1 #LyX 2.4 created this file. For more info see https://www.lyx.org/
5 \save_transient_properties true
6 \origin /systemlyxdir/examples/Modules/
9 %% Uncomment the following for Tableaux captions on top:
10 %\floatstyle{plaintop}
11 %\restylefloat{tableau}
13 % Backwards compatibility for forest 1.x
14 % If you use forest 2.0.1 or later, you can delete this
15 \@ifpackageloaded{forest}{%
16 \@ifpackagelater{forest}{2016/02/20}{}{%
18 roof/.style={edge path={\noexpand\path[\forestoption{edge}]%
19 (.north west)--(!u.south)--(.north east)--cycle
20 \forestoption{edge label};
24 for tree={parent anchor=south, child anchor=north},
26 linguistics preamble/.style={sn edges, baseline, for tree={align=center}}
29 \forestOpreto{\forest@root}{given options}{linguistics preamble,}%
34 \use_default_options false
38 \maintain_unincluded_children no
40 \language_package default
43 \font_roman "lmodern" "FreeSerif"
44 \font_sans "default" "FreeSans"
45 \font_typewriter "default" "FreeMono"
46 \font_math "auto" "auto"
47 \font_default_family default
48 \use_non_tex_fonts false
52 \font_typewriter_osf false
53 \font_sf_scale 100 100
54 \font_tt_scale 100 100
56 \use_dash_ligatures false
58 \default_output_format default
60 \bibtex_command default
61 \index_command default
62 \float_placement class
63 \float_alignment class
64 \paperfontsize default
68 \pdf_bookmarksnumbered false
69 \pdf_bookmarksopen false
70 \pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1
78 \use_package amsmath 1
79 \use_package amssymb 1
82 \use_package mathdots 1
83 \use_package mathtools 1
85 \use_package stackrel 1
86 \use_package stmaryrd 1
87 \use_package undertilde 1
89 \cite_engine_type default
93 \paperorientation portrait
106 \paragraph_separation indent
107 \paragraph_indentation default
109 \math_numbering_side default
110 \quotes_style english
114 \paperpagestyle default
116 \tracking_changes true
117 \output_changes false
119 \postpone_fragile_content false
122 \html_be_strict false
123 \docbook_table_output 0
124 \docbook_mathml_prefix 1
130 Writing linguistic papers with \SpecialChar LyX
136 \begin_inset Newline newline
140 \begin_inset CommandInset href
142 target "spitz@lyx.org"
155 \begin_layout Abstract
156 This paper describes some features that \SpecialChar LyX
157 provides to linguists.
158 It demonstrates how to use some native support in order to produce numbered examples,
163 Discourse Representation Structures,
164 and phonetic symbols (IPA).
167 \begin_layout Section
168 Aims and Prerequisites
171 \begin_layout Standard
173 this paper describes the features of the
174 \begin_inset Quotes eld
178 \begin_inset Quotes erd
181 module that ships with \SpecialChar LyX
184 \begin_inset Quotes eld
188 \begin_inset Quotes erd
191 are support files (introduced with \SpecialChar LyX
192 1.6.0) that can easily be selected for any document.
193 In order to use the Linguistics module,
196 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
197 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
202 \begin_inset Quotes eld
206 \begin_inset Quotes erd
209 from the list of available modules,
214 button to select it for your document (as already done for this document).
217 \begin_layout Standard
218 You should be able to use the module with any document class (please inform me,
221 in order to use all the features,
222 you need to have the following \SpecialChar LaTeX
226 \begin_layout Enumerate
232 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
240 This is the base package used for numbered examples,
241 glosses and semantic markup.
242 Note that at least version 2.11 of the covington package is required to use all features.
246 \begin_layout Itemize
247 Installed on your system:
258 \begin_layout Enumerate
264 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
276 character style and for glosses.
277 The package provides context sensitive quotation marks,
278 depending on the language in use.
