragraph.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To have multi-line entries in table cells, you have to declare a fixed width
+ for the column in the table dialog.
+ Your text is then automatically split into multiple lines and the cell
+ is enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given width.
+ An example:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="block" valignment="top" width="3cm">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+2
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+3
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+4
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+This is a multiline entry in a table.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+5
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+6
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+This is longer now.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+7
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+8
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+This is a multiline entry in a table.
+ This is longer now.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+9
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Cutting and pasting between tables and table cells works reasonably well.
+ You can cut and paste even more than one row.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Note, that you cannot paste into a multicell selection because it would
+ not be clear what to do when pasting a single word in a selected 2×3.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Selection with the mouse or with
+\family sans
+Shift
+\family default
+ plus the arrow keys works as usual.
+ You can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit by starting
+ the selection from outside the table.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Floats
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Floats
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Floats"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A float is a block of text associated with some sort of label, which doesn't
+ have a fixed location.
+ It can
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+float
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best.
+
+\family sans
+Footnotes
+\family default
+ and
+\family sans
+Margin
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Notes
+\family default
+ are also floats, because they can float to the next page when there are
+ too much notes at the page.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Floats makes it possible to get a high quality layout.
+ Images and tables can evenly be spread to the pages to avoid whitespace
+ and pages without text.
+ As the floating often destroys the context between the text and the image/table
+, every float can be referenced in the text.
+ Floats are therefore numbered.
+ Referencing is described in section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Cross-References"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To insert a float, use the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Floats
+\family default
+.
+ A box with a caption that has e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+the label
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Figure
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+#:
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ (# is the actual number) will be inserted into your document.
+ The label will automatically be translated to the document language in
+ the output.
+ Behind the label you can insert the caption text.
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Floats ! Captions
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ The image or table is inserted above or below the caption in a separate
+ paragraph within the float.
+ To keep your LyX-document readable, you can open and close the float box
+ by left-clicking on the box label.
+ A closed float box looks like this:
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/floatQt4.png
+ scale 80
+
+\end_inset
+
+ -- a gray button with a red label.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+It is recommended to insert floats as a separate paragraph to avoid possible
+ LaTeX-errors that can occur when the surrounding text is specially formatted.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Float Types
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Figure Floats
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Floats ! Figure floats
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Figure-Floats"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Figure
+\family default
+ inserts a float with the label
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+Figure
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+#:
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ Set the cursor above this label (or before it and press enter) and insert
+ the image as described above to get the caption printed below the image.
+ This is what we did for Figure
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "cap:Platypus"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ If you want the caption to be above the image, set the cursor at the end
+ of the caption, press enter and insert the image.
+ This was done in Figure
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "cap:Escher"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Float figure
+wide false
+sideways false
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\align center
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/platypus.eps
+ width 50col%
+ rotateOrigin center
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Caption
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "cap:Platypus"
+
+\end_inset
+
+A severely distorted platypus in a float.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Float figure
+wide false
+sideways false
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Caption
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "cap:Escher"
+
+\end_inset
+
+M.C.
+ Escher on acid.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\align center
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/escher-lsd.eps
+ scale 80
+ rotateOrigin center
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This figure float show also how to set a label and create a cross-reference
+ to it.
+ As described in section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Cross-References"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, you can simply insert a label in the caption using the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Label
+\family default
+ and refer to it using the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Cross-Reference
+\family default
+.
+ It is important to use references to figure floats, rather than using vague
+ references like
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+the figure above
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+, because as LaTeX will reposition the floats in the final document; it
+ might not be
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+above
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ at all.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Normally only one image is inserted to a figure float, but sometimes you
+ might want to use two images with separate subcaptions.
+ This can be done by inserting image floats into existing image floats.
+ Note that only the main caption of the float is added to the List of Figures.
+ Figure
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is an example of a figure float with two images set side by side.
+ You can also set the images one below the other.
+ Figure
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "fig:Undefinable"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "fig:Platypus"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ are the subfigures.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Float figure
+wide false
+sideways false
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Float figure
+wide false
+sideways false
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Caption
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "fig:Undefinable"
+
+\end_inset
+
+Undefinable
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/escher-lsd.eps
+ width 45col%
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Float figure
+wide false
+sideways false
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Caption
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "fig:Platypus"
+
+\end_inset
+
+Platypus
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/platypus.eps
+ lyxscale 60
+ width 45col%
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Caption
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "cap:Two-distorted-images"
+
+\end_inset
+
+Two distorted images.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Note that the caption is added to the
+\family sans
+List
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+of
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Figures
+\family default
+ as described in section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:List-of-Figures"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Table Floats
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Floats ! Table floats
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Table-Floats"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Table floats can be inserted using the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Table
+\family default
+.
+ They have the same properties as figure floats except of the different
+ label.
+ Table
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "cap:Table-float"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is an example of a table float.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Float table
+wide false
+sideways false
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Caption
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "cap:Table-float"
+
+\end_inset
+
+A table float.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+1
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+2
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+3
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+Joe
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+Mary
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+Ted
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+\begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
+a & b\\
+c & d\end{array}\right]$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+\begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Algorithm Floats
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Floats ! Algorithm floats
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This float type is inserted with the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Algorithm
+\family default
+.
+ It is used for program codes and descriptions of algorithms.
+ A possible environment for algorithms is the
+\family sans
+LyX-Code
+\family default
+, described in section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:LyX-Code"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ that the float label is not automatically translated into the document
+ language.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ You have to do this manually by adding the following line
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+floatname{algorithm}{your
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+name}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+to the document preamble (menu
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Settings
+\family default
+).
+
+\series bold
+your
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+name
+\series default
+ is the word
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\emph on
+algorithm
+\emph default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ in your language.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsubsection
+Wrap Floats
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Floats ! Text Wrap Floats
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Wrap-Floats"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Wrap figure
+lines 0
+placement l
+overhang 0in
+width "40col%"
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/mobius.eps
+ width 40col%
+ rotateOrigin center
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Caption
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "cap:Wrapped-figure"
+
+\end_inset
+
+This is a wrapped figure.
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+This float type is used if you want to
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+wrap
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ text around a figure so that it only occupies some fraction of the column
+ width.
