1 #LyX 2.4 created this file. For more info see https://www.lyx.org/
5 \save_transient_properties true
6 \origin /systemlyxdir/examples/Modules/
9 %% Uncomment the following for Tableaux captions on top:
10 %\floatstyle{plaintop}
11 %\restylefloat{tableau}
13 % Backwards compatibility for forest 1.x
14 % If you use forest 2.0.1 or later, you can delete this
15 \@ifpackageloaded{forest}{%
16 \@ifpackagelater{forest}{2016/02/20}{}{%
18 roof/.style={edge path={\noexpand\path[\forestoption{edge}]%
19 (.north west)--(!u.south)--(.north east)--cycle
20 \forestoption{edge label};
24 for tree={parent anchor=south, child anchor=north},
26 linguistics preamble/.style={sn edges, baseline, for tree={align=center}}
29 \forestOpreto{\forest@root}{given options}{linguistics preamble,}%
34 \use_default_options false
38 \maintain_unincluded_children no
40 \language_package default
43 \font_roman "lmodern" "FreeSerif"
44 \font_sans "default" "FreeSans"
45 \font_typewriter "default" "FreeMono"
46 \font_math "auto" "auto"
47 \font_default_family default
48 \use_non_tex_fonts false
51 \font_typewriter_osf false
53 \font_sf_scale 100 100
54 \font_tt_scale 100 100
56 \use_dash_ligatures false
58 \default_output_format default
60 \bibtex_command default
61 \index_command default
62 \float_placement class
63 \float_alignment class
64 \paperfontsize default
68 \pdf_bookmarksnumbered false
69 \pdf_bookmarksopen false
70 \pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1
78 \use_package amsmath 1
79 \use_package amssymb 1
82 \use_package mathdots 1
83 \use_package mathtools 1
85 \use_package stackrel 1
86 \use_package stmaryrd 1
87 \use_package undertilde 1
89 \cite_engine_type default
93 \paperorientation portrait
105 \paragraph_separation indent
106 \paragraph_indentation default
108 \math_numbering_side default
109 \quotes_style english
113 \paperpagestyle default
115 \tracking_changes true
116 \postpone_fragile_content false
117 \output_changes false
120 \html_be_strict false
121 \author -712698321 "Jürgen Spitzmüller"
127 Writing linguistic papers with \SpecialChar LyX
133 \begin_inset Newline newline
137 \begin_inset CommandInset href
139 target "spitz@lyx.org"
152 \begin_layout Abstract
153 This paper describes some features that \SpecialChar LyX
154 provides to linguists.
155 It demonstrates how to use some native support in order to produce numbered
157 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649291
160 glosses, OT tableaux, semantic markup, structure trees,
161 \change_inserted -712698321 1561275938
162 Discourse Representation Structures,
164 and phonetic symbols (IPA).
167 \begin_layout Section
169 \change_deleted -712698321 1559649283
171 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649283
177 \begin_layout Standard
178 Basically, this paper describes the features of the
179 \begin_inset Quotes eld
183 \begin_inset Quotes erd
186 module that ships with \SpecialChar LyX
189 \begin_inset Quotes eld
193 \begin_inset Quotes erd
196 are support files (introduced with \SpecialChar LyX
197 1.6.0) that can easily be selected for
199 In order to use the Linguistics module, go to
201 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
202 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
206 \begin_inset Quotes eld
210 \begin_inset Quotes erd
213 from the list of available modules, and hit the
217 button to select it for your document (as already done for this document).
220 \begin_layout Standard
221 You should be able to use the module with any document class (please inform
223 However, in order to use all the features, you need to have the following
228 \begin_layout Enumerate
234 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
241 : This is the base package used for numbered examples
242 \change_inserted -712698321 1561270568
246 \change_deleted -712698321 1561270570
250 \change_inserted -712698321 1561270580
255 \change_inserted -712698321 1561204748
256 Note that at least version 2.3 of the covington package is required to use
263 \begin_layout Itemize
264 Installed on your system:
271 \change_inserted -712698321 1561275950
276 \begin_layout Enumerate
278 \change_deleted -712698321 1559635693
284 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
291 : This package is used for the Subexamples style.
