+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+Relational operators,
+ for example equal or less than signs,
+ are always surrounded by space.
+ To suppress this,
+ the operator is placed into a \SpecialChar TeX
+ brace.
+ The following example demonstrates this:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Normal equation
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Equation without space
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A{=}B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\noindent
+The command for the last formula is:
+
+\series bold
+A
+\backslash
+{=
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Another example of controlled spaces is physical units.
+ The space between a value and its unit is smaller than a normal space,
+ typically a thin space is used.
+ For units in text,
+ the smaller space is inserted via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Thin
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Space
+\family default
+ (shortcut
+\begin_inset Info
+type "shortcut"
+arg "space-insert thin"
+\end_inset
+
+).
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+An example to visualize the difference:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
+<features tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
+<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+24 kW
+\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
+\end_inset
+
+h
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Space between value and unit
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+24
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+kW
+\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
+\end_inset
+
+h
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Thin space between value and unit
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Variable Space
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+For vertical space in formulas see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Line-Separation"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}{}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+More about
+\backslash
+texorpdfstring is in section
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Formulas-in-Section"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Variable-Space"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Space
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+horizontal
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+variable
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Space with a defined length can be inserted with the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hspace
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+hspace
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ A long
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color blue
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color inherit
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ will appear,
+ the length of which can be specified by left-clicking on the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color blue
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color inherit
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The length may also be negative.
+ If the space is the first character in a line,
+ it will ordinarily be omitted.
+ To force its output use the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hspace*
+\series default
+ instead of
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hspace
+\series default
+ or left-click on the
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color blue
+
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color inherit
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ and check the option
+\family sans
+Protect
+\family default
+.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+To insert as much space as is available,
+ the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is used.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command (
+\backslash
+hspace length)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A=B
+\backslash
+hspace
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\backslash
+not=C (3
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+cm)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A=B\hspace{3cm}A\not=C$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A
+\backslash
+hspace
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\backslash
+not=A (-1
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+mm)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A\hspace{-1mm}A\not=A$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A=A
+\backslash
+hfill
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+B=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A=A\hfill B=B$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+In the last example the available space is given by the longest column entry of the table.
+ In an inline formula the space depends on the length of the line in which
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+ is inserted.
+ Thus,
+ when the line uses the full width,
+ no space will be created.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+ only has an effect on displayed formulas when the formula style
+\series bold
+Indented
+\series default
+ is used.
+ (Formula styles are explained in
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+.)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Besides
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+,
+ there are also commands,
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+dotfill
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hrulefill,
+
+\series default
+ that fill the space with a pattern.
+ See
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:Ellipses"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ for an example.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For text,
+ variable space can be inserted via the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Horizontal
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Space
+\family default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a line with
+\begin_inset space \hspace{}
+\length 2cm
+\end_inset
+
+2
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+cm space.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a line with
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+maximum space.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Space Besides Inline Formulas
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Space
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+besides inline formulas
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The space that surrounds inline formulas can be adjusted with the length
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathsurround
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+M
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+mathsurround
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+ The value of a length is set with the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setlength
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+S
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+setlength
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ which has the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setlength{length name}{value}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To set
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathsurround
+\series default
+ to the value 5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+mm,
+ the command
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+mathsurround}{5mm}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ 5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+mm space will now be set around all inline formulas:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+mathsurround}{5mm}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This is a line with an inline formula
+\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
+\end_inset
+
+ with 5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+mm surrounding space.
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+setlength{
+\backslash
+mathsurround}{0pt}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To return to the predefined value,
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mathsurround
+\series default
+ is set to the value 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+pt.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Boxes and Frames
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Boxes
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Frames
+\begin_inset IndexMacro see
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Boxes
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Boxes for text are described in chapter
+\family typewriter
+Boxes
+\family default
+ in the
+\family typewriter
+Embedded
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Objects
+\family default
+ manual.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Boxes with Frame
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Boxes-with-Frame"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Boxes
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+with frame
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+It is possible to frame a formula or part of one with the commands
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+F
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When one of these commands is inserted in a formula,
+ a blue box appears within a frame to enter formula parts.
+ For
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+ an additional formula has to be created by
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+ within this box,
+ because the box content will otherwise be treated as mathematical text.
+ When
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\series default
+ is used,
+ a new formula is automatically created inside the frame.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+ is not suitable to frame displayed formulas because the formula will always be set in the size of the documents text.
+ Conversly
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\series default
+ is not suitable to frame inline formulas because the formula will always be set in the size of a displayed formula.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+An extension to
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+ is the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+F
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ with which the frame width and the alignment can be specified.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+ is used in the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox[frame width][position]{box content}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The position can either be
+\emph on
+l
+\emph default
+ or
+\emph on
+r
+\emph default
+.