+ It can be inserted using the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Wrap
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Float
+\family default
+ if the LaTeX-package
+\series bold
+wrapfig
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+LaTeX-packages ! wrapfig
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is installed.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Installing a LaTeX-package is explained it in the
+\emph on
+LaTeX
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Configuration
+\emph default
+ manual.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ The width and placement of the float is adjusted by right-clicking on the
+ float box.
+ Figure
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "cap:Wrapped-figure"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is for example a figure wrap float with a width of 40
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+col%.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Available units are explained in Appendix
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "cha:Units-available-in"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Some space was added under the caption to separate it better from the surroundi
+ng text.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ Wrap floats might be fragile! E.g.
+ having a figure too close to the bottom of the page can mess things up
+ in the way that the float doesn't appear in the output or that it is placed
+ over some other text.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ In general:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Wrap floats should not be placed in paragraphs that run over a page break.
+ That means that wrap floats should better be inserted to the exact place
+ when the document is nearly ready and you are able to estimate where page
+ breaks will appear.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Wrap floats should either be placed in an own paragraph before the paragraph
+ where they should wrap into or within a paragraph.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Wrap floats in consecutive paragraphs may cause troubles, so assure that
+ there is a text paragraph between them as separator.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Itemize
+Wrap floats are not allowed in section headings or tables.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Rotated Floats
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Rotated-Floats"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Floats ! Rotating
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Especially for wide tables you might have floats rotated.
+ To rotate a whole float including the caption, right-click on the float-box
+ and use the option
+\family sans
+Rotate
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+sideways
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Rotated floats are always placed on its own page (or column, in case you
+ have a multi-column document).
+ You can let them span several columns using the float settings option
+\family sans
+Span
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+columns
+\family default
+.
+ Floats are rotated so that you can read them from the outside margin.
+ Forcing the rotation direction is explained in the
+\emph on
+Embedded Objects
+\emph default
+ manual.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Referencing rotated floats is the same like for normal floats, the caption
+ format is also the same: Table
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "cap:Rotated-table"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is an example of a rotated table float.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ Not all DVI-viewers are able to display rotated floats.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Float table
+wide false
+sideways true
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Caption
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "cap:Rotated-table"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Rotated table
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="1" columns="5">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+test
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+b
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+c
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+d
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+e
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Float Placement
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Float-Placement"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Floats ! Placement
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Right-clicking on a float-box opens a dialog where you can alter the placement
+ options that LaTeX uses for positioning the float.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+The option
+\family sans
+Span
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+columns
+\family default
+ is only useful for two-column documents: If you select it, the float will
+ span across both columns on the page instead of being confined to just
+ one.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+The option
+\family sans
+Rotate
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+sideways
+\family default
+ is used to rotate floats, see section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Rotated-Floats"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can use one ore more of the following options in the float dialog to
+ set the placement for a particular float when you uncheck the option
+\family sans
+Use
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+default
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+placement
+\family default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+Here
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+if
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+possible: try to place the float on the position where it is inserted
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+Top
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+of
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+page: try to place the float on the top of the current page
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+Bottom
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+of
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+page: try to place the float on the bottom of the current page
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+Page
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+of
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+floats: try to place the float on an own page
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The order of the above option is
+\emph on
+always
+\emph default
+ used by LaTeX.
+ That means, if you use the default placement, LaTeX will first try out
+
+\family sans
+Here
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+if
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+possible
+\family default
+, then
+\family sans
+Top
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+of
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+page
+\family default
+, and then the others.
+ If you don't use the default, LaTeX will try only the checked options but
+ in the same order.
+ If none of the 4 placements are possible the procedure is internally repeated
+ but it is tried to put the float on the following page.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+By default, each options has its own rules:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+Top
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+of
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+page
+\family default
+ only floats occupying less than 70
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+% of the page can be placed at the top of a page
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+Bottom
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+of
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+page
+\family default
+: only floats occupying less than 30
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+% of the page can be placed at the bottom of a page.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+Page
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+of
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+floats
+\family default
+: only if more than 50
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+% of the page are occupied by floats, several floats can be set together
+ on a page.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If you don't like these rules, you can ignore them by using the additional
+ option
+\family sans
+Ignore
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+LaTeX
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+rules
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Sometimes you might need, under all circumstances, a float to be placed
+ exactly at the position where it is inserted.
+ For this case you can use the option
+\family sans
+Here
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+definitely
+\family default
+.
+ Use this option very rarely and only if the document is nearly ready to
+ be printed.
+ Because the float is then no longer able to
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+float
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ when you change your document and this will often destroy the page layout.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are no placement options for text wrap floats, because they are always
+ surrounded by the text of a certain paragraph.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For more details about float placements, have a look at LaTeX books like
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset citation
+LatexCommand cite
+key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Minipages
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Minipages
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Minipages"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+LaTeX provides a mechanism to produce essentially a page within a page,
+ called minipage.
+ Within a minipage, all the usual rules of indentation, line wrapping, etc.
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+apply.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Minipages in LyX have their own collapsible box inserted via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Box
+\family default
+.
+ Right-clicking on the box allows you to alter the width of the minipage
+ and its alignment within the page.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Box Frameless
+position "t"
+hor_pos "c"
+has_inner_box 1
+inner_pos "t"
+use_parbox 0
+width "30col%"
+special "none"
+height "1pt"
+height_special "totalheight"
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\shape italic
+This is a minipage.
+ The text is set in an italic style.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\shape italic
+Minipages are often used for text in another language or text that needs
+ another formatting.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+If you place two minipages side-by-side, you can use
+\family sans
+Horizontal Fills
+\family default
+ as described in section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Horizontal-Space"
+
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Box Frameless
+position "t"
+hor_pos "c"
+has_inner_box 1
+inner_pos "t"
+use_parbox 0
+width "1.5in"
+special "none"
+height "1pt"
+height_special "totalheight"
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text.
+ This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Box Frameless
+position "t"
+hor_pos "c"
+has_inner_box 1
+inner_pos "t"
+use_parbox 0
+width "1.5in"
+special "none"
+height "1pt"
+height_special "totalheight"
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text.
+ This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When you right-click on a minipage box, you can change the box from a minipage
+ to other box types.
