1 #LyX 2.4 created this file. For more info see https://www.lyx.org/
5 \save_transient_properties true
6 \origin /systemlyxdir/examples/Modules/
9 %% Uncomment the following for Tableaux captions on top:
10 %\floatstyle{plaintop}
11 %\restylefloat{tableau}
13 % Backwards compatibility for forest 1.x
14 % If you use forest 2.0.1 or later, you can delete this
15 \@ifpackageloaded{forest}{%
16 \@ifpackagelater{forest}{2016/02/20}{}{%
18 roof/.style={edge path={\noexpand\path[\forestoption{edge}]%
19 (.north west)--(!u.south)--(.north east)--cycle
20 \forestoption{edge label};
24 for tree={parent anchor=south, child anchor=north},
26 linguistics preamble/.style={sn edges, baseline, for tree={align=center}}
29 \forestOpreto{\forest@root}{given options}{linguistics preamble,}%
34 \use_default_options false
38 \maintain_unincluded_children false
40 \language_package default
43 \font_roman "lmodern" "FreeSerif"
44 \font_sans "default" "FreeSans"
45 \font_typewriter "default" "FreeMono"
46 \font_math "auto" "auto"
47 \font_default_family default
48 \use_non_tex_fonts false
51 \font_sf_scale 100 100
52 \font_tt_scale 100 100
54 \use_dash_ligatures false
56 \default_output_format default
58 \bibtex_command default
59 \index_command default
60 \float_placement class
61 \float_alignment class
62 \paperfontsize default
66 \pdf_bookmarksnumbered false
67 \pdf_bookmarksopen false
68 \pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1
76 \use_package amsmath 1
77 \use_package amssymb 1
80 \use_package mathdots 1
81 \use_package mathtools 1
83 \use_package stackrel 1
84 \use_package stmaryrd 1
85 \use_package undertilde 1
87 \cite_engine_type default
91 \paperorientation portrait
103 \paragraph_separation indent
104 \paragraph_indentation default
106 \math_numbering_side default
107 \quotes_style english
111 \paperpagestyle default
113 \tracking_changes true
114 \output_changes false
117 \html_be_strict false
118 \author -712698321 "Jürgen Spitzmüller"
124 Writing linguistic papers with \SpecialChar LyX
130 \begin_inset Newline newline
134 \begin_inset CommandInset href
136 target "spitz@lyx.org"
149 \begin_layout Abstract
150 This paper describes some features that \SpecialChar LyX
151 provides to linguists.
152 It demonstrates how to use some native support in order to produce numbered
154 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649291
157 glosses, OT tableaux, semantic markup, structure trees,
158 \change_inserted -712698321 1561275938
159 Discourse Representation Structures,
161 and phonetic symbols (IPA).
164 \begin_layout Section
166 \change_deleted -712698321 1559649283
168 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649283
174 \begin_layout Standard
175 Basically, this paper describes the features of the
176 \begin_inset Quotes eld
180 \begin_inset Quotes erd
183 module that ships with \SpecialChar LyX
186 \begin_inset Quotes eld
190 \begin_inset Quotes erd
193 are support files (introduced with \SpecialChar LyX
194 1.6.0) that can easily be selected for
196 In order to use the Linguistics module, go to
198 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
199 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
203 \begin_inset Quotes eld
207 \begin_inset Quotes erd
210 from the list of available modules, and hit the
214 button to select it for your document (as already done for this document).
217 \begin_layout Standard
218 You should be able to use the module with any document class (please inform
220 However, in order to use all the features, you need to have the following
225 \begin_layout Enumerate
231 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
238 : This is the base package used for numbered examples
239 \change_inserted -712698321 1561270568
243 \change_deleted -712698321 1561270570
247 \change_inserted -712698321 1561270580
252 \change_inserted -712698321 1561204748
253 Note that at least version 2.3 of the covington package is required to use
260 \begin_layout Itemize
261 Installed on your system:
268 \change_inserted -712698321 1561275950
273 \begin_layout Enumerate
275 \change_deleted -712698321 1559635693
281 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
288 : This package is used for the Subexamples style.
289 It is generally useful to alter the appearance of lists (such as
305 \begin_layout Itemize
307 \change_deleted -712698321 1559635693
308 Installed on your system:
320 \begin_layout Enumerate
326 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
338 \change_inserted -712698321 1559635744
342 The package provides context sensitive quotation marks, depending on the
347 \begin_layout Itemize
348 Installed on your system:
355 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276155
360 \begin_layout Enumerate
362 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276156
368 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
377 Discourse Representation Structures
380 Note that at least version 2.3 of the covington package is required if you
381 use DRS with covington features.