292 It is generally useful to alter the appearance of lists (such as
308 \begin_layout Itemize
310 \change_deleted -712698321 1559635693
311 Installed on your system:
323 \begin_layout Enumerate
329 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
341 \change_inserted -712698321 1559635744
345 The package provides context sensitive quotation marks, depending on the
350 \begin_layout Itemize
351 Installed on your system:
358 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276155
363 \begin_layout Enumerate
365 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276156
371 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
380 Discourse Representation Structures
383 Note that at least version 2.3 of the covington package is required if you
384 use DRS with covington features.
388 \begin_layout Itemize
390 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276156
391 Installed on your system:
403 \begin_layout Enumerate
409 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
416 : Needed for the OT tableaux floats and list of floats.
417 This package should be part of any \SpecialChar LaTeX
422 \begin_layout Itemize
423 Installed on your system:
433 \begin_layout Enumerate
439 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
446 : This package is used to generate structure trees.
450 \begin_layout Itemize
451 Installed on your system:
458 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276162
463 \begin_layout Enumerate
465 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276195
471 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
486 \begin_layout Itemize
488 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276163
489 Installed on your system:
501 \begin_layout Section
503 \change_deleted -712698321 1559649278
505 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649278
511 \begin_layout Standard
512 Numbered examples are inserted via the layout drop-down box in the toolbar.
513 There are three variants:
516 \begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
517 This is a multiline example [Style
519 Numbered Example (multiline)
524 \begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
525 it can have several paragraphs
528 \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
529 This is a single example
530 \begin_inset CommandInset label
532 name "exa:single-example"
538 Numbered Example (consecutive)
543 \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
544 Consecutive single examples get their own numbers
547 \begin_layout Subexample
549 \begin_inset CommandInset label
551 name "subsec:subexample"
562 \begin_layout Subexample
566 \begin_layout Standard
567 References to examples are produced as usual: insert a label to the example
568 and a cross-reference via
570 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
574 We refer here, just for the sake of demonstrating this, to
575 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
577 reference "exa:single-example"
582 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
584 reference "subsec:subexample"
591 \begin_layout Standard
592 If you want to modify the numbering of an individual example, you can use
595 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
597 \change_deleted -712698321 1561204890
604 \change_inserted -712698321 1561205104
605 For global adjustments,
609 provides means for customization.
615 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
627 \begin_layout Standard
629 \change_inserted -712698321 1561205365
634 's subexamples features optional arguments (to insert text between the main
635 number and the first sub-example).
636 These can be inserted via
638 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
642 Please, again, refer to the
647 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
659 \begin_layout Section
661 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649210
667 \begin_layout Standard
668 The Linguistics module provides two kinds of glosses, which can be inserted
671 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
673 \change_deleted -712698321 1559635796
679 \change_deleted -712698321 1559635812
683 \change_inserted -712698321 1559635861
692 provides a gloss that consists of two lines (a gloss pair
693 \change_inserted -712698321 1559635998
694 consisting of the original language representation and and interlinear,
696 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
700 word-to-word translation
703 \change_deleted -712698321 1559636571
705 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636571
709 \change_inserted -712698321 1559635981
713 \change_deleted -712698321 1559635825
717 \change_inserted -712698321 1559635858
727 \change_deleted -712698321 1559648850
728 insets consists of three lines and a translation
729 \change_inserted -712698321 1559648856
730 provides an additional gloss line
733 \change_deleted -712698321 1559648859
735 \change_inserted -712698321 1559648859
738 third line is usually needed to give morphological or phonological information
739 next to the gloss pair).
740 Each translation line might span multiple lines in the output, i.
741 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
744 e., the paragraphs are automatically broken if they exceed the text width.
746 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636240
747 The original language representation (first line in the gloss) is input
748 in the Gloss inset directly, the other information in specific sub-insets
753 or with the 3-line-gloss
755 Interlinear Gloss (Line 1)
759 Interlinear Gloss (Line 2)
767 automatically inserts these sub-insets if you insert a new gloss.
