1 #LyX 2.1 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
7 %% Uncomment the following for Tableaux captions on top:
9 %\restylefloat{tableau}
11 \use_default_options false
15 \maintain_unincluded_children false
17 \language_package default
22 \font_typewriter default
24 \font_default_family default
25 \use_non_tex_fonts false
31 \default_output_format default
33 \bibtex_command default
34 \index_command default
35 \paperfontsize default
39 \pdf_bookmarksnumbered false
40 \pdf_bookmarksopen false
41 \pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1
49 \use_package amsmath 1
50 \use_package amssymb 1
53 \use_package mathdots 1
54 \use_package mathtools 0
56 \use_package stackrel 0
57 \use_package stmaryrd 0
58 \use_package undertilde 0
60 \cite_engine_type default
64 \paperorientation portrait
74 \paragraph_separation indent
75 \paragraph_indentation default
76 \quotes_language english
79 \paperpagestyle default
80 \tracking_changes false
90 Writing linguistic papers with LyX
95 \begin_inset Newline newline
99 \begin_inset CommandInset href
101 target "spitz@lyx.org"
113 \begin_layout Abstract
114 This paper describes some features that LyX provides to linguists.
115 It demonstrates how to use some native support in order to produce numbered
116 examples, glosses, OT tableaux, semantic markup, and phonetic symbols (IPA).
119 \begin_layout Section
120 Aims and prerequisites
123 \begin_layout Standard
124 Basically, this paper describes the features of the
125 \begin_inset Quotes eld
129 \begin_inset Quotes erd
132 module that ships with LyX as of version 1.6.0.
134 \begin_inset Quotes eld
138 \begin_inset Quotes erd
141 are support files (introduced with LyX 1.6.0) that can easily be selected
143 In order to use the Linguistics module, go to
145 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
146 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
150 \begin_inset Quotes eld
154 \begin_inset Quotes erd
157 from the list of available modules, and hit the
161 button to select it for your document (as already done for this document).
164 \begin_layout Standard
165 You should be able to use the module with any document class (please inform
167 However, in order to use all the features, you need to have the following
168 LaTeX packages installed:
171 \begin_layout Enumerate
177 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
183 : This is the base package used for numbered examples and glosses.
187 \begin_layout Itemize
188 Installed on your system:
198 \begin_layout Enumerate
204 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
210 : This package is used for the Subexamples style.
211 It is generally useful to alter the appearance of lists (such as
227 \begin_layout Itemize
228 Installed on your system:
238 \begin_layout Enumerate
244 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
255 The package provides context sensitive quotation marks, depending on the
260 \begin_layout Itemize
261 Installed on your system:
271 \begin_layout Enumerate
277 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
283 : Needed for the OT tableaux floats and list of floats.
284 This package should be part of any LaTeX distribution.
288 \begin_layout Itemize
289 Installed on your system:
299 \begin_layout Section
303 \begin_layout Standard
304 Numbered examples are inserted via the layout drop-down box in the toolbar.
305 There are three variants:
308 \begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
309 This is a multiline example [Style
311 Numbered Example (multiline)
316 \begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
317 it can have several paragraphs
320 \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
321 This is a single example
322 \begin_inset CommandInset label
324 name "exa:single-example"
330 Numbered Example (consecutive)
335 \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
336 Consecutive single examples get their own numbers
339 \begin_layout Subexample
341 \begin_inset CommandInset label
343 name "sub:subexample"
354 \begin_layout Subexample
358 \begin_layout Standard
359 References to examples are produced as usual: insert a label to the example
360 and a cross-reference via
362 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
366 We refer here, just for the sake of demonstrating this, to
367 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
369 reference "exa:single-example"
374 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
376 reference "sub:subexample"
383 \begin_layout Section
387 \begin_layout Standard
388 The Linguistics module provides two kinds of glosses, which can be inserted
391 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
398 provides a gloss that consists of two lines and a translation, the
402 insets consists of three lines and a translation.
403 Each translation line might span multiple lines in the output, i.
404 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
407 e., the paragraphs are automatically broken if they exceed the text width.
408 Note that the translation line is mandatory and must be preceded by the
415 which must be inserted verbatim in the gloss inset (TeX mode is not needed,
416 and in fact not even possible).