+ All box types and their settings are explained in detail in chapter
+\emph on
+Boxes
+\emph default
+ of the
+\emph on
+Embedded Objects
+\emph default
+ manual.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Chapter
+Mathematical Formulas
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Formulas | see
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Math
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "cha:Mathematical-Formulas"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the
+\emph on
+Math
+\emph default
+ manual.
+ There you'll also find tips and tricks for special cases.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Basic Math Editing
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Basics
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math-mode.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ That will create a little blue rectangle, with purple markers around its
+ corners.
+ That blue rectangle is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate
+ what level of nesting within the formula you are at.
+ You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math
+\family default
+ menu.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Editing the parameters of a formula and adding math constructs can be done
+ with the
+\family sans
+math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+toolbar
+\family default
+, that appears when the cursor is in a formula.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are two main types of formulas: Inline formulas appear within a text
+ line, like this one:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a line with an inline formula
+\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
+\end_inset
+
+ in it.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Displayed formulas appear outside the text like as they were in an own paragraph
+, like this one:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+A=B\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+You can only number and reference displayed formulas.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+LyX supports also many LaTeX math commands.
+ E.g.
+ typing
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+alpha
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+, followed by a space, in a formula will create the Greek letter
+\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ So typing commands might sometimes be faster than using the
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Panel
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Navigating in Formulas
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Navigating
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The best control over the cursor position within an existing formula is
+ achieved with the arrow keys.
+ LyX uses small rectangles to indicate places where something can be inserted.
+ The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula.
+ Pressing
+\family sans
+Space
+\family default
+ will leave a formula construct (a square root
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$
+\end_inset
+
+, or parentheses
+\begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$
+\end_inset
+
+, or a matrix
+\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
+1 & 2\\
+3 & 4\end{array}\right]$
+\end_inset
+
+).
+ Pressing
+\family sans
+Escape
+\family default
+ will leave the formula, placing the cursor after the formula.
+
+\family sans
+Tab
+\family default
+ can be used to move horizontally in a formula; for example, through the
+ cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi-line equation.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family sans
+Space
+\family default
+, printed in this document as
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This command will appear in the output as official character denoting the
+ space character (visible space).
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, seems to do nothing in a formula, since it does not add a space between
+ characters, but it does exit a nested structure.
+ For this reason, you have to be careful about using
+\family sans
+Space
+\family default
+.
+ For example, if you want
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$
+\end_inset
+
+, type
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sqrt
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+2x+1
+\series default
+ and not
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sqrt
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+2x
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
++1
+\series default
+, since in the latter case only the
+\family typewriter
+
+\begin_inset Formula $2x$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family default
+ will be under the square root sign:
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled
+ in, such as:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
+\lambda_{1}\\
+ & \ddots\\
+ & & \lambda_{n}\end{array}\right)\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing
+ in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most constructs don't mind.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Selecting Text
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can select text within a formula in two different ways.
+ Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press
+\family sans
+Shift
+\family default
+ and a cursor movement key to select text.
+ It will be highlighted as with regular text selection.
+ Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way.
+ That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula,
+ but not in a normal text region in LyX.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Exponents and Subscripts
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Exponents
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Subscripts
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can use the math panel to add super- or subscripts, but the much easier
+ way is to use a command.
+ To get
+\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$
+\end_inset
+
+, type in a formula
+\series bold
+x^2
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+.
+ The final
+\family sans
+Space
+\family default
+ puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression.
+ If you type
+\series bold
+x^2y
+\series default
+, you will get
+\begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$
+\end_inset
+
+, to get
+\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$
+\end_inset
+
+, type
+\series bold
+x^2
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+y
+\series default
+.
+ If you use characters in the superscript, that could be accented with the
+ hat
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+^
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+, you have to use an extra
+\family sans
+Space
+\family default
+ to separate the hat and the character.
+ E.g.
+ if you want
+\begin_inset Formula $x^{a}$
+\end_inset
+
+, type
+\series bold
+x^
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+a
+\series default
+.
+ Subscripts are similar: To get
+\begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$
+\end_inset
+
+, type
+\series bold
+a_1
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Fractions
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Fractions
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Create a fraction with either the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+frac
+\series default
+ or using the icon
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math/frac.png
+ scale 60
+
+\end_inset
+
+ in the
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Panel
+\family default
+.
+ You will be presented with an empty fraction.
+ The cursor is above the fraction line.
+ To move it to the bottom, simply press
+\family sans
+Down
+\family default
+.
+ To move back up, press
+\family sans
+Up
+\family default
+.
+ Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc}
+2 & 3\\
+4 & 5\end{array}\right)}\right]\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Roots
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Roots
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Roots can be created using the
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Panel
+\family default
+ button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math/sqrt.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+ or the commands
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sqrt
+\series default
+ or
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+root
+\series default
+.
+ With the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+root
+\series default
+ you can produce roots of higher orders, like cube roots, while
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sqrt
+\series default
+ produces always a square root.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Operators with Limits
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Sums
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Integrals
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Operators-with-Limits"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Sum (
+\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
+\end_inset
+
+) and integral (
+\begin_inset Formula $\int$
+\end_inset
+
+) operators are very often decorated with limits.
+ These limits can be entered in LyX by entering them as you would enter
+ a super- or subscript, directly after the symbol.
+ The sum operator will automatically place its
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+limits
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ over and under the symbol in displayed formulas, and on the side in inline
+ formulas.
+ Such as
+\begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$
+\end_inset
+
+, versus
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+Integral signs, however, will place the limits on the side in both formula
+ types.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+All operators with limits will be automatically re-sized when placed in
+ display mode.
+ The placement of the limits can be changed by placing the cursor directly
+ behind the operator and hitting
+\family sans
+M-m l
+\family default
+ or using the menu
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Change
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Limits
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Type
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Certain other mathematical expressions have this
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+moving limits
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ feature as addition, such as
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Limits
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x),\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+which will place the
+\begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$
+\end_inset
+
+ underneath the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+lim
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ in display mode.
+ In inline formulas it looks like this:
+\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Note that the lim-function was entered as the function macro
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+lim
+\series default
+.
