1 #LyX 2.0 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
7 %% Uncomment the following for Tableaux captions on top:
9 %\restylefloat{tableau}
11 \use_default_options false
15 \maintain_unincluded_children false
17 \language_package default
22 \font_typewriter default
23 \font_default_family default
24 \use_non_tex_fonts false
31 \default_output_format default
33 \bibtex_command default
34 \index_command default
35 \paperfontsize default
39 \pdf_bookmarksnumbered false
40 \pdf_bookmarksopen false
41 \pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1
56 \paperorientation portrait
65 \paragraph_separation indent
66 \paragraph_indentation default
67 \quotes_language english
70 \paperpagestyle default
71 \tracking_changes false
81 Writing linguistic papers with LyX
86 \begin_inset Newline newline
90 \begin_inset CommandInset href
92 target "spitz@lyx.org"
104 \begin_layout Abstract
105 This paper describes some features that LyX provides to linguists.
106 It demonstrates how to use some native support in order to produce numbered
107 examples, glosses, OT tableaux, semantic markup, and phonetic symbols (IPA).
110 \begin_layout Section
111 Aims and prerequisites
114 \begin_layout Standard
115 Basically, this paper describes the features of the
116 \begin_inset Quotes eld
120 \begin_inset Quotes erd
123 module that ships with LyX as of version 1.6.0.
125 \begin_inset Quotes eld
129 \begin_inset Quotes erd
132 are support files (introduced with LyX 1.6.0) that can easily be selected
134 In order to use the Linguistics module, go to
136 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
137 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
141 \begin_inset Quotes eld
145 \begin_inset Quotes erd
148 from the list of available modules, and hit the
152 button to select it for your document (as already done for this document).
155 \begin_layout Standard
156 You should be able to use the module with any document class (please inform
158 However, in order to use all the features, you need to have the following
159 LaTeX packages installed:
162 \begin_layout Enumerate
168 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
174 : This is the base package used for numbered examples and glosses.
178 \begin_layout Itemize
179 Installed on your system:
189 \begin_layout Enumerate
195 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
201 : This package is used for the Subexamples style.
202 It is generally useful to alter the appearance of lists (such as
218 \begin_layout Itemize
219 Installed on your system:
229 \begin_layout Enumerate
235 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
246 The package provides context sensitive quotation marks, depending on the
251 \begin_layout Itemize
252 Installed on your system:
262 \begin_layout Enumerate
268 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
274 : Needed for the OT tableaux floats and list of floats.
275 This package should be part of any LaTeX distribution.
279 \begin_layout Itemize
280 Installed on your system:
290 \begin_layout Section
294 \begin_layout Standard
295 Numbered examples are inserted via the layout drop-down box in the toolbar.
296 There are three variants:
299 \begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
300 This is a multiline example [Style
302 Numbered Example (multiline)
307 \begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
308 it can have several paragraphs
311 \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
312 This is a single example
313 \begin_inset CommandInset label
315 name "exa:single-example"
321 Numbered Example (consecutive)
326 \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
327 Consecutive single examples get their own numbers
330 \begin_layout Subexample
332 \begin_inset CommandInset label
334 name "sub:subexample"
345 \begin_layout Subexample
349 \begin_layout Standard
350 References to examples are produced as usual: insert a label to the example
351 and a cross-reference via
353 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
357 We refer here, just for the sake of demonstrating this, to
358 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
360 reference "exa:single-example"
365 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
367 reference "sub:subexample"
374 \begin_layout Section
378 \begin_layout Standard
379 The Linguistics module provides two kinds of glosses, which can be inserted
382 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
389 provides a gloss that consists of two lines and a translation, the
393 insets consists of three lines and a translation.
394 Each translation line might span multiple lines in the output, i.
395 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
398 e., the paragraphs are automatically broken if they exceed the text width.
399 Note that the translation line is mandatory and must be preceded by the
406 which must be inserted verbatim in the gloss inset (TeX mode is not needed,
407 and in fact not even possible).
410 \begin_layout Standard
411 Here is a simple example:
414 \begin_layout Standard
415 \begin_inset Flex Glosse
418 \begin_layout Plain Layout
420 C'est un exemple simple
423 \begin_layout Plain Layout
425 {This is} an example simple
428 \begin_layout Plain Layout
432 glt This is a simple example
440 \begin_layout Standard
442 Note how the braces hold together multi-word expressions.
445 \begin_layout Standard
446 In the same vein, we can make a three-line gloss:
449 \begin_layout Standard
450 \begin_inset Flex Tri-Glosse
453 \begin_layout Plain Layout
455 C'est un exemple simple
458 \begin_layout Plain Layout
460 {Das ist} ein Beispiel einfach
463 \begin_layout Plain Layout
465 {This is} an example simple
468 \begin_layout Plain Layout
472 glt This is a simple example
480 \begin_layout Standard
482 If you want to have numbered glosses, you can simply insert the gloss inset
483 to a numbered examples paragraph, as follows:
486 \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
487 \begin_inset Flex Tri-Glosse
490 \begin_layout Plain Layout
492 Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller Aale
495 \begin_layout Plain Layout
497 My skeertuig is vol palings
500 \begin_layout Plain Layout
502 My hovercraft is {full of} eels
505 \begin_layout Plain Layout
509 glt Do you have matches?