282 \begin_layout Itemize
283 Installed on your system:
294 \begin_layout Enumerate
300 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
310 Discourse Representation Structures
313 Note that at least version 2.3 of the covington package is required if you use DRS with covington features.
317 \begin_layout Itemize
318 Installed on your system:
329 \begin_layout Enumerate
335 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
343 Needed for the OT tableaux floats and list of floats.
344 This package should be part of any \SpecialChar LaTeX
349 \begin_layout Itemize
350 Installed on your system:
361 \begin_layout Enumerate
367 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
375 This package is used to generate structure trees.
379 \begin_layout Itemize
380 Installed on your system:
391 \begin_layout Enumerate
397 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
413 \begin_layout Itemize
414 Installed on your system:
425 \begin_layout Enumerate
431 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
439 Needed by covington (as of version 2.11) for gloss comments.
443 \begin_layout Itemize
444 Installed on your system:
455 \begin_layout Section
459 \begin_layout Standard
460 Numbered examples are inserted via the layout drop-down box in the toolbar.
461 There are three variants:
464 \begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
465 This is a multiline example [Style
467 Numbered Example (multiline)
472 \begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
473 it can have several paragraphs
476 \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
477 This is a single example
478 \begin_inset CommandInset label
480 name "exa:single-example"
486 Numbered Example (consecutive)
491 \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
492 Consecutive single examples get their own numbers
495 \begin_layout Subexample
497 \begin_inset CommandInset label
499 name "subsec:subexample"
510 \begin_layout Subexample
514 \begin_layout Standard
515 References to examples are produced as usual:
516 insert a label to the example and a cross-reference via
518 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
523 just for the sake of demonstrating this,
525 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
527 reference "exa:single-example"
533 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
535 reference "subsec:subexample"
543 \begin_layout Standard
544 All example variants can be customized in many details via optional arguments.
545 These can be inserted via
547 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
552 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
562 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
572 \begin_layout Standard
573 For global adjustments,
574 these options can be passed to the
580 macro (please use \SpecialChar TeX
581 mode for this purpose).
588 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
598 \begin_layout Standard
599 In the case of consecutive examples and subexamples,
600 there are some more extra insets available:
603 \begin_layout Itemize
604 To modify the numbering of an individual example,
607 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
613 \begin_layout Itemize
614 To add judgment markers (such as * or ?) to example sentences,
617 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
623 \begin_layout Itemize
624 To add text that precedes an example sentence (but is not part of the presented data),
627 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
628 Custom Inset\SpecialChar menuseparator
636 \begin_layout Itemize
637 To add text that follows an example sentence (but is not part of the presented data),
640 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
641 Custom Inset\SpecialChar menuseparator
646 Subexample Postamble.
649 \begin_layout Standard
655 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
662 for details on all these features.
665 \begin_layout Section
669 \begin_layout Standard
670 The Linguistics module provides two kinds of glosses,
671 which can be inserted via
673 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
685 provides a gloss that consists of two lines (a gloss pair consisting of the original language representation and and interlinear,
687 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
691 word-to-word translation) plus free translation,
700 provides an additional gloss line (this third line is usually needed to give morphological or phonological information next to the gloss pair).
701 Each translation line might span multiple lines in the output,
703 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
707 the paragraphs are automatically broken if they exceed the text width.
708 The original language representation (first line in the gloss) is input in the Gloss inset directly,
709 the other information in specific sub-insets (
713 or with the 3-line-gloss
715 Interlinear Gloss (Line 1)
719 Interlinear Gloss (Line 2)
729 automatically inserts these sub-insets if you insert a new gloss.
730 They can also be inserted manually by means of
732 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
737 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
741 It does not matter where you insert these sub-insets,
742 they are always printed in the right order.
745 \begin_layout Standard
747 you can also insert comments to the example sentence or each of the gloss lines via
749 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
752 (for the example sentence) or
754 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
757 (for the respective gloss line).
758 These comments will be printed to the right of the respective line,
759 again independently to where you have inserted them in the \SpecialChar LyX
763 \begin_layout Standard
764 Finally you can also insert gloss options via
766 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
770 These options let you customize the line appearance,
771 add example numbers or preceding text.
777 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
788 \begin_layout Plain Layout
789 Note that the gloss support has been completely rewritten for \SpecialChar LyX
791 It now uses the new and enhanced
796 Due to the major changes,
797 old glosses cannot be converted to the new style.