771 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636247
775 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636252
777 \change_deleted -712698321 1559636256
781 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636649
786 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
788 \change_deleted -712698321 1559635897
792 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636277
797 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
803 It does not matter where you insert the
804 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636292
806 \change_deleted -712698321 1559636298
810 \change_deleted -712698321 1559636300
812 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636302
816 \change_deleted -712698321 1559636305
818 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636308
823 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636755
824 Finally, you can also insert gloss options via
826 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
830 These options let you customize the line appearance, add example numbers
837 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
848 \begin_layout Plain Layout
850 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636976
851 Note that the gloss support has been completely rewritten for \SpecialChar LyX
853 It now uses the new and enhanced
858 Due to the major changes, old glosses cannot be converted to the new style.
859 Instead, the old insets are imported (and saved in the document as a
864 Likewise, new gloss insets are converted to \SpecialChar TeX
865 code if you export to a previous
879 \begin_layout Standard
880 Here is a simple example for a
881 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636502
887 \change_deleted -712698321 1559636506
893 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637042
897 \begin_layout Standard
899 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637046
900 \begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (2 Lines)
903 \begin_layout Plain Layout
905 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637057
906 C'est un exemple simple
909 \begin_layout Plain Layout
911 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637046
912 \begin_inset Argument post:1
915 \begin_layout Plain Layout
917 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637065
918 \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
921 \begin_layout Plain Layout
923 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637065
939 \begin_layout Plain Layout
941 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637046
942 \begin_inset Argument post:2
945 \begin_layout Plain Layout
947 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637069
948 This is a simple example
967 \begin_layout Standard
969 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637072
970 \begin_inset Flex Glosse
973 \begin_layout Plain Layout
974 C'est un exemple simple
977 \begin_layout Plain Layout
978 \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
981 \begin_layout Plain Layout
990 \begin_layout Plain Layout
991 \begin_inset Argument 1
994 \begin_layout Plain Layout
995 \begin_inset Quotes els
998 This is a simple example
999 \begin_inset Quotes ers
1017 \begin_layout Standard
1021 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
1022 Text Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
1025 in order to hold together multi-word expressions (or alternatively just
1026 put braces in TeX mode
1030 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1041 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1049 Note that you can enter multiple spaces to align the glosses in the \SpecialChar LyX
1051 area; this will not affect the output.
1054 \begin_layout Standard
1055 Here is a three-line gloss
1056 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637102
1064 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649192
1068 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637107
1072 \begin_layout Standard
1074 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637110
1075 \begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (3 Lines)
1078 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1080 \change_inserted -712698321 1559648912
1081 Hoc est aliud exemplum
1084 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1086 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637110
1087 \begin_inset Argument post:1
1090 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1092 \change_inserted -712698321 1559648946
1093 n.sg.nom 3sg n.sg.nom n.sg.nom
1103 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1105 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637111
1106 \begin_inset Argument post:2
1109 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1111 \change_inserted -712698321 1559648933
1112 This is another example
1122 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1124 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649011
1125 \begin_inset Argument post:3
1128 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1130 \change_inserted -712698321 1559648952
1131 This is another example
1139 \begin_inset Argument 1
1142 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1144 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649033
1148 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1150 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649033
1182 \begin_layout Standard
1184 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637137
1185 \begin_inset Flex Tri-Glosse
1188 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1189 C'est un exemple simple
1192 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1193 \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
1196 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1202 ein Beispiel einfach
1205 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1206 \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
1209 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1218 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1219 \begin_inset Argument 1
1222 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1223 \begin_inset Quotes els
1226 This is a simple example
1227 \begin_inset Quotes ers
1245 \begin_layout Standard
1248 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649169
1249 Note how we have used the gloss options here to make the second line be
1250 typeset in small caps.
1253 \begin_layout Standard
1255 If you want to have numbered glosses,
1256 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649116
1258 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637165
1261 insert the gloss inset to a numbered examples paragraph, as follows:
1264 \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
1266 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637185
1267 \begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (3 Lines)
1270 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1272 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637191
1273 Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller Aale
1276 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1278 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637185
1279 \begin_inset Argument post:1
1282 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1284 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637197
1285 My skeertuig is vol palings
1295 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1297 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637185
1298 \begin_inset Argument post:2
1301 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1303 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637201
1305 \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
1308 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1310 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637201
1326 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1328 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637185
1329 \begin_inset Argument post:3
1332 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1334 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637206
1335 Do you have matches?
1350 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637208
1352 \begin_inset Flex Tri-Glosse
1355 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1356 Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller Aale
1359 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1360 My skeertuig is vol palings
1363 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1365 \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
1368 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1377 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1378 \begin_inset Argument 1
1381 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1382 \begin_inset Quotes els
1385 Do you have matches?
1386 \begin_inset Quotes ers
1400 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637228
1404 \begin_layout Standard
1406 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1414 \begin_layout Standard
1416 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1417 \begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (3 Lines)
1420 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1422 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637251
1423 \begin_inset Argument 1
1426 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1428 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637252
1439 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1441 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1442 Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller Aale
1445 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1447 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1448 \begin_inset Argument post:1
1451 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1453 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1454 My skeertuig is vol palings
1462 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1464 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1465 \begin_inset Argument post:2
1468 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1470 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1472 \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
1475 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1477 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1491 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1493 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1494 \begin_inset Argument post:3
1497 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1499 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1500 Do you have matches?
