1 #LyX 2.0 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
7 % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
9 % This preamble is designed to ensure that the User's Guide prints
10 % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble,
11 % parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. If you
12 % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact
13 % the documentation team
14 % email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
16 \usepackage{ifpdf} % part of the hyperref bundle
17 \ifpdf % if pdflatex is used
19 % set fonts for nicer pdf view
20 \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}{}
22 \fi % end if pdflatex is used
24 % for correct jump positions whe clicking on a link to a float
25 \usepackage[figure]{hypcap}
27 % the pages of the TOC is numbered roman
28 % and a pdf-bookmark for the TOC is added
29 \let\myTOC\tableofcontents
30 \renewcommand\tableofcontents{%
32 \pdfbookmark[1]{\contentsname}{}
36 % define a short command for \textvisiblespace
37 \newcommand{\spce}{\textvisiblespace}
39 % macro for italic page numbers in the index
40 \newcommand{\IndexDef}[1]{\textit{#1}}
42 % for customized page headers/footers
43 % only needed because they are only used in one section of the document
45 % change header rule width
46 \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{2pt}
48 % workaround for a makeindex bug,
49 % see sec. "Index Entry Order"
50 % only uncomment this when you are using makindex
52 %\renewcommand*{\index}[1]{\OrgIndex{#1}}
54 % the following added in Bahasa Indonesia Version
55 % to follow the most common style (centered chapters) in Indonesia
56 \addtokomafont{chapterentry}{\centering}
57 \addtokomafont{chapter}{\centering}
59 \options intoc,bibliography=totoc,index=totoc,BCOR7.5mm,captions=tableheading
60 \use_default_options false
65 \maintain_unincluded_children false
67 \language_package default
72 \font_typewriter default
73 \font_default_family default
74 \use_non_tex_fonts false
81 \default_output_format default
83 \bibtex_command default
84 \index_command default
88 \pdf_title "Petunjuk Penggunaan LyX"
93 \pdf_bookmarksnumbered true
94 \pdf_bookmarksopen false
95 \pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1
100 \pdf_pdfusetitle false
101 \pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false"
111 \paperorientation portrait
114 \notefontcolor #0000ff
131 \paragraph_separation indent
132 \paragraph_indentation default
133 \quotes_language english
136 \paperpagestyle default
137 \tracking_changes false
138 \output_changes false
147 Petunjuk Penggunaan LyX
155 \begin_layout Plain Layout
157 Petunjuk dalam Bahasa Indonesia ini disunting oleh
162 Apabila anda mempunyai komentar atau menemukan kesalahan yang perlu dikoreksi,
163 silakan kirim komentar ke mailing list LyX,
166 \begin_inset CommandInset href
168 target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
182 \begin_inset Newline newline
186 \begin_inset Newline newline
190 \begin_inset Note Note
193 \begin_layout Plain Layout
194 Versi PDF terkini dapat diperoleh disini:
195 \begin_inset Newline newline
200 http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/DocumentationDevelopment#UserGuide
208 \begin_layout Standard
209 \begin_inset CommandInset toc
210 LatexCommand tableofcontents
217 \begin_layout Chapter
221 \begin_layout Section
225 \begin_layout Standard
226 LyX adalah suatu sistem pengaturan dokumen yang digunakan untuk menyiapkan
227 manuskrip makalah, buku, surat bisnis, proposal, juga dapat digunakan untuk
230 \begin_inset Quotes eld
234 \begin_inset Quotes erd
238 LyX menggunakan paradigma bahasa perubahan sebagai inti dari gaya penyuntingan,
239 yaitu apabila anda menulis judul bab, maka anda hanya perlu menandainya
241 \begin_inset Quotes eld
245 \begin_inset Quotes erd
248 , tidak perlu menyatakan
249 \begin_inset Quotes eld
252 Huruf Tebal, ukuran 17
253 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
256 pt, rata kiri, jarak ke baris berikutnya 5
257 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
261 \begin_inset Quotes erd
265 LyX yang akan mengatur semuanya itu.
266 Anda hanya perlu memikirkan tentang isi dan konsep, bukan bagaimana pengaturan
270 \begin_layout Standard
271 Filosopi ini dijelaskan pada buku panduan
272 \begin_inset Quotes eld
280 \begin_inset Quotes erd
284 Apabila belum membacanya, sangat disarankan anda membacanya terlebih dahulu
285 sebelum melanjutkan mempelajari buku panduan ini.
288 \begin_layout Standard
290 \begin_inset Quotes eld
298 \begin_inset Quotes erd
301 , selain menjelaskan tentang filosofi LyX, juga menjelaskan tentang format
302 penulisan yang digunakan di semua buku panduan.
303 Oleh karena itu anda perlu meluangkan waktu untuk membacanya terlebih dahulu.
304 Buku panduan lain yang disarankan dipelajari sebelum membaca buku panduan
305 ini adalah buku panduan
306 \begin_inset Quotes eld
314 \begin_inset Quotes erd
320 \begin_layout Section
321 Bagaimana Tampilan LyX
324 \begin_layout Standard
325 Seperti umumnya aplikasi program lain, LyX mempunyai kotak menu utama di
326 bagian atas jendela kerja.
327 Dibagian bawahnya ada kotak bantuan yang berisi satu kotak pilihan serta
328 berbagai tombol bantuan.
329 Selain itu, ada gulungan vertikal dan area kerja utama untuk menyunting
333 \begin_layout Standard
334 Ada satu hal yang perlu anda ketahui, anda tidak akan menemukan gulungan
336 Hal ini bukanlah karena kutu program atau fitur yang terlupakan, tetapi
337 merupakan kesengajaan.
338 Teks yang ditulis dalam area kerja LyX akan selalu diteruskan di baris
339 bawahnya apabila melewati batas jendela kerja.
340 Oleh karena itu, LyX tidak memerlukan gulungan horisontal, cukup menggunakan
342 Mungkin ada tiga alasan mengapa anda masih memerlukan gulungan horisontal.
343 Yang pertama adalah apabila anda mempunyai gambar yang berukuran besar.
344 Untuk mengatasi hal ini, yang anda perlu lakukan adalah mengatur skala
345 gambar di LyX agar bisa ditampilan seluruhnya di area kerja LyX.
346 Alasan yang kedua dan ketiga adalah berkaitan dengan tabel dan persamaan
347 yang melebihi area kerja.
348 Untuk tabel, anda bisa menggunakan tombol panah untuk menggeser kursor
349 dalam tabel pada arah horisontal.
350 Namun demikian, hal ini belum dapat dilakukan untuk persamaan yang panjang
351 dan melebihi area kerja.
354 \begin_layout Standard
355 Penjelasan ringkas tentang semua menu LyX serta tombol bantuan yang ada,
356 silahkan membaca di Lampiran
361 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
363 reference "cha:The-User-Interface"
368 Hampir semua menu dapat dipahami dengan sendirinya dari nama menu.
369 Namun demikian anda dapat memperoleh penjelasan lanjut pada sub-bab dalam
375 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
377 reference "cha:The-User-Interface"
385 \begin_layout Section
389 \begin_layout Standard
390 Bantuan yang disediakan adalah dalam bentuk buku panduan LyX.
395 buku panduan dalam LyX.
396 Caranya sangat mudah, dari menu
400 , kemudian pilihlah buku panduan yang ingin anda baca.
403 \begin_layout Section
405 \begin_inset CommandInset label
407 name "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"
414 \begin_layout Standard
415 Ada beberapa fitur LyX dapat diatur dari dalam LyX, tanpa melakukan perubahan
416 atau menyunting secara langsung pada berkas konfigurasinya.
417 LyX mampu memeriksa sistem anda untuk melihat perangkat lunak, class dokumen
418 LaTeX, serta paket LaTeX yang tersedia.
419 Dengan kemampuan ini, LyX menggunakannya untuk menentukan pengaturan bawaan
425 \begin_inset Index idx
428 \begin_layout Plain Layout
435 Walaupun pengaturan konfigurasi bawaan sudah dilakukan ketika proses instalasi
436 LyX, anda masih mempunyai keleluasaan untuk menambah program tambahan secara
437 lokal, misalnya LaTeX class, yang sebelumnya belum dikenal oleh LyX.
438 Untuk memaksa LyX untuk memeriksa ulang sistem anda, maka anda perlu menggunaka
441 AlatBantuan\SpecialChar \menuseparator
445 \begin_inset Index idx
448 \begin_layout Plain Layout
449 Konfigurasi Ulang LyX
455 Setelah proses konfigurasi ulang, anda harus menjalankan ulang LyX untuk
456 memastikan semua perubahan diterapkan dalam LyX.
459 \begin_layout Section
461 \begin_inset CommandInset label
463 name "sec:LaTeX-Setup"
470 \begin_layout Standard
471 Anda dapat menyunting dokumen dalam LyX tanpa instalasi LaTeX, namun demikian
472 anda tidak akan bisa melihat atau mebuat PDF atau mencetak dokumen tanpa
474 Apabila dokumen anda menggunakan DocBook, maka anda akan dapat menghasilkan
475 PDF atau yang setara, selain itu semua dokumen dalam DocBook akan mempunyai
476 keluaran sebagai plain text atau XHTML.
479 \begin_layout Standard
480 Beberapa class dokumen menggunakan kombinasi class LaTeX atau DocBook atau
482 Anda dapat menggunakan class dokumen tersebut walaupun anda tidak memiliki
483 berkas yang seharusnya sudah dipasang.
484 Tentu saja anda tidak dapat melihat hasil keluaran tanpa semua berkas terpasang
488 \begin_layout Standard
489 Semua paket LaTeX yang sudah dideteksi ada dalam sistem anda dapat dilihat
492 Bantuan\SpecialChar \menuseparator
501 \begin_layout Plain Layout
511 Apabila ada paket-paket yang belum terpasang, anda perlu melakukan instalasi
512 paket kemudian konfigurasi ulang (menu
514 AlatBantuan\SpecialChar \menuseparator
522 \begin_inset Note Note
525 \begin_layout Plain Layout
526 The two braces in the TeX Code box prevent that the term
527 \begin_inset Quotes eld
531 \begin_inset Quotes erd
534 from being printed with sub- and superscript letters.
535 More about TeX Code is described in section
540 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
542 reference "sec:TeX-Code"
546 , the printout of proper names like LaTeX is explained in section
551 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
553 reference "sub:LyX's-Proper-Names"
563 \begin_inset Index idx
566 \begin_layout Plain Layout
567 Konfigurasi Ulang LyX
572 Informasi tentang bagaimana melakukan instalasi tambahan paket LaTeX, silahkan
573 lihat sub-bab 5.1 dari buku panduan
575 Perubahan dan Pengaturan
580 \begin_layout Chapter
581 Bagaimana Menggunakan LyX
584 \begin_layout Section
585 Dasar Penggunaan Berkas
586 \begin_inset Index idx
589 \begin_layout Plain Layout
598 \begin_layout Standard
599 Semua penggunaan berkas dapat dimulai dari menu
603 serta ada di kotak bantuan dalam bentuk ikon tombol bantuan.
604 Beberapa menu yang berkaitan dengan berkas adalah:
607 \begin_layout Itemize
611 \begin_inset Graphics
612 filename ../../images/buffer-new.png
620 \begin_layout Itemize
634 \begin_layout Itemize
644 \begin_inset Graphics
645 filename ../../images/file-open.png
653 \begin_layout Itemize
659 \begin_layout Itemize
665 \begin_inset Graphics
666 filename ../../images/buffer-write.png
674 \begin_layout Itemize
692 \begin_layout Itemize
702 \begin_layout Itemize
712 \begin_layout Itemize
718 \begin_layout Itemize
724 \begin_layout Itemize
730 \begin_inset Graphics
731 filename ../../images/dialog-show_print.png
739 \begin_layout Itemize
745 \begin_layout Standard
746 Secara umum, hampir semua operasi berkas mirip dengan yang ada di pengolah
748 Hanya saja di LyX ada sedikit perbedaan.
749 Apabila membuka berkas baru dari The
751 Berkas\SpecialChar \menuseparator
753 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
757 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
762 bukan hanya menuntun anda untuk memberi nama berkas tetapi juga memilih
763 templet yang akan anda gunakan.
764 Dengan memilih templet secara otomatis akan mengatur fitur utama tataletak
765 dokumen, sedangkan fitur lainnya dapat anda atur sendiri.
766 Templet mungkin menggunakan kelas dokumen tertentu (lihat subbab
771 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
773 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
780 \begin_layout Standard
797 sangat berguna apabila anda bersama teman-teman anda menyunting berkas
802 \begin_layout Plain Layout
803 Apabila anda akan melakukan hal ini, anda perlu mempelajari fitur Kontrol
804 Versi yang ditulis di buku panduan
823 akan memuat ulang dokumen dari cakra.
824 Anda dapat menggunakan operasi
832 untuk mengabaikan perubahan yang sudah anda lakukan dan mengembalikan ke
833 berkas terakhir yang anda simpan.
834 Dengan operasi berkas
842 anda dapat mendaftarkan catatan perubahan pada dokumen sehingga orang lain
843 akan dapat mengenali perubahan yang telah anda lakukan.
846 \begin_layout Section
847 Dasar Fitur Penyuntingan
848 \begin_inset Index idx
851 \begin_layout Plain Layout
858 \begin_inset CommandInset label
860 name "sec:Basic-Editing-Features"
867 \begin_layout Standard
868 Seperti pengolah kata modern lainnya, operasi penyuntingan dengan potong
869 dan tempel dalam LyX dapat dipraktekkan untuk teks, berupa karakter, kata,
870 maupun keseluruhan halaman atau bahkan lebih dari satu halaman.
871 Pada empat subbab berikut akan menjelaskan fitur penyuntingan yang ada
872 dalam LyX dan bagaimana memanfaatkannya.
873 Kita akan memulai dari potong dan tempel.
876 \begin_layout Standard
877 Seperti yang anda perkirakan, menu
881 dan kotak bantuan standar menyediakan perintah potong dan tempelkan serta
882 fitur suntingan lainnya.
883 Beberapa perintah suntingan perlu pembahasan khusus sehingga dikelompokkan
884 dalam pembahasan subbab berikutnya.
885 Perintah suntingan utama adalah:
888 \begin_layout Itemize
894 \begin_inset Graphics
895 filename ../../images/cut.png
903 \begin_layout Itemize
909 \begin_inset Graphics
910 filename ../../images/copy.png
918 \begin_layout Itemize
924 \begin_inset Graphics
925 filename ../../images/paste.png
933 \begin_layout Itemize
937 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
941 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
947 \begin_layout Itemize
951 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
957 \begin_layout Itemize
961 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
965 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
971 \begin_inset Graphics
972 filename ../../images/dialog-show_findreplace.png
981 \begin_layout Standard
982 Tiga perintah suntingan yang pertama dapat dipahami dari nama perintahnya
984 Hanya ada beberapa catatan: apabila anda memilih dan menandai teks di dokumen
985 anda, maka secara otomatis akan tersimpam di papan klip.
994 juga berfungsi sebagai perintah
999 Selain itu yang paling penting, jika anda memilih dan menandai teks, harap
1000 hati-hati: jika anda menekan salah satu tombol, maka LyX akan menghapus
1001 teks yang anda pilih tadi dan mengganti dengan dengan huruf atau karakter
1003 Untuk mengembalikannya, anda perlu melakukan perintah
1007 agar teks dikembalikan seperti semula.
1010 \begin_layout Standard
1011 \begin_inset Index idx
1014 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1020 Anda dapat dapat menyalin teks di LyX juga dari program lainnya menggunakan
1039 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1047 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1054 akan menampilkan daftar teks yang terakhir anda tempelkan.
1057 \begin_layout Standard
1060 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
1062 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1066 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1070 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1075 akan menyisipkan teks yang tersimpan di papan klip sedemikian sehingga teks
1076 yang disisipkan dalam
1081 Paragraf baru akan dimulai apabila ada baris kosong.
1086 , teks disisipkan sebagai paragraf baru, dimana setiap ganti baris menjadi
1090 \begin_layout Standard
1091 \begin_inset Index idx
1094 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1101 \begin_inset Index idx
1104 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1112 Suntingan\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1114 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1118 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1124 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1131 akan membuka jendela dialog
1134 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1138 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1144 Apabila anda sudah menemukan kata atau ekspresi yang anda cari, LyX akan
1146 Dengan menekan tombol
1150 , kata yang ditemukan tadi akan digantikan dengan teks yang ada di area
1156 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1164 Anda bisa meneruskan pencarian dengan menekan tombol Berikutnya.
1165 Jika anda menekan tombol
1170 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1177 maka semua kata yang ada di dokumen akan diganti seketika secara otomatis.
1181 \begin_layout Standard
1182 Apabila anda ingin mempertimbangkan huruf besar/kecil, anda perlu menggunakan
1185 Suntingan\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1187 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1191 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1197 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1208 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1212 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1218 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1225 anda bisa mengatur pencarian yang anda inginkan.
1226 Apabila anda mengkatifkan pilihan
1229 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1233 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1238 , maka pencarian kata
1239 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1247 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1251 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1259 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1266 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1271 akan memaksa LyX hanya mencari kata tersebut, misalnya pencarian
1272 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1280 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1283 tidak akan menemukan
1284 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1292 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1298 LyX offers also an advanced
1301 \begin_inset space ~
1305 \begin_inset space ~
1310 feature that is described in sec.
1311 \begin_inset space ~
1315 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1317 reference "sec:Advanced-Find-and"
1324 \begin_layout Standard
1325 Beberapa sisipan tambahan berformat, seperti nota, ambangan, dll., dapat
1327 Maknanya apabila tanda sisipan dihilangkan, maka isinya akan berubah menjadi
1329 Cara menguraikan sisipan tambahan adalah dengan meletakkan kursor di lokasi
1330 paling depan dalam kotak sisipan kemudian menekan tombol ketik
1334 atau meletakkan kursor di bagian akhir dalam kotak sisipan kemudian menekan
1342 \begin_layout Section
1343 Batalkan dan Kembalikan
1344 \begin_inset Index idx
1347 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1354 \begin_inset Index idx
1357 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1364 \begin_inset CommandInset label
1366 name "sec:Undo-and-Redo"
1373 \begin_layout Standard
1374 Jika anda membuat kesalahan anda dapat dengan mudah membatalkannya.
1375 Anda perlu ke menu Suntingan
1377 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
1380 atau dari tombol bantuan
1385 \begin_inset Graphics
1386 filename ../../images/undo.png
1391 untuk membatalkan apa yang baru saja anda lakukan.
1392 LyX mempunyai kemampunyan menyimpan dalam kapasitas yang besar untuk membatalka
1394 Saat ini mekanisme simpanan maksimum adalah sampai 100
1395 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1399 Apabila secara tidak sengaja anda melakukan proses pembatalan yang terlebih,
1400 anda bisa mengembalikannya dari menu
1402 Suntingan\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1405 atau dengan menekan tombol
1406 \begin_inset Graphics
1407 filename ../../images/redo.png
1415 \begin_layout Standard
1416 Apabila anda mengembalikan perubahan sampai ke kondisi dokumen saat terakhir
1417 disimpan, status dokumen
1418 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1422 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1425 tidak akan menjadi normal kembali seperti tidak ada perubahan.
1426 Hal ini karena anda sebenarnya melakukan perubahan pada dokumen.
1429 \begin_layout Standard
1438 dapat dilakukan untuk apa saja di LyX.
1439 Namun demikian proses
1447 pada teks tidak dilakukan untuk setiap karakter, tetapi berlaku untuk kumpulan
1451 \begin_layout Section
1453 \begin_inset Index idx
1456 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1465 \begin_layout Standard
1466 Berikut ini adalah dasar pengunaan tetikus.
1469 \begin_layout Enumerate
1474 \begin_layout Itemize
1479 sekali di daerah jendela kerja LyX.
1480 Kursor akan mengikuti dan berkedip tepat di tempat anda menekan tombol
1485 \begin_layout Enumerate
1486 Memilih dan Menandai Teks
1490 \begin_layout Itemize
1495 kemudian seret tetikus.
1496 LyX akan menandai teks mulai dari awal kursor sebelum diseret sampai ke
1497 tempat posisi kursor setelah diseret.
1500 Suntingan\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1503 untuk membuat salinan teks dalam simpanan LyX (dan papan klip).
1506 \begin_layout Itemize
1507 Pindahkan kursor ke tempat lain kemudian tempelkan teks yang disimpan ke
1508 lokasi baru, menggunakan
1510 Suntingan\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1517 \begin_layout Enumerate
1518 Sisipan Tambahan (Catatan kaki, Nota, Ambangan, etc.)
1522 \begin_layout Standard
1527 pada sisipan tambahan untuk melihat propertinya.
1528 Anda perlu membaca pada bab tertentu di buku panduan ini untuk penjelasan
1533 \begin_layout Section
1535 \begin_inset CommandInset label
1537 name "sec:Navigating"
1542 \begin_inset Index idx
1545 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1554 \begin_layout Standard
1557 LyX offers you several ways to navigate in documents:
1560 \begin_layout Itemize
1567 menu lists all sections of the document as submenu entries that you can
1568 click to jump to the corresponding document part.
1571 \begin_layout Itemize
1574 The `Outline', which is accessed either by the menu
1576 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1579 or by the toolbar button
1582 arg "dialog-toggle toc"
1588 \begin_layout Itemize
1591 You can set bookmarks in your document under
1593 Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1596 and use the same menu to return to them.
1597 Note that bookmarks are saved between sessions.
1600 \begin_layout Standard
1606 arg "bookmark-goto 0"
1611 Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1612 Bookmarks\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1615 ) jumps to the position in the document where you recently changed something.
1616 This is useful when you have a large document and have navigated or scrolled
1617 to another document part to look for something, and want to go back to
1618 your last editing position.
1621 \begin_layout Subsection
1627 \begin_layout Standard
1630 The Outline was known in earlier versions of LyX as the
1631 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1635 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1638 , since its original purpose was to display the document's table of contents.
1639 The Outline has become much more powerful now, however.
1640 In the pull-down box at the top of the outline window, you can choose between
1641 several different lists, including other TOC-like objects, such as lists
1642 of tables and figures, but also lists of footnotes, or labels and cross-referen
1644 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1645 LatexCommand formatted
1646 reference "sec:Cross-References"
1650 ), or notes, or citations (see
1651 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1652 LatexCommand formatted
1653 reference "sec:Bibliography"
1658 Clicking on any of these will take you to the corresponding object in your
1660 The Outline has become much more powerful now, however.
1661 In the pull-down box at the top of the outline window, you can choose between
1662 several different lists, including other TOC-like objects, such as lists
1663 of tables and figures, but also lists of footnotes, or labels and cross-referen
1665 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1666 LatexCommand formatted
1667 reference "sec:Cross-References"
1671 ), or notes, or of citations (see
1672 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1673 LatexCommand formatted
1674 reference "sec:Bibliography"
1679 Clicking on any of these will take you to the corresponding object in your
1683 \begin_layout Standard
1686 Right-clicking on elements in the Outline will in many cases open a context
1687 menu that will allow for direct modification of those elements.
1688 For example, with citations, the context menu allows you to open the citation
1689 dialog and to modify the citation.
1690 Right-clicking a change will allow you to accept or reject it.
1694 \begin_layout Standard
1697 The `Filter' field at the top allows you to restrict which entries appear
1699 For example, if you are displaying the list of Labels and References and
1700 wish to see only references to subsections, you can enter the text
1701 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1705 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1708 in the filter, and only entries containing that text will be displayed.
1711 \begin_layout Standard
1714 At the bottom of the outline are several buttons and the like that allow
1715 you further to control the display.
1720 option sorts the current list alphabetically.
1721 Otherwise, the elements appear in the order in which they occur in the
1726 option keeps it in the current view state.
1727 Keeping means that when you have e.
1728 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1732 \begin_inset space \space{}
1735 the subsections of section
1736 \begin_inset space ~
1739 2 and 4 shown and click on section
1740 \begin_inset space ~
1743 3, the subsections of section
1744 \begin_inset space ~
1747 2 and 4 will still be shown.
1752 option they will be hidden to highlight the clicked section
1753 \begin_inset space ~
1757 Finally, the slider at the left can be used to open the Outline to a given
1759 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1763 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1767 It is best just to experiment with it to see how it works.
1770 \begin_layout Standard
1774 \begin_inset space ~
1778 \begin_inset Graphics
1779 filename D:/LyXSVN/LyX2.0.x/lib/images/reload.png
1784 \begin_inset space ~
1787 button refreshes the TOC (though this should not usually be necessary).
1788 Next to it are buttons that allow you to change the position of sections
1791 \begin_inset space \space{}
1795 \begin_inset Graphics
1796 filename D:/LyXSVN/LyX2.0.x/lib/images/down.png
1798 groupId toolbarbuttons
1803 \begin_inset space ~
1807 \begin_inset space \space{}
1811 \begin_inset Graphics
1812 filename D:/LyXSVN/LyX2.0.x/lib/images/up.png
1814 groupId toolbarbuttons
1819 \begin_inset space ~
1822 buttons move sections up and down in the document.
1823 So, for example, you can move section
1824 \begin_inset space ~
1828 \begin_inset space ~
1831 2.4 or after section
1832 \begin_inset space ~
1836 LyX will then automatically renumber the sections to the new order.
1838 \begin_inset Graphics
1839 filename D:/LyXSVN/LyX2.0.x/lib/images/promote.png
1841 groupId toolbarbuttons
1846 \begin_inset Graphics
1847 filename D:/LyXSVN/LyX2.0.x/lib/images/demote.png
1849 groupId toolbarbuttons
1853 (or the corresponding key bindings
1861 ) you can change the level of sections.
1862 So you can for example make section
1863 \begin_inset space ~
1867 \begin_inset space ~
1871 \begin_inset space ~
1877 \begin_layout Section
1878 Masukan / Melengkapi Kata
1879 \begin_inset CommandInset label
1881 name "sec:Input-Completion"
1886 \begin_inset Index idx
1889 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1896 \begin_inset Index idx
1899 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1904 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1915 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1930 \begin_layout Standard
1931 LyX menyediakan data kata-kata untuk mempercepat proses penyuntingan dari
1932 hasil memindai kata-kata dalam dokumen yang sedang dibuka.