385 \begin_layout Itemize
387 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276156
388 Installed on your system:
400 \begin_layout Enumerate
406 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
413 : Needed for the OT tableaux floats and list of floats.
414 This package should be part of any \SpecialChar LaTeX
419 \begin_layout Itemize
420 Installed on your system:
430 \begin_layout Enumerate
436 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
443 : This package is used to generate structure trees.
447 \begin_layout Itemize
448 Installed on your system:
455 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276162
460 \begin_layout Enumerate
462 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276195
468 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
483 \begin_layout Itemize
485 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276163
486 Installed on your system:
498 \begin_layout Section
500 \change_deleted -712698321 1559649278
502 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649278
508 \begin_layout Standard
509 Numbered examples are inserted via the layout drop-down box in the toolbar.
510 There are three variants:
513 \begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
514 This is a multiline example [Style
516 Numbered Example (multiline)
521 \begin_layout Numbered Example (multiline)
522 it can have several paragraphs
525 \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
526 This is a single example
527 \begin_inset CommandInset label
529 name "exa:single-example"
535 Numbered Example (consecutive)
540 \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
541 Consecutive single examples get their own numbers
544 \begin_layout Subexample
546 \begin_inset CommandInset label
548 name "subsec:subexample"
559 \begin_layout Subexample
563 \begin_layout Standard
564 References to examples are produced as usual: insert a label to the example
565 and a cross-reference via
567 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
571 We refer here, just for the sake of demonstrating this, to
572 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
574 reference "exa:single-example"
579 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
581 reference "subsec:subexample"
588 \begin_layout Standard
589 If you want to modify the numbering of an individual example, you can use
592 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
594 \change_deleted -712698321 1561204890
601 \change_inserted -712698321 1561205104
602 For global adjustments,
606 provides means for customization.
612 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
624 \begin_layout Standard
626 \change_inserted -712698321 1561205365
631 's subexamples features optional arguments (to insert text between the main
632 number and the first sub-example).
633 These can be inserted via
635 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
639 Please, again, refer to the
644 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
656 \begin_layout Section
658 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649210
664 \begin_layout Standard
665 The Linguistics module provides two kinds of glosses, which can be inserted
668 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
670 \change_deleted -712698321 1559635796
676 \change_deleted -712698321 1559635812
680 \change_inserted -712698321 1559635861
689 provides a gloss that consists of two lines (a gloss pair
690 \change_inserted -712698321 1559635998
691 consisting of the original language representation and and interlinear,
693 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
697 word-to-word translation
700 \change_deleted -712698321 1559636571
702 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636571
706 \change_inserted -712698321 1559635981
710 \change_deleted -712698321 1559635825
714 \change_inserted -712698321 1559635858
724 \change_deleted -712698321 1559648850
725 insets consists of three lines and a translation
726 \change_inserted -712698321 1559648856
727 provides an additional gloss line
730 \change_deleted -712698321 1559648859
732 \change_inserted -712698321 1559648859
735 third line is usually needed to give morphological or phonological information
736 next to the gloss pair).
737 Each translation line might span multiple lines in the output, i.
738 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
741 e., the paragraphs are automatically broken if they exceed the text width.
743 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636240
744 The original language representation (first line in the gloss) is input
745 in the Gloss inset directly, the other information in specific sub-insets
750 or with the 3-line-gloss
752 Interlinear Gloss (Line 1)
756 Interlinear Gloss (Line 2)
764 automatically inserts these sub-insets if you insert a new gloss.