1515 \begin_layout Subsection*
1519 \begin_layout Subsubsection*
1520 Avoiding Page Breaks within Glosses
1523 \begin_layout Standard
1525 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637546
1527 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637546
1529 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637547
1532 age breaks might occur within glosses, which is not desirable.
1534 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637701
1535 You can avoid most of them by entering
1541 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
1542 Settings\SpecialChar ldots
1543 \SpecialChar menuseparator
1544 Document Class\SpecialChar menuseparator
1545 Class Options\SpecialChar menuseparator
1549 If page breaks still occur, you can
1550 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637705
1554 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637709
1558 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637710
1562 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637714
1566 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637716
1571 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
1572 Box\SpecialChar menuseparator
1577 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637727
1578 If you want to automate this for all glosses, you can copy the following
1581 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
1582 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
1590 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637727
1591 \begin_inset listings
1592 lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
1596 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1598 % Do not break pages at two-line glosses
1601 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1608 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1612 renewenvironment{linggloss}[2][]{%
1615 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1626 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1635 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1648 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1660 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637727
1661 \begin_inset listings
1662 lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
1666 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1668 % Do not break pages at three-line glosses
1671 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1678 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1682 renewenvironment{lingglosss}[2][]{%
1685 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1696 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1705 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1718 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1728 \begin_layout Standard
1730 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637727
1731 You might have to adapt the minipage width (
1737 in the example code) to fit the glosses to your actual page width.
1742 \begin_layout Subsubsection*
1743 Footnotes in Glosses
1746 \begin_layout Standard
1747 Although you can insert a footnote in a
1751 inset, LaTeX compilation will not succeed.
1752 If you need footnotes, put
1758 in TeX mode in the glosse at the point where the footnote number should
1763 footnotetext{Actual footnote ...}
1765 , also in TeX mode, right behind the
1768 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637777
1774 If you need several footnotes, just insert multiple of these constructs.
1777 \begin_layout Subsubsection*
1778 Using Glosses (and Examples) in a Beamer Presentation
1781 \begin_layout Standard
1782 If you use the linguistics module with
1786 presentations, there are some caveats:
1789 \begin_layout Itemize
1790 If you want to use glosses in
1794 , you need to put it in a
1795 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1799 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1806 \begin_layout Itemize
1807 Older versions of the
1811 package (before version 1.1) do not play with the
1815 class out of the box, since both
1823 try to define the commands
1836 In these older versions of
1840 , this results in a \SpecialChar LaTeX
1842 You can work around this problem by inserting the following code in
1844 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
1845 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
1853 \begin_inset listings
1854 lstparams "basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily},tabsize=4"
1858 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1860 Provides covington 1
1863 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1868 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1879 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1890 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1901 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1912 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1916 usepackage{covington}
1919 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1929 \begin_layout Standard
1931 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1935 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1939 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1943 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1947 This effectively defuncts
1951 example(s) environment in favor of
1956 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1978 \begin_layout Standard
1984 , this problem is solved.
1989 \begin_layout Section
1990 Optimality Theory Tableaux
1993 \begin_layout Standard
1994 OT tableaux itself can of course simply be inserted as ordinary tables (for
1995 specific features such as dashed lines and shaded cells, cf.