1933 Semua kata-kata yang ada dalam dokumen disimpan dalam basis data untuk
1934 digunakan melengkapi kata saat proses penyuntingan.
1937 \begin_layout Standard
1938 Pengaturan bawaan LyX untuk melengkapi kata adalah dalam bentuk yang paling
1939 sederhana yaitu menggunakan tampilan kursor segitiga sebagai tanda bahwa
1940 sudah ada kata tersedia.
1941 Anda tinggal menggunakan tombol
1945 untuk melengkapi kata.
1946 Apabila ada beberapa pilihan kata tersedia, jendela kecil akan muncul dan
1947 menampilkan kata-kata tersebut.
1948 Anda dapat memilih dengan menggunakan tetikus atau tombol panah, kemudian
1949 menetapkan pilihan dengan menekan tombol
1957 \begin_layout Standard
1958 Untuk menghilangkan tanda melengkapi segitiga, anda perlu mengubah pengaturan
1961 AlatBantuan\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1964 kemudian dari seksi Penyuntingan
1966 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
1968 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1973 anda perlu melepaskan pilihan
1978 Sedangkan pengaturan
1980 Melengkapi kata otomatis pada baris
1982 , pilihan kata akan ditampilkan pada baris dibelakang posisi kursor.
1983 Untuk menerima saran kata yang muncul pada baris, anda cukup menekan tombol
1989 Apabila menggunakan pengaturan
1991 Menampilkan jendela pilihan otomatis
1993 , maka jendela pilihan kata akan selalu ditampilkan.
1994 LyX mempunyai berbagai pengaturan melengkapi kata untuk yang sudah mahir.
1995 Pengaturan lanjut akan dapat ditemui di subbab.
1996 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
2000 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
2002 reference "sub:Input-Completion-Appendix"
2009 \begin_layout Section
2010 Gabungan tombol ketik
2011 \begin_inset Index idx
2014 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2015 Gabungan tombol ketik
2021 \begin_inset Index idx
2024 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2029 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2036 Gabungan tombol ketik
2040 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2053 \begin_inset Index idx
2056 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2061 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2072 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2087 \begin_layout Standard
2088 Ada dua peta utama untuk gabungan tombol ketik: CUA dan Emacs.
2089 Bawaan LyX menggunakan CUA.
2092 \begin_layout Standard
2093 Beberapa tombol ketik, seperti
2096 \begin_inset space ~
2104 \begin_inset space ~
2125 , sudah dapat berfungsi seperti yang anda harapkan.
2126 Namun demikian beberapa tombol ketik mungkin perlu dipahami fungsinya.
2129 \begin_layout Labeling
2130 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
2134 \begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
2135 LatexCommand nomenclature
2137 description "Tombol ketik Tabulator"
2143 LyC tidak memfungsikan tombol ini sebagai hentian tab.
2144 Apabila anda belum memahaminya anda silahkan sekarang membaca terlebih
2146 \begin_inset space ~
2150 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
2152 reference "sec:Par-indent-intro"
2157 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
2159 reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments"
2164 \begin_inset space ~
2168 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
2170 reference "sub:Lists"
2176 Apabila anda masih merasa belum mengerti juga, mungkin anda perlu membaca
2184 \begin_layout Labeling
2185 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
2189 \begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
2190 LatexCommand nomenclature
2192 description "Tombol ketik Escape"
2198 Tombol ini digunakan sebagai
2199 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2203 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2206 Secara umum tombol ini memang digunakan untuk membatalkan penyuntingan.
2207 Buku petunjuk ini juga akan membahas lebih terperinci tentang pemanfaatannya.
2210 \begin_layout Labeling
2211 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
2217 \begin_inset space ~
2221 \begin_inset space ~
2232 akan memindahkan kursor ke bagian awal dari baris dan tombol
2236 memindah kursor ke bagian akhir baris.
2237 Jika anda menggunakan peta Emacs,
2241 memindah ke bagian awal berkas sementara
2245 memindah kursor ke bagian akhir berkas.
2248 \begin_layout Standard
2249 Ada tiga tombol ketik pengubah:
2252 \begin_layout Labeling
2253 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
2258 (Diseluruh buku petunjuk Disingkat dengan
2259 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2267 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2271 \begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
2272 LatexCommand nomenclature
2274 description "Tombol ketik Control"
2278 ) Tombol ini mempunyai beberapa fungsi, tergantung dengan tombol ketik lain
2279 yang dikombinasikan:
2283 \begin_layout Itemize
2292 , akan menghapus seluruh kata bukan hanya satu karakter.
2295 \begin_layout Itemize
2304 , akan menggerakkan kursor satu kata kekiri atau kekanan.
2307 \begin_layout Itemize
2316 , akan memindah kursor ke bagian awal dokumen atau ke bagian akhir dokumen.
2320 \begin_layout Labeling
2321 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
2326 (Dalam buku petunjuk disebut dengan
2327 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2335 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2339 \begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
2340 LatexCommand nomenclature
2342 description "Tombol ketik Shift"
2346 ) Tombol ini digunakan untuk menandai teks dengan tombol panah, dimulai
2347 dari posisi awal ke sampai berhenti menggerakkan.
2350 \begin_layout Labeling
2351 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
2356 (Dalam buku petunjuk disebut dengan
2357 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2365 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2369 \begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
2370 LatexCommand nomenclature
2372 description "Tombol ketik Alt atau tombol ketik Meta"
2376 ) Sebagian besar papan ketik mempunyai tombol Alt, hanya beberapa papan
2377 ketik yang menggunakan tombol Meta.
2378 Jika anda memiliki keduanya, anda harus mencoba untuk memastikan tombol
2379 yang benar-benar aktif sebagai
2384 Tombol ini memiliki berbagai kegunaan selain berfungsi sebagai tombol
2389 Apabila anda menggunakan dengan kombinasi huruf dibawah menu, berarti and
2390 memilih menu tersebut.
2394 \begin_layout Standard
2395 Misalnya, urutan menekan tombol
2396 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2402 \begin_inset space ~
2406 \begin_inset space ~
2412 \begin_inset space ~
2416 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2419 akan membawa anda ke dialog
2420 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2424 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2429 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2435 \begin_inset space ~
2441 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2451 \begin_layout Standard
2456 memberikan daftar berbagai kombinasi perintah yang dinyatakan dengan tombol
2465 \begin_layout Standard
2466 Anda akan banyak menemukan berbagai gabungan tombol ketik serta pintasan
2467 yang digunakan di LyX, karena setiap perintah gabungan akan menampilkan
2468 aksi yang anda lakukan serta pilihan gabungan tombol ketik lain yang bisa
2469 anda pilih di jendela status bawah.
2470 Notasi gabungan tombol ketik yang muncul akan mirip dengan yang digunakan
2471 di buku petunjuk, sehingga tidak membingungkan anda.
2472 Namun demikian untuk tombol Shift akan dinyatakan secara eksplisit, sehingga
2474 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2482 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2489 diikuti dengan menulis huruf besar
2496 \begin_layout Standard
2497 Anda bisa melihat berbagai perintah gabungan melalui menu
2499 AlatBantuan\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2504 Penyuntingan\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2506 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
2511 seperti dijelaskan di subbab
2512 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
2516 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
2518 reference "sub:Editing-Shortcuts"
2525 \begin_layout Chapter
2527 \begin_inset Index idx
2530 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2539 \begin_layout Section
2541 \begin_inset Index idx
2544 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2553 \begin_layout Subsection
2557 \begin_layout Standard
2558 Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you
2559 need to decide what type of document you want to edit.
2560 Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings,
2561 numbering schemes, and so on.
2562 Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments,
2563 and format the title of your document differently.
2566 \begin_layout Standard
2571 describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents.
2572 By setting the document class, you automatically select these properties,
2573 making it easier to create the type of document you want.
2574 If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default.
2575 So it is up to you to change the class of your document.
2578 \begin_layout Standard
2579 Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and
2580 how to adjust their properties.
2583 \begin_layout Subsection
2585 \begin_inset Index idx
2588 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2595 \begin_inset CommandInset label
2597 name "sec:Document-Classes"
2604 \begin_layout Standard
2605 You can select a class using the
2607 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2608 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2612 \begin_inset Index idx
2615 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2622 Select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options
2626 \begin_layout Subsubsection
2630 \begin_layout Standard
2631 There are four standard document classes in LyX.
2635 \begin_layout Description
2636 Article for basic articles
2639 \begin_layout Description
2640 Report for basic reports
2643 \begin_layout Description
2644 Book for writing a book
2647 \begin_layout Description
2648 Letter for US-style letters
2651 \begin_layout Standard
2652 There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have
2653 installed the corresponding LaTeX class files, though most LaTeX distributions
2654 will include many of these.
2655 Here are some of the classes.
2656 The full list with detailed explanations can be found in chapter
2658 Special Document Classes
2667 \begin_layout Description
2668 A&A Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysics
2671 \begin_layout Description
2672 ACS For submissions to the journals published by the American Chemistry
2676 \begin_layout Description
2677 AGU For submissions to the journals published by the American Geophysical
2681 \begin_layout Description
2682 AMS Layouts for articles and books in the style and format used by the American
2683 Mathematical Society (AMS).
2684 There are three article layouts available.
2685 The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems etc., that
2686 prepends the section number to the number of the result.
2687 All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced
2688 together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence.
2690 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2693 sequential numbering
2694 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2697 scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers
2698 them throughout the article in a single sequence.
2699 Each type of result gets its own sequence.
2700 There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether.
2703 \begin_layout Description
2704 Beamer Layout for presentations
2707 \begin_layout Description
2708 Broadway Layout for writing plays.
2709 It is not an existing LaTeX document class, but a new one which is distributed
2713 \begin_layout Description
2714 Chess Layout to write about chess games
2717 \begin_layout Description
2719 \begin_inset space ~
2722 vitae classes to create curriculum vitae
2725 \begin_layout Description
2726 Elsarticle Layout for journals of the Elsevier publishing group
2729 \begin_layout Description
2730 Foils Used to make transparencies
2733 \begin_layout Description
2734 Hollywood Used to type spec scripts for the US film industry.
2735 It is not an existing LaTeX document class, but a new one which is distributed
2739 \begin_layout Description
2740 IEEEtran Layout for the journals published by the Institute of Electrical
2741 and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
2744 \begin_layout Description
2745 IOP Layout for journals of the Institute of Physics publishing group
2748 \begin_layout Description
2749 Kluwer Layout for journals of the Kluwer publishing group
2752 \begin_layout Description
2753 KOMA-Script a replacement for the standard classes, offers many useful features
2754 like caption formatting, automatic print space calculation etc.
2755 (Is used by this document.)
2758 \begin_layout Description
2759 Memoir another replacement for the standard classes
2762 \begin_layout Description
2763 Powerdot Layout for presentations
2766 \begin_layout Description
2771 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2778 X is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical
2779 Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society
2781 This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features.
2784 \begin_layout Description
2785 Slides Used to make transparencies
2788 \begin_layout Description
2790 \begin_inset space ~
2793 Proceedings Layout for the journals published by The International Society
2794 for Optical Engineering (SPIE)
2797 \begin_layout Description
2798 Springer Layouts for journals of the Springer publishing group
2801 \begin_layout Standard
2802 We won't go into any detail about how to use these different document classes
2804 You can find all the details about the non-standard classes in Chapter
2810 Here, we will settle with a list of some of the common properties of all
2811 of the document classes.
2814 \begin_layout Subsubsection
2818 \begin_layout Standard
2819 New users are sometimes puzzled by the fact that many of the document classes
2822 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2823 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2825 \begin_inset Index idx
2828 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2837 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2841 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2845 Or they are surprised that, when they open e.
2846 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
2850 \begin_inset space ~
2857 template, they receive a warning saying that the document requires files
2858 that are not installed to produce output.
2859 So it seems that something is wrong.
2862 \begin_layout Standard
2863 But nothing is wrong.
2864 LyX includes many more document classes than you will ever need to use,
2865 and some of them, like
2869 , are highly specialized.LyX tries to support as many different types of
2870 documents as possible, and it includes almost one hundred different layout
2871 files, with a growing number.
2872 No LaTeX distribution will install by default all files that might be needed
2873 by some document class.
2874 There are just too many of them.
2875 That is why some of the document classes are unavailable.
2878 \begin_layout Standard
2879 If there is a document class you would like to use that is marked as `Unavailabl
2880 e', you need to install the appropriate package files.
2881 The easiest way to find out which files you need to install is to use that
2882 document class for a new file.
2883 LyX will display a dialog that will list the missing files.
2885 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2888 Installing new LaTeX files
2889 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2896 manual for information on how to install them.
2897 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
2903 \begin_layout Standard
2904 Although LyX provides support for many different sorts of documents, it
2905 does not include support for every document class people might want to
2907 For example, many universities provide LaTeX class files to be used for
2908 dissertations submitted to those universities.
2909 The LyX team cannot write layout files to support every one of these.
2911 Fortunately, users can write their own layout files, and many users have
2914 \begin_inset space ~
2921 manual contains information on how to create layout files.
2924 \begin_layout Subsubsection
2926 \begin_inset CommandInset label
2933 \begin_inset Index idx
2936 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2945 \begin_layout Standard
2946 Modules load additional features that are not by default available in the
2947 chosen document class.
2948 For example you might want to write Braille (embossed printing) in a document.
2949 This is not available in any document class, so you have to load the correspond
2956 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2960 \begin_inset Index idx
2963 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2970 Highlighting a module in the dialog will bring up a description of the
2974 \begin_layout Standard
2975 Some modules require LaTeX packages that are not always installed by default.
2976 LyX will warn you if you do not have the needed package.
2977 You can still use the module while editing your file, but you will not
2978 be able to export to PDF or print your document, since LyX will not be
2979 able to compile the LaTeX file without the missing package.
2980 If you want to be able to produce output, then you need to install the
2981 missing package and then reconfigure LyX by selecting
2983 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2987 \begin_inset Index idx
2990 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2991 Reconfiguration of LyX
2997 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3000 Installing new LaTeX files
3001 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3008 manual for more information on installing needed packages.
3011 \begin_layout Standard
3012 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
3015 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3020 Some modules require other modules, and some pairs of modules are incompatible.
3021 LyX will advise you about these things.
3029 \begin_layout Subsubsection
3031 \begin_inset Index idx
3034 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3035 Document ! Local Layout
3043 \begin_layout Standard
3044 Modules are to LyX much as packages are to LaTeX: They are intended to be
3045 used in a variety of different documents, and if you often find yourself
3046 needing the same sort of thing in different documents, you should consider
3047 writing a module for this purpose.
3048 Sometimes, however, a particular document has very special needs, and you
3049 find yourself wanting a specific inset or character style, but only that
3051 You want something that is like a document's own LaTeX preamble.
3052 What you want is LyX's
3053 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3057 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3072 manual for information on how to use it.
3075 \begin_layout Subsubsection
3079 \begin_layout Standard
3080 Each class has a default set of options.
3081 Here's a quick table describing them:
3084 \begin_layout Standard
3085 \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
3091 \begin_layout Standard
3093 \begin_inset Tabular
3094 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
3095 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
3096 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
3097 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
3098 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
3099 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
3100 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
3102 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3105 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3111 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3114 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3129 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3132 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3147 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3150 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3165 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3168 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3185 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3188 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3202 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3205 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3220 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3223 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3238 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3241 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3256 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3259 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3276 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3279 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3293 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3296 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3311 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3314 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3329 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3332 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3347 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3350 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3367 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3370 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3384 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3387 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3402 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3405 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3420 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3423 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3438 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3441 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3458 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3461 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3475 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3478 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3493 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3496 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3511 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3514 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3529 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3532 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3554 \begin_layout Standard
3555 \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
3561 \begin_layout Standard
3562 You're probably also wondering what
3563 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3567 \begin_inset space ~
3571 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3575 There are several paragraph environments used to create section headings.
3576 Different document classes allow different types of section headings.
3581 heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the
3586 Some document classes, such as the ones for letters, don't use any section
3596 headings, there are also
3604 headings, and so on.
3605 We'll describe these headings fully in section
3606 \begin_inset space ~
3610 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
3612 reference "sub:Headings"
3619 \begin_layout Subsection
3621 \begin_inset CommandInset label
3623 name "sub:Document-Layout"
3628 \begin_inset Index idx
3631 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3640 \begin_inset Index idx
3643 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3652 \begin_layout Standard
3653 The most important properties of documents classes are set in the menu
3655 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3666 \begin_inset space ~
3671 , you can enter special options for your document class in a comma-separated
3673 This is only necessary if LyX doesn't support special options you want
3674 to use for your document.
3675 To learn more about your favorite LaTeX-class and its options, you have
3679 \begin_layout Standard
3686 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3692 \begin_inset space ~
3697 controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page.
3698 You can choose between the following five options:
3701 \begin_layout Labeling
3702 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3707 Use default page style of current class.
3710 \begin_layout Labeling
3711 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3716 No page numbers or headings.
3719 \begin_layout Labeling
3720 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3728 \begin_layout Labeling
3729 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3734 Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number.
3735 Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on
3736 the maximum sectioning level of the class.
3739 \begin_layout Labeling
3740 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3745 This allows you to create fully customizable headers and footers if you
3746 have the LaTeX-package
3751 \begin_inset Index idx
3754 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3755 LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr
3761 How they are defined is explained in section
3762 \begin_inset space ~
3766 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
3768 reference "sec:Customized-Page-Headers"
3775 \begin_layout Standard
3776 The separation of paragraphs is described in section
3777 \begin_inset space ~
3781 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
3783 reference "sub:Paragraph-Separation"
3790 \begin_layout Subsection
3791 Paper Size and Orientation
3792 \begin_inset Index idx
3795 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3796 Document ! Paper size
3802 \begin_inset CommandInset label
3804 name "sub:Paper-Size,-Orientation,"
3811 \begin_layout Standard
3812 You'll find the following options in the menu
3815 \begin_inset space ~
3822 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3828 \begin_inset Index idx
3831 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3840 \begin_layout Labeling
3841 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3845 \begin_inset space ~
3850 What size paper to print on.
3854 \begin_layout Itemize
3860 \begin_layout Itemize
3870 \begin_layout Itemize
3876 \begin_layout Itemize
3882 \begin_layout Itemize
3888 \begin_layout Itemize
3894 \begin_layout Itemize
3900 \begin_layout Labeling
3901 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3906 To choose whether to output as
3917 \begin_layout Labeling
3918 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3922 \begin_inset space ~
3927 Adjusts the print space to print both sides of paper.
3928 That means that the print space for odd- and even-numbered pages is different.
3931 \begin_layout Subsection
3933 \begin_inset CommandInset label
3940 \begin_inset Index idx
3943 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3950 \begin_inset Index idx
3953 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3962 \begin_layout Standard
3963 Paper margins are set in the menu
3965 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3969 \begin_inset Index idx
3972 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3981 \begin_layout Standard
3982 If you use a KOMA-Script document class, you can use the default settings.
3983 Because KOMA-Script calculates then the printspace automatically by taking
3984 the paper format and the font size into account.
3987 \begin_layout Subsection
3991 \begin_layout Standard
3992 If you change a document class, LyX has to convert
3997 That includes the paragraph environments.
3998 Some paragraph environments are standard, in so far as all of the document
3999 classes have them; but some classes have special paragraph environments.
4000 If this is the case, and you change the document class, LyX will mark the
4001 paragraphs whose styles it no longer understands as
4002 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4006 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4010 The name of the style is retained, in case you should want to go back to
4012 But these paragraphs will be output with no special formatting, so you
4013 will either need to create a new style yourself or else to convert these
4014 paragraphs manually to a style present in your new document class.
4017 \begin_layout Section
4018 Paragraph Indentation and Separation
4019 \begin_inset Index idx
4022 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4023 Paragraph ! Indentation
4031 \begin_layout Subsection
4033 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4035 name "sec:Par-indent-intro"
4042 \begin_layout Standard
4043 Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to
4044 say a word or two about paragraph indentation.
4047 \begin_layout Standard
4048 Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs.
4049 Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph.
4050 Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs.
4051 If you choose indentation for paragraphs the
4055 paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list,
4061 Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented.
4062 Note that the indentation behavior is different when you use another document
4063 language than English.
4064 LaTeX takes care that the indentation follows the rules of the used language.
4067 \begin_layout Standard
4068 The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings
4069 and text — in fact, all of the spacings for just about everything are pre-coded
4071 As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what.
4072 LyX takes care of that.
4073 In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a
4075 That way, LyX can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure
4076 figures fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom
4077 of a page, and so on.
4081 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4082 LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file.
4087 However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them.
4088 LyX gives you the ability to globally change
4092 of these pre-coded spacings.
4093 We'll explain more later.
4096 \begin_layout Subsection
4097 Paragraph Separation
4098 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4100 name "sub:Paragraph-Separation"
4105 \begin_inset Index idx
4108 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4109 Paragraph ! Separation
4117 \begin_layout Standard
4118 To separate paragraphs, select
4129 \begin_inset space ~
4136 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4140 \begin_inset Index idx
4143 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4149 to indent paragraphs or add extra space between paragraphs, respectively.
4150 The size of the skips can be defined in the dialog, for the indentation
4151 you have to add this line to your document preamble:
4154 \begin_layout Standard
4164 \begin_layout Standard
4165 where length is a value in one of the units listed in Appendix
4166 \begin_inset space ~
4170 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4172 reference "cap:Units"
4177 The default length is 30
4178 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4184 \begin_layout Subsection
4188 \begin_layout Standard
4189 You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph.
4192 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4194 \begin_inset space ~
4199 dialog and toggle the
4202 \begin_inset space ~
4207 option to change the state of the current paragraph (shortcut
4210 arg "paragraph-params \\indent-toggle"
4214 If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this
4215 button will be ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph by toggling
4219 \begin_layout Standard
4220 You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph
4221 if you need to do some fine-tuning.
4224 \begin_layout Subsection
4226 \begin_inset Index idx
4229 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4230 Paragraph ! Line spacing
4238 \begin_layout Standard
4241 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4245 \begin_inset Index idx
4248 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4257 dialog you can set the line spacing in the submenu
4260 \begin_inset space ~
4269 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4270 You need to have the LaTeX-package
4275 \begin_inset Index idx
4278 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4279 LaTeX-packages ! setspace
4284 installed to use this feature.
4292 \begin_layout Section
4293 Paragraph Environments
4294 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4296 name "sec:Paragraph-Environments"
4301 \begin_inset Index idx
4304 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4305 Paragraph ! Environments
4311 \begin_inset Index idx
4314 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4315 Paragraph environments|(
4323 \begin_layout Subsection
4327 \begin_layout Standard
4328 Paragraph environments correspond to the
4331 \begin_layout Standard
4350 \begin_inset Newline newline
4353 command sequence in LaTeX files.
4354 If you don't know LaTeX, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally
4355 alien to you, we urge you to read the
4364 also contains many more examples than this section does.
4367 \begin_layout Standard
4368 A paragraph environment is simply a
4369 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4373 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4376 for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties.
4377 This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering
4378 scheme, labels, and so on.
4379 Additionally, you can
4380 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4384 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4387 the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment
4388 to inherit some of the properties of another.
4389 The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy
4390 tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other hold-overs from the
4391 days of typewriters.
4392 There are several paragraph environments which are specific to a particular
4394 We'll only be covering the most common ones here.
4397 \begin_layout Standard
4398 To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box
4399 \begin_inset Graphics
4400 filename ../clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
4406 at the left end of the toolbar.
4407 LyX will change the environment of the
4411 paragraph in which the cursor sits.
4412 You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if
4413 you select them before choosing the new environment.
4417 \begin_layout Standard
4426 create a new paragraph using the
4430 paragraph environment.
4432 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4436 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4439 because if you are in one of these environments:
4442 \begin_layout Itemize
4448 \begin_layout Itemize
4454 \begin_layout Itemize
4460 \begin_layout Itemize
4466 \begin_layout Itemize
4472 \begin_layout Itemize
4478 \begin_layout Itemize
4484 \begin_layout Standard
4485 LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you hit
4489 , rather than resetting it to
4494 LyX will still reset the nesting depth, however.
4495 Usually, starting a new paragraph resets both the paragraph environment
4496 and the nesting depth (for more on nesting see section
4497 \begin_inset space ~
4501 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4503 reference "sec:Nesting"
4508 At the moment, all this is context-specific; you're better off expecting
4513 to reset the paragraph environment and depth.
4514 If you want a new paragraph to keep the current environment and depth,
4518 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
4524 \begin_layout Subsection
4528 \begin_layout Standard
4529 The default paragraph environment is
4534 It creates a plain paragraph.
4535 If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses.
4536 In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now (and most of the ones in
4537 this manual) are in the
4544 \begin_layout Standard
4545 You can nest a paragraph using the
4549 environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything
4557 \begin_layout Subsection
4559 \begin_inset Index idx
4562 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4571 \begin_layout Standard
4572 A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name(s) of the
4574 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4578 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4581 for thanks or contact information.
4582 For certain types of documents, LaTeX places all of this on a separate
4583 page along with today's date.
4584 For other types of documents, the title
4585 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4589 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4592 goes at the top of the first page of the document.
4596 \begin_layout Standard
4597 LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph
4611 Here's how you use them:
4614 \begin_layout Itemize
4615 Put the title of your document in the
4622 \begin_layout Itemize
4623 Put the author name in the
4630 \begin_layout Itemize
4631 If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date,
4632 or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in
4638 Note that using this environment is optional.
4639 If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date.
4640 If you don't want any date, add the line
4641 \begin_inset Newline newline
4651 \begin_inset Newline newline
4654 to the preamble of your document (menu
4656 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4662 \begin_layout Standard
4663 You can use footnotes to insert
4664 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4668 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4671 or contact information.