+ Have a look at section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Functions"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for an explanation of function macros.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Math Symbols
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Symbols
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Most math symbols can be found in the
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Panel
+\family default
+ under one of several categories; including
+\family sans
+Greek
+\family default
+,
+\family sans
+Operators
+\family default
+ ,
+\family sans
+Relations
+\family default
+,
+\family sans
+Arrows
+\family default
+.
+ There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical
+ Society (AMS).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If you know the LaTeX-command for a construct or symbol you wish to use,
+ you don't have to use the
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Panel
+\family default
+, but can type the command directly into the formula.
+ LyX will convert it to the corresponding symbol or construct.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Altering Spacing
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Spaces
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Altering-Spacing"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You may want to create spaces that differs from the standard spacing that
+ LaTeX provides.
+ To do this, type
+\family sans
+C-Space
+\family default
+ or to use the
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Panel
+\family default
+ button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math/space.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen.
+ Here a example for the sequence
+\series bold
+a C-Space b
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset Formula $a\, b$
+\end_inset
+
+ (appears in LyX as
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/SpaceMarker.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+ You can change the space to different sizes when you set the cursor behind
+ the space marker and hit space again several times.
+ With every space hit the size will be changed.
+ Some markers for the space size appear red in LyX, because they are a negative
+ spaces.
+ Here two examples:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+a C-Space b
+\series default
+ and 3×
+\family sans
+Space
+\family default
+:
+\begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+a C-Space b
+\series default
+ and 5×
+\family sans
+Space
+\family default
+:
+\begin_inset Formula $a\! b$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Functions
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Functions
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Functions"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Panel
+\family default
+ contains under the button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math/functions.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+ a number of functions, such as
+\begin_inset Formula $\sin$
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset Formula $\lim$
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\emph on
+etc
+\emph default
+.
+ (you can also insert them in a formula by typing
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+sin
+\series default
+ etc.).
+ Standard mathematical practice is, that functions are printed upright to
+ avoid confusions, because
+\begin_inset Formula $sin$
+\end_inset
+
+ does normally mean
+\begin_inset Formula $s·i·n$
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Using the function macros will also produce correct spacing around the function:
+
+\begin_inset Formula $a\sin x$
+\end_inset
+
+ is different from
+\begin_inset Formula $asinx$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For some mathematical objects, like the limes, the macro changes the way
+ that subscripts are placed, like described in section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Operators-with-Limits"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Accents
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Accents
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text
+ mode.
+ This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use.
+ You can also use LaTeX commands to e.g.
+ enter
+\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
+\end_inset
+
+ even if your keyboard doesn't have hat-accents enabled.
+ Our example is entered by typing
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hat
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+a
+\series default
+ in a formula.
+ Table
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "cap:Accent-names-and"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ shows the equivalences between the accent names and the commands.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Float table
+wide false
+sideways false
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Caption
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "cap:Accent-names-and"
+
+\end_inset
+
+Accent names and the corresponding commands.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="3">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Name
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+E
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+xample
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+circumflex
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hat
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+grave
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+grave
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+\begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+acute
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+acute
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+\begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+umlaut
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+ddot
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+tilde
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tilde
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+\begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+dot
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+dot
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+\begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+breve
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+breve
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+\begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+caron
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+check
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+\begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+macron
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+bar
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+\begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+vector
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+vec
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\family roman
+\series medium
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph off
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+\begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can choose one of the accents by selecting an item from the
+\family sans
+Frame
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+decorations
+\family default
+ symbol set button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math/hat.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+ in the math panel ; this will apply to any selection you have made within
+ a formula too.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Brackets and Delimiters
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Brackets
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Delimiters
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are several brackets available through LyX.
+ For most purposes, using just the keys
+\family typewriter
+[]{}()|<>
+\family default
+ should suffice.
+ But if you want to surround a large structure, like a matrix or a fraction,
+ or if you have several layers of brackets, is better using
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Panel
+\family default
+'s delimiter icon
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math/delim.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ For example, that's how you would construct the brackets around a standard
+ matrix such as:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\left[\begin{array}{cc}
+1 & 2\\
+3 & 4\end{array}\right]\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses as in:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The parentheses, and other brackets from that menu will automatically re-size
+ to accommodate the size of what is inside.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To construct brackets click on the button for the bracket you want on the
+ left side and right side.
+ If you use the option
+\family sans
+Keep
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+matched
+\family default
+, the selected bracket type will be used for the left and the right side.
+ The selection will be shown below the button field.
+ If you want one side to not have a bracket, use the blank button.
+ It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will be printed.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If you want to place brackets around math structures, like a square root,
+ you can do that by highlighting (selecting) the structure that is to go
+ inside the brackets.
+ Then choose the appropriate brackets for left and right and click on
+\family sans
+Insert
+\family default
+.
+ The parentheses will be drawn around the selected structure.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The next section explains how to insert a LaTeX
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+{
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ for grouping.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Grouping
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Grouping
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Grouping"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You may need to group a set of symbols.
+ In LaTeX, for example, the typesetting of
+\family typewriter
+{x^y}^z
+\family default
+ is different from
+\family typewriter
+x^{y^z}
+\family default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+{x^{y}}^{z}\quad\mathrm{differs\; from}\quad x^{y^{z}}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To create this grouping, you need to use the key sequence
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+{
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ then type space.
+ Inside LyX, you will see red braces indicating the grouping.
+ Within this braces you insert the grouped structure.
+ The grouping braces won't appear in the output in contrary to normal braces.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Arrays and Multi-line Equations
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Arrays
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Matrices
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Multi-line Equations
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Matrices are entered in LyX using the
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Panel
+\family default
+ matrix button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math/matrix.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ It will open a dialog for you to choose the number of rows/columns.
+ Here is an example:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
+1 & 2 & 3\\
+4 & 5 & 6\\
+7 & 8 & 9\end{array}\right)\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as described in section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ When you construct the matrix, you can decide whether the column entries
+ will be left-, right-, or center-justified.
+ This alignment is set in the box
+\family sans
+Horizontal
+\family default
+ with the letters
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+l
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+r
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+, and
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+c
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ LyX proposes a
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+c
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ for every column as default.
+ For example, the sequence
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+lrc
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be
+ centered, and the third column will be right-justified, because each letter
+ corresponds to the relevant column.