2001 However, you might want to have the tableaux numbered throughout the document,
2002 and you might want to have a
2014 \begin_layout Standard
2015 The Linguistics module provides support for both.
2018 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2021 , you will find a Tableaux float:
2024 \begin_layout Standard
2025 \begin_inset Float tableau
2032 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2034 \begin_inset Tabular
2035 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
2036 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
2037 <column alignment="right" valignment="top">
2038 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
2039 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
2040 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" special="|c">
2041 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
2043 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2046 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2052 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2055 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2063 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
2066 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2074 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2077 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2085 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2088 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2098 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2101 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2102 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{☞}$
2106 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
2114 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2117 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2123 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
2126 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2132 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2135 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2141 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2144 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2152 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2155 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2161 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2164 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2170 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
2173 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2179 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2182 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2188 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2191 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2199 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2202 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2203 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
2211 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2214 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2220 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
2223 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2229 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2232 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2238 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2241 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2249 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2252 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2258 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2261 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2267 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
2270 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2276 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2279 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2285 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2288 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2302 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2303 \begin_inset Caption Standard
2305 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2319 \begin_layout Standard
2320 Note that by default, the caption is always placed below the tableaux in
2321 the output, no matter where you put it in the \SpecialChar LyX
2323 To get the Tableau captions on top, put the following code in
2325 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
2326 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
2333 \begin_inset listings
2334 lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
2338 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2342 floatstyle{plaintop}
2345 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2349 restylefloat{tableau}
2357 \begin_layout Standard
2358 If you use a KOMA class, use the following code instead:
2362 \begin_inset listings
2363 lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
2367 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2371 floatstyle{komaabove}
2374 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2378 restylefloat{tableau}
2386 \begin_layout Standard
2387 A List of Tableaux inset can be found in
2389 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2396 \begin_layout Standard
2397 \begin_inset FloatList tableau
2404 \begin_layout Section
2405 Semantic Markup (Character Styles)
2408 \begin_layout Standard
2409 The Linguistics module comes with some character styles that are common
2413 \begin_layout Enumerate
2414 Concept (in small caps):
2415 \begin_inset Flex Concepts
2418 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2427 \begin_layout Enumerate
2428 Expression (emphasized):
2429 \begin_inset Flex Expression
2432 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2441 \begin_layout Enumerate
2442 Meaning (in single quotes):
2443 \begin_inset Flex Meaning
2446 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2455 \begin_layout Standard
2456 You can insert the character styles via the
2458 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
2462 If you need to change the appearance of these styles later, you can redefine
2463 them in the preamble.
2464 To make expressions bold, for instance, insert:
2468 \begin_inset listings
2469 lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
2473 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2480 \change_deleted -712698321 1561270831
2484 \change_deleted -712698321 1561270833
2497 \begin_layout Standard
2498 Similarly, concept (
2503 \change_deleted -712698321 1561270840
2507 \change_deleted -712698321 1561270844
2517 \change_deleted -712698321 1561270846
2521 \change_deleted -712698321 1561270848
2528 \change_inserted -712698321 1561270898
2534 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
2546 \begin_layout Section
2547 Linguistic structure trees
2550 \begin_layout Standard
2551 Meanwhile, many \SpecialChar LaTeX
2552 are available which help producing structure trees.
2558 package, which combines high flexibility and power with a comfortable input
2560 The Linguistics module provides a Structure Tree inset, which can be inserted
2563 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2567 Within this inset, you can insert the bracket notation used by
2571 (and also by other similar packages such as
2578 \begin_layout Standard
2579 Here is a simple example:
2582 \begin_layout Standard
2583 \begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
2586 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2587 [VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[D[a]][NP[letter]]] ] ]
2595 \begin_layout Standard
2597 If you view the PDF output, you will see that the input
2604 [VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[D[a]][NP[letter]]]]]
2607 \begin_layout Standard
2608 expands to a real structure tree.
2609 To view the result within the \SpecialChar LyX
2610 work area, you can simply embed the Structure
2611 Tree inset into a Preview inset (
2613 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2617 If instant preview is correctly installed and activated, you should see
2618 the tree immediately (just click on the image in order to edit):
2621 \begin_layout Standard
2622 \begin_inset Preview
2624 \begin_layout Standard
2625 \begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
2628 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2629 [VP [DP[Mary]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[John]] [DP[D[a]][NP[response]]] ] ]
2642 \begin_layout Standard
2644 Roofs can be easily generated by means of the
2645 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2649 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2656 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2659 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2663 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2666 option only exists as of
2671 We have added some code to the preamble of this manual to support previous
2677 version < 2.0, you either need to copy this code to your preamble or use
2679 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2683 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2687 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2691 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2699 (note that the comma has special meaning, as it marks options):
2702 \begin_layout Standard
2703 \begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
2706 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2707 [VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[another letter, roof]] ] ]
2715 \begin_layout Standard
2717 In order to align nodes of the tree more elegantly, use the
2718 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2722 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2726 All nodes which have the same
2727 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2731 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2734 allocated get aligned.