4674 \begin_layout Subsection
4676 \begin_inset Index idx
4679 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4686 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4695 \begin_layout Standard
4696 There are several paragraph environments for producing section headings.
4697 LyX takes care of the numbering for you.
4700 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4702 \begin_inset Index idx
4705 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4706 Section headings ! Numbered
4714 \begin_layout Standard
4715 There are 7 numbered types of section headings.
4719 \begin_layout Enumerate
4725 \begin_layout Enumerate
4731 \begin_layout Enumerate
4737 \begin_layout Enumerate
4743 \begin_layout Enumerate
4749 \begin_layout Enumerate
4755 \begin_layout Enumerate
4761 \begin_layout Standard
4762 LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods.
4763 The numbers describe where in the document you are.
4764 Unlike the other headings, parts are numbered with Latin letters.
4767 \begin_layout Standard
4768 Headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text.
4769 For example, suppose you're writing a book.
4770 You group the book into chapters.
4771 LyX does similar grouping:
4774 \begin_layout Itemize
4779 is divided in either
4790 \begin_layout Itemize
4802 \begin_layout Itemize
4814 \begin_layout Itemize
4826 \begin_layout Itemize
4838 \begin_layout Itemize
4850 \begin_layout Standard
4851 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
4854 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4859 Not all document types use the
4863 heading as the maximum sectioning level.
4868 is the top-level heading.
4876 \begin_layout Standard
4881 environment to label a new sub-subsection, LyX labels it with its number,
4882 along with the number of the subsection, section, and, if applicable, chapter
4884 For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the
4886 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4890 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4896 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4898 \begin_inset Index idx
4901 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4902 Section headings ! Unnumbered
4910 \begin_layout Standard
4911 The unnumbered section headings have a
4912 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4916 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4919 at the end of their name.
4920 They work the same as their numbered counterparts but will not appear in
4921 the table of contents, see section
4922 \begin_inset space ~
4926 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4935 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4936 Changing the Numbering
4937 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4939 name "sub:Numbering-depth"
4946 \begin_layout Standard
4947 You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear
4948 in the Table of Contents.
4949 Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document
4951 Certain classes start with
4965 Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels.
4975 This is something you can change.
4978 \begin_layout Standard
4981 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4987 \begin_inset Index idx
4990 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5001 \begin_inset space ~
5005 \begin_inset space ~
5010 you'll see two counters.
5015 controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers a section
5017 The other one controls the appearance of the section headings in the table
5021 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5022 Short Titles of Headings
5023 \begin_inset Index idx
5026 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5027 Section headings ! Short titles
5033 \begin_inset Argument
5036 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5043 \begin_inset CommandInset label
5045 name "sec:Short-Titles"
5052 \begin_layout Standard
5053 Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long.
5054 This can cause trouble when there is limited horizontal space.
5055 For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section
5056 title, a long title will protrude over the page margins and look awful.
5059 \begin_layout Standard
5060 LaTeX allows you to specify a short title for section headings.
5061 This short title is used in the header and in the actual table of contents,
5062 avoiding the problem mentioned.
5063 To specify a short title, use the menu
5065 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5067 \begin_inset space ~
5073 This will insert a box labeled
5074 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5078 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5082 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5086 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5089 ) which you can use to enter the short title text.
5090 This also works for captions inside floats.
5093 \begin_layout Standard
5094 The title of this section is a good example of using this feature.
5097 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5101 \begin_layout Standard
5102 The following information applies to all section headings:
5105 \begin_layout Itemize
5106 You cannot do any nesting with these environments.
5109 \begin_layout Itemize
5110 You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments.
5113 \begin_layout Itemize
5114 You can only use inline math in these environments.
5117 \begin_layout Itemize
5118 You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers.
5121 \begin_layout Subsection
5122 Quotes and Poetry line spacing
5125 \begin_layout Standard
5126 LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations.
5140 Forget the days of changing line spacing and twiddling with margins.
5141 These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in.
5142 They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below
5143 the text they contain.
5144 They also allow nesting, so you can put a
5152 , as well as in some other paragraph environments.
5155 \begin_layout Standard
5156 There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do
5165 when you start a new paragraph.
5166 So, you can type in that poem and merrily hit
5170 without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you.
5171 Of course, that means that, once you're done typing in that poem, you have
5172 to change back to the
5176 environment yourself.
5179 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5189 \begin_inset CommandInset label
5196 \begin_inset Index idx
5199 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5208 \begin_layout Standard
5209 Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's
5210 time for the differences.
5219 are identical except for one difference:
5223 uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line.
5232 indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout.
5235 \begin_layout Standard
5236 Here's an example of the
5249 I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it
5251 See – no indentation!
5255 Here's the second paragraph of this quote.
5256 Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and
5257 the other paragraph.
5260 \begin_layout Standard
5261 Here's another example, this time in the
5268 \begin_layout Quotation
5274 If I keep writing, you'll see the indentation.
5275 If your country uses a writing style that shows off new paragraphs by indenting
5276 the first line, then
5280 is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it
5284 you were quoting other text.
5287 \begin_layout Quotation
5288 Here's a new paragraph.
5289 I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time.
5290 If I did that, though, you'd get bored.
5293 \begin_layout Standard
5294 As the examples show,
5298 is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs.
5299 They should put quotes in the
5304 Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the
5308 paragraph environment for quoted text.
5311 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5317 \begin_inset Index idx
5320 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5329 \begin_inset Index idx
5332 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5339 \begin_inset CommandInset label
5348 \begin_layout Standard
5353 is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on.
5359 \begin_inset Newline newline
5362 Which I did not rehearse!
5366 It could be much worse.
5367 This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps
5369 It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are
5370 indented a bit more than the first.
5371 Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore.
5377 \begin_inset Newline newline
5380 And make things look fine
5381 \begin_inset Newline newline
5387 arg "newline-insert newline"
5393 \begin_layout Standard
5398 does not indent both margins.
5399 Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph.
5400 To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the
5407 arg "newline-insert newline"
5413 \begin_layout Subsection
5415 \begin_inset Index idx
5418 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5425 \begin_inset CommandInset label
5434 \begin_layout Standard
5435 LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds
5445 environments, LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively.
5454 environments, LyX lets you provide your own label.
5455 We'll present the individual details of each type of list next after describing
5456 some general features of all four of them.
5459 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5463 \begin_layout Standard
5464 The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments
5466 First, LyX treats each paragraph as a list item.
5475 reset the environment to
5479 but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item.
5480 The nesting depth is hereby kept.
5481 If you want to keep the paragraph environment but reset the current nesting
5485 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
5488 to break paragraphs.
5491 \begin_layout Standard
5492 You can nest lists of any type inside one another.
5493 In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how it
5495 If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we suggest
5496 you read all of section
5497 \begin_inset space ~
5501 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5503 reference "sec:Nesting"
5511 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5517 \begin_inset Index idx
5520 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5527 \begin_inset CommandInset label
5536 \begin_layout Standard
5537 The first type of list we'll describe in detail is the
5541 paragraph environment.
5542 It has the following properties:
5545 \begin_layout Itemize
5546 Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label.
5550 \begin_layout Itemize
5551 LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level.
5554 \begin_layout Itemize
5555 The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line.
5559 \begin_layout Itemize
5560 The items can have any length.
5561 LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item.
5562 The offset is always relative to whatever environment the
5569 \begin_layout Itemize
5574 environment inside another
5578 environment, the label changes to a new symbol.
5582 \begin_layout Itemize
5583 There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting.
5586 \begin_layout Itemize
5587 LyX always shows the same symbol on screen.
5590 \begin_layout Itemize
5592 \begin_inset space ~
5596 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5598 reference "sec:Nesting"
5602 for a full explanation of nesting.
5606 \begin_layout Standard
5607 Of course, that explanation was also an example of an
5616 environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter.
5619 \begin_layout Standard
5620 We said that different levels use different symbols as their label.
5621 Here's an example of all four possible symbols.
5624 \begin_layout Itemize
5625 The label for the first level
5629 is a large black dot, or bullet.
5633 \begin_layout Itemize
5634 The label for the second level is a dash.
5638 \begin_layout Itemize
5639 The label for the third is an asterisk.
5643 \begin_layout Itemize
5644 The label for the fourth is a centered dot.
5648 \begin_layout Itemize
5649 Back out to the third level.
5653 \begin_layout Itemize
5654 Back to the second level.
5658 \begin_layout Itemize
5659 Back to the outermost level.
5662 \begin_layout Standard
5663 These are the default labels for an
5668 You can customize these labels in the
5670 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5673 dialog in the submenu
5680 \begin_inset Index idx
5683 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5692 \begin_layout Standard
5693 Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth.
5694 We'll explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths
5696 \begin_inset space ~
5700 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5702 reference "sec:Nesting"
5709 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5715 \begin_inset Index idx
5718 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5725 \begin_inset CommandInset label
5727 name "sec:Enumerate"
5734 \begin_layout Standard
5739 environment is used to create numbered lists and outlines.
5740 It has these properties:
5743 \begin_layout Enumerate
5744 Each item has a numeral as its label.
5748 \begin_layout Enumerate
5749 The label type depends on the nesting depth.
5753 \begin_layout Enumerate
5754 LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate.
5757 \begin_layout Enumerate
5762 environment resets the counter to one.
5765 \begin_layout Enumerate
5778 \begin_layout Enumerate
5779 Offsets the items relative to the left margin.
5780 Items can have any length.
5783 \begin_layout Enumerate
5784 Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases.
5787 \begin_layout Enumerate
5788 Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth.
5791 \begin_layout Enumerate
5792 Allows up to a four-fold nesting.
5796 \begin_layout Standard
5805 shows the different labels for each item in LyX.
5806 Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an
5813 \begin_layout Enumerate
5814 The first level of an
5818 uses Arabic numerals followed by a period.
5822 \begin_layout Enumerate
5823 The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses.
5827 \begin_layout Enumerate
5828 The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period.
5832 \begin_layout Enumerate
5833 The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period.
5836 \begin_layout Enumerate
5837 Again, notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth
5842 \begin_layout Enumerate
5843 Back to the third level
5847 \begin_layout Enumerate
5848 Back to the second level.
5852 \begin_layout Enumerate
5853 Back to the outermost level.
5856 \begin_layout Standard
5857 Once again, you can customize the type of numbering used in the
5862 It involves adding commands to the LaTeX preamble (see the
5867 As stated earlier, such customization only shows up in the printed version,
5871 \begin_layout Standard
5872 There is more to nesting
5876 environments than we've stated here.
5877 You should read section
5878 \begin_inset space ~
5882 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5884 reference "sec:Nesting"
5888 to learn more about nesting.
5891 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5897 \begin_inset Index idx
5900 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5909 \begin_layout Standard
5910 Unlike the previous two environments, the
5914 list has no fixed label.
5915 Instead, LyX uses the first
5916 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5920 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5923 of the first line as the label.
5927 \begin_layout Description
5928 Example: This is an example of the
5935 \begin_layout Standard
5936 LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the
5940 \begin_layout Standard
5942 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5946 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5949 it is meant that the first hit of the
5953 key ends the label if you are at the beginning of the first line of an
5955 If you need to use more than one word in the label use a
5963 arg "space-insert protected"
5968 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5969 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5971 \begin_inset space ~
5977 \begin_inset space ~
5981 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5983 reference "sub:Protected-Space"
5987 for more info.) Here is an example:
5990 \begin_layout Description
5992 \begin_inset space ~
5995 Example: This one shows how to use a
5998 \begin_inset space ~
6010 \begin_layout Description
6011 Usage: You should use the
6015 environment for things like definitions and theorems.
6016 Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text
6018 It's not a good idea to use a
6022 environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe.
6023 You're better off using
6035 paragraphs into them.
6038 \begin_layout Description
6039 Nesting: You can nest
6043 environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
6047 \begin_layout Standard
6048 Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting
6049 them from the first line.
6052 \begin_layout Subsubsection
6058 \begin_inset Index idx
6061 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6070 \begin_layout Standard
6075 environment is a LyX extension to LaTeX.
6078 \begin_layout Standard
6079 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
6082 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6087 When you are using a KOMA-Script document class, like in this document,
6092 environment is named
6104 \begin_layout Standard
6113 environment has user-defined labels for each list item.
6114 There are the following properties of this list environment:
6117 \begin_layout Labeling
6118 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6120 \begin_inset space ~
6123 labels LyX uses the first
6124 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6128 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6131 of each line as the item label.
6136 after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label.
6137 If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a protected
6138 blank as described above.
6141 \begin_layout Labeling
6142 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6143 margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and
6144 the body of the item text.
6145 The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default
6146 label width plus a little extra space.
6150 \begin_layout Labeling
6151 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6153 \begin_inset space ~
6156 width LyX uses the width of the label, or the default width, whatever is
6158 If the label width is larger, the label
6159 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6163 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6166 into the first line.
6167 In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left
6168 margin of the rest of the item text.
6171 \begin_layout Labeling
6172 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6174 \begin_inset space ~
6177 width You can set the default label width to ensure that the text of all
6182 environment have the same left margin.
6183 \begin_inset Newline newline
6186 To change the default width, select all items in the list.
6189 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6191 \begin_inset space ~
6200 \begin_inset space ~
6205 determines the default label width.
6206 You can use the text of your largest label here, but you can also use the
6208 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6212 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6215 multiple times instead.
6216 The M is the widest character and is a standard unit of widths in LaTeX.
6218 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6222 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6225 as the unit of width you don't need to keep changing the contents of
6228 \begin_inset space ~
6233 every time you alter a label in a
6238 \begin_inset Newline newline
6241 The predefined default width is the length of
6242 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6246 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6251 \begin_inset Newline newline
6255 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
6258 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6263 Setting the cursor into a list item to change only its label width will
6264 only change the width inside LyX but not in the output.
6272 \begin_layout Standard
6277 environment the same way like the
6281 list: When you need one word to stand out from the text that describes
6287 environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall
6291 \begin_layout Standard
6296 environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
6298 They work just like the other list paragraph environments.
6300 \begin_inset space ~
6304 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
6306 reference "sec:Nesting"
6310 to learn about nesting.
6313 \begin_layout Standard
6314 There is yet another feature of the
6318 environment: As you can see in the examples, LyX left-justifies the item
6320 You can use additional
6324 to change how LyX justifies the item label.
6329 are documented in section
6330 \begin_inset space ~
6334 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
6336 reference "sub:Horizontal-Space"
6341 Here are some examples:
6342 \begin_inset Newpage pagebreak
6348 \begin_layout Labeling
6349 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6350 Left The default for
6357 \begin_layout Labeling
6358 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6359 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
6366 at the beginning of the label right justifies it.
6369 \begin_layout Labeling
6370 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6371 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
6375 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
6382 at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it.
6385 \begin_layout Subsection
6387 \begin_inset Index idx
6390 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6399 \begin_layout Standard
6400 To use the features described in this section, you must load the module
6403 Customisable Lists (enumitem)
6405 in the document settings.
6406 This loads the features of the LaTeX-package
6411 \begin_inset Index idx
6414 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6415 LaTeX-packages ! enumitem
6423 \begin_layout Subsubsection
6424 Custom Enumerate Lists
6425 \begin_inset Index idx
6428 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6429 Lists ! Enumerate ! Custom
6437 \begin_layout Standard
6439 The default numbering of numbered lists can be changed by adding an optional
6442 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6445 ) to the first item of each level in the list.
6446 There you add the command
6449 \begin_layout Standard
6457 \begin_layout Standard
6458 in TeX Code (shortcut
6468 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6469 For more about TeX Code, look at section
6470 \begin_inset space ~
6474 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
6476 reference "sec:TeX-Code"
6489 is hereby the counter of the enumeration in the first level.
6496 outputs the counter as small Roman numeral.
6497 For capital Roman numerals replace in the command above
6510 For Arabic numerals use
6518 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6522 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6525 items with capital or small Latin letters use
6540 \begin_layout Standard
6542 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
6545 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6550 You can only number 26
6551 \begin_inset space ~
6554 items with Latin letters, because this numbering is limited to single letters.
6562 \begin_layout Standard
6563 To change the numbering for the list sublevels, replace the 'i' in the command
6564 by the small Roman numeral of the level (enumi, enumii, enumiii, enumiv).
6567 \begin_layout Standard
6568 As example a list with custom numbering:
6571 \begin_layout Enumerate
6572 \begin_inset Argument
6575 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6579 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6601 \begin_layout Enumerate
6602 \begin_inset Argument
6605 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6609 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6628 \begin_layout Enumerate
6633 \begin_layout Enumerate
6634 \begin_inset Argument
6637 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6641 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6661 \begin_layout Enumerate
6662 \begin_inset Argument
6665 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6669 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6691 \begin_layout Standard
6692 For this list these commands were used:
6695 \begin_layout Standard
6706 \begin_inset Newline newline
6714 \begin_inset Newline newline
6722 \begin_inset Newline newline
6732 \begin_layout Standard
6739 makes the label emphasized and
6748 \begin_layout Standard
6749 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
6752 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6757 When you changed the label of a list level, it will be used for all following
6758 lists until you change the definition.
6766 \begin_layout Subsubsection
6768 \begin_inset Index idx
6771 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6774 Lists ! Enumerate ! Resumed
6782 \begin_layout Standard
6783 Enumerations can be resumed after intermediate paragraphs:
6786 \begin_layout Enumerate
6787 \begin_inset Argument
6790 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6794 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6809 \begin_inset Note Note
6812 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6815 goes back to default numbering
6823 \begin_layout Enumerate
6827 \begin_layout Standard
6831 \begin_layout Enumerate-Resume
6835 \begin_layout Standard
6836 To resume an enumeration, use the style
6841 Its numbering appears in blue within LyX to indicate that it is a resumed
6842 list and that the numbering will not be correct in LyX, but in the output.
6845 \begin_layout Standard
6846 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
6849 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6854 If there is no previous enumeration to resume, you will get a LaTeX error.
6862 \begin_layout Standard
6863 Perhaps you might want to resume the list with a different number than the
6865 Or you want to start a new enumeration with a defined number.
6866 This is possible by adding an optional argument to the first list item
6867 of a normal new enumeration.
6868 There insert the command
6871 \begin_layout Standard
6877 \begin_layout Standard
6882 is the number with which you want to resume the list.
6886 \begin_layout Enumerate
6890 \begin_layout Enumerate
6894 \begin_layout Standard
6895 Enumeration starting at a given value:
6898 \begin_layout Enumerate
6899 \begin_inset Argument
6902 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6906 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6918 This enumeration starts at 4
6921 \begin_layout Subsubsection
6923 \begin_inset Index idx
6926 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6935 \begin_layout Standard
6936 In some cases you might want less or more vertical space between the items
6938 For example the default space is too much in your opinion in this case:
6941 \begin_layout Itemize
6945 \begin_layout Itemize
6946 with standard spacing
6949 \begin_layout Standard
6950 You can decrease the space by adding an optional argument to the first item
6952 There add the command
6956 to get no additional list space like in this example:
6959 \begin_layout Itemize
6960 \begin_inset Argument
6963 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6967 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6982 \begin_layout Itemize
6986 \begin_layout Itemize
6990 \begin_layout Standard
6991 To add space you can use several other commands provided by the LaTeX-package
6997 \begin_inset Index idx
7000 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7001 LaTeX-packages ! enumitem
7007 For more info see its documentation,
7008 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
7017 \begin_layout Standard
7018 There are also many commands available to change the horizontal spacing
7020 Here is an example where the indentation was changed to the one of the
7021 paragraphs in the document and the label separation was set to 2
7022 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
7025 cm so that the number is in the page margin:
7028 \begin_layout Enumerate
7029 \begin_inset Argument
7032 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7036 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7040 parindent, labelsep=2cm
7053 \begin_layout Enumerate
7054 with negative indentation
7057 \begin_layout Subsubsection
7058 Further Customization
7059 \begin_inset Index idx
7062 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7071 \begin_layout Standard
7072 You can also change the style of description lists.
7076 \begin_layout Standard
7082 \begin_layout Standard
7083 changes the description label font, the command
7086 \begin_layout Standard
7092 \begin_layout Standard
7093 sets the list style.
7096 \begin_layout Standard
7097 An example where the command
7100 \begin_layout Standard
7105 itshape, style=nextline
7108 \begin_layout Standard
7112 \begin_layout Description
7114 \begin_inset space ~
7118 \begin_inset Argument
7121 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7125 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7127 labelindent=0pt, labelsep=1cm, font=
7129 itshape, style=nextline
7139 Ionizing radiation consists of particles or electromagnetic waves that are
7140 energetic enough to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, therefore
7144 \begin_layout Description
7146 \begin_inset space ~
7149 counting: In computer science, reference counting is a technique of storing
7150 the number of references, pointers, or handles to a resource such as an
7151 object, block of memory, disk space or other resource.
7154 \begin_layout Standard
7155 There are many more commands and features provided by the LaTeX-package
7161 \begin_inset Index idx
7164 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7167 LaTeX-packages ! enumitem
7173 For more info see its documentation,
7174 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
7183 \begin_layout Subsection
7185 \begin_inset Index idx
7188 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7197 \begin_layout Subsubsection
7205 \begin_inset space ~
7213 \begin_layout Standard
7214 Although LyX has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph
7222 \begin_inset space ~
7228 To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments
7229 in a specific order, otherwise LaTeX gags on the document.
7230 In contrast, you can use the
7237 \begin_inset space ~
7242 paragraph environments anywhere with no problem.
7243 You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest
7247 \begin_layout Standard
7248 Of course, you're not limited to using
7255 \begin_inset space ~
7264 \begin_inset space ~
7269 , in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in
7270 some European academic papers.
7273 \begin_layout Subsubsection
7275 \begin_inset CommandInset label
7277 name "sec:Address-Usage"
7284 \begin_layout Standard
7289 environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used
7290 for the opening and signature in some countries.
7294 \begin_inset space ~
7299 environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which
7300 is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries.
7301 Here's an example of each:
7304 \begin_layout Right Address
7306 \begin_inset Newline newline
7310 \begin_inset Newline newline
7314 \begin_inset Newline newline
7317 When is it? What is today?
7320 \begin_layout Standard
7324 \begin_inset space ~
7330 Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which LyX sets to
7331 fit the largest block of text on a single line.
7332 Here's an example of the
7339 \begin_layout Address
7341 \begin_inset Newline newline
7344 Where do I send this
7345 \begin_inset Newline newline
7348 Your post office and country
7351 \begin_layout Standard
7352 As you can see, both
7359 \begin_inset space ~
7364 add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph.
7369 in either of these environments, LyX resets the nesting depth and sets
7375 This makes sense, since
7383 function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs.
7384 Thus, you have to use
7391 arg "newline-insert newline"
7397 \begin_inset space ~
7400 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
7402 \begin_inset space ~
7411 menu) to start a new line in an
7418 \begin_inset space ~
7426 \begin_layout Subsection
7430 \begin_layout Standard
7431 Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography
7432 or list of references.
7433 LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these.
7436 \begin_layout Subsubsection
7440 \begin_inset Index idx
7443 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7452 \begin_layout Standard
7457 environment is used for the abstract of an article.
7458 Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should
7459 only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title.
7460 Also, don't bother trying to nest
7464 in anything else or vice versa.
7470 environment is only useful in the article and report document classes.
7471 The book document classes ignores the
7475 completely, and it's utterly silly to use
7479 in a letter document class.
7482 \begin_layout Standard
7487 environment does several things for you.
7488 First, it puts the centered label
7489 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7493 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7497 The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical
7499 Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect.
7500 Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and
7501 the subsequent text.
7502 Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen.
7503 The appearance in the output depends on the used article or report class.
7506 \begin_layout Standard
7507 Starting a new paragraph by hitting
7511 does not reset the paragraph environment.
7512 The new paragraph will still be in the
7517 So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you
7518 finish entering the abstract of your document.
7521 \begin_layout Standard
7522 \begin_inset Float figure
7527 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7529 \begin_inset Graphics
7530 filename ../clipart/Abstract.pdf
7537 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7538 \begin_inset Caption
7540 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7541 \begin_inset CommandInset label
7543 name "cap:Paragraph-in-the"
7564 \begin_layout Standard
7565 We'd love to give you directly an example of the
7569 environment, but since this document is in the
7570 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7574 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7577 class, we can't do this.
7578 We inserted it therefore as figure
7579 \begin_inset space ~
7583 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
7585 reference "cap:Paragraph-in-the"
7590 If you've never heard of an
7591 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7595 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7598 before, you can safely ignore this environment.
7601 \begin_layout Subsubsection
7607 \begin_inset Index idx
7610 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7617 \begin_inset CommandInset label
7619 name "sub:Biblio_environment"
7626 \begin_layout Standard
7631 environment is used to list references.
7632 Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should
7633 only use it at the end of the document.
7638 in anything else or vice versa won't work.
7641 \begin_layout Standard
7642 When you first open a
7646 environment, LyX adds a large vertical space, followed by the heading
7647 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7651 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7655 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7659 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7662 depending on the document class.
7663 The heading is in a large boldface font.
7664 Each paragraph of the
7668 environment is a bibliography entry.
7673 does not reset the paragraph environment.
7674 Each new paragraph is still in the
7681 \begin_layout Standard
7682 There is another, usually better way to include references in your document
7683 by using a BibTeX database.
7684 For more information on that, and for a detailed description of LyX's bibliogra
7685 phy handling, have a look at in section
7686 \begin_inset space ~
7690 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
7692 reference "sec:Bibliography"
7699 \begin_layout Subsection
7703 \begin_inset Index idx
7706 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7707 Paragraph ! LyX code
7713 \begin_inset CommandInset label
7722 \begin_layout Standard
7727 environment is another LyX extension.
7728 It type-sets text in a typewriter-style font.
7733 key as a fixed whitespace;
7737 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7749 \begin_inset space ~
7754 instead of an end-of-word marker.
7759 this is the only case in which you can type multiple whitespaces in LyX.
7760 If you need to insert blank lines, you'll still need to use
7763 arg "newline-insert newline"
7780 does not reset the paragraph environment.
7781 So, when you finish using the
7785 environment, you'll need to change the paragraph environment yourself.
7786 Also, you can nest the
7790 environment inside of others.