+ The result will look like this:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\begin{array}{lcr}
+this & this\, column & this\, column\\
+column & has & has\, right\\
+has\, left\, alignment & center\, alignment & alignment\end{array}.\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can add more rows to an existing matrix by hitting
+\family sans
+C-Enter
+\family default
+ while the cursor is in the matrix.
+ Adding or deleting columns can be done via the menu
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are other arrays used in formulas, such as distinctions of cases.
+ It can be created with the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Cases
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Environment
+\family default
+ or the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+cases
+\series default
+.
+ Here an example:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+f(x)=\begin{cases}
+-1 & x<0\\
+0 & x=0\\
+1 & x>0\end{cases}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+Multi-line formulas are created when you press
+\family sans
+\series medium
+C-E
+\series default
+nter
+\family default
+ within a formula.
+ In an empty formula you can see that three blue boxes appear, one for each
+ column.
+ When you press
+\family sans
+\series medium
+C-E
+\series default
+nter
+\family default
+ in a non-empty formula, the part before the relation sign (equal sign
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+=
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ etc.) will be inserted automatically to the first column, the relation sign
+ is in the second column, and the rest in the third column.
+ A new row is created by every further hit of
+\family sans
+\series medium
+C-E
+\series default
+nter
+\family default
+.
+ Multi-line formulas are always displayed formulas.
+ Here is an example:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
+a^{2} & = & (b^{2}+c^{2})(b^{2}-c^{2})\nonumber \\
+a & = & \sqrt{b^{4}-c^{4}}\label{eq:asquared}\end{eqnarray}
+
+\end_inset
+
+ To change the column assignment of the formula parts, place the cursor
+ where you want to start the shift and hit
+\family sans
+C-Tab.
+
+\family default
+ It shifts everything in the column which is right beside the current cursor
+ position to the next column.
+ Note that the middle column is designed for relation signs, structures
+ within this column will be printed in a smaller size:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
+\frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B}\end{eqnarray*}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The multi-line formula type described here is called
+\family typewriter
+\series medium
+eqnarray
+\family default
+\series default
+.
+ There are other multi-line types being more suitable for certain situations,
+ for example if you want a better inter-line spacing than in formula (
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "eq:asquared"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+ The other types are described in section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:AMS-Formula-Types"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Formula Numbering and Referencing
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Formula numbering
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Referencing formulas
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Formula-Numbering-and"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To number a formula, set the cursor in the formula and use the menu
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Toggle
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Numbering
+\family default
+ or the shortcut
+\family sans
+M-m
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+n
+\family default
+.
+ The formula number appears in LyX as
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+#
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ within parentheses.
+ The
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+#
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ denotes, that the number will be calculated automatically when the output
+ is generated.
+ The placement and format of the formula number in the output depends on
+ the document class.
+ In this document the number is printed together with the chapter number,
+ separated by a dot:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
+1+1=2\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+Using
+\family sans
+M-m
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+n
+\family default
+ in a numbered formula will switch off the numbering.
+ You can only number displayed formulas.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Multi-line formulas can be numbered line by line: Using the menu
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Toggle
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Numbering
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+of
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Line
+\family default
+ or the shortcut
+\family sans
+M-m
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+N
+\family default
+ will only toggle the numbering of the line where the cursor is in:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
+1 & = & 3-2\\
+2 & = & 4-2\nonumber \\
+4 & \leq & 7\end{eqnarray}
+
+\end_inset
+
+To number all lines use the shortcut
+\family sans
+M-m
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+n
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+Every displayed formula can be referenced by its number using a label.
+ A label is inserted with the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Label
+\family default
+ when the cursor is in the formula.
+ This opens a dialog to enter the label.
+ It is recommended to use the proposed
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+eq:
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ as first part of the label, because this helps later to identify the label
+ type when you have many labels in your document.
+ We inserted in the following example the label
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+eq:tanhExp
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ in the second line:
+\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
+\tanh(x) & = & \frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}\nonumber \\
+ & = & \frac{\mathrm{e}^{2x}-1}{\mathrm{e}^{2x}+1}\label{eq:tanhExp}\end{eqnarray}
+
+\end_inset
+
+Every labeled line is automatically numbered.
+ Therefore the label is shown in LyX at the place of the formula number
+ placeholder
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+#
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ You can reference a labeled formula using the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Cross
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Reference
+\family default
+.
+ A dialog appears to choose a label you want refer to.
+ The reference appears in LyX as grey cross reference box and in the output
+ as the formula number:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a cross-reference to equation (
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "eq:tanhExp"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The properties of LyX's cross-reference box are described in section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Cross-References"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ To delete a label, set the cursor in the labeled formula, use the menu
+
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Label
+\family default
+ and delete the label in the appearing dialog.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This is a unintuitive and will be fixed in the next version of LyX.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+User defined math macros
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Macros
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:math-macros"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+LyX allows you to define macros for formulas.
+ For example we assume that solutions of the quadratic equation often occur
+ in our document in various forms and we want to create a macro to print
+ them.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+The general form of a quadratic equation is:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+0=\lambda^{2}+p\lambda+q\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+The general form of its solution is:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\lambda_{1,2}=-\frac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{p²}{4}-q}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The macro should print the parameters
+\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset Formula $p$
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\begin_inset Formula $q$
+\end_inset
+
+ like in the equation above.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A macro is created by executing the command
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+math-macro
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Name
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+Number
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+of
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Arguments
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+in the minibuffer at the bottom of the LyX screen.
+ Name is the name of the new macro which mustn't contain numbers.
+ The number of arguments can be a number in the range 1-9.
+ If you want to define a macro without arguments, don't declare the number
+ of arguments.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+We have three arguments and name the macro
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+qE
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+, so that the command is:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+math-macro
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+qE
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+spce
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+3
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This results in the following macro definition box:
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/macrobox.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset FormulaMacro
+\newcommand{\qE}[3]{#1_{1,\,2}=-\frac{#2}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{#2^{2}}{4}-#3}}
+{\textrm{qE: }#1\textrm{ , }#2\textrm{ , }#3}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The first box is an image to show the behavior in the output.
+ The second one is the definition box, that doesn't appear in the output.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The first blue box is for the definition, where you insert the formula via
+ the math panel or commands.
+ The placeholder for the arguments are inserted as a backslash and sharp
+ followed by the argument number, e.g.