799 the old insets are imported (and saved in the document as a
805 new gloss insets are converted to \SpecialChar TeX
806 code if you export to a previous \SpecialChar LyX
815 \begin_layout Standard
816 Here is a simple example for a
823 \begin_layout Standard
824 \begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (2 Lines)
827 \begin_layout Plain Layout
828 C'est un exemple simple
831 \begin_layout Plain Layout
832 \begin_inset Argument post:2
835 \begin_layout Plain Layout
836 \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
839 \begin_layout Plain Layout
853 \begin_layout Plain Layout
854 \begin_inset Argument post:4
857 \begin_layout Plain Layout
858 This is a simple example
871 \begin_layout Standard
875 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
876 Text Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
879 in order to hold together multi-word expressions (or alternatively just put braces in TeX mode
883 \begin_layout Plain Layout
894 \begin_layout Plain Layout
902 Note that you can enter multiple spaces to align the glosses in the \SpecialChar LyX
904 this will not affect the output.
907 \begin_layout Standard
908 Here is a three-line gloss;
909 the procedure is basically the same:
912 \begin_layout Standard
913 \begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (3 Lines)
916 \begin_layout Plain Layout
917 Hoc est aliud exemplum
920 \begin_layout Plain Layout
921 \begin_inset Argument post:2
924 \begin_layout Plain Layout
925 n.sg.nom 3sg n.sg.nom n.sg.nom
933 \begin_layout Plain Layout
934 \begin_inset Argument post:4
937 \begin_layout Plain Layout
938 This is another example
946 \begin_layout Plain Layout
947 \begin_inset Argument post:6
950 \begin_layout Plain Layout
951 This is another example
957 \begin_inset Argument 1
960 \begin_layout Plain Layout
964 \begin_layout Plain Layout
988 \begin_layout Standard
990 Note how we have used the gloss options here to make the second line be typeset in small caps.
993 \begin_layout Standard
995 If you want to have numbered glosses,
996 either insert the gloss inset to a numbered examples paragraph,
1000 \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
1001 \begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (3 Lines)
1004 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1005 Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller Aale
1008 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1009 \begin_inset Argument post:2
1012 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1013 My skeertuig is vol palings
1021 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1022 \begin_inset Argument post:4
1025 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1027 \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
1030 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1044 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1045 \begin_inset Argument post:6
1048 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1049 Do you have matches?
1062 \begin_layout Standard
1070 \begin_layout Standard
1071 \begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (3 Lines)
1074 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1075 \begin_inset Argument 1
1078 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1087 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1088 Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller Aale
1091 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1092 \begin_inset Argument post:2
1095 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1096 My skeertuig is vol palings
1104 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1105 \begin_inset Argument post:4
1108 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1110 \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
1113 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1127 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1128 \begin_inset Argument post:6
1131 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1132 Do you have matches?
1145 \begin_layout Subsection*
1149 \begin_layout Subsubsection*
1150 Avoiding Page Breaks within Glosses
1153 \begin_layout Standard
1155 page breaks might occur within glosses,
1156 which is not desirable.
1157 You can avoid most of them by entering
1163 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
1164 Settings\SpecialChar ldots
1165 \SpecialChar menuseparator
1166 Document Class\SpecialChar menuseparator
1167 Class Options\SpecialChar menuseparator
1171 If page breaks still occur,
1172 you can wrap the whole gloss into a box (via
1174 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
1175 Box\SpecialChar menuseparator
1181 \begin_layout Subsubsection*
1182 Footnotes in Glosses
1185 \begin_layout Standard
1186 Although you can insert a footnote in a
1191 LaTeX compilation will not succeed.
1192 If you need footnotes,
1199 in TeX mode in the glosse at the point where the footnote number should appear,
1204 footnotetext{Actual footnote ...}
1213 If you need several footnotes,
1214 just insert multiple of these constructs.