7793 \begin_layout Standard
7794 There are a few quirks with this environment:
7797 \begin_layout Itemize
7801 arg "newline-insert newline"
7804 at the beginning of a new paragraph (i.
7805 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
7809 \begin_inset space \space{}
7819 arg "newline-insert newline"
7825 \begin_layout Itemize
7829 arg "newline-insert newline"
7840 \begin_layout Itemize
7845 to begin a new paragraph, then you can use a
7852 \begin_layout Itemize
7856 arg "space-insert protected"
7863 \begin_layout Itemize
7864 You can't have an empty paragraph or an empty line.
7865 You must put at least one
7869 in any line you want blank.
7870 Otherwise, LaTeX generates errors.
7873 \begin_layout Itemize
7874 You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing
7878 since that will insert
7883 You get the typewriter double quotes with
7886 arg "self-insert \""
7892 \begin_layout Standard
7896 \begin_layout LyX-Code
7900 \begin_layout LyX-Code
7904 \begin_layout LyX-Code
7908 \begin_layout LyX-Code
7912 \begin_layout LyX-Code
7913 printf("Hello World!
7918 \begin_layout LyX-Code
7922 \begin_layout LyX-Code
7926 \begin_layout Standard
7927 This is just the standard
7928 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7932 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7939 \begin_layout Standard
7944 has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts,
7945 rc-files, and so on.
7946 Use it only in those very special cases where you need to generate text
7947 as if you used a typewriter.
7948 \begin_inset Index idx
7951 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7952 Paragraph environments|)
7957 For longer parts of programming code, use the listings inset that is described
7960 Program Code Listings
7969 \begin_layout Section
7970 Nesting Environments
7971 \begin_inset Index idx
7974 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7975 Nesting ! Environments
7981 \begin_inset CommandInset label
7990 \begin_layout Subsection
7994 \begin_layout Standard
7995 LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context and specific
7997 This allows you to create blocks that inherit some of the properties of
7999 For example you have three main points in an outline, but point #2 also
8001 In other words, you have a list inside of another list, with the inner
8003 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8007 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8013 \begin_layout Enumerate
8017 \begin_layout Enumerate
8022 \begin_layout Enumerate
8026 \begin_layout Enumerate
8031 \begin_layout Enumerate
8035 \begin_layout Standard
8036 You put a list inside a list by nesting one list inside the other.
8037 Nesting an environment is quite simple: Select
8040 \begin_inset space ~
8044 \begin_inset space ~
8052 \begin_inset space ~
8056 \begin_inset space ~
8065 menu to change the nesting depth of the current paragraph (the status bar
8066 will tell you how far you are nested).
8067 Instead of the menu, you can also use the toolbar buttons
8068 \begin_inset Graphics
8069 filename ../../images/depth-increment.png
8074 \begin_inset Graphics
8075 filename ../../images/depth-decrement.png
8079 or the convenient key bindings
8090 arg "depth-increment"
8096 arg "depth-decrement"
8099 to change the nesting level.
8100 The change will work on the current selection if you have made one (allowing
8101 you to change the nesting of several paragraphs at once), or the current
8105 \begin_layout Standard
8106 Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can.
8107 If it's invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth.
8108 Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the
8109 depth of every paragraph nested inside of it.
8112 \begin_layout Standard
8113 Nesting isn't limited to lists.
8114 In LyX, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're
8116 This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments.
8119 \begin_layout Subsection
8120 What You Can and Can't Nest
8123 \begin_layout Standard
8124 Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell
8125 you a little bit more about how nesting works.
8128 \begin_layout Standard
8129 The question if nesting a paragraph environment is possible, is a bit more
8130 complicated than a simple yes or no.
8131 There are three types of paragraph environments:
8134 \begin_layout Itemize
8135 Completely unnestable
8138 \begin_layout Itemize
8139 Fully nestable, you can nest them inside things and you can also nest other
8143 \begin_layout Itemize
8144 A third type, you can nest them into other environments, but you can't nest
8148 \begin_layout Standard
8149 Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph
8150 environments have them:
8153 \begin_layout Description
8154 Unnestable Can't nest them.
8155 Can't nest into them.
8159 \begin_layout Itemize
8165 \begin_layout Itemize
8171 \begin_layout Itemize
8177 \begin_layout Itemize
8183 \begin_layout Itemize
8190 \begin_layout Description
8192 \begin_inset space ~
8195 Nestable You can nest them.
8196 You can nest other things into them.
8200 \begin_layout Itemize
8206 \begin_layout Itemize
8212 \begin_layout Itemize
8218 \begin_layout Itemize
8224 \begin_layout Itemize
8230 \begin_layout Itemize
8236 \begin_layout Itemize
8242 \begin_layout Itemize
8249 \begin_layout Description
8250 Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside other things.
8251 You can't nest anything into them.
8255 \begin_layout Itemize
8261 \begin_layout Itemize
8267 \begin_layout Itemize
8273 \begin_layout Itemize
8279 \begin_layout Itemize
8285 \begin_layout Itemize
8291 \begin_layout Itemize
8297 \begin_layout Itemize
8303 \begin_layout Itemize
8309 \begin_layout Itemize
8315 \begin_layout Itemize
8321 \begin_layout Itemize
8327 \begin_layout Itemize
8333 \begin_layout Itemize
8337 \begin_inset space ~
8343 \begin_layout Itemize
8350 \begin_layout Standard
8351 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
8354 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8359 Although it is possible to nest numbered section headings like
8368 \begin_inset space ~
8372 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
8376 \begin_inset space \space{}
8379 lists, it is highly recommended not to do this because the aim is to create
8380 well structured documents following typesetting guidelines whereas nested
8381 section headings violate this.
8389 \begin_layout Subsection
8390 Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc.
8391 \begin_inset Index idx
8394 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8395 Nesting ! Tables etc.
8403 \begin_layout Standard
8404 There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are
8405 affected by nesting anyhow.
8409 \begin_layout Itemize
8413 \begin_layout Itemize
8417 \begin_layout Itemize
8421 \begin_layout Standard
8423 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
8426 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8431 Figures and tables in
8435 are not affected by this.
8440 Have a look at section
8441 \begin_inset space ~
8445 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
8447 reference "sec:Floats"
8451 for more information about
8458 \begin_layout Standard
8459 LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph.
8460 If a figure, table, or an equation is inline, it goes wherever the paragraph
8464 \begin_layout Standard
8465 On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a
8466 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8470 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8473 of its own, it behaves just like a
8474 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8478 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8481 paragraph environment.
8482 You can nest it into any environment, but you obviously can't nest anything
8486 \begin_layout Standard
8487 Here's an example with a table:
8490 \begin_layout Enumerate
8495 \begin_layout Enumerate
8496 This is (a) and it's nested.
8500 \begin_layout Standard
8501 \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
8507 \begin_layout Standard
8509 \begin_inset Tabular
8510 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
8511 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
8512 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
8513 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
8515 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8518 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8533 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8536 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8553 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8556 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8571 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8574 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8597 \begin_layout Standard
8598 \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
8605 \begin_layout Enumerate
8607 The table is actually nested inside (a).
8611 \begin_layout Enumerate
8615 \begin_layout Standard
8616 If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this:
8619 \begin_layout Enumerate
8624 \begin_layout Enumerate
8625 This is (a) and it's nested.
8629 \begin_layout Standard
8630 \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
8636 \begin_layout Standard
8638 \begin_inset Tabular
8639 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
8640 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
8641 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
8642 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
8644 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8647 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8662 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8665 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8682 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8685 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8700 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8703 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8726 \begin_layout Standard
8727 \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
8733 \begin_layout Enumerate
8740 In fact, it's not nested at all.
8743 \begin_layout Enumerate
8747 \begin_layout Standard
8748 Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first
8752 \begin_layout Standard
8753 There's another trap you can fall into: Nesting the table, but not going
8755 LyX then turns anything after the table into a new sublist.
8758 \begin_layout Enumerate
8763 \begin_layout Enumerate
8764 This is (a) and it's nested.
8767 \begin_layout Standard
8768 \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
8774 \begin_layout Standard
8776 \begin_inset Tabular
8777 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
8778 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
8779 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
8780 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
8782 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8785 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8800 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8803 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8820 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8823 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8838 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8841 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8864 \begin_layout Standard
8865 \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
8871 \begin_layout Enumerate
8873 The table is actually nested inside Item One, but
8881 \begin_layout Enumerate
8885 \begin_layout Standard
8886 As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a
8892 The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation.
8893 So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right
8897 \begin_layout Subsection
8898 Usage and General Features
8901 \begin_layout Standard
8902 Speaking of levels, LyX can perform up to a six-fold nesting.
8904 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8908 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8911 is the innermost possible depth.
8912 Here's an example to illustrate what we mean:
8915 \begin_layout Enumerate
8916 level #1 – outermost
8920 \begin_layout Enumerate
8925 \begin_layout Enumerate
8930 \begin_layout Enumerate
8935 \begin_layout Itemize
8940 \begin_layout Itemize
8949 \begin_layout Standard
8950 There are two exceptions to the six-fold nesting limit, and you can see
8951 both of them in the example.
8952 Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a four-fold
8962 For example, if we tried to nest another
8967 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8971 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8974 , we would get errors.
8977 \begin_layout Subsection
8979 \begin_inset Index idx
8982 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8991 \begin_layout Standard
8992 The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration.
8993 We have several examples of nested environments.
8994 In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce
8998 \begin_layout Subsubsection
8999 Example 1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting
9002 \begin_layout Labeling
9003 \labelwidthstring MMM
9004 #1-a This is the outermost level.
9013 \begin_layout Labeling
9014 \labelwidthstring MMM
9015 #2-a This is level #2.
9016 We created it by using
9019 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
9025 arg "depth-increment"
9032 \begin_layout Labeling
9033 \labelwidthstring MMM
9034 #3-a This is level #3.
9035 This time, we just hit
9042 arg "depth-increment"
9046 We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level,
9050 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
9056 arg "depth-increment"
9063 \begin_layout Standard
9068 environment, nested inside of
9069 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9073 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9077 So, it's at level #4.
9078 We did this by hitting
9081 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
9087 arg "depth-increment"
9090 , then changing the paragraph environment to
9095 Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph — it also works
9111 \begin_layout Standard
9116 paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a
9119 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
9125 \begin_layout Labeling
9126 \labelwidthstring MMM
9127 #4-a This is level #4.
9131 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
9134 and changed the paragraph environment back to
9139 Remember — we can't nest anything inside a
9143 environment, which is why we're still at level #4.
9148 keep nesting things inside
9149 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9153 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9160 \begin_layout Labeling
9161 \labelwidthstring MMM
9162 #5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar \ldots{}
9167 \begin_layout Labeling
9168 \labelwidthstring MMM
9169 #6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{}
9170 and this is level #6.
9171 By now, you should know how we made these two.
9175 \begin_layout Labeling
9176 \labelwidthstring MMM
9177 #5-b Back to level #5.
9181 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
9187 arg "depth-decrement"
9194 \begin_layout Labeling
9195 \labelwidthstring MMM
9199 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
9205 arg "depth-decrement"
9208 , we're back at level #4.
9212 \begin_layout Labeling
9213 \labelwidthstring MMM
9214 #3-b Back to level #3.
9215 By now it should be obvious how we did this.
9219 \begin_layout Labeling
9220 \labelwidthstring MMM
9221 #2-b Back to level #2.
9226 \begin_layout Labeling
9227 \labelwidthstring MMM
9228 #1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1.
9229 After this sentence, we'll hit
9233 and change the paragraph environment back to
9240 \begin_layout Standard
9241 We could have also used the
9257 environment in place of the
9262 The example would have worked exactly the same.
9265 \begin_layout Subsubsection
9266 Example 2: Inheritance
9269 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9270 This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost
9273 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9282 arg "depth-increment"
9285 , after which, we'll change to the
9293 \begin_layout Enumerate
9298 environment, at level #2.
9301 \begin_layout Enumerate
9302 Notice how the nested
9306 not only inherits its margins from its parent environment (
9310 ), but also inherits its font and spacing!
9314 \begin_layout Standard
9315 We ended this example by hitting
9320 After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to
9324 and reset the nesting depth by using
9327 arg "depth-decrement"
9333 \begin_layout Subsubsection
9334 Example 3: Labels, Levels, and the
9343 \begin_inset Argument
9346 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9347 Example #3: Labels, Levels and other list environments
9355 \begin_layout Enumerate
9356 This is level #1, in an
9360 paragraph environment.
9361 We're actually going to nest a bunch of these.
9365 \begin_layout Enumerate
9370 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
9376 arg "depth-increment"
9380 Now, what happens if we nest an
9384 environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its
9385 label be? An asterisk?
9389 \begin_layout Itemize
9399 environment, even though it's at level #3.
9400 So, its label is a bullet.
9401 (We got here by using
9404 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
9410 arg "depth-increment"
9413 , then changing the environment to
9421 \begin_layout Itemize
9422 Here's level #4, produced using
9425 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
9431 arg "depth-increment"
9435 We'll do that again\SpecialChar \ldots{}
9440 \begin_layout Enumerate
9441 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
9443 This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to
9448 Notice the type of numbering, it is
9452 , because we are in the
9461 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9480 \begin_layout Enumerate
9485 change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What
9486 type of numbering does LyX use?
9489 \begin_layout Enumerate
9490 Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using
9493 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
9496 to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item.
9499 \begin_layout Enumerate
9503 arg "depth-decrement"
9506 to decrease the depth after the next
9509 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
9516 \begin_layout Enumerate
9518 Look what type of label LyX is using!
9522 \begin_layout Enumerate
9524 Even though we've changed levels, LyX is still using a lowercase Roman
9525 numeral as the label.Why?
9528 \begin_layout Enumerate
9529 Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is
9538 Notice, however, that LyX
9542 reset the counter for the label.
9546 \begin_layout Enumerate
9550 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
9556 arg "depth-decrement"
9559 sequence, and we're back to level #2.
9560 This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back
9561 into the twofold-nested
9569 \begin_layout Enumerate
9570 The same thing happens if we do another
9573 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
9579 arg "depth-decrement"
9582 sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level.
9585 \begin_layout Standard
9586 Lastly, we reset the environment to
9591 As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labeling
9605 environments surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for
9611 The same rule applies for the
9615 environment, as well.
9618 \begin_layout Subsubsection
9619 Example 4: Going Bonkers
9622 \begin_layout Enumerate
9623 We're going to go totally nuts now.
9624 We won't nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into the
9625 same detail with how we did it.
9634 \begin_layout Standard
9642 arg "depth-increment"
9649 : level #2) We'll stick an encapsulated description of how we created the
9650 example in parentheses someplace.
9651 For example, the two keybindings are how we changed the depth.
9652 The environment name is the name of the current environment.
9653 Either before or after this, we'll put in the level.
9657 \begin_layout Enumerate
9662 : level #1) This is the next item in the list.
9667 Now we'll add verse.
9668 \begin_inset Newline newline
9671 It will get much worse.
9672 \begin_inset Newline newline
9682 arg "depth-increment"
9693 Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo.
9694 \begin_inset Newline newline
9697 Bippitey boppitey boo!
9698 \begin_inset Newline newline
9704 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
9717 \begin_layout Standard
9718 \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
9724 \begin_layout Standard
9726 \begin_inset Tabular
9727 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
9728 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
9729 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
9730 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
9732 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9735 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9750 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
9753 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9770 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
9773 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9788 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
9791 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9819 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
9829 arg "depth-increment"
9835 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
9845 arg "depth-decrement"
9852 \begin_layout Enumerate
9857 : level #1) This is another item.
9858 Note that selecting a
9862 resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth
9863 3 times to put the table inside the
9871 \begin_layout Quotation
9872 We're now ending the
9876 list and changing to
9881 We're still at level #1.
9882 We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments.
9883 The next set of paragraphs is a
9884 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9888 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9898 \begin_inset space ~
9903 environments inside of this one, then use another nested
9907 for the letter body.
9911 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
9914 to preserve the depth.
9915 Remember that you need to use
9918 arg "newline-insert newline"
9921 to create multiple lines inside the
9928 \begin_inset space ~
9938 \begin_layout Right Address
9940 \begin_inset Newline newline
9943 Moosegroin, MT 00100
9944 \begin_inset Newline newline
9950 \begin_layout Address
9952 \begin_inset space ~
9958 \begin_layout Quotation
9959 We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50
9960 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9963 L of compressed methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control.
9964 Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating
9965 a backlog in our orders for methane.
9966 We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order
9967 as soon as possible.
9968 In the meantime, we thank you for your patience.
9971 \begin_layout Quotation
9972 We do, however, now have a special on beef.
9973 If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form
9974 with your order, along with payment.
9977 \begin_layout Quotation
9978 We thank you again for your patience.
9981 \begin_layout Address
9983 \begin_inset Newline newline
9990 \begin_layout Quotation
9991 That ends that example!
9994 \begin_layout Standard
9995 As you can see, nesting environments in LyX gives you a lot of power with
9996 just a few keystrokes.
9997 We could have easily nested an
10018 You have a huge variety of options at your disposal.
10021 \begin_layout Section
10022 Spacing, pagination and line breaks
10023 \begin_inset Index idx
10026 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10035 \begin_layout Standard
10036 What is a space? While you might be used to pressing the space key anytime
10037 you want to separate two words in ordinary word processors, LyX offers
10038 you more spaces: Spaces of different width and spaces which can or cannot
10039 be broken at the end of a line.
10040 The following sections will show you some examples where those spaces are
10044 \begin_layout Subsection
10046 \begin_inset CommandInset label
10048 name "sub:Protected-Space"
10053 \begin_inset Index idx
10056 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10065 \begin_layout Standard
10066 The protected space: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the
10067 line at that point.
10068 This may be necessary to avoid unlucky linebreaks, like in:
10071 \begin_layout Quote
10072 Further documentation is given in section
10073 \begin_inset Newline newline
10077 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
10079 reference "sec:Bibliography"
10087 \begin_layout Standard
10088 Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected space between
10089 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10093 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10097 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10101 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
10103 reference "sec:Bibliography"
10108 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10112 A protected space is set with
10114 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10115 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10119 \begin_inset space ~
10129 arg "space-insert protected"
10135 \begin_layout Subsection
10137 \begin_inset CommandInset label
10139 name "sub:Horizontal-Space"
10144 \begin_inset Index idx
10147 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10148 Spacing ! Horizontal
10156 \begin_layout Standard
10157 All horizontal spaces can be inserted with the menu
10159 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10160 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10164 The length units are listed in Appendix
10165 \begin_inset space ~
10169 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
10171 reference "cha:Units-available-in"
10178 \begin_layout Subsubsection
10180 \begin_inset CommandInset label
10182 name "sub:Inter-word-Space"
10187 \begin_inset Index idx
10190 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10191 Spaces ! Inter-word
10199 \begin_layout Standard
10201 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10205 \begin_inset space \space{}
10208 English) have the typographical convention to add extra space after an end-of-se
10209 ntence punctuation mark, and LyX honors those conventions (see section
10210 \begin_inset space ~
10214 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
10216 reference "sub:Abbreviations"
10221 Sometimes, you want a normal space nevertheless.
10222 In this case, insert an inter-word space (shortcut
10225 arg "space-insert normal"
10231 \begin_layout Subsubsection
10233 \begin_inset CommandInset label
10235 name "sub:Thin-Space"
10240 \begin_inset Index idx
10243 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10252 \begin_layout Standard
10254 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10258 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10261 is a blank which has half the size of a normal space (and it is also
10262 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10266 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10270 The typographical conventions in a lot of languages propose the use of
10271 thin spaces in cases where normal spaces would be too wide, for instance
10272 inside abbreviations:
10275 \begin_layout Quote
10277 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10281 Knuth has developed our beloved typesetting program.
10284 \begin_layout Standard
10285 or between values and units.
10286 Compare for example this:
10287 \begin_inset Newline newline
10291 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10295 \begin_inset Newline newline
10298 10 kg (normal space
10301 \begin_layout Standard
10302 You can insert thin spaces also with the menu
10304 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10305 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10307 \begin_inset space ~
10315 arg "space-insert thin"
10321 \begin_layout Subsubsection
10323 \begin_inset CommandInset label
10325 name "sub:More-Spaces"
10332 \begin_layout Standard
10333 You can furthermore insert the following space types:
10336 \begin_layout Description
10338 \begin_inset space ~
10342 \begin_inset space ~
10345 space A line with a
10346 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
10350 \begin_inset space \negthinspace{}
10354 \begin_inset Formula $\gets$
10357 Negative thin space between the arrows.
10360 \begin_layout Description
10362 \begin_inset space ~
10366 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10370 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
10374 \begin_inset space \enskip{}
10378 \begin_inset Formula $\gets$
10382 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10385 em) space between the arrows.
10388 \begin_layout Description
10390 \begin_inset space ~
10394 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10398 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
10402 \begin_inset space \quad{}
10406 \begin_inset Formula $\gets$
10410 \begin_inset space ~
10414 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10417 em) space between the arrows.
10420 \begin_layout Description
10422 \begin_inset space ~
10426 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10430 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
10434 \begin_inset space \qquad{}
10438 \begin_inset Formula $\gets$
10442 \begin_inset space ~
10446 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10449 em) space between the arrows.
10452 \begin_layout Description
10454 \begin_inset space ~
10458 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
10462 \begin_inset space \hspace{}
10467 \begin_inset Formula $\gets$
10471 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10474 cm space between the arrows.
10477 \begin_layout Standard
10479 \begin_inset space ~
10483 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
10485 reference "tab:Width-of-the"
10489 lists the different space sizes.
10492 \begin_layout Standard
10493 \begin_inset Float table
10498 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10500 \begin_inset Caption
10502 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10503 \begin_inset CommandInset label
10505 name "tab:Width-of-the"
10509 Width of the different horizontal spaces.
10517 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10519 \begin_inset Tabular
10520 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
10521 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
10522 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
10523 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
10525 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
10528 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10536 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
10539 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10549 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
10552 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10558 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
10561 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10563 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10573 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
10576 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10582 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
10585 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10587 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10597 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
10600 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10606 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
10609 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10611 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10621 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
10624 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10630 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
10633 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10635 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10645 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
10648 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10650 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10658 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
10661 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10663 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10673 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
10676 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10678 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10686 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
10689 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10691 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10701 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
10704 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10706 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10714 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
10717 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10719 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10740 \begin_layout Subsubsection
10746 \begin_inset Index idx
10749 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10758 \begin_layout Standard
10759 Horizontal fills (HFills) are a special LyX feature for adding extra space
10760 in a uniform fashion.
10761 An HFill is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals
10762 the remaining space between the left and right margins.
10763 If there is more than one HFill on a line, they divide the available space
10764 equally between themselves.
10768 \begin_layout Standard
10769 Here a few examples what you can do with them:
10772 \begin_layout Quote
10774 This is on the left side
10775 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
10778 This is on the right
10781 \begin_layout Quote
10784 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
10788 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
10794 \begin_layout Quote
10797 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
10801 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
10805 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
10811 \begin_layout Standard
10812 That was an example in the
10818 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
10822 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
10826 \begin_inset Formula $\gets$
10829 is one in a standard paragraph.
10830 It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it
10834 sitting in-between the two arrows.
10837 \begin_layout Standard
10838 HFills can be made visible when you choose one of the
10841 \begin_inset space ~
10846 in the space dialog: The following patterns are available:
10849 \begin_layout Standard
10851 \begin_inset space \dotfill{}
10855 \begin_inset space ~
10861 \begin_layout Standard
10863 \begin_inset space \hrulefill{}
10867 \begin_inset space ~
10873 \begin_layout Standard
10875 \begin_inset space \leftarrowfill{}
10879 \begin_inset space ~
10885 \begin_layout Standard
10887 \begin_inset space \rightarrowfill{}
10891 \begin_inset space ~
10897 \begin_layout Standard
10899 \begin_inset space \downbracefill{}
10903 \begin_inset space ~
10909 \begin_layout Standard
10911 \begin_inset space \upbracefill{}
10915 \begin_inset space ~
10921 \begin_layout Standard
10922 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
10925 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10930 If an HFill is at the beginning of a line, and
10934 in the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it.
10935 This prevents HFills from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line.
10936 If you need space in this case anyway, set the
10940 option in the space dialog.
10948 \begin_layout Subsubsection
10950 \begin_inset CommandInset label
10952 name "sub:Phantom-Space"
10957 \begin_inset Index idx
10960 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10969 \begin_layout Standard
10970 Sometimes you want to insert space with exactly the length of a phrase.
10972 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10976 \begin_inset space \space{}
10979 you want to create the following multiple choice question:
10982 \begin_layout Standard
10983 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
10986 What is correct English?:
10987 \begin_inset Newline newline
10991 \begin_inset Newline newline
10995 \begin_inset space ~
10998 Edge would have been jumps the gun.
10999 \begin_inset Newline newline
11003 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
11006 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11014 \begin_inset Newline newline
11018 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
11021 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11029 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
11035 \begin_layout Standard
11036 So that the choices appear exactly after the phrase
11037 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11041 \begin_inset space ~
11045 \begin_inset space ~
11049 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11053 To get this, you can use the phantom insets available via the menu
11055 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11056 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11060 In our case insert a horizontal phantom at the beginning of the last two
11062 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11066 \begin_inset space ~
11070 \begin_inset space ~
11074 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11077 into the phantom inset (note the space after
11078 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11082 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11086 A phantom insets prints only the space of its content (like a placeholder).
11087 That is why it is named
11088 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11092 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11096 The normal phantom ouputs the width and heigth of the content as space,
11097 while the horizontal and vertical variant only outputs the corresponding
11101 \begin_layout Subsection
11103 \begin_inset CommandInset label
11105 name "sub:Vertical-Space"
11110 \begin_inset Index idx
11113 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11122 \begin_layout Standard
11123 To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use the
11125 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11126 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11128 \begin_inset space ~
11134 There you find the following sizes:
11137 \begin_layout Standard
11150 are LaTeX sizes which depend on the font size of the document.