517 \begin_layout Subsection*
518 Shortcomings of LyX's glosses
521 \begin_layout Standard
522 LyX's glosse support is rather basic, and thus has some shortcomings, which
523 might be addressed in further releases:
526 \begin_layout Enumerate
527 Font changes are not allowed in glosses.
533 Since glosses are not hyphenated, an explicit language setting in the LaTeX
534 output is not required (in fact, it would break the output, since covington
535 does not support it).
536 However, you still might want to set the language for proper spell checking.
537 Currently, you have to do this as follows: select the text, and then issue
541 arg "command-execute"
552 should be replaced by the respective language, e.
553 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
570 In the LaTeX output, this setting will be suppressed.
573 \begin_layout Enumerate
574 Since the content of glosses is passed verbatim to LaTeX, LyX does not adapt
575 the encoding to the contents.
576 That means that if you use characters in the glosse which are not covered
577 by the current encoding, you will run into an error message.
578 Here are the possible workarounds to this problem:
582 \begin_layout Itemize
583 Either enter the text outside the glosse, open
585 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
588 and copy the LaTeX code into the glosse,
591 \begin_layout Itemize
592 or mark the whole glosse (from outside) and set the appropriate language
595 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
596 Language\SpecialChar \menuseparator
597 More Languages\SpecialChar \ldots{}
603 \begin_layout Itemize
604 or set the document encoding to
610 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
611 Settings\SpecialChar \ldots{}
612 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
618 \begin_layout Itemize
621 Use non-TeX fonts (via XeTeX/LuaTeX)
625 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
626 Settings\SpecialChar \ldots{}
627 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
634 \begin_layout Enumerate
635 Page breaks can occur within glosses, which is of course not desirable.
636 A workaround is to wrap glosses into boxes (via
638 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
639 Box\SpecialChar \menuseparator
643 If you want to automate this for all glosses, you can copy the following
646 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
647 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
654 \begin_layout LyX-Code
655 \begin_inset listings
656 lstparams "basicstyle={\footnotesize},language={[LaTeX]TeX}"
660 \begin_layout Plain Layout
662 % Do not break pages at two-line glosses
665 \begin_layout Plain Layout
672 \begin_layout Plain Layout
676 @ifundefined{linggloss}{}{%
679 \begin_layout Plain Layout
683 renewenvironment{linggloss}[1]{%
686 \begin_layout Plain Layout
695 \begin_layout Plain Layout
706 \begin_layout Plain Layout
716 \begin_layout LyX-Code
717 \begin_inset listings
718 lstparams "basicstyle={\footnotesize},language={[LaTeX]TeX}"
722 \begin_layout Plain Layout
724 % Do not break pages at three-line glosses
727 \begin_layout Plain Layout
734 \begin_layout Plain Layout
738 @ifundefined{lingglosss}{}{%
741 \begin_layout Plain Layout
745 renewenvironment{linggloss}[1]{%
748 \begin_layout Plain Layout
757 \begin_layout Plain Layout
768 \begin_layout Plain Layout
778 \begin_layout Standard
779 You might have to adapt the minipage width (
785 in the example code) to fit your actual page width.
789 \begin_layout Section
790 Optimality Theory Tableaux
793 \begin_layout Standard
794 OT tableaux itself can of course simply be inserted as ordinary tables (for
795 specific features such as dashed lines and shaded cells, cf.
801 However, you might want to have the tableaux numbered throughout the document,
802 and you might want to have a
814 \begin_layout Standard
815 The Linguistics module provides support for both.
818 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
821 , you'll find a Tableaux float:
824 \begin_layout Standard
825 \begin_inset Float tableau
831 \begin_layout Plain Layout
834 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
835 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
836 <column alignment="right" valignment="top" width="0">
837 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
838 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
839 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0" special="|c">
840 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
842 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
845 \begin_layout Plain Layout
851 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
854 \begin_layout Plain Layout
862 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
865 \begin_layout Plain Layout
873 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
876 \begin_layout Plain Layout
884 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
887 \begin_layout Plain Layout
897 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
900 \begin_layout Plain Layout
901 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{☞}$
905 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
913 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
916 \begin_layout Plain Layout
922 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
925 \begin_layout Plain Layout
931 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
934 \begin_layout Plain Layout
940 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
943 \begin_layout Plain Layout
951 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
954 \begin_layout Plain Layout
960 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
963 \begin_layout Plain Layout
969 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
972 \begin_layout Plain Layout
978 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
981 \begin_layout Plain Layout
987 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
990 \begin_layout Plain Layout
998 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1001 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1002 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
1010 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1013 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1019 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
1022 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1028 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1031 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1037 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1040 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1048 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1051 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1057 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1060 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1066 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
1069 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1075 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1078 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1084 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1087 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1101 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1102 \begin_inset Caption
1104 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1118 \begin_layout Standard
1119 Note that by default, the caption is always placed below the tableaux in
1120 the output, no matter where you put it in the LyX window.
