1 #LyX 2.1 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
7 %% Uncomment the following for Tableaux captions on top:
9 %\restylefloat{tableau}
11 \use_default_options false
15 \maintain_unincluded_children false
17 \language_package default
22 \font_typewriter default
24 \font_default_family default
25 \use_non_tex_fonts false
31 \default_output_format default
33 \bibtex_command default
34 \index_command default
35 \paperfontsize default
39 \pdf_bookmarksnumbered false
40 \pdf_bookmarksopen false
41 \pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1
49 \use_package amsmath 1
50 \use_package amssymb 1
52 \use_package mathdots 1
53 \use_package mathtools 0
55 \use_package stackrel 0
56 \use_package stmaryrd 0
57 \use_package undertilde 0
59 \cite_engine_type numerical
63 \paperorientation portrait
73 \paragraph_separation indent
74 \paragraph_indentation default
75 \quotes_language english
78 \paperpagestyle default
79 \tracking_changes false
89 Writing linguistic papers with LyX
94 \begin_inset Newline newline
98 \begin_inset CommandInset href
100 target "spitz@lyx.org"
112 \begin_layout Abstract
113 This paper describes some features that LyX provides to linguists.
114 It demonstrates how to use some native support in order to produce numbered
115 examples, glosses, OT tableaux, semantic markup, and phonetic symbols (IPA).
118 \begin_layout Section
119 Aims and prerequisites
122 \begin_layout Standard
123 Basically, this paper describes the features of the
124 \begin_inset Quotes eld
128 \begin_inset Quotes erd
131 module that ships with LyX as of version 1.6.0.
133 \begin_inset Quotes eld
137 \begin_inset Quotes erd
140 are support files (introduced with LyX 1.6.0) that can easily be selected
142 In order to use the Linguistics module, go to
144 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
145 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
149 \begin_inset Quotes eld
153 \begin_inset Quotes erd
156 from the list of available modules, and hit the
160 button to select it for your document (as already done for this document).
163 \begin_layout Standard
164 You should be able to use the module with any document class (please inform
166 However, in order to use all the features, you need to have the following
167 LaTeX packages installed:
170 \begin_layout Enumerate
176 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
182 : This is the base package used for numbered examples and glosses.
186 \begin_layout Itemize
187 Installed on your system:
197 \begin_layout Enumerate
203 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
209 : This package is used for the Subexamples style.
210 It is generally useful to alter the appearance of lists (such as
226 \begin_layout Itemize
227 Installed on your system:
237 \begin_layout Enumerate
243 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
254 The package provides context sensitive quotation marks, depending on the
259 \begin_layout Itemize
260 Installed on your system:
270 \begin_layout Enumerate
276 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
282 : Needed for the OT tableaux floats and list of floats.
283 This package should be part of any LaTeX distribution.
287 \begin_layout Itemize
288 Installed on your system:
298 \begin_layout Section
302 \begin_layout Standard
303 Numbered examples are inserted via the layout drop-down box in the toolbar.
304 There are three variants:
307 \begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
308 This is a multiline example [Style
310 Numbered Example (multiline)
315 \begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
316 it can have several paragraphs
319 \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
320 This is a single example
321 \begin_inset CommandInset label
323 name "exa:single-example"
329 Numbered Example (consecutive)
334 \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
335 Consecutive single examples get their own numbers
338 \begin_layout Subexample
340 \begin_inset CommandInset label
342 name "sub:subexample"
353 \begin_layout Subexample
357 \begin_layout Standard
358 References to examples are produced as usual: insert a label to the example
359 and a cross-reference via
361 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
365 We refer here, just for the sake of demonstrating this, to
366 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
368 reference "exa:single-example"
373 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
375 reference "sub:subexample"
382 \begin_layout Section
386 \begin_layout Standard
387 The Linguistics module provides two kinds of glosses, which can be inserted
390 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
397 provides a gloss that consists of two lines and a translation, the
401 insets consists of three lines and a translation.
402 Each translation line might span multiple lines in the output, i.
403 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
406 e., the paragraphs are automatically broken if they exceed the text width.