1217 \begin_layout Subsubsection*
1218 Using Glosses (and Examples) in a Beamer Presentation
1221 \begin_layout Standard
1222 If you use the linguistics module with
1227 there are some caveats:
1230 \begin_layout Itemize
1231 If you want to use glosses in
1236 you need to put it in a
1237 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1241 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1247 \begin_layout Itemize
1248 Older versions of the
1252 package (before version 1.1) do not play with the
1256 class out of the box,
1265 try to define the commands
1278 In these older versions of
1283 this results in a \SpecialChar LaTeX
1285 You can work around this problem by inserting the following code in
1287 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
1288 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
1296 \begin_inset listings
1297 lstparams "basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily},tabsize=4"
1301 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1303 Provides covington 1
1306 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1311 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1322 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1333 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1344 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1355 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1359 usepackage{covington}
1362 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1372 \begin_layout Standard
1374 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1378 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1382 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1386 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1390 This effectively defuncts
1394 example(s) environment in favor of
1399 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1423 \begin_layout Standard
1430 this problem is solved.
1434 \begin_layout Section
1435 Optimality Theory Tableaux
1438 \begin_layout Standard
1439 OT tableaux itself can of course simply be inserted as ordinary tables (for specific features such as dashed lines and shaded cells,
1447 you might want to have the tableaux numbered throughout the document,
1448 and you might want to have a
1460 \begin_layout Standard
1461 The Linguistics module provides support for both.
1464 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
1468 you will find a Tableaux float:
1471 \begin_layout Standard
1472 \begin_inset Float tableau
1479 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1481 \begin_inset Tabular
1482 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
1483 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
1484 <column alignment="right" valignment="top">
1485 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
1486 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
1487 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" special="|c">
1488 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
1490 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1493 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1499 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1502 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1510 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
1513 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1521 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1524 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1532 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1535 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1545 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1548 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1549 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{☞}$
1553 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
1561 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1564 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1570 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
1573 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1579 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1582 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1588 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1591 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1599 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1602 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1608 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1611 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1617 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
1620 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1626 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1629 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1635 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1638 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1646 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1649 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1650 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
1658 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1661 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1667 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
1670 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1676 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1679 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1685 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1688 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1696 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1699 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1705 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1708 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1714 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
1717 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1723 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1726 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1732 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1735 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1749 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1750 \begin_inset Caption Standard
1752 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1766 \begin_layout Standard
1767 Note that by default,
1768 the caption is always placed below the tableaux in the output,
1769 no matter where you put it in the \SpecialChar LyX
1771 To get the Tableau captions on top,
1772 put the following code in
1774 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
1775 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
1782 \begin_inset listings
1783 lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
1787 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1791 floatstyle{plaintop}
1794 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1798 restylefloat{tableau}
1806 \begin_layout Standard
1807 If you use a KOMA class,
1808 use the following code instead:
1812 \begin_inset listings
1813 lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
1817 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1821 floatstyle{komaabove}
1824 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1828 restylefloat{tableau}
1836 \begin_layout Standard
1837 A List of Tableaux inset can be found in
1839 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
1846 \begin_layout Standard
1847 \begin_inset FloatList tableau
1854 \begin_layout Section
1855 Semantic Markup (Character Styles)
1858 \begin_layout Standard
1859 The Linguistics module comes with some character styles that are common in linguistics:
1862 \begin_layout Enumerate
1863 Concept (in small caps):
1865 \begin_inset Flex Concepts
1868 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1877 \begin_layout Enumerate
1878 Expression (emphasized):
1880 \begin_inset Flex Expression
1883 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1892 \begin_layout Enumerate
1893 Meaning (in single quotes):
1895 \begin_inset Flex Meaning
1898 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1907 \begin_layout Standard
1908 You can insert the character styles via the
1910 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
1914 If you need to change the appearance of these styles later,
1915 you can redefine them in the preamble.
1916 To make expressions bold,
1922 \begin_inset listings
1923 lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
1927 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1943 \begin_layout Standard
1963 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
1973 \begin_layout Section
1974 Linguistic structure trees
1977 \begin_layout Standard
1979 many \SpecialChar LaTeX
1980 are available which help producing structure trees.
1987 which combines high flexibility and power with a comfortable input syntax.