2738 \begin_layout Standard
2739 \begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
2742 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2743 [VP [DP[John,tier=word]] [V' [V[sent,tier=word]] [DP[Mary,tier=word]] [DP[D[a,ti
2744 er=word]][NP[letter,tier=word]]] ] ]
2752 \begin_layout Standard
2754 The package supports many additional features, such as movement arrows and
2755 decorations, that cannot documented here (please refer to the detailed
2756 package documentation
2757 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
2767 \begin_layout Section
2769 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276366
2770 Discourse Representation Structures
2773 \begin_layout Standard
2775 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276535
2776 The linguistics module provides some insets to draw
2778 Discourse Representation Structures
2780 (DRSes) in the box notation introduced in
2786 Discourse Representation Theory
2789 These insets can be found in
2791 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2797 \begin_layout Standard
2799 \change_inserted -712698321 1561300882
2800 A simple DRS is produced by
2802 Discourse Representation Structure
2805 A DRS consists of the
2809 , which have to be inserted into the inset directly, and the (possibly empty)
2818 in DRTese), which have to be input in the (automatically inserted)
2826 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2828 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276845
2829 If it is not inserted, you can also insert it via
2831 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2841 Line breaks in conditions need to be done via
2844 arg "newline-insert newline"
2848 Here is a simple example:
2851 \begin_layout Standard
2853 \change_inserted -712698321 1561277426
2854 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
2858 \begin_inset Flex DRS
2861 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2863 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276618
2864 \begin_inset Argument 1
2867 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2869 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276576
2880 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2882 \change_inserted -712698321 1561277217
2884 \begin_inset Newline newline
2897 \begin_layout Standard
2899 \change_inserted -712698321 1561278779
2900 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
2903 DRSes get some extra spacing for better positioning on the page.
2908 variant comes without this extra spacing.
2911 \begin_layout Standard
2913 \change_inserted -712698321 1561282534
2914 In addition to this simple DRS, the following conditional DRSes are provided
2915 (mainly for nesting into simple DRSes):
2918 \begin_layout Enumerate
2920 \change_inserted -712698321 1561282617
2925 represents a conditional (implicational) sentence constructions of the
2929 \begin_inset script subscript
2931 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2933 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279387
2946 \begin_inset script subscript
2948 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2950 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279395
2962 \begin_layout Standard
2964 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279897
2965 \begin_inset Flex IfThen-DRS
2968 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2970 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279544
2971 \begin_inset Argument 1
2974 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2976 \change_inserted -712698321 1561280450
2978 \begin_inset space ~
2991 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2993 \change_inserted -712698321 1561280496
2995 \begin_inset Newline newline
2999 \begin_inset Newline newline
3005 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3007 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279603
3008 \begin_inset Argument post:1
3011 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3013 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279599
3015 \begin_inset space ~
3028 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3030 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279579
3031 \begin_inset Argument post:2
3034 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3036 \change_inserted -712698321 1561280579
3038 \begin_inset Newline newline
3042 \begin_inset Newline newline
3063 \begin_layout Enumerate
3065 \change_inserted -712698321 1561282668
3070 is a more general case where you can specify an arbitrary condition (rather
3071 than using the implicational condition).