407 Note that the translation line is mandatory and must be preceded by the
414 which must be inserted verbatim in the gloss inset (TeX mode is not needed,
415 and in fact not even possible).
418 \begin_layout Standard
419 Here is a simple example:
422 \begin_layout Standard
423 \begin_inset Flex Glosse
426 \begin_layout Plain Layout
428 C'est un exemple simple
431 \begin_layout Plain Layout
433 {This is} an example simple
436 \begin_layout Plain Layout
440 glt This is a simple example
448 \begin_layout Standard
450 Note how the braces hold together multi-word expressions.
453 \begin_layout Standard
454 In the same vein, we can make a three-line gloss:
457 \begin_layout Standard
458 \begin_inset Flex Tri-Glosse
461 \begin_layout Plain Layout
463 C'est un exemple simple
466 \begin_layout Plain Layout
468 {Das ist} ein Beispiel einfach
471 \begin_layout Plain Layout
473 {This is} an example simple
476 \begin_layout Plain Layout
480 glt This is a simple example
488 \begin_layout Standard
490 If you want to have numbered glosses, you can simply insert the gloss inset
491 to a numbered examples paragraph, as follows:
494 \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
495 \begin_inset Flex Tri-Glosse
498 \begin_layout Plain Layout
500 Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller Aale
503 \begin_layout Plain Layout
505 My skeertuig is vol palings
508 \begin_layout Plain Layout
510 My hovercraft is {full of} eels
513 \begin_layout Plain Layout
517 glt Do you have matches?
525 \begin_layout Subsection*
526 Shortcomings of LyX's glosses
529 \begin_layout Standard
530 LyX's glosse support is rather basic, and thus has some shortcomings, which
531 might be addressed in further releases:
534 \begin_layout Enumerate
535 Font changes are not allowed in glosses.
541 Since glosses are not hyphenated, an explicit language setting in the LaTeX
542 output is not required (in fact, it would break the output, since covington
543 does not support it).
544 However, you still might want to set the language for proper spell checking.
545 Currently, you have to do this as follows: select the text, and then issue
549 arg "command-execute"
560 should be replaced by the respective language, e.
561 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
578 In the LaTeX output, this setting will be suppressed.
581 \begin_layout Enumerate
582 Since the content of glosses is passed verbatim to LaTeX, LyX does not adapt
583 the encoding to the contents.
584 That means that if you use characters in the glosse which are not covered
585 by the current encoding, you will run into an error message.
586 Here are the possible workarounds to this problem:
590 \begin_layout Itemize
591 Either enter the text outside the glosse, open
593 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
596 and copy the LaTeX code into the glosse,
599 \begin_layout Itemize
600 or mark the whole glosse (from outside) and set the appropriate language
603 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
604 Language\SpecialChar \menuseparator
605 More Languages\SpecialChar \ldots{}
611 \begin_layout Itemize
612 or set the document encoding to
618 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
619 Settings\SpecialChar \ldots{}
620 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
626 \begin_layout Itemize
629 Use non-TeX fonts (via XeTeX/LuaTeX)
633 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
634 Settings\SpecialChar \ldots{}
635 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
642 \begin_layout Enumerate
643 Page breaks can occur within glosses, which is of course not desirable.
644 A workaround is to wrap glosses into boxes (via
646 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
647 Box\SpecialChar \menuseparator
651 If you want to automate this for all glosses, you can copy the following
654 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
655 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
662 \begin_layout LyX-Code
663 \begin_inset listings
664 lstparams "basicstyle={\footnotesize},language={[LaTeX]TeX}"
668 \begin_layout Plain Layout
670 % Do not break pages at two-line glosses
673 \begin_layout Plain Layout
680 \begin_layout Plain Layout
684 @ifundefined{linggloss}{}{%
687 \begin_layout Plain Layout
691 renewenvironment{linggloss}[1]{%
694 \begin_layout Plain Layout
703 \begin_layout Plain Layout
714 \begin_layout Plain Layout
724 \begin_layout LyX-Code
725 \begin_inset listings
726 lstparams "basicstyle={\footnotesize},language={[LaTeX]TeX}"
730 \begin_layout Plain Layout
732 % Do not break pages at three-line glosses
735 \begin_layout Plain Layout
742 \begin_layout Plain Layout
746 @ifundefined{lingglosss}{}{%
749 \begin_layout Plain Layout
753 renewenvironment{linggloss}[1]{%
756 \begin_layout Plain Layout
765 \begin_layout Plain Layout
776 \begin_layout Plain Layout
786 \begin_layout Standard
787 You might have to adapt the minipage width (
793 in the example code) to fit your actual page width.