1988 The Linguistics module provides a Structure Tree inset,
1989 which can be inserted via
1991 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
1996 you can insert the bracket notation used by
2000 (and also by other similar packages such as
2007 \begin_layout Standard
2008 Here is a simple example:
2011 \begin_layout Standard
2012 \begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
2015 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2016 [VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[D[a]][NP[letter]]] ] ]
2024 \begin_layout Standard
2026 If you view the PDF output,
2027 you will see that the input
2034 [VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[D[a]][NP[letter]]]]]
2037 \begin_layout Standard
2038 expands to a real structure tree.
2039 To view the result within the \SpecialChar LyX
2041 you can simply embed the Structure Tree inset into a Preview inset (
2043 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2047 If instant preview is correctly installed and activated,
2048 you should see the tree immediately (just click on the image in order to edit):
2051 \begin_layout Standard
2052 \begin_inset Preview
2054 \begin_layout Standard
2055 \begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
2058 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2059 [VP [DP[Mary]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[John]] [DP[D[a]][NP[response]]] ] ]
2072 \begin_layout Standard
2074 Roofs can be easily generated by means of the
2075 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2079 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2086 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2089 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2093 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2096 option only exists as of
2101 We have added some code to the preamble of this manual to support previous versions.
2107 you either need to copy this code to your preamble or use the old option
2108 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2112 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2116 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2120 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2128 (note that the comma has special meaning,
2129 as it marks options):
2132 \begin_layout Standard
2133 \begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
2136 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2137 [VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[another letter,
2146 \begin_layout Standard
2148 In order to align nodes of the tree more elegantly,
2150 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2154 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2158 All nodes which have the same
2159 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2163 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2166 allocated get aligned.
2170 \begin_layout Standard
2171 \begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
2174 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2175 [VP [DP[John,tier=word]] [V' [V[sent,tier=word]] [DP[Mary,tier=word]] [DP[D[a,tier=word]][NP[letter,tier=word]]] ] ]
2183 \begin_layout Standard
2185 The package supports many additional features,
2186 such as movement arrows and decorations,
2187 that cannot documented here (please refer to the detailed package documentation
2188 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
2198 \begin_layout Section
2199 Discourse Representation Structures
2202 \begin_layout Standard
2203 The linguistics module provides some insets to draw
2205 Discourse Representation Structures
2207 (DRSes) in the box notation introduced in
2213 Discourse Representation Theory
2216 These insets can be found in
2218 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2224 \begin_layout Standard
2225 A simple DRS is produced by
2227 Discourse Representation Structure
2230 A DRS consists of the
2235 which have to be inserted into the inset directly,
2236 and the (possibly empty)
2245 which have to be input in the (automatically inserted)
2253 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2254 If it is not inserted,
2255 you can also insert it via
2257 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2265 Line breaks in conditions need to be done via
2268 arg "newline-insert newline"
2272 Here is a simple example:
2275 \begin_layout Standard
2276 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
2280 \begin_inset Flex DRS
2283 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2284 \begin_inset Argument 1
2287 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2296 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2298 \begin_inset Newline newline
2309 \begin_layout Standard
2310 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
2313 DRSes get some extra spacing for better positioning on the page.
2318 variant comes without this extra spacing.
2321 \begin_layout Standard
2322 In addition to this simple DRS,
2323 the following conditional DRSes are provided (mainly for nesting into simple DRSes):
2326 \begin_layout Enumerate
2331 represents a conditional (implicational) sentence constructions of the form
2334 \begin_inset script subscript
2336 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2347 \begin_inset script subscript
2349 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2359 \begin_layout Standard
2360 \begin_inset Flex IfThen-DRS
2363 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2364 \begin_inset Argument 1
2367 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2369 \begin_inset space ~
2380 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2382 \begin_inset Newline newline
2386 \begin_inset Newline newline
2392 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2393 \begin_inset Argument post:1
2396 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2398 \begin_inset space ~
2409 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2410 \begin_inset Argument post:2
2413 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2415 \begin_inset Newline newline
2419 \begin_inset Newline newline
2436 \begin_layout Enumerate
2441 is a more general case where you can specify an arbitrary condition (rather than using the implicational condition).