768 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636247
772 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636252
774 \change_deleted -712698321 1559636256
778 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636649
783 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
785 \change_deleted -712698321 1559635897
789 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636277
794 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
800 It does not matter where you insert the
801 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636292
803 \change_deleted -712698321 1559636298
807 \change_deleted -712698321 1559636300
809 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636302
813 \change_deleted -712698321 1559636305
815 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636308
820 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636755
821 Finally, you can also insert gloss options via
823 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
827 These options let you customize the line appearance, add example numbers
834 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
845 \begin_layout Plain Layout
847 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636976
848 Note that the gloss support has been completely rewritten for \SpecialChar LyX
850 It now uses the new and enhanced
855 Due to the major changes, old glosses cannot be converted to the new style.
856 Instead, the old insets are imported (and saved in the document as a
861 Likewise, new gloss insets are converted to \SpecialChar TeX
862 code if you export to a previous
876 \begin_layout Standard
877 Here is a simple example for a
878 \change_inserted -712698321 1559636502
884 \change_deleted -712698321 1559636506
890 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637042
894 \begin_layout Standard
896 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637046
897 \begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (2 Lines)
900 \begin_layout Plain Layout
902 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637057
903 C'est un exemple simple
906 \begin_layout Plain Layout
908 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637046
909 \begin_inset Argument post:1
912 \begin_layout Plain Layout
914 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637065
915 \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
918 \begin_layout Plain Layout
920 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637065
936 \begin_layout Plain Layout
938 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637046
939 \begin_inset Argument post:2
942 \begin_layout Plain Layout
944 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637069
945 This is a simple example
964 \begin_layout Standard
966 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637072
967 \begin_inset Flex Glosse
970 \begin_layout Plain Layout
971 C'est un exemple simple
974 \begin_layout Plain Layout
975 \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
978 \begin_layout Plain Layout
987 \begin_layout Plain Layout
988 \begin_inset Argument 1
991 \begin_layout Plain Layout
992 \begin_inset Quotes els
995 This is a simple example
996 \begin_inset Quotes ers
1014 \begin_layout Standard
1018 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
1019 Text Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
1022 in order to hold together multi-word expressions (or alternatively just
1023 put braces in TeX mode
1027 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1038 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1046 Note that you can enter multiple spaces to align the glosses in the \SpecialChar LyX
1048 area; this will not affect the output.
1051 \begin_layout Standard
1052 Here is a three-line gloss
1053 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637102
1061 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649192
1065 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637107
1069 \begin_layout Standard
1071 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637110
1072 \begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (3 Lines)
1075 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1077 \change_inserted -712698321 1559648912
1078 Hoc est aliud exemplum
1081 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1083 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637110
1084 \begin_inset Argument post:1
1087 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1089 \change_inserted -712698321 1559648946
1090 n.sg.nom 3sg n.sg.nom n.sg.nom
1100 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1102 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637111
1103 \begin_inset Argument post:2
1106 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1108 \change_inserted -712698321 1559648933
1109 This is another example
1119 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1121 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649011
1122 \begin_inset Argument post:3
1125 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1127 \change_inserted -712698321 1559648952
1128 This is another example
1136 \begin_inset Argument 1
1139 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1141 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649033
1145 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1147 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649033
1179 \begin_layout Standard
1181 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637137
1182 \begin_inset Flex Tri-Glosse
1185 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1186 C'est un exemple simple
1189 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1190 \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
1193 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1199 ein Beispiel einfach
1202 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1203 \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
1206 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1215 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1216 \begin_inset Argument 1
1219 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1220 \begin_inset Quotes els
1223 This is a simple example
1224 \begin_inset Quotes ers
1242 \begin_layout Standard
1245 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649169
1246 Note how we have used the gloss options here to make the second line be
1247 typeset in small caps.
1250 \begin_layout Standard
1252 If you want to have numbered glosses,
1253 \change_inserted -712698321 1559649116
1255 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637165
1258 insert the gloss inset to a numbered examples paragraph, as follows:
1261 \begin_layout Numbered Examples (consecutive)
1263 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637185
1264 \begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (3 Lines)
1267 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1269 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637191
1270 Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller Aale
1273 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1275 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637185
1276 \begin_inset Argument post:1
1279 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1281 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637197
1282 My skeertuig is vol palings
1292 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1294 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637185
1295 \begin_inset Argument post:2
1298 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1300 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637201
1302 \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
1305 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1307 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637201
1323 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1325 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637185
1326 \begin_inset Argument post:3
1329 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1331 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637206
1332 Do you have matches?
1347 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637208
1349 \begin_inset Flex Tri-Glosse
1352 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1353 Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller Aale
1356 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1357 My skeertuig is vol palings
1360 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1362 \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
1365 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1374 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1375 \begin_inset Argument 1
1378 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1379 \begin_inset Quotes els