+
+\emph on
+l
+\emph default
+ left aligns and
+\emph on
+r
+\emph default
+ right aligns the formula in the box.
+ If no position is given the formula will be centered.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+If width is not given then position can not be given.
+ In this case the frame width is adjusted to the box content like for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+ is inserted,
+ a box appears containing three blue boxes.
+ The first two boxes are surrounded by brackets and denote the two optional arguments.
+ The third box is for formula parts like for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\fbox{\ensuremath{\int A=B}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\boxed{\int A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A+\fbox{B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+20mm
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\backslash
+frac
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+A
+\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\framebox[20mm][]{\ensuremath{\frac{A}{B}}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To adjust the frame thickness the following commands are inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before the formula:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+thickness
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxsep
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+distance
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+distance
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ specifies the minimum distance between the frame and the first character in the box.
+ An example of this is given in the following framed formula:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule 2mm
+\backslash
+fboxsep 3mm
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\boxed{A+B=C}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+Before this formula the commands
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+2mm
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxsep
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+3mm
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+were inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ These values are then used for all following boxes.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To return to the standard frame size,
+ the command
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+0.4pt
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxsep
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+3pt
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule 0.4pt
+\backslash
+fboxsep 3pt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before the next formula.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Boxes Without Frame
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Boxes-without-Frame"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Boxes
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+without frame
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+For boxes without a frame the following box commands:
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+M
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+mbox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+,
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+makebox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+M
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+makebox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+R
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ are available.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+With
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ a box can be super- or subscripted.
+ But in contrary to normal super- and subscripting,
+ the characters in the box keep their font size.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ is used in the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox{height}{box content}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+When the box contains a formula,
+ an extra formula is needed like for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series medium
+\begin_inset Note Greyedout
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+Note:
+
+\series default
+ For
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ this extra formula is created by pressing
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+ twice instead of once because \SpecialChar LyX
+ doesn't yet support
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+ directly.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
+\backslash
+raisebox{2mm
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{al
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+ lo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{2mm}{al}lo$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+H
+\backslash
+raisebox{-2mm
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{al
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+lo
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{-2mm}{al}lo$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+A=
+\backslash
+raisebox{-2mm
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\backslash
+sqrt
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $A=\raisebox{-2mm}{\mbox{\ensuremath{\sqrt{B}}}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+mbox
+\series default
+ is equivalent to
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+makebox
+\series default
+ is equivalent to
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+,
+ except that there is no frame.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Colored Boxes
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Colored-Boxes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Boxes
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+colored
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To be able to use all commands explained in this section,
+ the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+color
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+The \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+color
+\series default
+ is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+color
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ must be loaded in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble with the line
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+When text is colored somewhere in the document with a predefined color,
+ \SpecialChar LyX
+ loads the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ package
+\series bold
+color
+\series default
+ automatically.
+ Thus it is possible that the package is loaded twice,
+ but this does not cause problems.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Note Note
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+To avoid that the package is loaded twice,
+ a macro was inserted to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+usepackage{color}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+To create color boxes,
+ the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+colorbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+C
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+colorbox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is used in the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+colorbox{color}{box content}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The box content can also be a box and a
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+colorbox
+\series default
+ can also be part of another box (see the 2nd and 3rd example).
+ When the box should contain a formula,
+ an extra formula has to be created,
+ the same way as for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+raisebox
+\series default
+.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This also applies for the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+One of the following predefined colors can be chosen:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+black
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+blue
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+cyan
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+green
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+magenta
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+red
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+white
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+yellow
+\begin_inset VSpace smallskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\align center
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+colorbox{yellow
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\colorbox{yellow}{A=B}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+colorbox{green
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+fbox
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_inserted 232239728 1611182042
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\gets\gets$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_unchanged
+A=B
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\colorbox{green}{\fbox{A=B}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_inserted 232239728 1611182036
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\gets\gets$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\change_unchanged
+
+\backslash
+colorbox{green
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\family sans
+Ctrl+M
+\family default
+
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
+\end_inset
+
+C=D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\fbox{\colorbox{green}{\mbox{\ensuremath{\int C=D}}}}$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset VSpace smallskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+colorbox
+\series default
+ only colors the box background,
+ not the characters in the box.
+ To color all characters,
+ the whole formula is highlighted and the desired color is chosen in the
+\family sans
+Text
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Style
+\family default
+ dialog.
+ The dialog can be called with the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "dialog-show character"
+\end_inset
+
+ or the menu
+\family sans
+Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Text
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Properties\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Customized
+\family default
+.
+ The formula number will have the same color as the formula.