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+#1
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ for the first argument.
+ Placeholders will be displayed in red.
+ The second blue box is for the appearance in LyX.
+ This is useful when you have a large structure that shouldn't be displayed
+ in LyX with its full size.
+ If you want to see the macro as it is defined, leave the box blank.
+ In our example we insert the sequence
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+qE:
+\backslash
+#1
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+,
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+#2
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+,
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+#3
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+The macro will then be shown as the macro name followed by the three arguments.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To use the macro in a formula, type its name as command, in our case
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+qE
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The macro is inserted with boxes for the arguments looking similar to this:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/macrouse.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The arguments are inserted in the blue boxes.
+ If the cursor is outside the macro, the arguments are put in the macro.
+ To change the arguments, put the cursor in the formula before or after
+ the macro and press the right or left arrow key respectively.
+ The arguments appear now again below the macro definition.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If you change the macro definition all macros are changed automatically
+ to the new definition.
+ Here an example of our macro with the arguments
+\begin_inset Formula $x$
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset Formula $\ln(x)$
+\end_inset
+
+, and
+\begin_inset Formula $B$
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+\qE x{\ln(y)}B\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When the document is exported to LaTeX, the macro definition will be inserted
+ as the command:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+newcommand{
+\backslash
+qE}[3]{#1_{1,
+\backslash
+,2}=-
+\backslash
+frac{#2}{2}
+\backslash
+pm
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+hphantom{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+newcommand
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+sqrt{
+\backslash
+frac{#2^{2}}{4}-#3}}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command is not inserted in the document preamble.
+ That means you can only use macros in formulas that are below the macro
+ definition box in your document.
+ There are also some other restrictions: The command
+\backslash
+newcommand supports optional arguments, which are not available in LyX's
+ macros.
+ You can also not change subsequently the name of the macro and the number
+ of arguments.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Fine-Tuning
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Typefaces
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Typefaces
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The standard font for text is italic, for numbers the standard is roman.
+ To set a font in a formula, use the
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Panel
+\family default
+ button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math/font.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+, or enter its command, listed in table
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "cap:Typefaces-and-the"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, directly.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Float table
+wide false
+sideways false
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Caption
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "cap:Typefaces-and-the"
+
+\end_inset
+
+Typefaces and the corresponding commands.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
+<features>
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Font
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathrm
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbf{Bold}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathbf
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italic}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathit
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathtt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathbb
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathfrak
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\shape up
+\size normal
+\emph on
+\bar no
+\noun off
+\color none
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathcal
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{SansSerif}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathsf
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ that you can only print capital letters in the typefaces
+\family sans
+Blackboard
+\family default
+ and
+\family sans
+Calligraphic
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When you use a typeface, a blue box is inserted in the formula.
+ Every character in this box will be printed in this typeface.
+ Pressing
+\family sans
+Space
+\family default
+ within the box, will set the cursor outside, so that you have to use a
+ protected space when you need a space in the box.
+ Here an example where a
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+N
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ in
+\family sans
+Blackboard
+\family default
+ denotes the set of numbers:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+f(x)=\sqrt{x}\:;\: x\in\mathbb{N}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The typefaces are nestable, which can cause confusion.
+ You can e.g.
+ put a character in
+\family sans
+Fraktur
+\family default
+ in a box for
+\family sans
+Typewriter
+\family default
+:
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{abc\mathfrak{d}e}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+So better don't use this feature.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The typefaces have no effect on Greek letters:
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{abc\delta e}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+You can only print them emboldened using the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boldsymbol
+\series default
+, which works like the other typeface commands:
+\begin_inset Formula $\alpha\beta\gamma\boldsymbol{\alpha\beta\gamma}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boldsymbol
+\series default
+ works for all symbols, letters, and numbers.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A number of other font options are available as well, in the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Font
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Change
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Math Text
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Text
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Typefaces are useful for entering some characters in some given font, but
+ not for text.
+ For typing longer pieces of text use the math text, which is obtained using
+ the entry
+\family sans
+Normal
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+text
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+mode
+\family default
+ of the
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Panel
+\family default
+ button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math/font.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+ (alternatively the shortcut
+\family sans
+M-m
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+m
+\family default
+).
+ Math text appears in LyX in black instead of blue.
+ You can use spaces and accents in math text like in normal text.
+ Here is an example:
+\begin_inset Formula \[
+f(x)=\begin{cases}
+x & \textrm{if I say so}\\
+-x & \textrm{unter Umständen}\end{cases}\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Font Sizes
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Font sizes
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are four font styles (relative sizes) used in math-mode, which are
+ automatically chosen in most situations.
+ These are called
+\family sans
+textstyle
+\family default
+,
+\family sans
+displaystyle
+\family default
+,
+\family sans
+scriptstyle
+\family default
+, and
+\family sans
+scriptscriptstyle
+\family default
+.
+ For most characters,
+\family sans
+textstyle
+\family default
+ and
+\family sans
+displaystyle
+\family default
+ are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts,
+ and certain other structures, are set larger in
+\family sans
+displaystyle
+\family default
+.
+ Except for some operators, which resize themselves to accommodate various
+ situations, all text will be set in the styles as LaTeX thinks is appropriate.
+ These choices can be overridden by using the math panel button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/math/style.png
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ A box for the size will be created in which you can insert the math structure.
+ For example, you can set
+\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
+\end_inset
+
+, which is normally in
+\family sans
+textstyle
+\family default
+, larger in
+\family sans
+displaystyle
+\family default
+:
+\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The four styles are used in the following example:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$
+\end_inset
+
+,
+\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+All these math-mode font sizes are relative, that means, if the whole math
+ inset is set in a particular size with the menu
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Text
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Style
+\family default
+, all sizes in the formula will be adjusted relative to this size.
+ Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts
+ will be adjusted to correspond.
+ As example a formula in the font size
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+largest
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\family roman
+\size largest
+\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{e}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Theorem Modules
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+As of LyX 1.6, support for theorem-like environments has been moved out of
+ the document classes and into layout modules.
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Layout Modules
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ As a result, theorem-like environments can now easily be used with classes
+ other than the AMS classes.