797 \begin_layout Section
798 Optimality Theory Tableaux
801 \begin_layout Standard
802 OT tableaux itself can of course simply be inserted as ordinary tables (for
803 specific features such as dashed lines and shaded cells, cf.
809 However, you might want to have the tableaux numbered throughout the document,
810 and you might want to have a
822 \begin_layout Standard
823 The Linguistics module provides support for both.
826 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
829 , you'll find a Tableaux float:
832 \begin_layout Standard
833 \begin_inset Float tableau
839 \begin_layout Plain Layout
842 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
843 <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
844 <column alignment="right" valignment="top" width="0">
845 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
846 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
847 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0" special="|c">
848 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
850 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
853 \begin_layout Plain Layout
859 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
862 \begin_layout Plain Layout
870 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
873 \begin_layout Plain Layout
881 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
884 \begin_layout Plain Layout
892 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
895 \begin_layout Plain Layout
905 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
908 \begin_layout Plain Layout
909 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{☞}$
913 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
921 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
924 \begin_layout Plain Layout
930 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
933 \begin_layout Plain Layout
939 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
942 \begin_layout Plain Layout
948 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
951 \begin_layout Plain Layout
959 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
962 \begin_layout Plain Layout
968 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
971 \begin_layout Plain Layout
977 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
980 \begin_layout Plain Layout
986 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
989 \begin_layout Plain Layout
995 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
998 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1006 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1009 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1010 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
1018 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1021 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1027 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
1030 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1036 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1039 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1045 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1048 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1056 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1059 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1065 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1068 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1074 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
1077 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1083 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1086 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1092 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1095 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1109 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1110 \begin_inset Caption Standard
1112 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1126 \begin_layout Standard
1127 Note that by default, the caption is always placed below the tableaux in
1128 the output, no matter where you put it in the LyX window.
1129 To get the Tableaux captions on top, put the following code in
1131 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1132 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1138 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1141 floatstyle{plaintop}
1144 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1147 restylefloat{tableau}
1150 \begin_layout Standard
1151 If your using a KOMA class, use the following instead for better spacing:
1154 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1157 floatstyle{komaabove}
1160 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1163 restylefloat{tableau}
1166 \begin_layout Standard
1167 A List of Tableaux inset can be found in
1169 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1173 Even though this usually is placed at the beginning or the end of the document,
1174 we do this here for exemplification purposes:
1177 \begin_layout Standard
1178 \begin_inset FloatList tableau
1185 \begin_layout Section
1186 Semantic Markup (Character Styles)
1189 \begin_layout Standard
1190 The Linguistics module comes with some character styles that are common
1194 \begin_layout Enumerate
1195 Concept (in small caps):
1196 \begin_inset Flex Concepts
1199 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1208 \begin_layout Enumerate
1209 Expression (emphasized):
1210 \begin_inset Flex Expression
1213 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1222 \begin_layout Enumerate
1223 Meaning (in single quotes):
1224 \begin_inset Flex Meaning
1227 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1236 \begin_layout Standard
1237 You can insert the character styles via the
1239 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1243 If you need to change the appearance of these styles later, you can redefine
1244 them in the preamble.
1245 To make expressions bold, for instance, insert:
1248 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1258 \begin_layout Standard
1259 Similarly, concept (
1274 \begin_layout Section
1275 Phonetic Symbols (IPA)
1278 \begin_layout Standard
1279 You do not need the Linguistics module to insert phonetic symbols, this
1280 is a base functionality of LyX.