2442 You can insert any symbol in the condition sub-inset:
2446 \begin_layout Standard
2447 \begin_inset Flex Cond-DRS
2450 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2451 \begin_inset Argument 1
2454 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2456 \begin_inset space ~
2467 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2469 \begin_inset Newline newline
2473 \begin_inset Newline newline
2479 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2480 \begin_inset Argument post:1
2483 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2484 \begin_inset Formula $\wedge\!\,$
2495 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2496 \begin_inset Argument post:2
2499 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2501 \begin_inset space ~
2512 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2513 \begin_inset Argument post:3
2516 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2518 \begin_inset Newline newline
2522 \begin_inset Newline newline
2539 \begin_layout Enumerate
2542 Duplex Condition DRS
2544 can be used to insert duplex conditions:
2548 \begin_layout Standard
2549 \begin_inset Flex QDRS
2552 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2553 \begin_inset Argument 1
2556 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2565 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2567 \begin_inset Formula $\in$
2573 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2574 \begin_inset Argument post:1
2577 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2586 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2587 \begin_inset Argument post:2
2590 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2599 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2600 \begin_inset Argument post:3
2603 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2612 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2613 \begin_inset Argument post:4
2616 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2618 \begin_inset Newline newline
2635 \begin_layout Enumerate
2640 adds a DRS preceded by a negation symbol:
2644 \begin_layout Standard
2645 \begin_inset Flex NegDRS
2648 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2649 \begin_inset Argument 1
2652 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2661 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2663 \begin_inset Newline newline
2675 \begin_layout Standard
2679 DRS with Sentence above
2681 lets you do what it promises:
2682 adding a sentence above the box representation:
2685 \begin_layout Standard
2686 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
2690 \begin_inset Flex SDRS
2693 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2694 \begin_inset Argument 1
2697 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2706 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2707 \begin_inset Argument 2
2710 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2719 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2721 \begin_inset Newline newline
2730 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
2736 \begin_layout Standard
2741 package provides some means to customize the layout and appearance of the DRS boxes.
2742 Please refer to the package manual
2743 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
2753 \begin_layout Section
2754 Phonetic Symbols (IPA)
2757 \begin_layout Standard
2758 You do not need the Linguistics module to insert phonetic symbols,
2759 this is a base functionality of \SpecialChar LyX
2762 since this is frequently used by linguists,
2763 we will describe it (briefly) in this manual nevertheless.
2766 \begin_layout Standard
2767 If you use traditional \SpecialChar LaTeX
2768 or PDF\SpecialChar LaTeX
2770 a prerequisite to use \SpecialChar LyX
2771 's IPA support is the \SpecialChar LaTeX
2777 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
2785 which is automatically loaded by \SpecialChar LyX
2786 if you follow the procedure described below.
2787 If you use Unicode fonts (i.
2788 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
2793 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2796 Use non-\SpecialChar TeX
2798 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2803 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
2804 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
2812 is loaded instead (since
2816 does not work in this context).
2821 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2822 See also https://github.com/wspr/fontspec/issues/280 and the discussion in docutils-devel (https://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=mid&q=1487664738.2405.6.camel%40lyx.org).
2831 package emulates the
2836 but is not perfect at that,
2837 so some things might not look as expected.
2839 you need to take care in this case to use a font that includes the IPA glyphs (such as
2848 You can also specify an extra font only for IPA by adding the following to
2850 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
2851 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
2857 \begin_layout Standard
2858 \begin_inset listings
2859 lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
2863 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2870 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2876 ipafont}{CMU Serif}% or another font
2879 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2890 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2898 and independent from which of the above approaches you use,
2899 if you want to have instant preview,
2905 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
2915 \begin_layout Standard
2916 The recommended way to insert phonetic symbols is via
2918 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2919 Special characters\SpecialChar menuseparator
2923 This gives you an input box (
2924 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2928 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2933 where you can insert the symbols.
2934 Note that this box can be used both for the insertion of small snippets (inline) and multiple paragraphs of phonetic notation.
2935 While the cursor is inside the box,
2937 which provides the basic set of phonetic symbols (sorted by the IPA categories).
2941 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2943 there is one symbol missing:
2944 the labiodental flap (added to the IPA in 2005).
2945 This symbol is not yet supported by the
2949 package and thus cannot be supported by LyX.