1121 To get the Tableaux captions on top, put the following code in
1123 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1124 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1130 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1133 floatstyle{plaintop}
1136 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1139 restylefloat{tableau}
1142 \begin_layout Standard
1143 If your using a KOMA class, use the following instead for better spacing:
1146 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1149 floatstyle{komaabove}
1152 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1155 restylefloat{tableau}
1158 \begin_layout Standard
1159 A List of Tableaux inset can be found in
1161 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1165 Even though this usually is placed at the beginning or the end of the document,
1166 we do this here for exemplification purposes:
1169 \begin_layout Standard
1170 \begin_inset FloatList tableau
1177 \begin_layout Section
1178 Semantic Markup (Character Styles)
1181 \begin_layout Standard
1182 The Linguistics module comes with some character styles that are common
1186 \begin_layout Enumerate
1187 Concept (in small caps):
1188 \begin_inset Flex Concepts
1191 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1200 \begin_layout Enumerate
1201 Expression (emphasized):
1202 \begin_inset Flex Expression
1205 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1214 \begin_layout Enumerate
1215 Meaning (in single quotes):
1216 \begin_inset Flex Meaning
1219 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1228 \begin_layout Standard
1229 You can insert the character styles via the
1231 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1235 If you need to change the appearance of these styles later, you can redefine
1236 them in the preamble.
1237 To make expressions bold, for instance, insert:
1240 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1250 \begin_layout Standard
1251 Similarly, concept (
1266 \begin_layout Section
1267 Phonetic Symbols (IPA)
1270 \begin_layout Standard
1271 You do not need the Linguistics module to insert phonetic symbols, this
1272 is a base functionality of LyX.
1273 However, since this is frequently used by linguists, we will describe it
1274 (briefly) in this paper nevertheless.
1277 \begin_layout Standard
1278 A prerequisite to use LyX's IPA support is the LaTeX package
1283 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
1290 Additionally, if you want to have instant preview, you should have the
1296 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
1305 \begin_layout Standard
1306 Phonetic symbols can be entered via
1308 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1309 Special characters\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1313 You get a little frame, where you can insert the symbols using the shortcut
1314 notation which is described in the
1320 \begin_inset Formula $\text{\textipa{[Ekspl@"neIS@n]}}$
1336 is installed and you have switched on instant preview (in
1338 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1339 Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1342 cs), you'll get a nice preview as soon as the cursor leaves the frame.
1345 \begin_layout Standard
1346 Furthermore, most IPA glyphs can also be inserted (e.
1347 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1351 \begin_inset space \space{}
1356 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1357 Special characters\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1358 Symbols\SpecialChar \ldots{}
1361 ) or pasted directly into LyX: [ɛkspləˈneɪʃən].
1362 In the output, they will be automatically transformed into the correct
1367 macro (if not, please inform me).
1368 However, please note that the former method produces better output quality
1372 \begin_layout Enumerate
1373 direct input might result in a mix of fonts (in the above example, the latin
1374 characters are taken from the base font, the IPA glyphs from the IPA font,
1377 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1378 Special characters\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1381 s uses the IPA font for all characters)
1384 \begin_layout Enumerate
1385 the letter kerning is not preserved
1388 \begin_layout Standard
1389 So unless you only need to insert single IPA characters, the former method
1390 is recommended, and it's worth learning the (pretty intuitive) IPA shortcut
1394 \begin_layout Section
1398 \begin_layout Standard
1399 For a detailed description of specific possibilities for linguists, please
1400 refer to the LinguistLyX page on the LyX wiki
1401 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
1407 (feel free to enter your own hints there).
1410 \begin_layout Bibliography
1411 \labelwidthstring References
1412 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1413 LatexCommand bibitem
1418 The covington package:
1419 \begin_inset Flex URL
1422 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1424 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/covington/
1432 \begin_layout Bibliography
1433 \labelwidthstring References
1434 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1435 LatexCommand bibitem
1440 The csquotes package:
1441 \begin_inset Flex URL
1444 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1446 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/csquotes/
1454 \begin_layout Bibliography
1455 \labelwidthstring References
1456 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1457 LatexCommand bibitem
1462 The enumitem package:
1463 \begin_inset Flex URL
1466 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1468 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/enumitem/
1476 \begin_layout Bibliography
1477 \labelwidthstring References
1478 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1479 LatexCommand bibitem
1485 \begin_inset Flex URL
1488 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1490 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/float/
1498 \begin_layout Bibliography
1499 \labelwidthstring References
1500 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1501 LatexCommand bibitem
1506 Maria Gouskova, Stacia Hartleben and Jürgen Spitzmüller: Using LyX for Linguisti
1509 \begin_inset Flex URL
1512 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1514 http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LinguistLyX
1522 \begin_layout Bibliography
1523 \labelwidthstring References
1524 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1525 LatexCommand bibitem
1530 The preview-latex package:
1531 \begin_inset Flex URL
1534 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1536 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/preview/
1544 \begin_layout Bibliography
1545 \labelwidthstring References
1546 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1547 LatexCommand bibitem
1552 The tipa package and fonts:
1553 \begin_inset Flex URL
1556 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1558 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/