11155 is the skip adjusted in the dialog
11157 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11161 \begin_inset Index idx
11164 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11165 Document ! Settings
11170 for the paragraph separation.
11171 If you use indentation to separate paragraphs
11182 \begin_layout Standard
11188 \begin_inset Index idx
11191 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11197 is a variable space, set so that the space is maximal within one page.
11198 An example: You have only two short paragraphs on one page with a vfill
11200 Then the first paragraph is placed at the top of the page and the second
11201 one at the bottom, because the space between them is then maximal.
11210 s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space.
11214 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11219 s are described in section
11220 \begin_inset space ~
11224 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
11226 reference "sub:Horizontal-Space"
11235 If there are several
11239 s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves.
11240 You can therefore use
11244 s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page.
11247 \begin_layout Standard
11252 are custom spaces in units explained in Appendix
11253 \begin_inset space ~
11257 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
11259 reference "cha:Units-available-in"
11266 \begin_layout Standard
11267 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
11270 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11277 When the extra vertical space would be in the output at the top/bottom of
11278 a page, the space is only added if you have also checked the option
11290 \begin_layout Subsection
11291 Paragraph Alignment
11294 \begin_layout Standard
11295 You can change the paragraph alignment with the
11297 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11301 There are five possibilities:
11304 \begin_layout Itemize
11312 arg "paragraph-params \\align block"
11318 \begin_layout Itemize
11326 arg "paragraph-params \\align left"
11332 \begin_layout Itemize
11340 arg "paragraph-params \\align right"
11346 \begin_layout Itemize
11354 arg "paragraph-params \\align center"
11360 \begin_layout Itemize
11368 arg "paragraph-params \\align default"
11374 \begin_layout Standard
11375 The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word
11376 spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between
11377 the left and right margins.
11378 The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this:
11381 \begin_layout Standard
11383 This paragraph is right aligned,
11386 \begin_layout Standard
11388 this one is centered,
11391 \begin_layout Standard
11393 this one is left aligned.
11396 \begin_layout Subsection
11398 \begin_inset Index idx
11401 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11402 Page breaks ! Forced
11408 \begin_inset CommandInset label
11410 name "sub:Forced-Page-Breaks"
11417 \begin_layout Standard
11418 If you don't like the way LaTeX does the pagebreaks in your document, you
11419 can force a page break where you want one.
11420 Normally this will not be necessary, because LaTeX is good at page breaking.
11421 Only if you use a lot of
11425 , LaTeX's page breaking algorithm can fail.
11428 \begin_layout Standard
11429 We recommend not to use forced pagebreaks until the text is finished and
11430 until you have checked in the preview to see if you
11434 have to change the page breaking.
11437 \begin_layout Standard
11438 There are two types of pagebreaks: One that ends the page without any special
11440 This can be inserted above or below a paragraph via the menu
11442 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11443 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11445 \begin_inset space ~
11451 The second type, that is inserted via the menu
11453 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11454 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11456 \begin_inset space ~
11461 , ends a page but stretches the content of the page, so that it fills out
11463 This type is useful to avoid whitespace when a page break produces a page
11464 on which only the last few lines are absent.
11467 \begin_layout Standard
11468 You might try to use a page break to ensure that a figure or table appears
11469 at the top of a page.
11470 This is, of course, the wrong way to do it.
11471 LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables
11472 appear at the top of a page (or the bottom, or on their own page) without
11473 having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table.
11475 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
11477 reference "cha:Floats-and-Notes"
11481 to learn more about
11488 \begin_layout Subsubsection
11490 \begin_inset CommandInset label
11492 name "sub:Clear-Page-Breaks"
11497 \begin_inset Index idx
11500 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11501 Page breaks ! Clear
11509 \begin_layout Standard
11510 Rather than forced pagebreaks where the content behind the break is placed
11511 directly on the next page, you can also clear pages while breaking them.
11512 That means that the current paragraph is terminated and everything, including
11513 unprocessed floats, from the earlier part of the document are placed behind
11514 it, if necessary by adding pages.
11517 \begin_layout Standard
11518 You can insert a clear page break with the menu
11520 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11521 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11523 \begin_inset space ~
11529 When you have a two-sided document like a book, you can use the menu
11531 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11532 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11534 \begin_inset space ~
11538 \begin_inset space ~
11543 to insert a clear page break that assures that the next page is a right-hand
11544 page (odd-numbered), if necessary by adding a page.
11547 \begin_layout Subsection
11549 \begin_inset Index idx
11552 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11559 \begin_inset CommandInset label
11561 name "sub:Forced-Line-Breaks"
11568 \begin_layout Standard
11569 Similar to page breaks there are two types of line breaks: One that simply
11571 You can force this line break within a paragraph by selecting
11573 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11574 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11576 \begin_inset space ~
11580 \begin_inset space ~
11588 arg "newline-insert newline"
11592 Another type that is inserted via the menu
11594 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11595 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11597 \begin_inset space ~
11601 \begin_inset space ~
11606 breaks the line and stretches it so that it fills out the whole space between
11608 This is necessary to avoid
11609 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11613 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11616 in justified paragraphs due to whitespace introduced by line breaks.
11619 \begin_layout Standard
11620 You shouldn't use forced line breaks to correct LaTeX's line breaking, as
11621 LaTeX is very good at line breaking.
11622 There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to actively
11623 set a line break, e.
11624 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
11628 \begin_inset space \space{}
11631 in a poem or for an address (see sections
11632 \begin_inset space ~
11636 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
11638 reference "sec:Quote"
11643 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
11645 reference "sec:Verse"
11650 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
11652 reference "sec:Address-Usage"
11659 \begin_layout Subsection
11661 \begin_inset CommandInset label
11663 name "sub:Horizontal-Lines"
11668 \begin_inset Index idx
11671 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11680 \begin_layout Standard
11682 \begin_inset CommandInset line
11693 \begin_layout Standard
11696 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11697 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11699 \begin_inset space ~
11704 you can insert horizontal lines.
11705 The line offset is the vertical distance between the line and the baseline
11706 of the current text line or the paragraph.
11707 The line settings can be changed by left-clicking on the line.
11710 \begin_layout Standard
11712 \begin_inset CommandInset line
11723 \begin_layout Standard
11727 \begin_layout Section
11728 Characters and Symbols
11731 \begin_layout Standard
11732 You can directly enter all characters that are available on your keyboard.
11733 You can also use special keyboard maps to be able to enter e.
11734 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
11738 \begin_inset space \space{}
11741 characters needed for French with an English keyboard.
11743 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
11747 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
11749 reference "sub:Keyboard-mapping"
11753 for information on how this is done.
11756 \begin_layout Standard
11757 For the case where you need a character that is not on your keyboard, you
11762 dialog via the menu
11764 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11765 Special Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11771 \begin_layout Standard
11772 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
11775 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11780 Maybe not all symbols inserted with the symbols dialog can be displayed
11781 when you are using a special screen font in LyX's preferences.
11782 But the inserted symbols will in every case be displayed in the output.
11790 \begin_layout Section
11791 Fonts and Text Styles
11792 \begin_inset CommandInset label
11794 name "sec:Fonts-and-Text"
11801 \begin_layout Subsection
11803 \begin_inset Index idx
11806 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11815 \begin_layout Standard
11816 There are two types of fonts:
11819 \begin_layout Description
11821 \begin_inset space ~
11825 \begin_inset Index idx
11828 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11834 are fonts, built from outlines of the single glyphs (i.
11835 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
11839 characters) in the font.
11840 This means that each glyph is defined using mathematical curves that are
11841 well suited for scaling to any requested size.
11842 This mathematical definition is interpreted by the font renderer and the
11843 curve is filled out with pixels according to the size and glyph.
11844 This means that outline fonts will look pretty good in all sizes.
11845 Only at very small sizes where each pixel has to be very carefully computed
11846 to provide a good image, it might be hard to provide a good rendering.
11847 \begin_inset Newline newline
11850 That could mean that one only needs to define one font size and scale them.
11851 But to achieve a better quality, many fonts define several font sizes.
11852 That improves the appearance because you need more details at large font
11853 sizes than at small ones.
11854 \begin_inset Newline newline
11868 \begin_inset space ~
11876 \begin_layout Description
11878 \begin_inset space ~
11882 \begin_inset Index idx
11885 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11891 on the other hand, are defined by bitmap graphics from the start, so they
11892 will look good at all the sizes they are meant for.
11893 However, they don't scale well, because in order to scale a glyph, each
11894 pixel is enlarged into several pixels.
11895 It is the same effect that happens if you try to enlarge a picture in a
11896 picture manipulation program.
11897 In order to relieve this effect, bitmap fonts are typically provided in
11898 several fixed sizes typically from around 8 pixels high up to 34 pixels
11899 or so high in steps according to what is believed to be useful.
11900 The advantage of bitmap fonts is that no complicated computations are necessary
11901 to display each glyph, so bitmap fonts are thus faster displayed than scalable
11903 The disadvantage is that sizes that don't exist as fixed versions have
11904 to be scaled by doubling pixels, and thus look bad.
11905 \begin_inset Newline newline
11908 Bitmap fonts are named
11911 \begin_inset space ~
11916 in PostScript- and PDF-documents.
11919 \begin_layout Standard
11920 The result of all this, is that bitmap fonts are best for the size they
11921 are designed for, while scalable fonts are good for nearly all sizes.
11922 So one needs fewer font size definitions for scalable fonts.
11923 That's the reason why nearly all text rendering and typesetting programs
11924 use scalable fonts.
11927 \begin_layout Standard
11928 To test which fonts are used in a PDF-document, you can have a look into
11929 its document properties.
11932 \begin_layout Standard
11933 Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards
11934 specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font.
11935 For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current
11936 font to emphasize text, you use an
11937 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11941 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11945 This concept fits in perfectly with LyX.
11946 In LyX, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting
11950 \begin_layout Subsection
11952 \begin_inset CommandInset label
11954 name "sub:LaTeX-font-support"
11961 \begin_layout Standard
11962 Traditionally, LaTeX uses its own fonts.
11963 That is to say, you cannot directly access the fonts installed on your
11964 operating system, but you have to use specific fonts provided by your LaTeX
11966 The reason is that LaTeX needs some extra information about the fonts,
11967 which have to be provided by additional files and packages.
11968 The downside of this is that your font choice is somewhat limited, compared
11969 to usual word processors.
11970 On the other hand this comes with the advantage that the provided fonts
11971 are generally of very good quality, and that LaTeX files are very portable
11972 across different machines.
11973 Also, the range of fonts supported by traditional LaTeX was increased a
11974 lot meanwhile so that you can find packages for many free and commercial
11976 In LyX, only a subset of these are directly selectable via the user interface
11978 \begin_inset space ~
11982 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
11984 reference "sub:Document-Font"
11989 However, all others are available if you enter the respective LaTeX code
11990 in the document preamble (please refer to the documentation of your desired
11994 \begin_layout Standard
11995 Furthermore, recent developments brought some new LaTeX engines that are
11996 also able to directly access fonts that are installed for your operating
11997 system (OS), namely XeTeX and LuaTeX.
11998 Both engines are now supported by LyX.
11999 By using them, you can use theoretically any OpenType or TrueType font
12000 that is installed on your system.
12001 The next section describes how to use these OS fonts.
12004 \begin_layout Standard
12005 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
12008 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12013 In practice, some fonts might fail due to bad metrics and other font deficienci
12014 es; so you might have to experiment.
12022 \begin_layout Standard
12023 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
12026 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12031 XeTeX and especially LuaTeX, are still rather new and thus not as mature
12032 as traditional LaTeX or PDFTeX.
12040 \begin_layout Subsection
12041 Document Font and Font size
12042 \begin_inset CommandInset label
12044 name "sub:Document-Font"
12049 \begin_inset Index idx
12052 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12059 \begin_inset Index idx
12062 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12071 \begin_layout Standard
12072 You can set the document fonts in the
12074 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12078 \begin_inset Index idx
12081 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12082 Document ! Settings
12088 There you can specify which font should be used for the three different
12089 font shapes roman (serif),
12092 \begin_inset space ~
12104 \begin_layout Standard
12105 The possible options for the font include
12109 and a list of fonts available on your system.
12114 uses the standard TeX fonts, known as
12115 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12121 \begin_inset space ~
12127 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12135 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12140 European Computer Modern
12143 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12153 \begin_layout Standard
12162 are bitmap fonts, they often looks pixelated in PDF output, especially
12163 when you read the PDF in a zoomed size.
12167 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12168 This problem doesn't appear if you read PDFs in
12171 \begin_inset space ~
12176 version 6 or later, because this program includes a special bitmap font
12182 To get rid of pixelated fonts, you have to use a vector font.
12183 There are three ways to use one:
12186 \begin_layout Itemize
12190 \begin_inset space ~
12195 fonts, which is the recommended choice if you want to keep the look of
12208 \begin_inset space ~
12213 was developed for the LaTeX community in order to replace
12217 as the default font.
12218 It covers a huge range of glyphs and several font shapes.
12219 Except for some details, where the appearance was improved,
12222 \begin_inset space ~
12235 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12236 One difference is improved kerning.
12244 \begin_layout Itemize
12248 \begin_inset space ~
12252 \begin_inset space ~
12257 fonts in (the rare) case that
12260 \begin_inset space ~
12265 is not available to you or does not work, and you still want to emulate
12280 Virtual means that it
12281 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12285 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12292 -glyphs from other fonts.
12293 This has the disadvantage that some characters are missing, like the French
12295 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12299 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12303 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12307 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12314 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12315 Loading the LaTeX-package
12320 \begin_inset Index idx
12323 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12326 LaTeX-packages ! aeguill
12331 with the document preamble line
12332 \begin_inset Newline newline
12339 usepackage[ec]{aeguill}
12340 \begin_inset Newline newline
12345 will fix the guillemet problem.
12350 and that accented characters are not
12354 glyph, but build of
12358 characters, the accent and the letter.
12359 Therefore you cannot search for words with accented characters in documents
12365 If you search for example for the French word
12366 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12370 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12373 in a PDF, you won't get any result, because the PDF-viewer searches for
12375 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12379 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12382 and not for the glyph
12383 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12387 \begin_inset space ~
12391 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12397 \begin_layout Itemize
12398 If you do not like the look of
12406 , you can of course select one of the other provided vector fonts, e.
12407 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
12411 \begin_inset space ~
12417 \begin_inset space ~
12429 Most roman vector fonts will automatically select matching sans
12430 \begin_inset space ~
12433 serif and typewriter fonts
12437 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12438 These are sometimes just matching other fonts (e.
12439 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
12445 \begin_inset space ~
12454 for sans serif text), or different shapes of the same font, i.
12455 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
12459 \begin_inset space \space{}
12467 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
12471 \begin_inset space \space{}
12477 \begin_inset space ~
12485 \begin_inset space ~
12495 , but you can also select your own.
12496 \begin_inset Newline newline
12499 The differences between roman,
12502 \begin_inset space ~
12511 fonts are explained in section
12512 \begin_inset space ~
12516 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
12518 reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
12523 \begin_inset Newline newline
12529 \begin_inset space ~
12534 was originally designed for newspapers.
12535 That means its glyphs are smaller than the ones from other fonts to fit
12536 into the small newspaper columns.
12540 \begin_inset space ~
12545 is not the optimal choice for larger documents like books.
12548 \begin_layout Standard
12549 For the font size there are four possible values:
12566 depends on your LaTeX-system, normally it is equal to the font size 10.
12569 \begin_layout Standard
12570 The font sizes are the
12575 That means that LyX scales all other possible font sizes (such as those
12576 used in footnotes, super-, and subscripts) by this value.
12577 You can fine-tune the font size of text parts via the
12580 \begin_inset space ~
12586 The possible font sizes for text parts are explained in section
12587 \begin_inset space ~
12591 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
12593 reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
12600 \begin_layout Standard
12605 allows users of the languages Chinese, Japanese, Korean (CJK) to specify
12606 a font to display the script characters.
12610 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12611 The font will be the argument for the commands of the LaTeX-package
12616 So this has no effect for the document language
12632 \begin_layout Standard
12633 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
12637 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
12640 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12645 When you choose a new font or font size, LyX does
12649 change the screen font! You will only see a difference in the printed output;
12650 this is part of the WYSIWYM concept.
12651 LyX's screen fonts can be adjusted in the
12653 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12656 dialog, see section
12657 \begin_inset space ~
12661 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
12663 reference "sub:Screen-Fonts"
12675 \begin_layout Subsection
12676 Using Different Character Styles
12677 \begin_inset Index idx
12680 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12687 \begin_inset Index idx
12690 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12699 \begin_layout Standard
12700 As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for
12701 certain paragraph environments.
12702 LyX supports two character styles,
12711 You can activate both of these styles via keybindings, the menus, and the
12715 \begin_layout Standard
12720 style, do one of the following:
12723 \begin_layout Itemize
12724 click on the toolbar button
12725 \begin_inset Graphics
12726 filename ../../images/font-noun.png
12733 \begin_layout Itemize
12734 use the key binding
12743 \begin_layout Standard
12744 These commands are all toggles.
12749 style is already active, they deactivate it.
12752 \begin_layout Standard
12753 One typically uses the
12757 style for proper names.
12759 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12766 is the original author of LyX.
12767 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12773 \begin_layout Standard
12774 A more widely used character style is the
12779 You can activate (or deactivate — it's also a toggle) the
12786 \begin_layout Itemize
12787 clicking on the toolbar button
12788 \begin_inset Graphics
12789 filename ../../images/font-emph.png
12796 \begin_layout Itemize
12797 using the keybindings
12806 \begin_layout Standard
12811 style is equivalent to an italic font but some document classes or LaTeX-packag
12812 es use a different font.
12815 \begin_layout Standard
12816 We've been using the
12820 style all over the place in this document.
12821 Here's one more example:
12824 \begin_layout Quotation
12827 Don't overuse character styles!
12830 \begin_layout Standard
12831 It's also a warning in addition to an example.
12832 One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation.
12833 Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid
12834 the common tendency to overuse character style.
12838 \begin_layout Standard
12839 You can always reset to the default font using the key binding
12847 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12849 \begin_inset space ~
12857 \begin_layout Subsection
12858 Fine-Tuning with the
12863 \begin_inset CommandInset label
12865 name "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
12870 \begin_inset Index idx
12873 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12882 \begin_layout Standard
12883 There are always occasions when you will need to do some fine-tuning, so
12884 LyX gives you a way to create a custom character style.
12885 For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet
12886 requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations.
12887 Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts
12888 from ordinary dialog.
12891 \begin_layout Standard
12892 Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a
12893 warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles!
12894 \begin_inset Newline newline
12897 Documents that overuse different fonts and sizes are not well readable and
12898 tend to look as if someone has knocked huge holes in them.
12901 \begin_layout Standard
12902 To use custom character styles, open the
12904 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12906 \begin_inset space ~
12912 There are several boxes on this dialog, each corresponding to a different
12913 font property which you can choose.
12914 You can choose an option for one of these properties, or select
12917 \begin_inset space ~
12922 , which keeps the current state of that property.
12927 will reset the property to whatever is the default.
12928 You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph
12929 environments in a snap.
12932 \begin_layout Standard
12933 The font properties, and their options (in addition to
12936 \begin_inset space ~
12948 \begin_layout Labeling
12949 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12955 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12959 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12963 The possible options are:
12967 \begin_layout Labeling
12968 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12973 This is the Roman font family.
12974 Normally a serif font.
12975 It's also the default family.
12985 \begin_layout Labeling
12986 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12990 \begin_inset space ~
12997 This is the Sans Serif font family.
13009 \begin_layout Labeling
13010 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13017 This is the Typewriter font family.
13023 arg "font-typewriter"
13032 \begin_layout Labeling
13033 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13038 This corresponds to the print weight.
13043 \begin_layout Labeling
13044 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13049 This is the Medium font series.
13050 It's also the default series.
13053 \begin_layout Labeling
13054 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13061 This is the Bold font series.
13074 \begin_layout Labeling
13075 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13080 As the name implies.
13085 \begin_layout Labeling
13086 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13091 This is the Upright font shape.
13092 It's also the default shape.
13095 \begin_layout Labeling
13096 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13110 s the Italic font shape
13116 \begin_layout Labeling
13117 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13124 This is the Slanted font shape
13126 (although it might not be visible in LyX, this is different from italic).
13129 \begin_layout Labeling
13130 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13134 \begin_inset space ~
13141 This is the Small caps font shape
13148 \begin_layout Labeling
13149 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13154 Alters the size of the font.
13155 You'll find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually proportio
13156 nal to the document font size.
13157 Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of
13158 what you want to do.
13163 \begin_layout Labeling
13164 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13172 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13176 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13185 arg "font-size tiny"
13191 \begin_layout Labeling
13192 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13200 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13204 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13213 arg "font-size scriptsize"
13219 \begin_layout Labeling
13220 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13228 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13232 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13241 arg "font-size footnotesize"
13247 \begin_layout Labeling
13248 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13256 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13260 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13269 arg "font-size small"
13275 \begin_layout Labeling
13276 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13282 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13286 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13290 It's also the default size.
13294 arg "font-size normal"
13300 \begin_layout Labeling
13301 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13309 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13313 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13322 arg "font-size large"
13328 \begin_layout Labeling
13329 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13337 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13341 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13350 arg "font-size larger"
13356 \begin_layout Labeling
13357 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13365 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13369 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13378 arg "font-size largest"
13384 \begin_layout Labeling
13385 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13393 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13397 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13406 arg "font-size huge"
13412 \begin_layout Labeling
13413 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13421 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13425 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13434 arg "font-size giant"
13441 \begin_layout Standard
13446 : don't go crazy with this feature.
13447 You should almost never need to change the font size.
13448 LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments
13449 — use that instead.
13450 This is here for fine-tuning only!
13453 \begin_layout Labeling
13454 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13459 Here you can change a few other things at the character level.
13464 \begin_layout Labeling
13465 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13472 This is text with emphasize on
13475 This might seem like the same as
13479 , but it is actually a bit different.
13485 That means every document class can define its own font used for emphasized
13487 Normally this font is equal to italic.
13490 \begin_layout Labeling
13491 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13498 This is text with Underbar on.
13504 arg "font-underline"
13510 \begin_inset Newline newline
13515 Avoid using underbar if you can! It's a hangover from the typewriter days,
13516 when you couldn't change fonts.
13517 We no longer need to emphasize text by underscoring characters.
13518 It's only included in LyX because some people
13522 need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions.
13525 \begin_layout Labeling
13526 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13533 This is text with Noun on.
13540 , this is a logical attribute.
13541 Normally it's equivalent to
13544 \begin_inset space ~
13553 \begin_layout Labeling
13554 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13559 You can adjust the color of the text with this control.
13560 Notice that not all DVI-viewers are able to display colors.
13564 \begin_inset space ~
13569 , which is the default
13570 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13574 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13577 and means normally black, you can choose between
13610 \begin_inset Index idx
13613 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13622 \begin_layout Labeling
13623 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13628 This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from
13629 the language of the document.
13630 Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change
13634 \begin_layout Standard
13635 So you have a huge number of combinations to choose from.
13636 Once you've chosen a new character style via the
13638 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13640 \begin_inset space ~
13645 dialog, the settings are saved.
13646 You can activate them using the toolbar button
13647 \begin_inset Graphics
13648 filename ../../images/textstyle-apply.png
13653 The button lets you toggle the state of your custom character style even
13654 when the dialog isn't visible.
13658 \begin_layout Standard
13659 To completely reset the character style to the default, use
13666 If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed
13667 (suppose you just set the shape to
13668 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13672 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13676 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13680 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13686 \begin_inset space ~
13698 \begin_layout Standard
13699 You should also know something about the differences between the three main
13707 \begin_inset space ~
13719 \begin_layout Itemize
13725 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13729 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13732 font, that means every character has the same width, the
13733 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13737 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13741 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13745 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13750 \begin_inset Newline newline
13754 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
13757 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13768 \begin_inset Note Note
13771 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13772 For more on phantoms see section
13773 \begin_inset space ~
13777 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
13779 reference "sub:More-Spaces"
13789 \begin_inset Newline newline
13795 \begin_layout Itemize
13800 fonts use characters with serifs.
13801 These are the small
13802 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13806 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13809 at the ends of the strokes that form the character.
13810 The following example will show the difference:
13811 \begin_inset Newline newline
13815 \begin_inset Newline newline
13820 text without serifs
13823 \begin_inset Newline newline
13826 Serifs facilitate quick and easy reading.
13827 These fonts are therefore used as default (named
13834 \begin_layout Itemize
13840 This font type is therefore often used for headings and short texts.
13841 We use it in this document to highlight menu names.
13844 \begin_layout Standard
13845 We conclude with the same warning once again: Don't overuse the fonts.
13846 They are, more often than not, a kludge and a bad substitute for good writing.
13849 \begin_layout Section
13850 Printing and Previewing
13853 \begin_layout Subsection
13857 \begin_layout Standard
13858 Now that we have covered some of the basic features of document preparation
13859 using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece.
13860 Before we tell you that, we want to give you a quick explanation of what
13861 goes on behind-the-scenes.
13862 We cover this information in much greater detail in the
13864 Additional Features
13869 \begin_layout Standard
13870 LyX uses the program LaTeX as its backend.
13871 LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system, but to prevent
13872 confusion, we'll only refer to LaTeX.
13873 LyX is what you use to do your actual writing.
13874 Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output.
13875 This happens in two stages:
13878 \begin_layout Enumerate
13879 First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX,
13880 generating a file with the extension,
13881 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13889 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13895 \begin_layout Enumerate
13896 Next, LaTeX uses the commands in the
13900 file to produce printable output.
13904 \begin_layout Subsection
13905 Output file formats
13906 \begin_inset Index idx
13909 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13916 \begin_inset CommandInset label
13918 name "sub:Output-file-formats"
13925 \begin_layout Subsubsection
13927 \begin_inset Index idx
13930 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13931 File formats ! ASCII
13939 \begin_layout Standard
13940 This file type has the extension
13941 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13949 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13953 It contains your document as plain text following the rules of the
13954 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13957 American Standard Code for Information Interchange
13958 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13964 \begin_layout Standard
13965 You can export your document to ASCII by the menu
13967 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13968 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13974 \begin_layout Subsubsection
13976 \begin_inset Index idx
13979 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13980 File formats ! LaTeX
13988 \begin_layout Standard
13989 This file type has the extension
13990 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13998 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14001 and contains all commands that are necessary for the LaTeX program to process
14003 If you know LaTeX, you can use it to find out LaTeX-Errors or to process
14004 it manually with console commands.