419 \begin_layout Standard
420 Here is a simple example:
423 \begin_layout Standard
424 \begin_inset Flex Glosse
427 \begin_layout Plain Layout
429 C'est un exemple simple
432 \begin_layout Plain Layout
434 {This is} an example simple
437 \begin_layout Plain Layout
441 glt This is a simple example
449 \begin_layout Standard
451 Note how the braces hold together multi-word expressions.
454 \begin_layout Standard
455 In the same vein, we can make a three-line gloss:
458 \begin_layout Standard
459 \begin_inset Flex Tri-Glosse
462 \begin_layout Plain Layout
464 C'est un exemple simple
467 \begin_layout Plain Layout
469 {Das ist} ein Beispiel einfach
472 \begin_layout Plain Layout
474 {This is} an example simple
477 \begin_layout Plain Layout
481 glt This is a simple example
489 \begin_layout Standard
491 If you want to have numbered glosses, you can simply insert the gloss inset
492 to a numbered examples paragraph, as follows:
495 \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
496 \begin_inset Flex Tri-Glosse
499 \begin_layout Plain Layout
501 Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller Aale
504 \begin_layout Plain Layout
506 My skeertuig is vol palings
509 \begin_layout Plain Layout
511 My hovercraft is {full of} eels
514 \begin_layout Plain Layout
518 glt Do you have matches?
526 \begin_layout Subsection*
527 Shortcomings of LyX's glosses
530 \begin_layout Standard
531 LyX's glosse support is rather basic, and thus has some shortcomings, which
532 might be addressed in further releases:
535 \begin_layout Enumerate
536 Font changes are not allowed in glosses.
542 Since glosses are not hyphenated, an explicit language setting in the LaTeX
543 output is not required (in fact, it would break the output, since covington
544 does not support it).
545 However, you still might want to set the language for proper spell checking.
546 Currently, you have to do this as follows: select the text, and then issue
550 arg "command-execute"
561 should be replaced by the respective language, e.
562 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
579 In the LaTeX output, this setting will be suppressed.
582 \begin_layout Enumerate
583 Since the content of glosses is passed verbatim to LaTeX, LyX does not adapt
584 the encoding to the contents.
585 That means that if you use characters in the glosse which are not covered
586 by the current encoding, you will run into an error message.
587 Here are the possible workarounds to this problem:
591 \begin_layout Itemize
592 Either enter the text outside the glosse, open
594 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
597 and copy the LaTeX code into the glosse,
600 \begin_layout Itemize
601 or mark the whole glosse (from outside) and set the appropriate language
604 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
605 Language\SpecialChar \menuseparator
606 More Languages\SpecialChar \ldots{}
612 \begin_layout Itemize
613 or set the document encoding to
619 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
620 Settings\SpecialChar \ldots{}
621 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
627 \begin_layout Itemize
630 Use non-TeX fonts (via XeTeX/LuaTeX)
634 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
635 Settings\SpecialChar \ldots{}
636 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
643 \begin_layout Enumerate
644 Page breaks can occur within glosses, which is of course not desirable.
645 A workaround is to wrap glosses into boxes (via
647 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
648 Box\SpecialChar \menuseparator
652 If you want to automate this for all glosses, you can copy the following
655 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
656 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
663 \begin_layout LyX-Code
664 \begin_inset listings
665 lstparams "basicstyle={\footnotesize},language={[LaTeX]TeX}"
669 \begin_layout Plain Layout
671 % Do not break pages at two-line glosses
674 \begin_layout Plain Layout
681 \begin_layout Plain Layout
685 @ifundefined{linggloss}{}{%
688 \begin_layout Plain Layout
692 renewenvironment{linggloss}[1]{%
695 \begin_layout Plain Layout
704 \begin_layout Plain Layout
715 \begin_layout Plain Layout
725 \begin_layout LyX-Code
726 \begin_inset listings
727 lstparams "basicstyle={\footnotesize},language={[LaTeX]TeX}"
731 \begin_layout Plain Layout
733 % Do not break pages at three-line glosses
736 \begin_layout Plain Layout
743 \begin_layout Plain Layout
747 @ifundefined{lingglosss}{}{%
750 \begin_layout Plain Layout
754 renewenvironment{linggloss}[1]{%
757 \begin_layout Plain Layout
766 \begin_layout Plain Layout
777 \begin_layout Plain Layout
787 \begin_layout Standard
788 You might have to adapt the minipage width (
794 in the example code) to fit your actual page width.