+ If a different color for the formula number is desired,
+ the color must be changed within the formula.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+An example:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\color red
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\int A=B\label{eq:red}
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\color green
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\textcolor{red}{\int A=B}\label{eq:redgreen}
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Formula
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:red"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is completely colored red.
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+Formula
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand eqref
+reference "eq:redgreen"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+ was first completely colored green to set the color for the formula number.
+ Subsequently the formula characters were colored red.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+To color the frame different than the rest of the box,
+ the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+F
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is used in the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox{frame color}{color}{box content}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+So
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox
+\series default
+ is an extension of the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+colorbox
+\series default
+.
+ The frame width is set,
+ like for
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+framebox
+\series default
+,
+ with
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fboxsep
+\series default
+.
+ An example:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule 1mm
+\backslash
+fboxsep 1mm
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+\fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{A=B}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule 0.4pt
+\backslash
+fboxsep 3pt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+This formula was created with the command
+\begin_inset Newline newline
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fcolorbox{cyan
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{magenta
+\begin_inset Formula $\to$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\backslash
+{A=B
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+To use colors other than predefined ones,
+ they must be defined first.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+One can for example define the color
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+
+\series bold
+darkgreen
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble line:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+definecolor{darkgreen}{cmyk}{0.5,
+
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+0,
+
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+1,
+
+\series default
+
+\series bold
+0.5}
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+D
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+definecolor
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+cmyk
+\series default
+ is the color space denoting the colors
+\series bold
+cyan
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+magenta
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+yellow
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+black
+\series default
+.
+ The four comma separated numbers are the portion factors for the corresponding colors of the color space.
+ The factors can be in the range of 0
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+-
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+1.
+ Instead of
+\series bold
+cmyk,
+
+\series default
+ the color space
+\series bold
+rgb
+\series default
+ can also be used for definitions.
+
+\series bold
+rgb
+\series default
+ denotes
+\series bold
+red
+\series default
+,
+
+\series bold
+green
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+blue
+\series default
+,
+ so there are three portion factors for the corresponding colors.
+ Furthermore there is the color space
+\series bold
+gray
+\series default
+ with one portion factor for the gray value.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+As an example here is a framed box with the newly defined color
+\series bold
+darkgreen
+\series default
+ where the characters have been colored
+\series bold
+yellow
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\colorbox{darkgreen}{\color{yellow}\boxed{\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}}
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Self-defined colors can also be used for text with the help of the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+textcolor
+\series default
+:
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Text
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+colored
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+textcolor{darkgreen}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+This sentence is
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+darkgreen
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+textcolor
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+T
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+textcolor
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is used in the scheme
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+textcolor{color}{characters to color}
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Paragraph Boxes
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Paragraph-Boxes"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Boxes
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+as paragraph
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+A box that can contain several lines and paragraphs,
+ a so-called paragraph box (parbox),
+ can be created with the menu
+\family sans
+Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
+Box
+\family default
+ or the toolbar button
+\begin_inset Info
+type "icon"
+arg "box-insert"
+\end_inset
+
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The following example shows a framed parbox in a line:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+This is a line
+\begin_inset Box Boxed
+position "c"
+hor_pos "c"
+has_inner_box 1
+inner_pos "t"
+use_parbox 1
+use_makebox 0
+width "5cm"
+special "none"
+height "1in"
+height_special "totalheight"
+thickness "0.4pt"
+separation "3pt"
+shadowsize "4pt"
+framecolor "black"
+backgroundcolor "none"
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+This is a paragraph box.
+ It is exactly 5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+cm long and can also contain formulas:
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\int A\,\mathrm{d}s=C$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ with a parbox.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Such a box is created by right-clicking on the gray box inset.
+ A dialog pops up showing the box properties.
+ In our case set:
+
+\emph on
+Decoration
+\emph default
+:
+ Rectangular box,
+
+\emph on
+Inner Box
+\emph default
+:
+ Parbox,
+
+\emph on
+Width
+\emph default
+:
+ 5
+\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
+\end_inset
+
+cm,
+
+\emph on
+Vertical Box Alignment
+\emph default
+:
+ Middle
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+In \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ a parbox is created with the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+parbox
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+P
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+parbox
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ which has the following scheme:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+parbox[position]{width}{box content}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The positions
+\emph on
+b
+\emph default
+ and
+\emph on
+t
+\emph default
+ are possible.
+
+\emph on
+b
+\emph default
+ for
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+bottom
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ means that the box is aligned within the surrounding text with its last line.
+ With
+\emph on
+t
+\emph default
+ for
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+top
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ this is done with the first line.
+ When no position is given,
+ the box will be vertically centered,
+ see section
+\emph on
+Boxes
+\emph default
+ of the
+\emph on
+Embedded
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Objects
+\emph default
+ manual for examples.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+To frame formulas completely,
+ including the formula number,
+ the formula must be set into a parbox.