14005 The LaTeX-file is automatically created in LyX's temporary directory whenever
14006 you view or export your document.
14009 \begin_layout Standard
14010 You can export your document as LaTeX-file using the menu
14012 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14013 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14018 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14030 \begin_layout Subsubsection
14032 \begin_inset Index idx
14035 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14044 \begin_layout Standard
14045 This file type has the extension
14046 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14054 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14059 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14063 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14066 (DVI), because it is completely portable; you can move them from one machine
14067 to another without needing to do any sort of conversion.
14068 DVIs are used for quick previews and as pre-stage for other output formats,
14072 \begin_layout Standard
14073 DVI files do not contain images, they only link them.
14074 So don't forget to deliver the images together with your DVIs.
14075 Because the DVI-viewer has to convert the image in the background to make
14076 it visible when you scroll the DVI, this can slow down your computer when
14078 So we recommend to use PDF for files with many images.
14081 \begin_layout Standard
14082 You can export your document to DVI by the menu
14084 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14085 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14091 \begin_layout Subsubsection
14093 \begin_inset Index idx
14096 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14097 File formats ! PostScript
14105 \begin_layout Standard
14106 This file type has the extension
14107 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14115 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14119 PostScript was developed by the company
14123 as a printer language.
14124 The file contains therefore commands that the printer uses to print the
14126 PostScript can be seen as a
14127 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14130 programming language
14131 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14134 ; you can calculate with it and draw diagrams and images.
14138 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14139 When you are interested to learn more about this, have a look at the LaTeX-packa
14145 \begin_inset Index idx
14148 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14149 LaTeX-packages ! pstricks
14159 Due to this ability, the files are often bigger than PDFs.
14162 \begin_layout Standard
14163 PostScript can only contain images in the format
14164 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14167 Encapsulated PostScript
14168 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14171 (EPS, file extension
14172 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14180 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14184 As LyX allows you to use any known image format in your document, it has
14185 to convert them in the background to EPS.
14187 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
14190 images in your document, LyX has to do 50
14191 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
14194 conversions whenever you view or export your document.
14195 This will slow down your workflow with LyX drastically.
14196 So if you plan to use PostScript, you can insert your images directly as
14197 EPS to avoid this problem.
14200 \begin_layout Standard
14201 You can export your document to PostScript using the menu
14203 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14204 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14210 \begin_layout Subsubsection
14212 \begin_inset Index idx
14215 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14222 \begin_inset Index idx
14225 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14234 \begin_layout Standard
14235 This file type has the extension
14236 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14244 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14249 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14252 Portable Document Format
14253 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14260 was derived from PostScript.
14261 It is more compressed and it uses fewer commands than PostScript.
14263 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14267 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14270 implies, it can be processed at any computer system and the printed output
14271 looks exactly the same.
14274 \begin_layout Standard
14275 PDF can contain images in its own PDF format and in the formats
14276 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14279 Joint Photographic Experts Group
14280 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14283 (JPG, file extension
14284 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14292 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14296 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14304 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14308 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14311 Portable Network Graphics
14312 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14315 (PNG, file extension
14316 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14324 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14328 You can although use any other image format, because LyX converts them
14329 in the background to one of these formats.
14330 But as described in the section about PostScript, the image conversion
14331 will slow down your workflow.
14332 So we recommend to use images in one of the three mentioned formats.
14335 \begin_layout Standard
14336 You can export your document to PDF via the menu
14338 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14341 in three different ways:
14344 \begin_layout Description
14345 PDF This uses the program
14349 that creates a PDF from a PostScript-version of your file.
14350 The PostScript-version is produced by the program
14354 which uses a DVI-version as intermediate step.
14355 So this export variant consist of three conversions.
14358 \begin_layout Description
14360 \begin_inset space ~
14363 (dvipdfm) This uses the program
14367 that converts your file in the background to DVI and in a second step to
14371 \begin_layout Description
14373 \begin_inset space ~
14376 (pdflatex) This uses the program pdftex that converts your file directly
14380 \begin_layout Description
14382 \begin_inset space ~
14389 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14396 X) This uses the program XeTeX that converts your file directly to PDF.
14397 XeTeX is a new engine that provides direct Unicode support and support
14398 for direct font access (see section
14399 \begin_inset space ~
14403 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
14405 reference "sub:LaTeX-font-support"
14410 It is particularly good at typesetting different scripts.
14413 \begin_layout Description
14415 \begin_inset space ~
14422 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14429 X) This uses the program LuaTeX that converts your file directly to PDF.
14430 LuaTeX is an even newer engine, derived from pdflatex, that also provides
14431 direct Unicode support and support for direct font access (see section
14432 \begin_inset space ~
14436 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
14438 reference "sub:LaTeX-font-support"
14443 LuaTeX is still work in progress, but it might develop into the next standard
14447 \begin_layout Standard
14448 We recommend to use
14451 \begin_inset space ~
14460 supports all the features of actual PDF-versions, is quick, stable, and
14461 works without problems.
14466 is no longer under development and therefore a bit outdated.
14469 \begin_layout Subsubsection
14471 \begin_inset Index idx
14474 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14475 FileFormats ! XHTML
14481 \begin_inset Index idx
14484 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14493 \begin_layout Standard
14494 This file type has the extension
14495 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14503 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14507 It is a file suitable for viewing in web browsers.
14508 It does not itself contain images and the like but only links them, and
14509 when LyX produces XHTML, it also generates corresponding images in formats
14510 suitable for the purpose.
14511 Math is output as MathML, which renders nicely in browsers that support
14512 it, but not all do.
14515 \begin_layout Standard
14516 XHTML output remains
14517 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14521 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14524 , and not all LyX features are supported yet.
14526 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14529 LyX and the World Wide Web
14530 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14535 Additional Features
14537 manual, for more information.
14540 \begin_layout Standard
14541 You can export your document as an XHTML file using the menu item
14543 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14544 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14550 \begin_layout Subsection
14552 \begin_inset Index idx
14555 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14564 \begin_layout Standard
14565 To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the pagebreaks
14566 in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, use the menu
14570 and choose a file type.
14571 A viewing program will pop up showing the output.
14574 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14577 you can use the toolbar button
14578 \begin_inset Graphics
14579 filename ../../images/buffer-view_dvi.png
14586 arg "buffer-view dvi"
14591 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14593 \begin_inset space ~
14599 \begin_inset Graphics
14600 filename ../../images/buffer-view_pdf2.png
14606 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14610 \begin_inset Graphics
14611 filename ../../images/buffer-view_ps.png
14618 arg "buffer-view ps"
14624 \begin_layout Standard
14625 If you have changed your document, you can refresh the output in the same
14626 viewer window using the menu
14628 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14634 \begin_layout Standard
14635 When you preview a file, the output file is only generated in LyX's temporary
14637 To have a real output, export your document.
14640 \begin_layout Subsection
14641 Printing the File from within LyX
14642 \begin_inset CommandInset label
14644 name "sub:Printing-the-File"
14651 \begin_layout Standard
14652 Instead of exporting your file and then printing it, you can also print
14653 it directly from within LyX.
14654 To print a file, select the menu
14656 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14659 or click on the toolbar button
14660 \begin_inset Graphics
14661 filename ../../images/dialog-show_print.png
14666 LyX will internally call LaTeX to produce a DVI.
14667 This file is then processed by the program
14671 to PostScript-file, which is finally printed using the program
14676 Due to these steps in the background, this method is not the fastest.
14679 \begin_layout Standard
14680 You can choose to print only even-numbered or odd-numbered pages — this
14681 is useful for printing on two sides: You can re-insert the pages after
14682 printing one set to print on the other side.
14683 Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down.
14684 By choosing a particular order to print in, you can take the entire stack
14685 of pages out of the printer without needing to reorder them.
14688 \begin_layout Standard
14689 You can set the parameters in the
14692 \begin_inset space ~
14700 \begin_layout Labeling
14701 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14706 This is the name of the printer to print to.
14710 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14711 Note that this printer name is for the program
14720 has to be configured for this printer name.
14721 The default printer can be set in LyX's preferences dialog, see section
14722 \begin_inset space ~
14726 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
14728 reference "sub:Printer"
14737 The printer should understand PostScript.
14740 \begin_layout Labeling
14741 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14746 The name of a file to print to.
14747 The output will be a PostScript file.
14748 It will be written in LyX's working directory unless you specify the full
14752 \begin_layout Section
14753 A few Words about Typography
14754 \begin_inset Index idx
14757 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14766 \begin_layout Subsection
14768 \begin_inset Index idx
14771 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14780 \begin_layout Standard
14782 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14790 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14793 character comes in four lengths: the
14805 , and the minus sign:
14806 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
14812 \begin_layout Standard
14813 \begin_inset Tabular
14814 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
14815 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
14816 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
14817 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
14818 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
14819 <row interlinespace="3mm">
14820 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
14823 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14829 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
14832 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14838 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
14841 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14848 <row interlinespace="3mm">
14849 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14852 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14858 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14861 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14867 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14870 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14871 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14879 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14888 <row interlinespace="3mm">
14889 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14892 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14898 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14901 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14907 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14910 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14913 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14915 \begin_inset space ~
14918 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14925 <row interlinespace="3mm">
14926 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14929 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14935 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14938 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14944 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14947 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14950 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14952 \begin_inset space ~
14955 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14963 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14966 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14972 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14975 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14976 \begin_inset Formula $-$
14984 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14987 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14988 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14996 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15010 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
15016 \begin_layout Standard
15017 You can alternatively generate the en and em dash by inserting the
15018 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15026 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15029 character multiple times in a row.
15030 They will automatically be converted to the appropriate length dash in
15031 the final output, but not in LyX.
15033 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15037 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
15041 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15045 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15049 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
15053 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
15057 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15063 \begin_layout Standard
15064 The three dash types are distinct from the minus sign, which appears in
15065 math mode and has a length of its own.
15066 Here are some examples of the
15067 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15075 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15081 \begin_layout Enumerate
15082 line- and page-breaks
15083 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
15093 \begin_layout Enumerate
15095 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
15105 \begin_layout Enumerate
15106 Oh — there's a dash.
15107 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
15117 \begin_layout Enumerate
15118 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$
15122 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
15132 \begin_layout Subsection
15134 \begin_inset Index idx
15137 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15144 \begin_inset CommandInset label
15146 name "sub:Hyphenation"
15153 \begin_layout Standard
15154 Words aren't hyphenated within LyX but automatically in the output.
15155 Hyphenation is done by the LaTeX-package
15160 \begin_inset Index idx
15163 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15164 LaTeX-packages ! babel
15169 following the rules of the document language
15173 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15174 For German readers: That's one of the main differences between the languages
15182 \begin_inset space ~
15186 \begin_inset space ~
15193 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
15204 \begin_layout Standard
15205 LaTeX hyphenates almost perfectly, it only has problems with text in the
15210 font and with unusual constructs, like
15211 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15215 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15219 If LaTeX can't break a word correctly, you can set hyphenation points manually.
15220 This is done with the menu
15222 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
15223 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
15225 \begin_inset space ~
15231 These extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX.
15232 If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will ignore them.
15235 \begin_layout Standard
15236 Sometimes you want to prevent words or constructs from being hyphenated.
15237 Imagine that you are describing keybindings/shortcuts in your document
15239 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15243 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15247 LaTeX would then see the hyphen
15248 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15252 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15255 as a hyphenation possibility.
15256 Hyphenating at this point would look ugly.
15257 To prevent the shortcut from being hyphenated, you can put it into a makebox
15258 as described in section
15259 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15262 Prevent Hyphenation
15263 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15273 \begin_layout Subsection
15275 \begin_inset Index idx
15278 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15287 \begin_layout Subsubsection
15288 Abbreviations and End of Sentence
15289 \begin_inset CommandInset label
15291 name "sub:Abbreviations"
15298 \begin_layout Standard
15299 When LyX calls LaTeX to generate the final version of your document, LaTeX
15300 automatically distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations.
15301 LaTeX then adds the
15302 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15305 appropriate amount of space
15306 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15310 That means sentences get a little bit more space between the period and
15312 Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period as a word uses.
15315 \begin_layout Standard
15316 Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation does
15317 not work in all cases.
15319 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15327 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15330 is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's
15331 at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation.
15334 \begin_layout Standard
15335 Here are some examples of
15339 abbreviations and the end of a sentence:
15342 \begin_layout Itemize
15347 \begin_layout Itemize
15352 \begin_layout Standard
15353 And here's an example of the algorithm going wrong:
15356 \begin_layout Itemize
15358 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
15362 this is too much space!
15365 \begin_layout Itemize
15370 \begin_layout Standard
15371 You won't see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document.
15374 \begin_layout Standard
15375 To fix this problem, use one of the following:
15378 \begin_layout Enumerate
15382 \begin_inset space ~
15387 after lowercase abbreviations (see section
15388 \begin_inset space ~
15392 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
15394 reference "sub:Inter-word-Space"
15399 \begin_inset Index idx
15402 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15403 Spaces ! inter-word
15411 \begin_layout Enumerate
15415 \begin_inset space ~
15420 between two tokens of an abbreviation (see section
15421 \begin_inset space ~
15425 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
15427 reference "sub:Thin-Space"
15432 \begin_inset Index idx
15435 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15444 \begin_layout Enumerate
15448 \begin_inset space ~
15452 \begin_inset space ~
15456 \begin_inset space ~
15463 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
15465 \begin_inset space ~
15470 menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing.
15471 This function is also bound to
15474 arg "specialchar-insert end-of-sentence"
15480 \begin_layout Standard
15481 With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this:
15484 \begin_layout Itemize
15486 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
15490 \begin_inset space \space{}
15493 this is too much space!
15496 \begin_layout Itemize
15497 This is I\SpecialChar \@.
15501 \begin_layout Standard
15502 Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences.
15503 If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry, because LaTeX
15504 will take care of this.
15507 \begin_layout Standard
15508 For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors:
15512 \begin_inset space ~
15517 feature described in section
15523 Additional Features
15528 \begin_layout Subsubsection
15530 \begin_inset Index idx
15533 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15534 Typography ! Quotes
15540 \begin_inset Index idx
15543 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15548 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15559 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15574 \begin_layout Standard
15575 LyX usually sets quotes correctly.
15576 Specifically, it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text,
15577 and use a closing quote at the end.
15579 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15583 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15587 The keyboard character,
15591 , generates this automatically.
15594 \begin_layout Standard
15595 You can change the behavior of the
15599 key using the submenu
15605 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
15609 \begin_inset Index idx
15612 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15613 Document ! Settings
15621 \begin_layout Standard
15622 You can also select quotes for different languages in the box
15627 There are six choices:
15630 \begin_layout Labeling
15631 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15634 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15638 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15643 Use quotes like this
15644 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15648 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15652 \begin_inset Quotes els
15656 \begin_inset Quotes ers
15662 \begin_layout Labeling
15663 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15666 \begin_inset Quotes sld
15670 \begin_inset Quotes srd
15676 \begin_inset Quotes sld
15680 \begin_inset Quotes srd
15684 \begin_inset Quotes ers
15690 \begin_layout Labeling
15691 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15694 \begin_inset Quotes gld
15698 \begin_inset Quotes grd
15704 \begin_inset Quotes gld
15708 \begin_inset Quotes grd
15712 \begin_inset Quotes gls
15716 \begin_inset Quotes grs
15722 \begin_layout Labeling
15723 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15726 \begin_inset Quotes pld
15730 \begin_inset Quotes prd
15736 \begin_inset Quotes pld
15740 \begin_inset Quotes prd
15744 \begin_inset Quotes pls
15748 \begin_inset Quotes prs
15754 \begin_layout Labeling
15755 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15758 \begin_inset Quotes fld
15762 \begin_inset Quotes frd
15768 \begin_inset Quotes fld
15772 \begin_inset Quotes frd
15776 \begin_inset Quotes fls
15780 \begin_inset Quotes frs
15786 \begin_layout Labeling
15787 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15790 \begin_inset Quotes ald
15794 \begin_inset Quotes ard
15800 \begin_inset Quotes ald
15804 \begin_inset Quotes ard
15808 \begin_inset Quotes als
15812 \begin_inset Quotes ars
15818 \begin_layout Standard
15819 These settings affect what character the
15826 \begin_layout Subsection
15828 \begin_inset Index idx
15831 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15832 Typography ! Ligatures
15838 \begin_inset Index idx
15841 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15846 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15857 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15870 \begin_inset CommandInset label
15872 name "sub:Ligatures"
15879 \begin_layout Standard
15880 It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and
15881 print them as single characters.
15882 These groups are known as
15887 Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your documents will contain them too
15889 Here are the standard ligatures:
15892 \begin_layout Itemize
15896 \begin_layout Itemize
15900 \begin_layout Itemize
15904 \begin_layout Itemize
15908 \begin_layout Itemize
15912 \begin_layout Standard
15913 Some languages uses other ligatures if the document font supports them.
15916 \begin_layout Standard
15917 Sometimes, you don't want a ligature in a word.
15918 While a ligature may be okay in the word,
15919 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15923 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15926 it looks really weird in compound words, such as
15927 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15931 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15935 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15939 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15942 To break a ligature, use
15944 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
15945 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
15947 \begin_inset space ~
15954 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15958 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15962 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15965 cuff\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
15967 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15971 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15975 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15979 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15982 Dorf\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
15984 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15990 \begin_layout Subsection
15992 \begin_inset Index idx
15995 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16002 \begin_inset CommandInset label
16004 name "sub:LyX's-Proper-Names"
16011 \begin_layout Standard
16012 You will certainly have noticed that the word “LaTeX” always appears with
16013 characters in different sizes and heights.
16014 LaTeX is the name of the program used by LyX and is therefore recognized
16015 as a proper name when you type it in LyX as
16016 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16023 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16031 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16035 \begin_inset Note Note
16038 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16039 The braces in TeX Code are here to avoid that the
16040 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16044 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16047 appear as proper name in the output, see the last paragraph of this section.
16048 To create proper names omit the TeX Code.
16053 Note the order of the upper-and lowercase letters! LyX recognizes the following
16057 \begin_layout Description
16058 LyX The name of the game, write
16059 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16066 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16074 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16080 \begin_layout Description
16081 TeX The program used by LaTeX, write
16082 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16089 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16097 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16103 \begin_layout Description
16104 LaTeX The program used by LyX, write
16105 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16112 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16120 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16126 \begin_layout Description
16127 LaTeX2e The actual version of LaTeX, write
16128 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16135 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16143 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16149 \begin_layout Standard
16150 You might wonder why the LaTeX-version is
16151 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16155 \begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$
16159 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16163 It's an old tradition in the TeX-world to give programs geek version numbers.
16164 For example the version number of TeX converges to the number
16165 \begin_inset Formula $\pi$
16168 : The actual version is
16169 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16173 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16176 , the previous one was
16177 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16181 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16187 \begin_layout Standard
16188 If you don't want to use proper names, e.
16189 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
16193 \begin_inset space \space{}
16196 in section headings, you can insert two empty braces in TeX Code in the
16198 This will look in LyX like:
16199 \begin_inset Graphics
16200 filename ../clipart/LaTeX.png
16206 \begin_inset Newline newline
16209 For more about TeX Code, look at section
16210 \begin_inset space ~
16214 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
16216 reference "sec:TeX-Code"
16223 \begin_layout Subsection
16225 \begin_inset Index idx
16228 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16237 \begin_layout Standard
16238 Generally the space between units and the number is smaller than the normal
16239 space between two words.
16240 As you can see in the example below, it looks better when the space is
16243 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16247 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16250 for units use the menu
16252 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16253 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16255 \begin_inset space ~
16263 arg "space-insert thin"
16269 \begin_layout Standard
16270 Here's an example to show the differences:
16273 \begin_layout Standard
16274 \begin_inset Tabular
16275 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
16276 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
16277 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
16278 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
16280 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
16283 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16285 \begin_inset space ~
16289 \begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
16297 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
16300 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16301 space between number and unit
16308 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
16311 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16313 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
16317 \begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
16325 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
16328 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16329 half space between number and unit
16342 \begin_layout Subsection
16344 \begin_inset Index idx
16347 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16348 Typography ! Widows and orphans
16356 \begin_layout Standard
16357 In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page
16359 There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text.
16360 You may remember once printing out a document, only to find the heading
16361 for a new section printed at the very bottom of the page, the first line
16362 of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page, or the last line
16363 of a paragraph at the top of a new page.
16364 These bits of text became known as
16375 \begin_layout Standard
16376 Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading.
16377 That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments.
16378 But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line
16379 of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules
16380 built into LaTeX governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there
16381 to specifically prevent widows and orphans.
16382 This is the advantage LyX has in using LaTeX as its backend.
16385 \begin_layout Standard
16386 There's no way we can go into how TeX and LaTeX decide to break a page,
16387 or how you can tweak that behavior.
16388 Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography [such as
16389 \begin_inset space ~
16393 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
16395 key "latexcompanion"
16400 \begin_inset space ~
16404 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
16410 ] may have more information.
16411 You will almost never need to worry about this, however.
16414 \begin_layout Chapter
16415 Notes, Graphics, Tables, and Floats
16416 \begin_inset CommandInset label
16418 name "cha:Floats-and-Notes"
16425 \begin_layout Standard
16426 The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the
16431 There you'll also find tips and tricks for special cases.
16434 \begin_layout Section
16436 \begin_inset Index idx
16439 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16446 \begin_inset CommandInset label
16455 \begin_layout Standard
16456 LyX offers you a few types of notes to add to your document:
16459 \begin_layout Description
16461 \begin_inset space ~
16464 Note This note type is for internal notes that won't appear in the output.
16465 \begin_inset Newline newline
16469 \begin_inset Note Note
16472 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16473 This is text in a note box that doesn't appear in the output.
16481 \begin_layout Description
16482 Comment This note also doesn't appear in the output but it appears as LaTeX-comm
16483 ent, when you export the document to LaTeX via the menu
16485 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16486 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16487 LaTeX (pdflatex) / (plain)
16490 \begin_inset Newline newline
16494 \begin_inset Note Comment
16497 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16498 This is text in a note box that only appears as comment in LaTeX-files.
16506 \begin_layout Description
16508 \begin_inset space ~
16511 Out This note will appear in the output as grey text.
16512 \begin_inset Newline newline
16516 \begin_inset Newline newline
16520 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
16523 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16528 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16529 This is an example footnote within a greyed out note.
16530 In this document the greyed out note color is redefined to blue.
16531 How this can be done is explained in the
16540 of a comment that appears in the output as grey text.
16546 \begin_inset Newline newline
16550 \begin_inset Newline newline
16553 As you can see in the example, the first line of greyed out notes is a bit
16554 indented and greyed out notes can have footnotes.
16557 \begin_layout Standard
16558 Notes are inserted with the toolbar button
16559 \begin_inset Graphics
16560 filename ../../images/note-insert.png
16562 scaleBeforeRotation
16568 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16572 Right-click on the appearing note box to select the note type.
16575 \begin_layout Section
16577 \begin_inset Index idx
16580 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16587 \begin_inset CommandInset label
16589 name "sec:Footnotes"
16596 \begin_layout Standard
16597 LyX uses boxes to display footnotes: When you insert a footnote using the
16600 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16603 or the toolbar button
16604 \begin_inset Graphics
16605 filename ../../images/footnote-insert.png
16618 \begin_inset Graphics
16619 filename ../clipart/footnoteQt4.png
16628 This box is LyX's representation of your footnote.
16638 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16646 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16657 label, the box will
16661 be opened and you can enter the footnote text into it.
16662 Clicking on the box label again, will close
16675 If you want to turn existing text into a footnote, simply mark it and click
16691 \begin_layout Standard
16692 Here's an example footnote:
16700 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16701 To close a footnote, click on the footnote box label.
16709 \begin_layout Standard
16710 The footnote will appear in the output as a superscript number at the text
16711 position where the footnote box is placed.
16712 The footnote text is placed at the bottom of the current page.
16713 The footnote number is calculated by LyX, the numbers are consecutive,
16714 no matter in which chapter the footnote is in.
16715 LyX doesn't support other numbering schemes yet, but you can get another
16716 scheme using special LaTeX-commands.
16721 ey are described in the
16728 \begin_layout Section
16730 \begin_inset Index idx
16733 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16740 \begin_inset CommandInset label
16742 name "sec:Marginal-Notes"
16749 \begin_layout Standard
16750 Marginal notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX.
16751 When you insert a margin note via the menu
16753 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16755 \begin_inset space ~
16760 or the toolbar button
16761 \begin_inset Graphics
16762 filename ../../images/marginalnote-insert.png
16782 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16786 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16789 appearing within your text.
16790 This box is LyX's representation of your margin
16799 \begin_layout Standard
16800 At the side is an example marginal note.
16804 \begin_inset Marginal
16807 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16808 This is a marginal note.
16816 \begin_layout Standard
16817 Marginal notes appear at the right side in single-sided documents.
16818 In double-sided documents they appear in the outer margin – left on even
16819 pages, right on odd pages.
16822 \begin_layout Section
16823 Graphics and Images
16824 \begin_inset Index idx
16827 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16834 \begin_inset Index idx
16837 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16844 \begin_inset CommandInset label
16846 name "sec:Graphics"
16853 \begin_layout Standard
16854 To insert an image in your document, place the cursor at the text position
16855 you want and click on the toolbar icon
16856 \begin_inset Graphics
16857 filename ../../images/dialog-show-new-inset_graphics.png
16863 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16867 Then a dialog will appear to choose the file to load.
16870 \begin_layout Standard
16871 This dialog has numerous mostly self-explanatory parameters.
16876 tab allows you to choose your image file.