3072 You can insert any symbol in the condition sub-inset:
3076 \begin_layout Standard
3078 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281161
3079 \begin_inset Flex Cond-DRS
3082 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3084 \change_inserted -712698321 1561280361
3085 \begin_inset Argument 1
3088 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3090 \change_inserted -712698321 1561280351
3092 \begin_inset space ~
3105 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3107 \change_inserted -712698321 1561280787
3109 \begin_inset Newline newline
3113 \begin_inset Newline newline
3121 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3123 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279982
3124 \begin_inset Argument post:1
3127 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3129 \change_inserted -712698321 1561280653
3130 \begin_inset Formula $\wedge\!\,$
3143 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3145 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279982
3146 \begin_inset Argument post:2
3149 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3151 \change_inserted -712698321 1561280702
3153 \begin_inset space ~
3166 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3168 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279982
3169 \begin_inset Argument post:3
3172 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3174 \change_inserted -712698321 1561280703
3176 \begin_inset Newline newline
3180 \begin_inset Newline newline
3201 \begin_layout Enumerate
3203 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281199
3206 Duplex Condition DRS
3208 can be used to insert duplex conditions:
3212 \begin_layout Standard
3214 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281613
3215 \begin_inset Flex QDRS
3218 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3220 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281297
3221 \begin_inset Argument 1
3224 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3226 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281237
3237 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3239 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281305
3241 \begin_inset Formula $\in$
3247 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3249 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281209
3250 \begin_inset Argument post:1
3253 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3255 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281317
3266 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3268 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281209
3269 \begin_inset Argument post:2
3272 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3274 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281320
3285 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3287 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281209
3288 \begin_inset Argument post:3
3291 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3293 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281327
3304 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3306 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281209
3307 \begin_inset Argument post:4
3310 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3312 \change_inserted -712698321 1561282714
3314 \begin_inset Newline newline
3335 \begin_layout Enumerate
3337 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281636
3342 adds a DRS preceded by a negation symbol:
3346 \begin_layout Standard
3348 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281719
3349 \begin_inset Flex NegDRS
3352 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3354 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281667
3355 \begin_inset Argument 1
3358 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3360 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281667
3369 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3371 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281697
3373 \begin_inset Newline newline
3387 \begin_layout Standard
3389 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281800
3392 DRS with Sentence above
3394 lets you do what it promises: adding a sentence above the box representation:
3397 \begin_layout Standard
3399 \change_inserted -712698321 1561282183
3400 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
3404 \begin_inset Flex SDRS
3407 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3409 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281911
3410 \begin_inset Argument 1
3413 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3415 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281859
3426 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3428 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281886
3429 \begin_inset Argument 2
3432 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3434 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281888
3445 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3447 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281854
3449 \begin_inset Newline newline
3460 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
3466 \begin_layout Standard
3468 \change_inserted -712698321 1561282246
3473 package provides some means to customize the layout and appearance of the
3475 Please refer to the package manual
3476 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
3488 \begin_layout Section
3489 Phonetic Symbols (IPA)
3492 \begin_layout Standard
3493 You do not need the Linguistics module to insert phonetic symbols, this
3494 is a base functionality of \SpecialChar LyX
3496 However, since this is frequently used by linguists, we will describe it
3497 (briefly) in this manual nevertheless.
3500 \begin_layout Standard
3501 If you use traditional \SpecialChar LaTeX
3502 or PDF\SpecialChar LaTeX
3503 , a prerequisite to use \SpecialChar LyX
3505 the \SpecialChar LaTeX
3511 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
3518 , which is automatically loaded by \SpecialChar LyX
3519 if you follow the procedure described
3521 If you use Unicode fonts (i.
3522 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3525 e., if you have clicked
3526 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3529 Use non-\SpecialChar TeX
3531 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3536 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
3537 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
3544 is loaded instead (since
3548 does not work in this context).
3553 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3554 See also https://github.com/wspr/fontspec/issues/280 and the discussion in
3555 docutils-devel (https://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=mid&q=1487664738.2405.6.camel%
3565 package emulates the
3569 output, but is not perfect at that, so some things might not look as expected.
3570 Furthermore, you need to take care in this case to use a font that includes
3571 the IPA glyphs (such as
3580 You can also specify an extra font only for IPA by adding the following
3583 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
3584 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
3590 \begin_layout Standard
3591 \begin_inset listings
3592 lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
3596 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3603 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3609 ipafont}{CMU Serif}% or another font
3612 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3623 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3630 Additionally, and independent from which of the above approaches you use,
3631 if you want to have instant preview, you should have the
3636 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
3646 \begin_layout Standard
3647 The recommended way to insert phonetic symbols is via
3649 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3650 Special characters\SpecialChar menuseparator
3654 This gives you an input box (
3655 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3659 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3663 speak), where you can insert the symbols.
3664 Note that this box can be used both for the insertion of small snippets
3665 (inline) and multiple paragraphs of phonetic notation.
3666 While the cursor is inside the box, a toolbar opens, which provides the
3667 basic set of phonetic symbols (sorted by the IPA categories).
3671 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3672 Currently, there is one symbol missing: the labiodental flap (added to the
3674 This symbol is not yet supported by the
3678 package and thus cannot be supported by LyX.