1382 Do you have matches?
1383 \begin_inset Quotes ers
1397 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637228
1401 \begin_layout Standard
1403 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1411 \begin_layout Standard
1413 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1414 \begin_inset Flex Interlinear Gloss (3 Lines)
1417 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1419 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637251
1420 \begin_inset Argument 1
1423 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1425 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637252
1436 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1438 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1439 Mein Luftkissenfahrzeug ist voller Aale
1442 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1444 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1445 \begin_inset Argument post:1
1448 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1450 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1451 My skeertuig is vol palings
1459 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1461 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1462 \begin_inset Argument post:2
1465 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1467 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1469 \begin_inset Flex GroupGlossedWords
1472 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1474 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1488 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1490 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1491 \begin_inset Argument post:3
1494 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1496 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637243
1497 Do you have matches?
1512 \begin_layout Subsection*
1516 \begin_layout Subsubsection*
1517 Avoiding Page Breaks within Glosses
1520 \begin_layout Standard
1522 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637546
1524 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637546
1526 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637547
1529 age breaks might occur within glosses, which is not desirable.
1531 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637701
1532 You can avoid most of them by entering
1538 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
1539 Settings\SpecialChar ldots
1540 \SpecialChar menuseparator
1541 Document Class\SpecialChar menuseparator
1542 Class Options\SpecialChar menuseparator
1546 If page breaks still occur, you can
1547 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637705
1551 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637709
1555 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637710
1559 \change_inserted -712698321 1559637714
1563 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637716
1568 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
1569 Box\SpecialChar menuseparator
1574 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637727
1575 If you want to automate this for all glosses, you can copy the following
1578 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
1579 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
1587 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637727
1588 \begin_inset listings
1589 lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
1593 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1595 % Do not break pages at two-line glosses
1598 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1605 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1609 renewenvironment{linggloss}[2][]{%
1612 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1623 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1632 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1645 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1657 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637727
1658 \begin_inset listings
1659 lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
1663 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1665 % Do not break pages at three-line glosses
1668 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1675 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1679 renewenvironment{lingglosss}[2][]{%
1682 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1693 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1702 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1715 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1725 \begin_layout Standard
1727 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637727
1728 You might have to adapt the minipage width (
1734 in the example code) to fit the glosses to your actual page width.
1739 \begin_layout Subsubsection*
1740 Footnotes in Glosses
1743 \begin_layout Standard
1744 Although you can insert a footnote in a
1748 inset, LaTeX compilation will not succeed.
1749 If you need footnotes, put
1755 in TeX mode in the glosse at the point where the footnote number should
1760 footnotetext{Actual footnote ...}
1762 , also in TeX mode, right behind the
1765 \change_deleted -712698321 1559637777
1771 If you need several footnotes, just insert multiple of these constructs.
1774 \begin_layout Subsubsection*
1775 Using Glosses (and Examples) in a Beamer Presentation
1778 \begin_layout Standard
1779 If you use the linguistics module with
1783 presentations, there are some caveats:
1786 \begin_layout Itemize
1787 If you want to use glosses in
1791 , you need to put it in a
1792 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1796 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1803 \begin_layout Itemize
1804 Older versions of the
1808 package (before version 1.1) do not play with the
1812 class out of the box, since both
1820 try to define the commands
1833 In these older versions of
1837 , this results in a \SpecialChar LaTeX
1839 You can work around this problem by inserting the following code in
1841 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
1842 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
1850 \begin_inset listings
1851 lstparams "basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily},tabsize=4"
1855 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1857 Provides covington 1
1860 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1865 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1876 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1887 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1898 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1909 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1913 usepackage{covington}
1916 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1926 \begin_layout Standard
1928 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1932 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1936 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1940 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1944 This effectively defuncts
1948 example(s) environment in favor of
1953 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1975 \begin_layout Standard
1981 , this problem is solved.
1986 \begin_layout Section
1987 Optimality Theory Tableaux
1990 \begin_layout Standard
1991 OT tableaux itself can of course simply be inserted as ordinary tables (for
1992 specific features such as dashed lines and shaded cells, cf.