2954 Each of the toolbar's panels can be torn off the bar by clicking on the dashed line on its top.
2956 you can insert most symbols quite comfortably:
2960 \begin_layout Standard
2962 \begin_inset IPADeco bottomtiebar
2965 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2980 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2982 if you want to insert diacritics,
2983 the diacritics are inserted
2992 \begin_layout Standard
3006 subring diacritic from the toolbar immediately after the
3011 If you need a diacritic alone,
3012 you can achieve this by inserting a blank and then the diacritic,
3016 \begin_layout Standard
3025 \begin_inset space ~
3028 <space>+<Linguolabial from the IPA toolbar>
3039 is installed and you have switched on instant preview (in
3041 Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
3042 Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
3044 \begin_inset space ~
3048 \begin_inset space ~
3051 Feel\SpecialChar menuseparator
3055 you'll get a nice WYSIWYG preview as soon as the cursor leaves the box.
3056 Alternatively to the toolbar,
3057 you can also insert the symbols directly via the shortcut notation which is described in the
3065 \begin_layout Standard
3094 you can insert symbols via
3096 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3097 Special characters\SpecialChar menuseparator
3098 Symbols\SpecialChar ldots
3101 (which might be useful for symbols that are not yet covered by the toolbar),
3102 or you can simply paste unicode-encoded text (e.
3103 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3107 from other applications) into the box.
3108 The output should be equal,
3109 no matter what input method you chose.
3112 \begin_layout Standard
3113 Note that you can also insert or paste most IPA glyphs outside the specific IPA input box:
3116 they will be automatically transformed into the correct
3123 please note that this method produces inferior output quality,
3124 since it will most likely result in a mix of fonts (the latin characters are taken from the base document font,
3125 the IPA glyphs from the IPA font).
3126 Within the IPA input box,
3128 the IPA font is used for all characters.
3129 So unless you only need to insert single IPA characters,
3130 using the IPA input box is highly recommended.
3133 \begin_layout Section
3137 \begin_layout Standard
3138 For a detailed description of specific possibilities for linguists,
3139 please refer to the Linguist\SpecialChar LyX
3140 page on the \SpecialChar LyX
3142 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
3149 (feel free to enter your own hints there).
3152 \begin_layout Bibliography
3153 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3154 LatexCommand bibitem
3160 The covington package:
3162 \begin_inset Flex URL
3165 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3167 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/covington/
3175 \begin_layout Bibliography
3176 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3177 LatexCommand bibitem
3183 The csquotes package:
3185 \begin_inset Flex URL
3188 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3190 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/csquotes/
3198 \begin_layout Bibliography
3199 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3200 LatexCommand bibitem
3212 \begin_inset Flex URL
3215 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3217 https://ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/drs
3225 \begin_layout Bibliography
3226 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3227 LatexCommand bibitem
3233 The enumitem package:
3235 \begin_inset Flex URL
3238 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3240 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/enumitem/
3248 \begin_layout Bibliography
3249 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3250 LatexCommand bibitem
3258 \begin_inset Flex URL
3261 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3263 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/float/
3271 \begin_layout Bibliography
3272 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3273 LatexCommand bibitem
3281 \begin_inset Flex URL
3284 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3286 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/graphics/pgf/contrib/forest
3294 \begin_layout Bibliography
3295 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3296 LatexCommand bibitem
3303 Stacia Hartleben and Jürgen Spitzmüller:
3304 Using \SpecialChar LyX
3305 for Linguistic Papers.
3307 \begin_inset Flex URL
3310 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3312 https://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LinguistLyX
3320 \begin_layout Bibliography
3321 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3322 LatexCommand bibitem
3330 \begin_inset Flex URL
3333 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3335 https://ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/pict2e
3343 \begin_layout Bibliography
3344 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3345 LatexCommand bibitem
3351 The preview-latex package:
3353 \begin_inset Flex URL
3356 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3358 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/preview/
3366 \begin_layout Bibliography
3367 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3368 LatexCommand bibitem
3374 The tipa package and fonts:
3376 \begin_inset Flex URL
3379 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3381 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/
3389 \begin_layout Bibliography
3390 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3391 LatexCommand bibitem
3397 The varwidth package:
3399 \begin_inset Flex URL
3402 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3404 https://ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/varwidth