798 \begin_layout Section
799 Optimality Theory Tableaux
802 \begin_layout Standard
803 OT tableaux itself can of course simply be inserted as ordinary tables (for
804 specific features such as dashed lines and shaded cells, cf.
810 However, you might want to have the tableaux numbered throughout the document,
811 and you might want to have a
823 \begin_layout Standard
824 The Linguistics module provides support for both.
827 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
830 , you'll find a Tableaux float:
833 \begin_layout Standard
834 \begin_inset Float tableau
840 \begin_layout Plain Layout
843 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
844 <features rotate="0" tabularvalignment="middle">
845 <column alignment="right" valignment="top">
846 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
847 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
848 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" special="|c">
849 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
851 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
854 \begin_layout Plain Layout
860 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
863 \begin_layout Plain Layout
871 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
874 \begin_layout Plain Layout
882 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
885 \begin_layout Plain Layout
893 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
896 \begin_layout Plain Layout
906 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
909 \begin_layout Plain Layout
910 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{☞}$
914 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
922 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
925 \begin_layout Plain Layout
931 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
934 \begin_layout Plain Layout
940 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
943 \begin_layout Plain Layout
949 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
952 \begin_layout Plain Layout
960 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
963 \begin_layout Plain Layout
969 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
972 \begin_layout Plain Layout
978 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
981 \begin_layout Plain Layout
987 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
990 \begin_layout Plain Layout
996 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
999 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1007 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1010 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1011 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
1019 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1022 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1028 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
1031 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1037 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1040 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1046 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1049 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1057 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1060 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1066 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1069 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1075 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
1078 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1084 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1087 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1093 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1096 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1110 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1111 \begin_inset Caption Standard
1113 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1127 \begin_layout Standard
1128 Note that by default, the caption is always placed below the tableaux in
1129 the output, no matter where you put it in the LyX window.
1130 To get the Tableaux captions on top, put the following code in
1132 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1133 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1139 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1142 floatstyle{plaintop}
1145 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1148 restylefloat{tableau}
1151 \begin_layout Standard
1152 If your using a KOMA class, use the following instead for better spacing:
1155 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1158 floatstyle{komaabove}
1161 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1164 restylefloat{tableau}
1167 \begin_layout Standard
1168 A List of Tableaux inset can be found in
1170 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1174 Even though this usually is placed at the beginning or the end of the document,
1175 we do this here for exemplification purposes:
1178 \begin_layout Standard
1179 \begin_inset FloatList tableau
1186 \begin_layout Section
1187 Semantic Markup (Character Styles)
1190 \begin_layout Standard
1191 The Linguistics module comes with some character styles that are common
1195 \begin_layout Enumerate
1196 Concept (in small caps):
1197 \begin_inset Flex Concepts
1200 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1209 \begin_layout Enumerate
1210 Expression (emphasized):
1211 \begin_inset Flex Expression
1214 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1223 \begin_layout Enumerate
1224 Meaning (in single quotes):
1225 \begin_inset Flex Meaning
1228 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1237 \begin_layout Standard
1238 You can insert the character styles via the
1240 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1244 If you need to change the appearance of these styles later, you can redefine
1245 them in the preamble.
1246 To make expressions bold, for instance, insert:
1249 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1259 \begin_layout Standard
1260 Similarly, concept (
1275 \begin_layout Section
1276 Phonetic Symbols (IPA)
1279 \begin_layout Standard
1280 You do not need the Linguistics module to insert phonetic symbols, this
1281 is a base functionality of LyX.
1282 However, since this is frequently used by linguists, we will describe it
1283 (briefly) in this manual nevertheless.
1286 \begin_layout Standard
1287 If you use traditional LaTeX or PDFLaTeX, a prerequisite to use LyX's IPA
1288 support is the LaTeX package
1293 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
1303 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1304 If you use XeTeX or LuaTeX (i.