1281 However, since this is frequently used by linguists, we will describe it
1282 (briefly) in this manual nevertheless.
1285 \begin_layout Standard
1286 If you use traditional LaTeX or PDFLaTeX, a prerequisite to use LyX's IPA
1287 support is the LaTeX package
1292 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
1302 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1303 If you use XeTeX or LuaTeX (i.
1304 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1307 e., if you have clicked
1308 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1312 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1317 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1318 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1321 ), no extra package is needed.
1326 Additionally, if you want to have instant preview, you should have the
1332 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
1341 \begin_layout Standard
1342 The recommended way to insert phonetic symbols is via
1344 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1345 Special characters\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1349 This gives you an input box (
1350 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1354 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1357 in LyX speak), where you can insert the symbols.
1358 Note that this box can be used both for the insertion of small snippets
1359 (inline) and multiple paragraphs of phonetic notation.
1360 While the cursor is inside the box, a toolbar opens, which provides the
1361 basic set of phonetic symbols (sorted by the IPA categories).
1362 Each of the toolbar's panels can be torn off the bar by clicking on the
1363 dashed line on its top.
1364 This way, you can insert most symbols quite comfortably:
1367 \begin_layout Standard
1369 \begin_inset IPADeco bottomtiebar
1372 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1388 is installed and you have switched on instant preview (in
1390 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1391 Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1394 cs), you'll get a nice WYSIWYG preview as soon as the cursor leaves the
1396 Alternatively to the toolbar, you can also insert the symbols directly
1397 via the shortcut notation which is described in the
1404 \begin_layout Standard
1431 Furthermore, you can insert symbols via
1433 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1434 Special characters\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1435 Symbols\SpecialChar \ldots{}
1438 (which might be useful for symbols that are not yet covered by the toolbar),
1439 or you can simply paste unicode-encoded text (e.
1440 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1443 g., from other applications) into the box.
1444 The output should be equal, no matter what input method you chose.
1447 \begin_layout Standard
1448 Note that you can also insert or paste most IPA glyphs outside the specific
1449 IPA input box: [əz ʃəʊn hɪə].
1450 In the output, they will be automatically transformed into the correct
1455 macro (if not, please inform us).
1456 However, please note that this method produces inferior output quality,
1457 since it will most likely result in a mix of fonts (the latin characters
1458 are taken from the base document font, the IPA glyphs from the IPA font).
1459 Within the IPA input box, on the other hand, the IPA font is used for all
1461 So unless you only need to insert single IPA characters, using the IPA
1462 input box is highly recommended.
1465 \begin_layout Section
1469 \begin_layout Standard
1470 For a detailed description of specific possibilities for linguists, please
1471 refer to the LinguistLyX page on the LyX wiki
1472 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
1478 (feel free to enter your own hints there).
1481 \begin_layout Bibliography
1482 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1483 LatexCommand bibitem
1488 The covington package:
1489 \begin_inset Flex URL
1492 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1494 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/covington/
1502 \begin_layout Bibliography
1503 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1504 LatexCommand bibitem
1509 The csquotes package:
1510 \begin_inset Flex URL
1513 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1515 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/csquotes/
1523 \begin_layout Bibliography
1524 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1525 LatexCommand bibitem
1530 The enumitem package:
1531 \begin_inset Flex URL
1534 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1536 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/enumitem/
1544 \begin_layout Bibliography
1545 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1546 LatexCommand bibitem
1552 \begin_inset Flex URL
1555 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1557 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/float/
1565 \begin_layout Bibliography
1566 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1567 LatexCommand bibitem
1572 Maria Gouskova, Stacia Hartleben and Jürgen Spitzmüller: Using LyX for Linguisti
1575 \begin_inset Flex URL
1578 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1580 http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LinguistLyX
1588 \begin_layout Bibliography
1589 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1590 LatexCommand bibitem
1595 The preview-latex package:
1596 \begin_inset Flex URL
1599 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1601 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/preview/
1609 \begin_layout Bibliography
1610 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1611 LatexCommand bibitem
1616 The tipa package and fonts:
1617 \begin_inset Flex URL
1620 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1622 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/