1998 However, you might want to have the tableaux numbered throughout the document,
1999 and you might want to have a
2011 \begin_layout Standard
2012 The Linguistics module provides support for both.
2015 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2018 , you will find a Tableaux float:
2021 \begin_layout Standard
2022 \begin_inset Float tableau
2029 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2031 \begin_inset Tabular
2032 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
2033 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
2034 <column alignment="right" valignment="top">
2035 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
2036 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
2037 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" special="|c">
2038 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
2040 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2043 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2049 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2052 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2060 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
2063 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2071 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2074 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2082 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2085 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2095 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2098 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2099 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{☞}$
2103 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
2111 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2114 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2120 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
2123 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2129 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2132 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2138 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2141 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2149 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2152 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2158 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2161 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2167 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
2170 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2176 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2179 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2185 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2188 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2196 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2199 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2200 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{\textipa{P}}$
2208 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2211 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2217 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
2220 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2226 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2229 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2235 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2238 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2246 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2249 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2255 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2258 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2264 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
2267 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2273 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2276 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2282 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2285 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2299 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2300 \begin_inset Caption Standard
2302 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2316 \begin_layout Standard
2317 Note that by default, the caption is always placed below the tableaux in
2318 the output, no matter where you put it in the \SpecialChar LyX
2320 To get the Tableau captions on top, put the following code in
2322 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
2323 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
2330 \begin_inset listings
2331 lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
2335 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2339 floatstyle{plaintop}
2342 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2346 restylefloat{tableau}
2354 \begin_layout Standard
2355 If you use a KOMA class, use the following code instead:
2359 \begin_inset listings
2360 lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
2364 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2368 floatstyle{komaabove}
2371 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2375 restylefloat{tableau}
2383 \begin_layout Standard
2384 A List of Tableaux inset can be found in
2386 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2393 \begin_layout Standard
2394 \begin_inset FloatList tableau
2401 \begin_layout Section
2402 Semantic Markup (Character Styles)
2405 \begin_layout Standard
2406 The Linguistics module comes with some character styles that are common
2410 \begin_layout Enumerate
2411 Concept (in small caps):
2412 \begin_inset Flex Concepts
2415 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2424 \begin_layout Enumerate
2425 Expression (emphasized):
2426 \begin_inset Flex Expression
2429 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2438 \begin_layout Enumerate
2439 Meaning (in single quotes):
2440 \begin_inset Flex Meaning
2443 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2452 \begin_layout Standard
2453 You can insert the character styles via the
2455 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
2459 If you need to change the appearance of these styles later, you can redefine
2460 them in the preamble.
2461 To make expressions bold, for instance, insert:
2465 \begin_inset listings
2466 lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
2470 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2477 \change_deleted -712698321 1561270831
2481 \change_deleted -712698321 1561270833
2494 \begin_layout Standard
2495 Similarly, concept (
2500 \change_deleted -712698321 1561270840
2504 \change_deleted -712698321 1561270844
2514 \change_deleted -712698321 1561270846
2518 \change_deleted -712698321 1561270848
2525 \change_inserted -712698321 1561270898
2531 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
2543 \begin_layout Section
2544 Linguistic structure trees
2547 \begin_layout Standard
2548 Meanwhile, many \SpecialChar LaTeX
2549 are available which help producing structure trees.
2555 package, which combines high flexibility and power with a comfortable input
2557 The Linguistics module provides a Structure Tree inset, which can be inserted
2560 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2564 Within this inset, you can insert the bracket notation used by
2568 (and also by other similar packages such as
2575 \begin_layout Standard
2576 Here is a simple example:
2579 \begin_layout Standard
2580 \begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
2583 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2584 [VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[D[a]][NP[letter]]] ] ]
2592 \begin_layout Standard
2594 If you view the PDF output, you will see that the input
2601 [VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[D[a]][NP[letter]]]]]
2604 \begin_layout Standard
2605 expands to a real structure tree.
2606 To view the result within the \SpecialChar LyX
2607 work area, you can simply embed the Structure
2608 Tree inset into a Preview inset (
2610 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2614 If instant preview is correctly installed and activated, you should see
2615 the tree immediately (just click on the image in order to edit):
2618 \begin_layout Standard
2619 \begin_inset Preview
2621 \begin_layout Standard
2622 \begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
2625 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2626 [VP [DP[Mary]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[John]] [DP[D[a]][NP[response]]] ] ]
2639 \begin_layout Standard
2641 Roofs can be easily generated by means of the
2642 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2646 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2653 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2656 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2660 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2663 option only exists as of
2668 We have added some code to the preamble of this manual to support previous
2674 version < 2.0, you either need to copy this code to your preamble or use
2676 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2680 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2684 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2688 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2696 (note that the comma has special meaning, as it marks options):
2699 \begin_layout Standard
2700 \begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
2703 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2704 [VP [DP[John]] [V' [V[sent]] [DP[Mary]] [DP[another letter, roof]] ] ]
2712 \begin_layout Standard
2714 In order to align nodes of the tree more elegantly, use the
2715 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2719 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2723 All nodes which have the same
2724 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2728 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2731 allocated get aligned.