+ See section
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Modules"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for more on layout modules.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+AMS-LaTeX
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+AMS math
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! AMS
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+LyX supports the packages provided by the American Mathematical Society
+ (AMS) that are in common use.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Enabling AMS-Support
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Selecting the checkbox
+\family sans
+Use
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+AMS
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+package
+\family default
+ in the
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Settings
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Document ! Settings
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ dialog under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Options
+\family default
+ will include the AMS-packages in the document, and make the facilities
+ available.
+ AMS is needed for many math-constructs, so when you get LaTeX-errors in
+ formulas, assure that you have enabled AMS.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+AMS-Formula Types
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:AMS-Formula-Types"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Math ! Multi-line Equations
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+AMS-LaTeX provides a selection of different formula types.
+ LyX allows you to choose between
+\family typewriter
+align
+\family default
+,
+\family typewriter
+alignat
+\family default
+,
+\family typewriter
+flalign
+\family default
+,
+\family typewriter
+gather
+\family default
+, and
+\family typewriter
+multline
+\family default
+.
+ We refer to the AMS-documentation for an explanation of these formula types.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Chapter
+More Tools
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Cross-References
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Cross references
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Cross-References"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+One of LyX's strengths are cross-references.
+ You can reference every section, float, footnote, formula, and list in
+ the document.
+ To reference a document part, you have to insert a label into it.
+ The label is used as anchor and name for the reference.
+ We want for example refer to the the second item of the following list:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+First item
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "enu:Second-item"
+
+\end_inset
+
+Second item
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Enumerate
+Third item
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+First we insert a label into the second item with the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Label
+\family default
+ or the by pressing the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/label-insert.png
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ A grey label box like this:
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/labelQt4.png
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is inserted and the label window pops up asking for the label text.
+ LyX offers as text the first words of the item with a prefix, in our case
+ the text
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+enu: Second-item
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The prefix
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+enu:
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ stands for
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+enumerate
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The prefix depends on the document part where the label is inserted, e.g.
+ if you insert a label to a section heading, the prefix will be
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+sec:
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To reference the item, we refer to its label using the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Cross-Reference
+\family default
+ or the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ A grey cross-reference box like this:
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename clipart/referenceQt4.png
+ scale 85
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is inserted and the cross-reference window appear showing all labels of
+ the document.
+ We can now sort the labels alphabetically and then choose the entry
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+enu:Second-item
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ At the position of the cross-reference box the item number will appear
+ in the output.
+ Here is our cross-reference:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Item
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "enu:Second-item"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+It is recommended to use a protected space
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+described in section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Protected-Space"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ between the cross-reference name and its number to avoid ugly line breaks
+ between them.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are six varieties of cross-references:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+<reference>: prints the float number, this is the default:
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+(<reference>): prints the float number within two parentheses, this is the
+ style normally used to reference formulas, especially when the reference
+ name
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Equation
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ is omitted:
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:tanhExp"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+<page>: prints the page number: Page
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand pageref
+reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+on
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+page
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+<page>: prints the text "on page" and the page number:
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand vpageref
+reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+<reference>
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+on
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+page
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+<page>: prints the float number, the text "on page", and the page number:
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand vref
+reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Description
+Formatted
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+reference: prints a self defined cross-reference format.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ This feature is only available when you have the LaTeX-package
+\series bold
+prettyref
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+LaTeX-packages ! prettyref
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ installed.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Note that the style <page> won't print the page number if the label is on
+ the previous, the same, or the next page.
+ You will e.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+g.
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+see the text
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+on this page
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ instead.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The number and current page of the referred document part in the output,
+ is automatically calculated by LaTeX.
+ The varieties are adjusted in the field
+\family sans
+Format
+\family default
+ of the cross-reference window, that appear when you click on the cross-referenc
+e box.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can only use the style
+\family sans
+<reference>
+\family default
+ to reference numbered document parts, while the reference style
+\family sans
+<page>
+\family default
+ is always possible.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If you want to reference a section, put the label in the section heading,
+ to reference a float, put the label in the caption.
+ For footnotes you can put the label somewhere in it.
+ Referencing formulas is explained in section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Formula-Numbering-and"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The button
+\family sans
+Go
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+to
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Label
+\family default
+ in the cross-reference window sets the the cursor before the referred label.
+ The button text changes then to
+\family sans
+Go
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Back
+\family default
+ and you can use it to set the cursor back to the cross-reference.
+ Right-clicking on a cross-reference box also sets the cursor before the
+ referred label but without a possibility to go back.
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can change labels at any time by clicking on the label box.
+ References to the changed label will automatically change its link to the
+ new label text, so that you don't need to take care about this.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+If a cross-reference refers to a non-existing label, you'll see two question
+ marks in the output instead of the reference.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+References are described in detail in the
+\emph on
+Embedded Objects
+\emph default
+ manual.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Table of Contents and other Listings
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Table of contents
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Outline
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:toc"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Table of Contents
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Table-of-Contents"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The Table of Contents (TOC) is inserted with the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+List/TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Table
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+of
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Contents
+\family default
+.
+ Is is displayed in LyX as a gray box.
+ If you click on it, the
+\family sans
+Outline
+\family default
+ window appears, showing you the TOC entries as outline to move and rearrange
+ sections in your documents.
+ So this operation is an alternative to the menu
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Outline
+\family default
+ that is described in sec.
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Navigating"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The TOC in the document output lists every numbered section automatically.
+ If you have declared a short title for a section heading, as described
+ in section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Short-Titles"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, it will be used in the TOC instead of the section heading.
+ Section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Numbering-depth"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ describes how the level is adjusted that defines which section types are
+ listed in the TOC.
+ Unnumbered sections are not listed in the TOC.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+List of Figures, Tables, and Algorithms
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:List-of-Figures"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Table, figure, and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents.
+ You can insert them via the
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+List
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+/
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+TOC
+\family default
+ submenus.
+ The list entries are the float captions and the float number.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+URLs and Hyperlinks
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+URLs
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Hyperlinks
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:URL"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+URLs
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Links to web pages or email addresses can be inserted via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+URL
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Here is an example URL: LyX's homepage:
+\begin_inset Flex URL
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+http://www.lyx.org
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You cannot change the style of the link text, the URL text will always be
+ in the style
+\family typewriter
+Typewriter
+\family default
+.