3683 Each of the toolbar's panels can be torn off the bar by clicking on the
3684 dashed line on its top.
3685 This way, you can insert most symbols quite comfortably:
3688 \begin_layout Standard
3690 \begin_inset IPADeco bottomtiebar
3693 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3708 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3709 Note that, if you want to insert diacritics, the diacritics are inserted
3718 \begin_layout Standard
3732 subring diacritic from the toolbar immediately after the
3737 If you need a diacritic alone, you can achieve this by inserting a blank
3738 and then the diacritic, as in
3741 \begin_layout Standard
3750 \begin_inset space ~
3753 <space>+<Linguolabial from the IPA toolbar>
3764 is installed and you have switched on instant preview (in
3766 Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
3767 Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
3769 \begin_inset space ~
3773 \begin_inset space ~
3776 Feel\SpecialChar menuseparator
3779 ), you'll get a nice WYSIWYG preview as soon as the cursor leaves the box.
3780 Alternatively to the toolbar, you can also insert the symbols directly
3781 via the shortcut notation which is described in the
3788 \begin_layout Standard
3815 Furthermore, you can insert symbols via
3817 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3818 Special characters\SpecialChar menuseparator
3819 Symbols\SpecialChar ldots
3822 (which might be useful for symbols that are not yet covered by the toolbar),
3823 or you can simply paste unicode-encoded text (e.
3824 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3827 g., from other applications) into the box.
3828 The output should be equal, no matter what input method you chose.
3831 \begin_layout Standard
3832 Note that you can also insert or paste most IPA glyphs outside the specific
3833 IPA input box: [əz ʃəʊn hɪə].
3834 In the output, they will be automatically transformed into the correct
3839 macro (if not, please inform us).
3840 However, please note that this method produces inferior output quality,
3841 since it will most likely result in a mix of fonts (the latin characters
3842 are taken from the base document font, the IPA glyphs from the IPA font).
3843 Within the IPA input box, on the other hand, the IPA font is used for all
3845 So unless you only need to insert single IPA characters, using the IPA
3846 input box is highly recommended.
3849 \begin_layout Section
3853 \begin_layout Standard
3854 For a detailed description of specific possibilities for linguists, please
3855 refer to the Linguist\SpecialChar LyX
3856 page on the \SpecialChar LyX
3858 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
3865 (feel free to enter your own hints there).
3868 \begin_layout Bibliography
3869 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3870 LatexCommand bibitem
3876 The covington package:
3877 \begin_inset Flex URL
3880 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3882 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/covington/
3890 \begin_layout Bibliography
3891 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3892 LatexCommand bibitem
3898 The csquotes package:
3899 \begin_inset Flex URL
3902 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3904 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/csquotes/
3910 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276082
3914 \begin_layout Bibliography
3916 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276305
3917 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3918 LatexCommand bibitem
3929 \begin_inset Flex URL
3932 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3934 \change_inserted -712698321 1561282286
3936 https://ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/drs
3946 \begin_layout Bibliography
3947 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3948 LatexCommand bibitem
3954 The enumitem package:
3955 \begin_inset Flex URL
3958 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3960 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/enumitem/
3968 \begin_layout Bibliography
3969 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3970 LatexCommand bibitem
3977 \begin_inset Flex URL
3980 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3982 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/float/
3990 \begin_layout Bibliography
3991 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3992 LatexCommand bibitem
3999 \begin_inset Flex URL
4002 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4004 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/graphics/pgf/contrib/forest
4012 \begin_layout Bibliography
4013 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
4014 LatexCommand bibitem
4020 Maria Gouskova, Stacia Hartleben and Jürgen Spitzmüller: Using \SpecialChar LyX
4024 \begin_inset Flex URL
4027 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4029 https://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LinguistLyX
4035 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276282
4039 \begin_layout Bibliography
4041 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276302
4042 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
4043 LatexCommand bibitem
4050 \begin_inset Flex URL
4053 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4055 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276288
4057 https://ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/pict2e
4069 \begin_layout Bibliography
4070 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
4071 LatexCommand bibitem
4077 The preview-latex package:
4078 \begin_inset Flex URL
4081 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4083 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/preview/
4091 \begin_layout Bibliography
4092 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
4093 LatexCommand bibitem
4099 The tipa package and fonts:
4100 \begin_inset Flex URL
4103 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4105 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/