2735 \begin_layout Standard
2736 \begin_inset Flex Structure Tree
2739 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2740 [VP [DP[John,tier=word]] [V' [V[sent,tier=word]] [DP[Mary,tier=word]] [DP[D[a,ti
2741 er=word]][NP[letter,tier=word]]] ] ]
2749 \begin_layout Standard
2751 The package supports many additional features, such as movement arrows and
2752 decorations, that cannot documented here (please refer to the detailed
2753 package documentation
2754 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
2764 \begin_layout Section
2766 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276366
2767 Discourse Representation Structures
2770 \begin_layout Standard
2772 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276535
2773 The linguistics module provides some insets to draw
2775 Discourse Representation Structures
2777 (DRSes) in the box notation introduced in
2783 Discourse Representation Theory
2786 These insets can be found in
2788 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2794 \begin_layout Standard
2796 \change_inserted -712698321 1561300882
2797 A simple DRS is produced by
2799 Discourse Representation Structure
2802 A DRS consists of the
2806 , which have to be inserted into the inset directly, and the (possibly empty)
2815 in DRTese), which have to be input in the (automatically inserted)
2823 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2825 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276845
2826 If it is not inserted, you can also insert it via
2828 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2838 Line breaks in conditions need to be done via
2841 arg "newline-insert newline"
2845 Here is a simple example:
2848 \begin_layout Standard
2850 \change_inserted -712698321 1561277426
2851 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
2855 \begin_inset Flex DRS
2858 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2860 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276618
2861 \begin_inset Argument 1
2864 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2866 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276576
2877 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2879 \change_inserted -712698321 1561277217
2881 \begin_inset Newline newline
2894 \begin_layout Standard
2896 \change_inserted -712698321 1561278779
2897 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
2900 DRSes get some extra spacing for better positioning on the page.
2905 variant comes without this extra spacing.
2908 \begin_layout Standard
2910 \change_inserted -712698321 1561282534
2911 In addition to this simple DRS, the following conditional DRSes are provided
2912 (mainly for nesting into simple DRSes):
2915 \begin_layout Enumerate
2917 \change_inserted -712698321 1561282617
2922 represents a conditional (implicational) sentence constructions of the
2926 \begin_inset script subscript
2928 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2930 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279387
2943 \begin_inset script subscript
2945 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2947 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279395
2959 \begin_layout Standard
2961 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279897
2962 \begin_inset Flex IfThen-DRS
2965 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2967 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279544
2968 \begin_inset Argument 1
2971 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2973 \change_inserted -712698321 1561280450
2975 \begin_inset space ~
2988 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2990 \change_inserted -712698321 1561280496
2992 \begin_inset Newline newline
2996 \begin_inset Newline newline
3002 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3004 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279603
3005 \begin_inset Argument post:1
3008 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3010 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279599
3012 \begin_inset space ~
3025 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3027 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279579
3028 \begin_inset Argument post:2
3031 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3033 \change_inserted -712698321 1561280579
3035 \begin_inset Newline newline
3039 \begin_inset Newline newline
3060 \begin_layout Enumerate
3062 \change_inserted -712698321 1561282668
3067 is a more general case where you can specify an arbitrary condition (rather
3068 than using the implicational condition).