16877 The image can be transformed by setting a rotation angle and a scaling
16879 The scaling units are explained in Appendix
16880 \begin_inset space ~
16884 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
16886 reference "cha:Units-available-in"
16893 \begin_layout Standard
16898 it is possible to set image coordinates to adjust the height and width
16899 of the image in the output.
16900 The coordinates can also be calculated automatically by pressing the button
16904 \begin_inset space ~
16908 \begin_inset space ~
16917 \begin_inset space ~
16921 \begin_inset space ~
16925 \begin_inset space ~
16930 will only print the image region within the given coordinates.
16931 Normally you don't need to take care about image coordinates and can ignore
16939 \begin_layout Standard
16942 LaTeX and LyX options
16944 tab LaTeX experts can specify additional LaTeX options.
16945 You can also specify here the appearance of the image inside LyX.
16949 \begin_inset space ~
16954 has the effect that the image doesn't appear in the output, only a frame
16955 with the image size is printed.
16959 \begin_inset space ~
16963 \begin_inset space ~
16967 \begin_inset space ~
16972 is explained in the
16983 \begin_layout Standard
16984 The graphics dialog can be called at any time by clicking on an image.
16985 The image will appear in the output exactly at the position where it is
16987 This is an example image within a separate, horizontally centered paragraph:
16991 \begin_layout Standard
16993 \begin_inset Graphics
16994 filename ../clipart/mobius.eps
16996 rotateOrigin center
17003 \begin_layout Standard
17004 If you need image captions and want to reference images, you have to put
17005 the image into a float, see section
17006 \begin_inset space ~
17010 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
17012 reference "sub:Figure-Floats"
17019 \begin_layout Subsection
17021 \begin_inset Index idx
17024 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17031 \begin_inset CommandInset label
17033 name "sub:Image-Formats"
17040 \begin_layout Standard
17041 You can insert images in any known file format.
17042 But as we explained in section
17043 \begin_inset space ~
17047 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
17049 reference "sub:Output-file-formats"
17053 , every output document format allows only a few image formats.
17054 LyX uses therefore the program
17058 in the background to convert the images to the right format.
17059 To increase your workflow by avoiding these conversions in the background,
17060 you can use only the image formats listed in the subsections of section
17061 \begin_inset space ~
17065 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
17067 reference "sub:Output-file-formats"
17074 \begin_layout Standard
17075 Similar to fonts there are two types of image formats:
17078 \begin_layout Description
17080 \begin_inset space ~
17083 images consist of pixel values, often in a compressed form.
17084 They are therefore not fully scalable and look pixelated in large zooms.
17085 Well-known bitmap image formats are
17086 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17089 Graphics Interchange Format
17090 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17093 (GIF, file extension
17094 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17102 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17106 \begin_inset Index idx
17109 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17114 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17125 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17138 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17141 Portable Network Graphics
17142 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17145 (PNG, file extension
17146 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17154 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17158 \begin_inset Index idx
17161 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17166 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17177 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17190 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17193 Joint Photographic Experts Group
17194 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17197 (JPG, file extension
17198 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17206 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17210 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17218 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17222 \begin_inset Index idx
17225 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17230 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17241 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17256 \begin_layout Description
17258 \begin_inset space ~
17261 images consist of vectors and can therefore be scaled to any size without
17263 The scaling ability is necessary if you want to create presentations, because
17264 presentations are always scaled by the beamer.
17265 Scaling is also useful for online documents to let the user zoom into diagrams.
17266 \begin_inset Newline newline
17269 Scalable image formats can be
17270 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17273 Scalable Vector Graphics
17274 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17277 (SVG, file extension
17278 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17286 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17290 \begin_inset Index idx
17293 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17298 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17309 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17322 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17325 Encapsulated PostScript
17326 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17329 (EPS, file extension
17330 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17338 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17342 \begin_inset Index idx
17345 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17350 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17361 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17374 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17377 Portable Document Format
17378 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17381 (PDF, file extension
17382 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17390 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17394 \begin_inset Index idx
17397 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17404 We say it can be, because you can convert any bitmap image format to PDF
17405 or EPS and the result won't be scalable.
17406 In this cases only a header with the image properties is added to the original
17411 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17412 In the case of PDF, the original image is additionally compressed.
17420 \begin_layout Standard
17421 Normally one cannot convert a bitmap image into a scalable one, only vice
17425 \begin_layout Subsection
17426 Grouping of Image Settings
17427 \begin_inset Index idx
17430 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17431 Images ! Settings grouping
17439 \begin_layout Standard
17440 Each image can define a new group of image settings or join an existing
17442 Images within such a group share their settings, so adjusting one image
17443 of the group automatically also adjusts all other images of the group in
17445 So you can for example change the size for a bunch of images without the
17446 need to manually change each of them.
17450 \begin_layout Standard
17451 A new group can be set by entering a name in the
17454 \begin_inset space ~
17459 field in the Graphics dialog.
17460 Joining an existing group can be done using the context menu of the image
17461 by checking the name of the desired group.
17464 \begin_layout Section
17466 \begin_inset Index idx
17469 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17476 \begin_inset CommandInset label
17485 \begin_layout Standard
17486 You can insert a table using either the toolbar button
17487 \begin_inset Graphics
17488 filename ../../images/tabular-insert.png
17495 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
17499 A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns.
17500 The default table has lines around any cell and the first row appears separated
17501 from the rest of the table.
17502 This separation appears due to a double line: The cells of the first row
17503 have a line below them and the cells of the second row have a line above
17505 Here's an example table:
17508 \begin_layout Standard
17510 \begin_inset Tabular
17511 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="4">
17512 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
17513 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
17514 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
17515 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0in">
17516 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
17518 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17521 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17527 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17530 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17545 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17548 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17554 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17557 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17565 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17568 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17583 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17586 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17592 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17595 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17601 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17604 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17612 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17615 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17630 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17633 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17639 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17642 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17652 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17655 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17663 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17666 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17681 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17684 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17690 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17693 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17699 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17702 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17716 \begin_layout Subsection
17720 \begin_layout Standard
17721 You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button, which
17722 brings up the table dialog.
17723 Here you can adjust the settings of the cell and row/column respectively
17724 where the cursor is placed currently.
17725 Most of the dialog options also work on selections.
17726 This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is
17727 done on all of your selection.
17730 \begin_layout Standard
17731 Additionally to the table dialog, the
17734 \begin_inset space ~
17739 helps you in setting table properties.
17740 It appears when the cursor is inside a table.
17743 \begin_layout Standard
17747 \begin_inset space ~
17752 of the table dialog you can set the alignment for the current row.
17753 If you add a row or column, it will be inserted right beside or below the
17754 current cell respectively.
17755 The vertical alignment of a column can only be adjusted when a column width
17757 A given width will allow the cell to have line breaks and multiple paragraphs
17758 of text, see section
17759 \begin_inset space ~
17763 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
17765 reference "sub:Table-Cells"
17772 \begin_layout Standard
17773 You can mark multiple cells of one row/column as a multicolumn/row cell
17774 using the check box
17783 This will merge the cells to
17787 cell, spread over more than one column/row.
17788 Multicolumn cells are treated as own rows, so that the alignment, width,
17789 and border settings affect only the multicolumn cell.
17790 Here's an example table with a multicolumn cell in the first row and one
17791 in the last row without the upper border:
17794 \begin_layout Standard
17796 \begin_inset Tabular
17797 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="4">
17798 <features firstHeadTopDL="true" firstHeadBottomDL="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
17799 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
17800 <column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="0">
17801 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0in">
17802 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
17804 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17807 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17813 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17816 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17822 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17825 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17831 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17834 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17842 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17845 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17860 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17863 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17869 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17872 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17878 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17881 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17889 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17892 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17898 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17901 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17907 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17910 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17916 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17919 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17933 \begin_layout Standard
17934 Adept users can declare special LaTeX-arguments for the table.
17935 They are necessary for special table formatting, like for multirow cells,
17936 explained in the tables section of the
17939 \begin_inset space ~
17945 You can also rotate the current cell or the whole table 90
17946 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
17949 degrees counterclockwise.
17950 These rotations are not visible in LyX but in the output.
17953 \begin_layout Standard
17954 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
17957 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17962 Most DVI-viewers are
17966 able to display rotations.
17974 \begin_layout Standard
17979 tab allows you to add and delete border lines for the current row/column.
17984 adds lines for all cell borders.
17987 \begin_layout Subsection
17989 \begin_inset Index idx
17992 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17993 Tables ! Longtables
17999 \begin_inset Index idx
18002 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18011 \begin_layout Standard
18012 If the table is too long to fit on one page, you can use the option
18015 \begin_inset space ~
18019 \begin_inset space ~
18028 of the table dialog to split the table automatically over more pages.
18029 Doing this enables some check boxes and you can now define:
18032 \begin_layout Description
18037 : The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options
18038 defined, are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable;
18039 except for the first page, if
18042 \begin_inset space ~
18050 \begin_layout Description
18054 \begin_inset space ~
18059 : The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options
18060 defined, are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable.
18063 \begin_layout Description
18068 : The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options
18069 defined, are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable;
18070 except for the last page, if
18073 \begin_inset space ~
18081 \begin_layout Description
18085 \begin_inset space ~
18090 : The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options
18091 defined, are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable.
18094 \begin_layout Description
18095 Caption: The first row is reset as a single column.
18096 You can now insert there the table caption via the menu
18098 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18102 More about longtable captions can be found in the
18105 \begin_inset space ~
18113 \begin_layout Standard
18114 You can also specify a row where the table is split.
18115 If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware
18116 of the fact that only the first one is used in the given table row.
18117 The others will then be defined as
18122 In this context, first means first in this order:
18125 \begin_inset space ~
18137 \begin_inset space ~
18143 See the following longtable to see how it works:
18146 \begin_layout Standard
18148 \begin_inset Tabular
18149 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="69" columns="3">
18150 <features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
18151 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" width="5cm">
18152 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
18153 <column alignment="right" valignment="top" width="0pt">
18154 <row endfirsthead="true">
18155 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18158 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18161 Example Phone List (ignore the names)
18166 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18169 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18175 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18178 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18185 <row endfirsthead="true">
18186 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18189 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18197 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18200 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18206 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18209 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18218 <row endhead="true">
18219 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18222 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18230 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18233 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18239 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18242 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18249 <row endhead="true">
18250 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18253 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18261 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18264 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18270 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18273 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18282 <row endfoot="true">
18283 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18286 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18294 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18297 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18303 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18306 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18314 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18317 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18325 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18328 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18334 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18337 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18345 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18348 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18356 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18359 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18365 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18368 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18376 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18379 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18387 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18390 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18396 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18399 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18407 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18410 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18418 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18421 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18427 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18430 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18438 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18441 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18449 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18452 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18458 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18461 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18469 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18472 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18480 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18483 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18489 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18492 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18500 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18503 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18511 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18514 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18520 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18523 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18531 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18534 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18542 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18545 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18551 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18554 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18562 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18565 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18573 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18576 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18582 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18585 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18593 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18596 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18604 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18607 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18613 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18616 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18624 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18627 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18635 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18638 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18644 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18647 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18655 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18658 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18666 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18669 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18675 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18678 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18686 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18689 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18697 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18700 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18706 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18709 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18717 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18720 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18728 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18731 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18737 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18740 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18748 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18751 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18759 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18762 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18768 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18771 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18779 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18782 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18790 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18793 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18799 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18802 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18810 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18813 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18821 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18824 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18830 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18833 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18841 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18844 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18852 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18855 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18861 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18864 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18872 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18875 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18883 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18886 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18892 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18895 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18903 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18906 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18914 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18917 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18923 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18926 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18934 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18937 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18945 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18948 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18954 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18957 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18965 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18968 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18976 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18979 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18985 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18988 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18996 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18999 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19007 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19010 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19016 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19019 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19027 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19030 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19038 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19041 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19047 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19050 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19058 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19061 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19069 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19072 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19078 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19081 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19089 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19092 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19100 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19103 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19109 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19112 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19120 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19123 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19131 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19134 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19140 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19143 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19151 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19154 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19162 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19165 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19171 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19174 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19182 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19185 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19193 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19196 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19202 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19205 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19213 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19216 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19224 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19227 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19233 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19236 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19244 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19247 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19255 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19258 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19264 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19267 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19275 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19278 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19284 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
19287 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19293 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19296 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19304 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19307 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19315 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19318 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19324 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19327 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19335 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19338 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19346 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19349 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19355 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19358 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19366 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19369 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19377 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19380 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19386 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19389 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19397 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19400 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19408 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19411 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19417 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19420 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19428 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19431 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19439 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19442 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19448 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19451 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19459 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19462 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19470 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19473 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19479 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19482 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19490 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19493 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19501 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19504 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19510 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19513 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19521 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19524 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19532 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19535 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19541 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19544 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19552 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19555 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19563 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19566 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19572 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19575 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19583 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19586 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19594 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19597 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19603 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19606 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19614 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19617 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19625 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19628 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19634 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19637 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19645 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19648 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19656 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19659 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19665 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19668 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19676 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19679 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19687 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19690 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19696 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19699 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19707 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19710 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19718 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19721 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19727 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19730 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19738 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19741 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19749 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19752 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19758 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19761 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19769 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19772 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19780 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19783 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19789 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19792 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19800 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19803 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19811 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19814 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19820 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19823 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19831 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19834 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19842 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19845 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19851 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19854 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19862 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19865 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19873 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19876 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19882 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19885 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19893 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19896 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19904 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19907 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19913 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19916 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19924 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19927 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19935 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19938 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19944 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19947 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19955 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19958 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19966 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
19969 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19975 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19978 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19986 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19989 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19997 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
20000 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20006 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20009 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20017 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20020 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20028 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
20031 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20037 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20040 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20048 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20051 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20059 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
20062 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20068 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20071 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20079 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20082 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20090 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
20093 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20099 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20102 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20110 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20113 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20121 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
20124 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20130 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20133 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20141 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20144 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20152 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
20155 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20161 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20164 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20172 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20175 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20183 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
20186 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20192 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20195 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20203 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20206 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20214 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
20217 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20223 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20226 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20234 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20237 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20245 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
20248 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20254 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20257 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20264 <row endlastfoot="true">
20265 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="block" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20268 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20276 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
20279 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20285 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20288 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20302 \begin_layout Subsection
20304 \begin_inset Index idx
20307 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20314 \begin_inset CommandInset label
20316 name "sub:Table-Cells"
20323 \begin_layout Standard
20324 A table cell can contain text, inline equations, a figure, or another table.
20325 All these kinds of objects can be placed in the same cell.
20326 Font sizes and shapes can also be altered.
20327 But you can't put a special environment in a cell (like
20331 , etc.), nor set spacing options etc.
20332 for the cell's paragraph.
20335 \begin_layout Standard
20336 To have multi-line entries in table cells, you have to declare a fixed width
20337 for the column in the table dialog.
20338 Your text is then automatically split into multiple lines and the cell
20339 is enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given width.
20343 \begin_layout Standard
20345 \begin_inset Tabular
20346 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
20347 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
20348 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
20349 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" width="3cm">
20350 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
20352 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20355 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20370 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20373 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20388 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20391 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20408 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20411 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20426 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20429 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20439 This is a multi-line entry in a table.
20444 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20447 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20464 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20467 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20482 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20485 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20495 This is longer now.
20500 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20503 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20520 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20523 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20538 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20541 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20551 This is a multi-line entry in a table.
20552 This is longer now.
20557 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20560 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20583 \begin_layout Standard
20584 Cutting and pasting between tables and table cells works reasonably well.
20585 You can cut and paste even more than one row.
20589 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20590 Note, that you cannot paste into a multicell selection because it would
20591 not be clear what to do when pasting a single word in a selected 2×3.
20597 Selection with the mouse or with
20601 plus the arrow keys works as usual.
20602 You can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit by starting
20603 the selection from outside the table.
20606 \begin_layout Section
20608 \begin_inset Index idx
20611 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20618 \begin_inset CommandInset label
20627 \begin_layout Subsection
20631 \begin_layout Standard
20632 A float is a block of text associated with some sort of label, which doesn't
20633 have a fixed location.
20635 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20639 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20642 forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best.
20650 \begin_inset space ~
20655 are also floats, because they can float to the next page when there are
20656 too many notes on the page.
20659 \begin_layout Standard
20660 Floats make it possible to get a high quality layout.
20661 Images and tables can be spread evenly over the pages to avoid whitespace
20662 and pages without text.
20663 As the floating often destroys the context between the text and the image/table
20664 , every float can be referenced in the text.
20665 Floats are therefore numbered.
20666 Referencing is described in section
20667 \begin_inset space ~
20671 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
20673 reference "sec:Cross-References"
20680 \begin_layout Standard
20681 To insert a float, use the menu
20683 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20687 A box with a caption will be inserted into your document.
20688 The label will automatically be translated to the document language in
20690 After the label you can insert the caption text.
20691 \begin_inset Index idx
20694 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20702 The image or table is inserted above or below the caption in a separate
20703 paragraph within the float.
20704 To keep your LyX-document readable, you can open and close the float box
20705 by left-clicking on the box label.
20706 A closed float box looks like this:
20707 \begin_inset Graphics
20708 filename ../clipart/floatQt4.png
20713 – a gray button with a red label.
20716 \begin_layout Standard
20717 It is recommended to insert floats as a separate paragraph to avoid possible
20718 LaTeX-errors that can occur when the surrounding text is specially formatted.
20721 \begin_layout Subsection
20725 \begin_layout Subsubsection
20727 \begin_inset CommandInset label
20729 name "sub:Figure-Floats"
20734 \begin_inset Index idx
20737 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20740 Floats ! Figure floats
20748 \begin_layout Standard
20750 \begin_inset space ~
20754 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
20756 reference "cap:Platypus"
20760 was created using the menu
20762 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20763 Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20766 or the toolbar button
20769 arg "float-insert figure"
20773 The image was inserted by setting the cursor above the caption label and
20776 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20779 or the toolbar button
20782 arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics"
20786 The image in the float was horizontally centered by putting the cursor
20787 in front of or behind the image and using the menu
20789 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20791 \begin_inset space ~
20796 or the toolbar button
20799 arg "layout-paragraph"
20805 \begin_layout Standard
20806 \begin_inset Float figure
20811 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20813 \begin_inset Graphics
20814 filename ../clipart/platypus.eps
20823 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20824 \begin_inset Caption
20826 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20827 \begin_inset CommandInset label
20829 name "cap:Platypus"
20833 A severely distorted platypus in a float.
20846 \begin_layout Standard
20847 This figure float also shows how to set a label and create a cross-reference
20849 As described in section
20850 \begin_inset space ~
20854 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
20856 reference "sec:Cross-References"
20860 , you can simply insert a label in the caption using the menu
20862 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20865 or the toolbar button
20871 and refer to it using the menu
20873 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20876 or the toolbar button
20879 arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
20883 It is important to use references to figure floats, rather than using vague
20885 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20889 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20892 , because, as LaTeX will reposition the floats in the final document, it
20894 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20898 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20904 \begin_layout Standard
20905 Normally only one image is inserted in a figure float, but sometimes you
20906 might want to use two images with separate subcaptions.
20907 This can be done by inserting image floats into existing image floats.
20908 Note that only the main caption of the float is added to the List of Figures
20909 as described in section
20910 \begin_inset space ~
20914 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
20916 reference "sub:List-of-Figures"
20922 \begin_inset space ~
20926 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
20928 reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"
20932 is an example of a figure float with two images set side by side.
20933 You can also set the images one below the other.
20935 \begin_inset space ~
20939 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
20941 reference "fig:Undefinable"
20946 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
20948 reference "fig:Platypus"
20952 are the subfigures.
20955 \begin_layout Standard
20956 \begin_inset Float figure
20961 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20962 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
20966 \begin_inset Float figure
20971 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20972 \begin_inset Caption
20974 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20977 \begin_inset CommandInset label
20979 name "fig:Undefinable"
20991 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20992 \begin_inset Graphics
20993 filename ../clipart/escher-lsd.eps
21004 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
21008 \begin_inset Float figure
21013 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21014 \begin_inset Caption
21016 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21019 \begin_inset CommandInset label
21021 name "fig:Platypus"
21033 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21034 \begin_inset Graphics
21035 filename ../clipart/platypus.eps
21047 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
21053 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21054 \begin_inset Caption
21056 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21057 \begin_inset CommandInset label
21059 name "cap:Two-distorted-images"
21063 Two distorted images.
21076 \begin_layout Subsubsection
21078 \begin_inset Index idx
21081 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21084 Floats ! Table floats
21092 \begin_layout Standard
21093 Table floats can be inserted using the menu
21095 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
21096 Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
21099 or the toolbar botton
21102 arg "float-insert table"
21106 They have the same properties as figure floats except for the different
21109 \begin_inset space ~
21113 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
21115 reference "cap:Table-float"
21122 \begin_layout Standard
21123 \begin_inset Float table
21128 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21129 \begin_inset Caption
21131 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21132 \begin_inset CommandInset label
21134 name "cap:Table-float"
21146 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21148 \begin_inset Tabular
21149 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
21150 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
21151 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
21152 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
21153 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
21155 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21158 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21164 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21167 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21173 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21176 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21184 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21187 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21193 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21196 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21202 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21205 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21213 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21216 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21217 \begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$
21225 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21228 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21229 \begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
21232 \end{array}\right]$
21240 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21243 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21244 \begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$
21265 \begin_layout Subsection
21267 \begin_inset Index idx
21270 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21281 \begin_layout Standard
21282 LyX offers you further float types as well as rotated floats.
21283 It also allows you to change the float numbering scheme, to control the
21284 float placement and to change the formatting and placement of the float
21286 All these features are explained in detail with many examples in chapter
21294 \begin_inset space ~
21302 \begin_layout Section
21304 \begin_inset Index idx
21307 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21314 \begin_inset CommandInset label
21316 name "sec:Minipages"
21323 \begin_layout Standard
21324 LaTeX provides a mechanism to produce essentially a page within a page,
21326 Within a minipage, all the usual rules of indentation, line wrapping, etc.
21327 \begin_inset space ~
21334 \begin_layout Standard
21335 Minipages in LyX have their own collapsible box inserted via the menu
21337 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
21341 Right-clicking on the box allows you to alter the width of the minipage
21342 and its alignment within the page.
21345 \begin_layout Standard
21347 \begin_inset Box Frameless
21357 height_special "totalheight"
21360 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21363 This is a minipage.
21364 The text is set in an italic style.
21367 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21370 Minipages are often used for text in another language or text that needs
21371 another formatting.
21379 \begin_layout Standard
21380 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
21383 If you place two minipages side-by-side, you can use
21387 as described in section
21388 \begin_inset space ~
21392 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
21394 reference "sub:Horizontal-Space"
21399 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
21405 \begin_layout Standard
21406 \begin_inset Box Frameless
21416 height_special "totalheight"
21419 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21420 This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text.
21421 This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage.
21427 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
21431 \begin_inset Box Frameless
21441 height_special "totalheight"
21444 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21445 This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text.
21446 This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage.
21454 \begin_layout Standard
21455 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
21461 \begin_layout Standard
21462 When you right-click on a minipage box, you can change the box from a minipage
21463 to other box types.
21464 All box types and their settings are explained in detail in chapter
21475 \begin_layout Chapter
21476 Mathematical Formulas
21477 \begin_inset Index idx
21480 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21487 \begin_inset Index idx
21490 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21495 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21506 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21519 \begin_inset CommandInset label
21521 name "cha:Mathematical-Formulas"
21528 \begin_layout Standard
21529 The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the
21534 There you'll also find tips and tricks for special cases.
21537 \begin_layout Section
21539 \begin_inset Index idx
21542 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21551 \begin_layout Standard
21552 To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon
21553 \begin_inset Graphics
21554 filename ../../images/math-mode.png
21559 That will create a little blue rectangle, with purple markers around its
21561 That blue rectangle is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate
21562 what level of nesting within the formula you are at.
21563 You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the
21565 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
21571 \begin_layout Standard
21572 Editing the parameters of a formula and adding math constructs can be done
21576 \begin_inset space ~
21581 , that appears when the cursor is in a formula.
21584 \begin_layout Standard
21585 There are two main types of formulas: Inline formulas appear within a text
21586 line, like this one:
21589 \begin_layout Standard
21590 This is a line with an inline formula
21591 \begin_inset Formula $A=B$
21597 \begin_layout Standard
21598 Displayed formulas appear outside the text like if they were in an own paragraph
21600 \begin_inset Formula
21607 You can only number and reference displayed formulas.
21610 \begin_layout Standard
21611 LyX supports also many LaTeX math commands.
21613 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
21617 \begin_inset space \space{}
21621 \begin_inset Quotes eld
21631 \begin_inset Quotes erd
21634 , followed by a space, in a formula will create the Greek letter
21635 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
21639 So typing commands might sometimes be faster than using the
21642 \begin_inset space ~
21650 \begin_layout Subsection
21651 Navigating in Formulas
21652 \begin_inset Index idx
21655 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21664 \begin_layout Standard
21665 The best control over the cursor position within an existing formula is
21666 achieved with the arrow keys.
21667 LyX uses small rectangles to indicate places where something can be inserted.
21668 The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula.
21673 will leave a formula construct (a square root
21674 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$
21678 \begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$
21682 \begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
21685 \end{array}\right]$
21693 will leave the formula, placing the cursor after the formula.
21698 can be used to move horizontally in a formula; for example, through the
21699 cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi-line equation.
21702 \begin_layout Standard
21707 , printed in this document as
21708 \begin_inset Quotes eld
21715 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21725 \begin_inset Quotes erd
21729 \begin_inset Note Note
21732 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21733 This command will appear in the output as official character denoting the
21734 space character (visible space).
21739 , seems to do nothing in a formula, since it does not add a space between
21740 characters, but it does exit a nested structure.
21741 For this reason, you have to be careful about using
21746 For example, if you want
21747 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$
21758 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21777 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21790 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21801 , since in the latter case only the
21804 \begin_inset Formula $2x$
21809 will be under the square root sign:
21810 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$
21816 \begin_layout Standard
21817 You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled
21819 \begin_inset Formula
21821 \left(\begin{array}{ccc}
21830 If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing
21831 in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most constructs don't mind.