+ To be able to format the URL text, use hyperlinks as explained in the next
+ subsection.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+\series default
+ URLs must not end with a backslash, otherwise you get LaTeX errors.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Hyperlinks
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Hyperlinks can be inserted with the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Hyperlink
+\family default
+ or with the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/href-insert.png
+ BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The appearing dialog has two fields:
+\family sans
+Target
+\family default
+ and
+\family sans
+Name
+\family default
+.
+ The name is the printed text for the hyperlink.
+ The hyperlink type can be a weblink like this:
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "LyX's homepage"
+target "http://www.lyx.org"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, an Email address like this:
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "lyx-docs mailing list"
+target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyX's documentation"
+type "mailto:"
+
+\end_inset
+
+, or a link to a file.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can start applications via a hyperlink when you insert a weblink, but
+ add the prefix
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+run:
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ to the link target.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Hyperlinks will automatically be hyphenated if necessary in the PDF output,
+ and become clickable in the DVI and PDF-output.
+ To set the format of the link text, highlight the hyperlink inset and use
+ the text style dialog.
+ This is for example a hyperlink with bold sans serif text:
+\family sans
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset href
+LatexCommand href
+name "LyX's homepage"
+target "http://www.lyx.org"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The link text color can be changed, when the option
+\family sans
+Color links
+\family default
+ is set in the PDF Properties dialog (menu
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+PDF Properties
+\family default
+).
+ The link text is for example set in this document to blue by adding the
+ option
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+urlcolor=blue
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+to the field
+\family sans
+Additional options
+\family default
+ in the PDF Properties dialog.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Appendices
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Appendix
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Appendices"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Appendices are created with the menu
+\family sans
+Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Start
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Appendix
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Here
+\family default
+.
+ This menu sets the document from the current cursor position to the end
+ as appendix region.
+ The region is marked with a red borderline.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Every chapter (or section) within the appendix region is treated as an appendix,
+ numbered with a capital Latin letter.
+ The appendix subsections are numbered with this letter followed by a dot
+ and the subsection number.
+ All appendix sections can be referenced as if they were normal sections,
+ here two examples:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Appendix
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "cha:Credits"
+
+\end_inset
+
+; Appendix
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Export"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Bibliography
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Bibliography
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sec:Bibliography"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+There are two ways of generating the bibliography in a LyX-document.
+ You can include a bibliography database
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Known under the name
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+BibTeX-database
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+, which is explained in the next subsection or you can insert the bibliography
+ manually.
+ For the second method we use the paragraph environment
+\family sans
+Bibliography
+\family default
+, described in section
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sub:Biblio_environment"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Within the
+\family sans
+Bibliography
+\family default
+ environment, every paragraph begins with a gray bibliography box labeled
+ with a number.
+ If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a
+\family sans
+Key
+\family default
+ and a
+\family sans
+Label
+\family default
+.
+ The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography
+ entry.
+ For example, our second entry in the bibliography is a book about LaTeX
+ and we used
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+latexcompanion
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+, a short form of its title, as key.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+You can refer to the key of a bibliography entry using the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+Citation
+\family default
+ or the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Graphics
+ filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_citation.png
+ BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ A citation reference box is inserted and a citation window will appear
+ in which you can select one or more keys in the available key list.
+ The citation reference box will be labeled with the referenced key.
+ When you click on the box, the citation window appears and you can change
+ the reference.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Citation references appear in the output as number of the bibliography entry
+ with surrounding brackets.
+ If you set a
+\family sans
+Label
+\family default
+ for the entry, the label will appear instead of the number.
+ Here two examples; the first without a label, the second with the label
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+Credits
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Have a look at the
+\family sans
+LaTeX Companion Second Edition
+\family default
+:
+\begin_inset CommandInset citation
+LatexCommand cite
+key "latexcompanion"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The LyX-Team members are listed in the Credits:
+\begin_inset CommandInset citation
+LatexCommand cite
+key "lyxcredit"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Bibliography databases (BibTeX)
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Bibliography ! Databases
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Bibliography ! BibTeX
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "sub:Bibliography-databases"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Bibliography databases are useful if you use the same bibliography in different
+ documents.
+ It makes it also very easy to have a uniform layout for all bibliography
+ entries.
+ You can collect the bibliography of all relevant books and articles of
+ your working field in a database.
+ This database can be used for different documents, because only the referenced
+ entries of the database will appear in the bibliography list.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The database is a text file with the file extension
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+.bib
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ containing the bibliography in a special format.
+ The format is explained in LaTeX books (
+\begin_inset CommandInset citation
+LatexCommand cite
+key "Mittelbach,Kopka,Lamport"
+
+\end_inset
+
+).
+ Normally one uses a special program to create and edit entries of the database.
+ Under
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Flex URL
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+http://wiki.lyx.org/BibTeX/Programs
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+you find a list of programs for bibliography databases.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To use a database, use the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+List
+\family default
+/
+\family sans
+TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
+BibT
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+eX
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Bibliography
+\family default
+.
+ A grey box will be inserted and a window appears.
+ In this window you can load one or more databases and a style file.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The style file is a text file with the file extension
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+.bst
+\family default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ that declares the layout of all bibliography entries.
+ Many publishers provide special style files, so that you don't have to
+ take care of the layout.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Inserting a citation reference works like described above.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace defskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To generate the bibliography from a database, the program BibTeX is used
+ by LyX.
+ This program can be controlled with options that you can add in LyX's preferenc
+es dialog under
+\family sans
+Outputs
+\family default
+,
+\family sans
+LaT
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+eX
+\family default
+ in the field
+\family sans
+BibT
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+{}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+eX
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+command
+\family default
+.
+ Before adding options, it is strongly recommended to read the manual of
+
+\family sans
+BibTeX
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace defskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+We use two bibliographies in this document to show the difference between
+ the two methods of creating them.
+ As you can see, the bibliography that is created from a database lists
+ only the database entries that are referenced in the document.
+ We used the style file
+\family sans
+alphadin.bst
+\family default
+ to get the complicated German reference key scheme in the bibliography.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Bibliography layout
+\begin_inset Index
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Bibliography ! Layout
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the citation reference dialog you can set a special citation format.
+ For this feature you need to use the option