3069 You can insert any symbol in the condition sub-inset:
3073 \begin_layout Standard
3075 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281161
3076 \begin_inset Flex Cond-DRS
3079 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3081 \change_inserted -712698321 1561280361
3082 \begin_inset Argument 1
3085 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3087 \change_inserted -712698321 1561280351
3089 \begin_inset space ~
3102 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3104 \change_inserted -712698321 1561280787
3106 \begin_inset Newline newline
3110 \begin_inset Newline newline
3118 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3120 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279982
3121 \begin_inset Argument post:1
3124 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3126 \change_inserted -712698321 1561280653
3127 \begin_inset Formula $\wedge\!\,$
3140 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3142 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279982
3143 \begin_inset Argument post:2
3146 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3148 \change_inserted -712698321 1561280702
3150 \begin_inset space ~
3163 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3165 \change_inserted -712698321 1561279982
3166 \begin_inset Argument post:3
3169 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3171 \change_inserted -712698321 1561280703
3173 \begin_inset Newline newline
3177 \begin_inset Newline newline
3198 \begin_layout Enumerate
3200 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281199
3203 Duplex Condition DRS
3205 can be used to insert duplex conditions:
3209 \begin_layout Standard
3211 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281613
3212 \begin_inset Flex QDRS
3215 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3217 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281297
3218 \begin_inset Argument 1
3221 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3223 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281237
3234 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3236 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281305
3238 \begin_inset Formula $\in$
3244 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3246 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281209
3247 \begin_inset Argument post:1
3250 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3252 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281317
3263 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3265 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281209
3266 \begin_inset Argument post:2
3269 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3271 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281320
3282 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3284 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281209
3285 \begin_inset Argument post:3
3288 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3290 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281327
3301 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3303 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281209
3304 \begin_inset Argument post:4
3307 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3309 \change_inserted -712698321 1561282714
3311 \begin_inset Newline newline
3332 \begin_layout Enumerate
3334 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281636
3339 adds a DRS preceded by a negation symbol:
3343 \begin_layout Standard
3345 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281719
3346 \begin_inset Flex NegDRS
3349 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3351 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281667
3352 \begin_inset Argument 1
3355 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3357 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281667
3366 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3368 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281697
3370 \begin_inset Newline newline
3384 \begin_layout Standard
3386 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281800
3389 DRS with Sentence above
3391 lets you do what it promises: adding a sentence above the box representation:
3394 \begin_layout Standard
3396 \change_inserted -712698321 1561282183
3397 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
3401 \begin_inset Flex SDRS
3404 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3406 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281911
3407 \begin_inset Argument 1
3410 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3412 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281859
3423 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3425 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281886
3426 \begin_inset Argument 2
3429 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3431 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281888
3442 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3444 \change_inserted -712698321 1561281854
3446 \begin_inset Newline newline
3457 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
3463 \begin_layout Standard
3465 \change_inserted -712698321 1561282246
3470 package provides some means to customize the layout and appearance of the
3472 Please refer to the package manual
3473 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
3485 \begin_layout Section
3486 Phonetic Symbols (IPA)
3489 \begin_layout Standard
3490 You do not need the Linguistics module to insert phonetic symbols, this
3491 is a base functionality of \SpecialChar LyX
3493 However, since this is frequently used by linguists, we will describe it
3494 (briefly) in this manual nevertheless.
3497 \begin_layout Standard
3498 If you use traditional \SpecialChar LaTeX
3499 or PDF\SpecialChar LaTeX
3500 , a prerequisite to use \SpecialChar LyX
3502 the \SpecialChar LaTeX
3508 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
3515 , which is automatically loaded by \SpecialChar LyX
3516 if you follow the procedure described
3518 If you use Unicode fonts (i.
3519 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3522 e., if you have clicked
3523 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3526 Use non-\SpecialChar TeX
3528 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3533 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
3534 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
3541 is loaded instead (since
3545 does not work in this context).
3550 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3551 See also https://github.com/wspr/fontspec/issues/280 and the discussion in
3552 docutils-devel (https://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=mid&q=1487664738.2405.6.camel%
3562 package emulates the
3566 output, but is not perfect at that, so some things might not look as expected.
3567 Furthermore, you need to take care in this case to use a font that includes
3568 the IPA glyphs (such as
3577 You can also specify an extra font only for IPA by adding the following
3580 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
3581 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
3587 \begin_layout Standard
3588 \begin_inset listings
3589 lstparams "language={[LaTeX]TeX},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}"
3593 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3600 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3606 ipafont}{CMU Serif}% or another font
3609 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3620 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3627 Additionally, and independent from which of the above approaches you use,
3628 if you want to have instant preview, you should have the
3633 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
3643 \begin_layout Standard
3644 The recommended way to insert phonetic symbols is via
3646 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3647 Special characters\SpecialChar menuseparator
3651 This gives you an input box (
3652 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3656 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3660 speak), where you can insert the symbols.
3661 Note that this box can be used both for the insertion of small snippets
3662 (inline) and multiple paragraphs of phonetic notation.
3663 While the cursor is inside the box, a toolbar opens, which provides the
3664 basic set of phonetic symbols (sorted by the IPA categories).
3668 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3669 Currently, there is one symbol missing: the labiodental flap (added to the
3671 This symbol is not yet supported by the
3675 package and thus cannot be supported by LyX.