+ To do this,
+ the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox{
+\backslash
+parbox{
+\backslash
+linewidth-2
+\backslash
+fboxsep-2
+\backslash
+fboxrule}{
+\series default
+ is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode before the formula.
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+linewidth
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+L
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+linewidth
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ is the line width set for the document.
+ Because the frame is outside the parbox,
+ two times the frame separation and the frame thickness must be subtracted from the line width.
+ To be able to multiply and subtract in arguments,
+ the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-package
+\series bold
+calc
+\series default
+
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\series bold
+calc
+\series default
+ is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
+ standard installation.
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Packages
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+calc
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ must be loaded in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
+-preamble with the line
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+usepackage{calc}
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Behind the formula both boxes are closed by entering
+\series bold
+}}
+\series default
+ in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ Here is an example:
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxsep 5mm
+\backslash
+fboxrule 5mm
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+fbox{
+\backslash
+parbox{
+\backslash
+linewidth-2
+\backslash
+fboxsep-2
+\backslash
+fboxrule}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Formula
+\begin{equation}
+\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}
+\end{equation}
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}}
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+fboxrule 0.4pt
+\backslash
+fboxsep 3pt
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace medskip
+\end_inset
+
+As a parbox is used as the argument of
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+,
+ there is in this case no difference between
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+fbox
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+boxed
+\series default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
+\end_inset
+
+Paragraph boxes are very useful to comment formulas directly.
+ To do this,
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+parbox
+\series default
+ is used in combination with the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tag
+\series default
+.
+ (more about
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tag
+\series default
+ see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "subsec:User-defined-Numbering"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+An example of a formula commented with
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+parbox
+\series default
+:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+
+\backslash
+[5x-7b=3b
+\backslash
+tag*{
+\backslash
+parbox{5cm}{
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+This is a description.
+ It is distinctly separated from the formula and multiline.
+\begin_inset ERT
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+}}
+\backslash
+]
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+Such a formula must be inserted completely in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode because \SpecialChar LyX
+ does not yet support the command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+parbox
+\series default
+ in formulas.
+ The formula is created with the following command sequence:
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The command
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+[5x-7b=3b
+\backslash
+tag*
+\backslash
+{
+\backslash
+parbox{5cm}{
+\series default
+ is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+\begin_inset Foot
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+When the formula style
+\series bold
+Indented
+\series default
+ is used,
+
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+tag*
+\backslash
+{
+\series default
+ can also be replaced by
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+hfill
+\series default
+.
+ (formula styles see
+\begin_inset CommandInset ref
+LatexCommand ref
+reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
+nolink "false"
+
+\end_inset
+
+)
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+ Then the description follows as normal text and finally
+\series bold
+}}
+\backslash
+]
+\series default
+ is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
+ mode.
+ The commands
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+[
+\series default
+ and
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+]
+\series default
+ create a displayed formula.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+The advantages of
+\series bold
+
+\backslash
+parbox
+\series default
+ can be seen in this example that was
+\begin_inset Quotes eld
+\end_inset
+
+commented
+\begin_inset Quotes erd
+\end_inset
+
+ using the mathematical textmode:
+\begin_inset Formula
+\[
+5x-7b=3b\textrm{This is a description. It is not separated from the formula ...}
+\]
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Section
+Operators
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Operators
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Subsection
+Big Operators
+\begin_inset CommandInset label
+LatexCommand label
+name "subsec:Big-Operators"
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Operators
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+big
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Sums
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Integrals
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+To be able to use all of the integral operators listed here,
+ the
+\family sans
+Load automatically
+\family default
+ option for the
+\family sans
+ esint package
+\family default
+ must be set in the document settings under
+\family sans
+Math
+\begin_inset space ~
+\end_inset
+
+Options
+\family default
+.
+\end_layout
+
+\begin_layout Standard
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
+<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
+<features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Command
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Result
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+int
+\begin_inset Index idx
+range none
+pageformat default
+status collapsed
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+Commands
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+I
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
+status open
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+int
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\int$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+oint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\oint$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+ointctrclockwise
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+ointclockwise
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+sqint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\sqint$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+fint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\fint$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+landupint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\landupint$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+landdownint
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\begin_inset Formula $\landdownint$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+bigcap
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigcap$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+<row>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+
+\backslash
+bigcup
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
+\begin_inset Text
+
+\begin_layout Plain Layout
+\begin_inset Formula $\bigcup$
+\end_inset
+
+
+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
+</cell>
+</row>
+</lyxtabular>
+
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset space \hfill{}
+\end_inset
+
+
+\begin_inset Tabular
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+<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
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+
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+
+\end_inset
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+
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+
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+
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+\end_layout
+
+\end_inset
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