1305 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1308 e., if you have clicked
1309 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1313 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1318 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1319 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1322 ), no extra package is needed.
1327 Additionally, if you want to have instant preview, you should have the
1333 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
1342 \begin_layout Standard
1343 The recommended way to insert phonetic symbols is via
1345 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1346 Special characters\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1350 This gives you an input box (
1351 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1355 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1358 in LyX speak), where you can insert the symbols.
1359 Note that this box can be used both for the insertion of small snippets
1360 (inline) and multiple paragraphs of phonetic notation.
1361 While the cursor is inside the box, a toolbar opens, which provides the
1362 basic set of phonetic symbols (sorted by the IPA categories).
1363 Each of the toolbar's panels can be torn off the bar by clicking on the
1364 dashed line on its top.
1365 This way, you can insert most symbols quite comfortably:
1368 \begin_layout Standard
1370 \begin_inset IPADeco bottomtiebar
1373 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1388 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1389 Note that, if you want to insert diacritics, the diacritics are inserted
1398 \begin_layout Standard
1412 subring diacritic from the toolbar immediately after the
1417 If you need a diacritic alone, you can achieve this by inserting a blank
1418 and then the diacritic, as in
1421 \begin_layout Standard
1430 \begin_inset space ~
1433 <space>+<Lingolabial from the IPA toolbar>
1444 is installed and you have switched on instant preview (in
1446 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1447 Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1450 cs), you'll get a nice WYSIWYG preview as soon as the cursor leaves the
1452 Alternatively to the toolbar, you can also insert the symbols directly
1453 via the shortcut notation which is described in the
1460 \begin_layout Standard
1487 Furthermore, you can insert symbols via
1489 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1490 Special characters\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1491 Symbols\SpecialChar \ldots{}
1494 (which might be useful for symbols that are not yet covered by the toolbar),
1495 or you can simply paste unicode-encoded text (e.
1496 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1499 g., from other applications) into the box.
1500 The output should be equal, no matter what input method you chose.
1503 \begin_layout Standard
1504 Note that you can also insert or paste most IPA glyphs outside the specific
1505 IPA input box: [əz ʃəʊn hɪə].
1506 In the output, they will be automatically transformed into the correct
1511 macro (if not, please inform us).
1512 However, please note that this method produces inferior output quality,
1513 since it will most likely result in a mix of fonts (the latin characters
1514 are taken from the base document font, the IPA glyphs from the IPA font).
1515 Within the IPA input box, on the other hand, the IPA font is used for all
1517 So unless you only need to insert single IPA characters, using the IPA
1518 input box is highly recommended.
1521 \begin_layout Section
1525 \begin_layout Standard
1526 For a detailed description of specific possibilities for linguists, please
1527 refer to the LinguistLyX page on the LyX wiki
1528 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
1534 (feel free to enter your own hints there).
1537 \begin_layout Bibliography
1538 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1539 LatexCommand bibitem
1544 The covington package:
1545 \begin_inset Flex URL
1548 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1550 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/covington/
1558 \begin_layout Bibliography
1559 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1560 LatexCommand bibitem
1565 The csquotes package:
1566 \begin_inset Flex URL
1569 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1571 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/csquotes/
1579 \begin_layout Bibliography
1580 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1581 LatexCommand bibitem
1586 The enumitem package:
1587 \begin_inset Flex URL
1590 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1592 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/enumitem/
1600 \begin_layout Bibliography
1601 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1602 LatexCommand bibitem
1608 \begin_inset Flex URL
1611 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1613 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/float/
1621 \begin_layout Bibliography
1622 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1623 LatexCommand bibitem
1628 Maria Gouskova, Stacia Hartleben and Jürgen Spitzmüller: Using LyX for Linguisti
1631 \begin_inset Flex URL
1634 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1636 http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LinguistLyX
1644 \begin_layout Bibliography
1645 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1646 LatexCommand bibitem
1651 The preview-latex package:
1652 \begin_inset Flex URL
1655 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1657 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/preview/
1665 \begin_layout Bibliography
1666 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
1667 LatexCommand bibitem
1672 The tipa package and fonts:
1673 \begin_inset Flex URL
1676 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1678 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/