3680 Each of the toolbar's panels can be torn off the bar by clicking on the
3681 dashed line on its top.
3682 This way, you can insert most symbols quite comfortably:
3685 \begin_layout Standard
3687 \begin_inset IPADeco bottomtiebar
3690 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3705 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3706 Note that, if you want to insert diacritics, the diacritics are inserted
3715 \begin_layout Standard
3729 subring diacritic from the toolbar immediately after the
3734 If you need a diacritic alone, you can achieve this by inserting a blank
3735 and then the diacritic, as in
3738 \begin_layout Standard
3747 \begin_inset space ~
3750 <space>+<Linguolabial from the IPA toolbar>
3761 is installed and you have switched on instant preview (in
3763 Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
3764 Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
3766 \begin_inset space ~
3770 \begin_inset space ~
3773 Feel\SpecialChar menuseparator
3776 ), you'll get a nice WYSIWYG preview as soon as the cursor leaves the box.
3777 Alternatively to the toolbar, you can also insert the symbols directly
3778 via the shortcut notation which is described in the
3785 \begin_layout Standard
3812 Furthermore, you can insert symbols via
3814 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3815 Special characters\SpecialChar menuseparator
3816 Symbols\SpecialChar ldots
3819 (which might be useful for symbols that are not yet covered by the toolbar),
3820 or you can simply paste unicode-encoded text (e.
3821 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3824 g., from other applications) into the box.
3825 The output should be equal, no matter what input method you chose.
3828 \begin_layout Standard
3829 Note that you can also insert or paste most IPA glyphs outside the specific
3830 IPA input box: [əz ʃəʊn hɪə].
3831 In the output, they will be automatically transformed into the correct
3836 macro (if not, please inform us).
3837 However, please note that this method produces inferior output quality,
3838 since it will most likely result in a mix of fonts (the latin characters
3839 are taken from the base document font, the IPA glyphs from the IPA font).
3840 Within the IPA input box, on the other hand, the IPA font is used for all
3842 So unless you only need to insert single IPA characters, using the IPA
3843 input box is highly recommended.
3846 \begin_layout Section
3850 \begin_layout Standard
3851 For a detailed description of specific possibilities for linguists, please
3852 refer to the Linguist\SpecialChar LyX
3853 page on the \SpecialChar LyX
3855 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
3862 (feel free to enter your own hints there).
3865 \begin_layout Bibliography
3866 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3867 LatexCommand bibitem
3873 The covington package:
3874 \begin_inset Flex URL
3877 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3879 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/covington/
3887 \begin_layout Bibliography
3888 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3889 LatexCommand bibitem
3895 The csquotes package:
3896 \begin_inset Flex URL
3899 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3901 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/csquotes/
3907 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276082
3911 \begin_layout Bibliography
3913 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276305
3914 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3915 LatexCommand bibitem
3926 \begin_inset Flex URL
3929 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3931 \change_inserted -712698321 1561282286
3933 https://ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/drs
3943 \begin_layout Bibliography
3944 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3945 LatexCommand bibitem
3951 The enumitem package:
3952 \begin_inset Flex URL
3955 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3957 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/enumitem/
3965 \begin_layout Bibliography
3966 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3967 LatexCommand bibitem
3974 \begin_inset Flex URL
3977 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3979 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/float/
3987 \begin_layout Bibliography
3988 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
3989 LatexCommand bibitem
3996 \begin_inset Flex URL
3999 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4001 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/graphics/pgf/contrib/forest
4009 \begin_layout Bibliography
4010 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
4011 LatexCommand bibitem
4017 Maria Gouskova, Stacia Hartleben and Jürgen Spitzmüller: Using \SpecialChar LyX
4021 \begin_inset Flex URL
4024 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4026 https://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LinguistLyX
4032 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276282
4036 \begin_layout Bibliography
4038 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276302
4039 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
4040 LatexCommand bibitem
4047 \begin_inset Flex URL
4050 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4052 \change_inserted -712698321 1561276288
4054 https://ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/pict2e
4066 \begin_layout Bibliography
4067 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
4068 LatexCommand bibitem
4074 The preview-latex package:
4075 \begin_inset Flex URL
4078 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4080 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/preview/
4088 \begin_layout Bibliography
4089 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
4090 LatexCommand bibitem
4096 The tipa package and fonts:
4097 \begin_inset Flex URL
4100 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4102 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/