21834 \begin_layout Subsection
21838 \begin_layout Standard
21839 You can select text within a formula in two different ways.
21840 Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press
21844 and a cursor movement key to select text.
21845 It will be highlighted as with regular text selection.
21846 Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way.
21847 That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula,
21848 but not in a normal text region in LyX.
21851 \begin_layout Subsection
21852 Exponents and Subscripts
21853 \begin_inset Index idx
21856 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21863 \begin_inset Index idx
21866 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21875 \begin_layout Standard
21876 You can use the math panel to add super- or subscripts, but the much easier
21877 way is to use a command.
21879 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$
21882 , type in a formula
21888 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21904 puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression.
21910 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$
21914 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$
21923 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21935 If you use characters in the superscript, that could be accented with the
21937 \begin_inset Quotes eld
21941 \begin_inset Quotes erd
21944 , you have to use an extra
21948 to separate the hat and the character.
21950 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
21954 \begin_inset space \space{}
21958 \begin_inset Formula $x^{a}$
21967 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21979 Subscripts are similar: To get
21980 \begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$
21989 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22003 \begin_layout Subsection
22005 \begin_inset Index idx
22008 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22017 \begin_layout Standard
22018 Create a fraction with either the command
22025 \begin_inset Graphics
22026 filename ../../images/math/frac.png
22034 \begin_inset space ~
22040 You will be presented with an empty fraction.
22041 The cursor is above the fraction line.
22042 To move it to the bottom, simply press
22047 To move back up, press
22052 Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows:
22053 \begin_inset Formula
22055 \left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc}
22058 \end{array}\right)}\right]
22066 \begin_layout Subsection
22068 \begin_inset Index idx
22071 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22080 \begin_layout Standard
22081 Roots can be created using the
22084 \begin_inset space ~
22090 \begin_inset Graphics
22091 filename ../../images/math/sqrt.png
22114 you can produce roots of higher orders, like cube roots, while
22120 produces always a square root.
22123 \begin_layout Subsection
22124 Operators with Limits
22125 \begin_inset Index idx
22128 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22135 \begin_inset Index idx
22138 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22145 \begin_inset CommandInset label
22147 name "sub:Operators-with-Limits"
22154 \begin_layout Standard
22156 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
22160 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
22163 ) operators are very often decorated with limits.
22164 These limits can be entered in LyX by entering them as you would enter
22165 a super- or subscript, directly after the symbol.
22166 The sum operator will automatically place its
22167 \begin_inset Quotes eld
22171 \begin_inset Quotes erd
22174 over and under the symbol in displayed formulas, and on the side in inline
22177 \begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$
22181 \begin_inset Formula
22183 \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e
22188 Integral signs, however, will place the limits on the side in both formula
22192 \begin_layout Standard
22193 All operators with limits will be automatically re-sized when placed in
22195 The placement of the limits can be changed by placing the cursor directly
22196 behind the operator and hitting
22204 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
22205 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
22207 \begin_inset space ~
22211 \begin_inset space ~
22219 \begin_layout Standard
22220 Certain other mathematical expressions have this
22221 \begin_inset Quotes eld
22225 \begin_inset Quotes erd
22228 feature as addition, such as
22229 \begin_inset Index idx
22232 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22239 \begin_inset Formula
22241 \lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x),
22246 which will place the
22247 \begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$
22251 \begin_inset Quotes eld
22255 \begin_inset Quotes erd
22259 In inline formulas it looks like this:
22260 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$
22266 \begin_layout Standard
22267 Note that the lim-function was entered as the function macro
22274 Have a look at section
22275 \begin_inset space ~
22279 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
22281 reference "sub:Functions"
22285 for an explanation of function macros.
22288 \begin_layout Subsection
22290 \begin_inset Index idx
22293 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22302 \begin_layout Standard
22303 Most math symbols can be found in the
22306 \begin_inset space ~
22311 under one of several categories; including
22328 There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical
22332 \begin_layout Standard
22333 If you know the LaTeX-command for a construct or symbol you wish to use,
22334 you don't have to use the
22337 \begin_inset space ~
22342 , but can type the command directly into the formula.
22343 LyX will convert it to the corresponding symbol or construct.
22346 \begin_layout Subsection
22348 \begin_inset Index idx
22351 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22360 \begin_layout Standard
22361 You may want to create spaces that differ from the standard spacing that
22366 arg "space-insert protected"
22372 \begin_inset space ~
22378 \begin_inset Graphics
22379 filename ../../images/math/space.png
22384 This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen.
22385 For example, the sequence
22390 \begin_inset Formula $a\, b$
22394 \begin_inset Graphics
22395 filename ../clipart/SpaceMarker.png
22400 You can change the space to different sizes when you set the cursor behind
22401 the space marker and hit space again several times.
22402 With every space hit the size will be changed.
22403 Some markers for the space size appear red in LyX, because they are negative
22405 Here are two examples:
22408 \begin_layout Standard
22418 \begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$
22424 \begin_layout Standard
22434 \begin_inset Formula $a\! b$
22440 \begin_layout Subsection
22442 \begin_inset Index idx
22445 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22452 \begin_inset CommandInset label
22454 name "sub:Functions"
22461 \begin_layout Standard
22465 \begin_inset space ~
22470 contains under the button
22471 \begin_inset Graphics
22472 filename ../../images/math/functions.png
22476 a number of function macros, such as
22477 \begin_inset Formula $\sin$
22481 \begin_inset Formula $\lim$
22489 (you can also insert them in a formula by typing
22496 Standard mathematical practice is that functions are printed upright to
22497 avoid confusions, because
22498 \begin_inset Formula $sin$
22502 \begin_inset Formula $s\cdot i\cdot n$
22508 \begin_layout Standard
22509 Using the function macros will also produce correct spacing around the function:
22511 \begin_inset Formula $a\sin x$
22515 \begin_inset Formula $asinx$
22521 \begin_layout Standard
22522 For some mathematical objects, like the limes, the macro changes where subscript
22523 s are placed, as described in section
22524 \begin_inset space ~
22528 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
22530 reference "sub:Operators-with-Limits"
22537 \begin_layout Subsection
22539 \begin_inset Index idx
22542 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22551 \begin_layout Standard
22552 In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text
22554 This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use.
22555 You can also use LaTeX commands to e.
22556 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
22560 \begin_inset space \space{}
22564 \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
22567 even if your keyboard doesn't have hat-accents enabled.
22568 Our example is entered by typing
22576 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22589 \begin_inset space ~
22593 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
22595 reference "cap:Accent-names-and"
22599 shows the equivalences between the accent names and the commands.
22602 \begin_layout Standard
22603 \begin_inset Float table
22608 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22609 \begin_inset Caption
22611 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22612 \begin_inset CommandInset label
22614 name "cap:Accent-names-and"
22618 Accent names and the corresponding commands.
22626 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22628 \begin_inset Tabular
22629 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="3">
22630 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
22631 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
22632 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
22633 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
22635 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22638 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22644 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22647 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22653 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22656 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22673 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22676 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22691 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22694 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22704 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22707 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22717 \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
22727 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22730 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22745 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22748 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22758 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22761 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22771 \begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$
22781 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22784 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22799 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22802 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22812 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22815 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22825 \begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$
22835 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22838 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22853 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22856 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22866 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22869 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22879 \begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$
22889 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22892 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22907 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22910 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22920 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22923 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22933 \begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$
22943 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22946 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22961 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22964 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22974 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22977 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22987 \begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$
22997 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23000 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23015 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23018 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23028 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23031 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23041 \begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$
23051 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23054 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23069 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23072 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23082 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23085 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23095 \begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$
23105 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23108 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23123 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23126 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23136 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23139 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23149 \begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$
23159 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23162 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23168 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23171 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23181 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23184 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23194 \begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$
23215 \begin_layout Standard
23216 You can choose one of the accents by selecting an item from the
23219 \begin_inset space ~
23225 \begin_inset Graphics
23226 filename ../../images/math/hat.png
23230 in the math panel ; this will apply to any selection you have made within
23234 \begin_layout Section
23235 Brackets and Delimiters
23236 \begin_inset Index idx
23239 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23246 \begin_inset Index idx
23249 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23256 \begin_inset CommandInset label
23258 name "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters"
23265 \begin_layout Standard
23266 There are several brackets available through LyX.
23267 For most purposes, using just the keys
23272 But if you want to surround a large structure, like a matrix or a fraction,
23273 or if you have several layers of brackets, it is better to use the math
23274 toolbar delimiter icon
23275 \begin_inset Graphics
23276 filename ../../images/math/delim.png
23281 For example, that's how you would construct the brackets around a standard
23283 \begin_inset Formula
23285 \left[\begin{array}{cc}
23293 and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses as in:
23294 \begin_inset Formula
23296 \frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}
23304 \begin_layout Standard
23305 The parentheses, and other brackets from that menu will automatically re-size
23306 to accommodate the size of what is inside.
23309 \begin_layout Standard
23310 To construct brackets click on the button for the bracket you want on the
23311 left side and right side.
23312 If you use the option
23315 \begin_inset space ~
23320 , the selected bracket type will be used for the left and the right side.
23321 The selection will be shown below the button field.
23322 If you want one side to not have a bracket, use the blank button.
23323 It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will be printed.
23326 \begin_layout Standard
23327 If you want to place brackets around math structures, like a square root,
23328 you can do that by highlighting (selecting) the structure that is to go
23329 inside the brackets.
23330 Then choose the appropriate brackets for left and right and click on
23335 The parentheses will be drawn around the selected structure.
23338 \begin_layout Section
23339 Arrays and Multi-line Equations
23340 \begin_inset Index idx
23343 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23350 \begin_inset Index idx
23353 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23360 \begin_inset Index idx
23363 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23364 Math ! Multi-line Equations
23372 \begin_layout Standard
23373 Matrices are entered in LyX using the
23376 \begin_inset space ~
23382 \begin_inset Graphics
23383 filename ../../images/math/matrix.png
23388 It will open a dialog for you to choose the number of rows/columns.
23389 Here is an example:
23390 \begin_inset Formula
23392 \left(\begin{array}{ccc}
23401 The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as described in section
23402 \begin_inset space ~
23406 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
23408 reference "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters"
23413 When you construct the matrix, you can decide whether the column entries
23414 will be left-, right-, or center-justified.
23415 This alignment is set in the box
23420 \begin_inset Quotes eld
23428 \begin_inset Quotes erd
23432 \begin_inset Quotes eld
23440 \begin_inset Quotes erd
23444 \begin_inset Quotes eld
23452 \begin_inset Quotes erd
23457 \begin_inset Quotes eld
23465 \begin_inset Quotes erd
23468 for every column as default.
23469 For example, the sequence
23470 \begin_inset Quotes eld
23478 \begin_inset Quotes erd
23481 means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be
23482 centered, and the third column will be right-justified, because each letter
23483 corresponds to the relevant column.
23484 The result will look like this:
23485 \begin_inset Formula
23488 this & this\, column & this\, column\\
23489 column & has & has\, right\\
23490 has\, left\, alignment & center\, alignment & alignment
23499 \begin_layout Standard
23500 You can add more rows to an existing matrix by hitting
23503 arg "newline-insert newline"
23506 while the cursor is in the matrix.
23507 Adding or deleting columns can be done via the menu
23509 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23512 or the math toolbar.
23515 \begin_layout Standard
23516 There are other arrays used in formulas, such as distinctions of cases.
23517 It can be created with the menu
23519 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23520 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23522 \begin_inset space ~
23534 Here is an example:
23535 \begin_inset Formula
23549 \begin_layout Standard
23550 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
23553 Multi-line formulas are created when you press
23556 arg "newline-insert newline"
23560 In an empty formula you can see that three blue boxes appear, one for each
23565 arg "newline-insert newline"
23568 in a non-empty formula, the part before the relation sign (equal sign
23569 \begin_inset Quotes eld
23573 \begin_inset Quotes erd
23576 etc.) will be inserted automatically in the first column, the relation sign
23577 is in the second column, and the rest in the third column.
23578 A new row is created by every further hit of
23581 arg "newline-insert newline"
23585 Multi-line formulas are always displayed formulas.
23586 Here is an example:
23587 \begin_inset Formula
23589 a^{2} & = & (b^{2}+c^{2})(b^{2}-c^{2})\nonumber \\
23590 a & = & \sqrt{b^{4}-c^{4}}\label{eq:asquared}
23595 To change the column assignment of the formula parts, place the cursor
23596 where you want to start the shift and hit
23601 It shifts everything in the column which is right beside the current cursor
23602 position to the next column.
23603 Note that the middle column is designed for relation signs, structures
23604 within this column will be printed in a smaller size:
23605 \begin_inset Formula
23607 \frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B}
23615 \begin_layout Standard
23616 The multi-line formula type described here is called
23623 There are other multi-line types being more suitable for certain situations,
23624 for example if you want a better inter-line spacing than in formula (
23625 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
23627 reference "eq:asquared"
23632 The other types are described in section
23633 \begin_inset space ~
23637 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
23639 reference "sub:AMS-Formula-Types"
23646 \begin_layout Section
23647 Formula Numbering and Referencing
23648 \begin_inset Index idx
23651 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23652 Math ! Formula numbering
23658 \begin_inset Index idx
23661 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23662 Math ! Referencing formulas
23668 \begin_inset CommandInset label
23670 name "sec:Formula-Numbering-and"
23677 \begin_layout Standard
23678 To number a formula, set the cursor in the formula and use the menu
23680 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23681 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23683 \begin_inset space ~
23691 arg "math-number-toggle"
23695 The formula number appears in LyX as
23696 \begin_inset Quotes eld
23700 \begin_inset Quotes erd
23703 within parentheses.
23705 \begin_inset Quotes eld
23709 \begin_inset Quotes erd
23712 denotes that the number will be calculated automatically when the output
23714 The placement and format of the formula number in the output depends on
23715 the document class.
23716 In this document the number is printed together with the chapter number,
23717 separated by a dot:
23718 \begin_inset Formula
23728 arg "math-number-toggle"
23731 in a numbered formula will switch off the numbering.
23732 You can only number displayed formulas.
23735 \begin_layout Standard
23736 Multi-line formulas can be numbered line by line: Using the menu
23738 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23739 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23741 \begin_inset space ~
23745 \begin_inset space ~
23749 \begin_inset space ~
23757 arg "math-number-line-toggle"
23760 will only toggle the numbering of the line where the cursor is:
23761 \begin_inset Formula
23764 2 & = & 4-2\nonumber \\
23770 To number all lines use the shortcut
23773 arg "math-number-toggle"
23779 \begin_layout Standard
23780 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
23783 Every displayed formula can be referenced by its number using a label.
23784 A label is inserted with the menu
23786 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23789 when the cursor is in the formula.
23790 This opens a dialog to enter the label.
23791 It is recommended to use the proposed
23792 \begin_inset Quotes eld
23800 \begin_inset Quotes erd
23803 as first part of the label, because this helps later to identify the label
23804 type when you have many labels in your document.
23805 We inserted in the following example the label
23806 \begin_inset Quotes eld
23810 \begin_inset Quotes erd
23813 in the second line:
23814 \begin_inset Formula
23816 \tanh(x) & = & \frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}\nonumber \\
23817 & = & \frac{\mathrm{e}^{2x}-1}{\mathrm{e}^{2x}+1}\label{eq:tanhExp}
23822 Every labeled line is automatically numbered.
23823 Therefore the label is shown in LyX at the place of the formula number
23825 \begin_inset Quotes eld
23829 \begin_inset Quotes erd
23833 You can reference a labeled formula using the menu
23835 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23837 \begin_inset space ~
23843 A dialog appears to choose a label you want refer to.
23844 The reference appears in LyX as a grey cross reference box and in the output
23845 as the formula number:
23848 \begin_layout Standard
23849 This is a cross-reference to equation (
23850 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
23852 reference "eq:tanhExp"
23859 \begin_layout Standard
23860 The properties of LyX's cross-reference box are described in section
23861 \begin_inset space ~
23865 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
23867 reference "sec:Cross-References"
23872 To delete a label, set the cursor in the labeled formula, use the menu
23875 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23878 and delete the label in the appearing dialog.
23882 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23883 This is a unintuitive and will be fixed in the next version of LyX.
23891 \begin_layout Section
23892 User defined math macros
23893 \begin_inset Index idx
23896 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23905 \begin_layout Standard
23906 LyX allows you to define macros for formulas which is very useful when you
23907 have equations of the same form in a document several times.
23908 Math macros are explained in section
23911 \begin_inset space ~
23923 \begin_layout Section
23927 \begin_layout Subsection
23929 \begin_inset Index idx
23932 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23941 \begin_layout Standard
23942 The standard font for text is italic, for numbers the standard is roman.
23943 To set a font in a formula, use the
23946 \begin_inset space ~
23952 \begin_inset Graphics
23953 filename ../../images/math/font.png
23957 , or enter its command, listed in table
23958 \begin_inset space ~
23962 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
23964 reference "cap:Typefaces-and-the"
23971 \begin_layout Standard
23972 \begin_inset Float table
23977 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23978 \begin_inset Caption
23980 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23981 \begin_inset CommandInset label
23983 name "cap:Typefaces-and-the"
23987 Typefaces and the corresponding commands.
23995 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23997 \begin_inset Tabular
23998 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
23999 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
24000 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
24001 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
24003 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24006 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24012 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24015 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24023 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24026 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24033 \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$
24041 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24044 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24056 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24059 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24060 \begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbf{Bold}}$
24068 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24071 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24083 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24086 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24087 \begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italic}$
24095 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24098 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24110 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24113 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24120 \begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$
24128 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24131 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24143 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24146 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24147 \begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}}$
24155 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24158 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24170 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24173 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24174 \begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$
24182 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24185 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24197 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24200 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24208 \begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$
24216 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24219 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24231 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24234 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24235 \begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{SansSerif}$
24243 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24246 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24269 \begin_layout Standard
24270 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
24273 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24278 You can only print capital letters in the typefaces
24294 \begin_layout Standard
24295 When you use a typeface, a blue box is inserted in the formula.
24296 Every character in this box will be printed in this typeface.
24301 within the box will set the cursor outside, so that you have to use a protected
24302 space when you need a space in the box.
24303 Here an example where
24304 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24308 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24315 denotes the set of numbers:
24316 \begin_inset Formula
24318 f(x)=\sqrt{x}\:;\: x\in\mathbb{N}
24326 \begin_layout Standard
24327 The typefaces are nestable, which can cause confusion.
24329 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
24333 \begin_inset space \space{}
24345 \begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{abc\mathfrak{d}e}$
24349 \begin_inset Newline newline
24352 So it is better not to use this feature.
24355 \begin_layout Standard
24356 The typefaces have no effect on Greek letters:
24357 \begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{abc\delta e}$
24361 \begin_inset Newline newline
24364 You can only print them emboldened using the command
24370 , which works like the other typeface commands:
24371 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha\beta\gamma\boldsymbol{\alpha\beta\gamma}$
24377 \begin_layout Standard
24384 works for all symbols, letters, and numbers.
24387 \begin_layout Standard
24388 A number of other font options are available as well, in the menu
24390 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24391 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24393 \begin_inset space ~
24401 \begin_layout Subsection
24403 \begin_inset Index idx
24406 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24415 \begin_layout Standard
24416 Typefaces are useful for entering some characters in some given font, but
24418 For typing longer pieces of text use the math text, which is obtained using
24422 \begin_inset space ~
24426 \begin_inset space ~
24434 \begin_inset space ~
24440 \begin_inset Graphics
24441 filename ../../images/math/font.png
24452 Math text appears in LyX in black instead of blue.
24453 You can use spaces and accents in math text like in normal text.
24454 Here is an example:
24455 \begin_inset Formula
24458 x & \textrm{if I say so}\\
24459 -x & \textrm{unter Umständen}
24468 \begin_layout Subsection
24470 \begin_inset Index idx
24473 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24482 \begin_layout Standard
24483 There are four font styles (relative sizes) used in math-mode, which are
24484 automatically chosen in most situations.
24502 For most characters,
24510 are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts,
24511 and certain other structures, are set larger in
24516 Except for some operators, which resize themselves to accommodate various
24517 situations, all text will be set in the styles that LaTeX thinks are appropriat
24519 These choices can be overridden by using the math panel button
24520 \begin_inset Graphics
24521 filename ../../images/math/style.png
24526 A box for the size will be created in which you can insert the math structure.
24527 For example, you can set
24528 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
24531 , which is normally in
24540 \begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$
24544 The four styles are used in the following example:
24547 \begin_layout Standard
24548 \begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$
24552 \begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$
24556 \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$
24560 \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$
24566 \begin_layout Standard
24567 All these math-mode font sizes are relative, that means, if the whole math
24568 inset is set in a particular size with the menu
24570 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24572 \begin_inset space ~
24577 , all sizes in the formula will be adjusted relative to this size.
24578 Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts
24579 will be adjusted to correspond.
24580 As an example here is a formula in the font size
24581 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24585 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24591 \begin_layout Standard
24595 \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{e}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}$
24601 \begin_layout Section
24605 \begin_layout Standard
24606 As of LyX 1.6, support for theorem-like environments has been moved out of
24607 the document classes and into layout modules.
24608 \begin_inset Index idx
24611 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24617 As a result, theorem-like environments can now easily be used with classes
24618 other than the AMS classes.
24620 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
24622 reference "sub:Modules"
24626 for more on layout modules.
24629 \begin_layout Section
24631 \begin_inset Index idx
24634 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24641 \begin_inset Index idx
24644 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24653 \begin_layout Standard
24654 LyX supports the packages provided by the American Mathematical Society
24655 (AMS) that are in common use.
24658 \begin_layout Subsection
24659 Enabling AMS-Support
24662 \begin_layout Standard
24663 Selecting the checkbox
24666 \begin_inset space ~
24670 \begin_inset space ~
24674 \begin_inset space ~
24681 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24685 \begin_inset Index idx
24688 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24689 Document ! Settings
24697 \begin_inset space ~
24702 will include the AMS-packages in the document, and make the facilities
24704 AMS is needed for many math-constructs, so when you get LaTeX-errors in
24705 formulas, ensure that you have enabled AMS.
24708 \begin_layout Subsection
24710 \begin_inset CommandInset label
24712 name "sub:AMS-Formula-Types"
24717 \begin_inset Index idx
24720 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24721 Math ! Multi-line Equations
24729 \begin_layout Standard
24730 AMS-LaTeX provides a selection of different formula types.
24731 LyX allows you to choose between
24752 We refer to the AMS-documentation for an explanation of these formula types.
24755 \begin_layout Chapter
24759 \begin_layout Section
24761 \begin_inset Index idx
24764 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24771 \begin_inset CommandInset label
24773 name "sec:Cross-References"
24780 \begin_layout Standard
24781 One of LyX's strengths are cross-references.
24782 You can reference every section, float, footnote, formula, and list in
24784 To reference a document part, you have to insert a label into it.
24785 The label is used as anchor and name for the reference.
24786 We want for example to refer to the second item of the following list:
24789 \begin_layout Enumerate
24793 \begin_layout Enumerate
24794 \begin_inset CommandInset label
24796 name "enu:Second-item"
24803 \begin_layout Enumerate
24807 \begin_layout Standard
24808 First we insert a label into the second item with the menu
24810 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24813 or by pressing the toolbar button
24814 \begin_inset Graphics
24815 filename ../../images/label-insert.png
24821 A grey label box like this:
24822 \begin_inset Graphics
24823 filename ../clipart/labelQt4.png
24828 is inserted and the label window pops up asking for the label text.
24829 LyX offers as text the first words of the item with a prefix, in our case
24831 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24839 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24844 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24852 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24856 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24860 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24864 The prefix depends on the document part where the label is inserted, e.
24865 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
24869 \begin_inset space \space{}
24872 if you insert a label into a section heading, the prefix will be
24873 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24881 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24887 \begin_layout Standard
24888 To reference the item, we refer to its label using the menu
24890 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24893 or the toolbar button
24894 \begin_inset Graphics
24895 filename ../../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png
24901 A grey cross-reference box like this:
24902 \begin_inset Graphics
24903 filename ../clipart/referenceQt4.png
24908 is inserted and the cross-reference window appears showing all the labels
24910 We can now sort the labels alphabetically and then choose the entry
24911 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24919 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24923 At the position of the cross-reference box the item number will appear
24927 \begin_layout Standard
24930 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24933 , you can right-click on a label and use in the appearing context menu
24938 The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be copied
24939 to the actual cursor position via the menu
24941 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24947 \begin_layout Standard
24948 Here is our cross-reference: Item
24949 \begin_inset space ~
24953 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
24955 reference "enu:Second-item"
24962 \begin_layout Standard
24963 It is recommended to use a protected space
24967 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24968 described in section
24969 \begin_inset space ~
24973 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
24975 reference "sub:Protected-Space"
24984 between the cross-reference name and its number to avoid ugly line breaks
24988 \begin_layout Standard
24989 There are six varieties of cross-references:
24992 \begin_layout Description
24993 <reference>: prints the number, this is the default:
24994 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
24996 reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"
25003 \begin_layout Description
25004 (<reference>): prints the number within two parentheses, this is the style
25005 normally used to reference formulas, especially when the reference name
25007 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25011 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25015 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25017 reference "eq:tanhExp"
25024 \begin_layout Description
25025 <page>: prints the page number: Page
25026 \begin_inset space ~
25030 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25031 LatexCommand pageref
25032 reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"
25039 \begin_layout Description
25041 \begin_inset space ~
25045 \begin_inset space ~
25048 <page>: prints the text "on page" and the page number:
25049 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25050 LatexCommand vpageref
25051 reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"
25058 \begin_layout Description
25060 \begin_inset space ~
25064 \begin_inset space ~
25068 \begin_inset space ~
25071 <page>: prints the number, the text "on page", and the page number:
25072 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25074 reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"
25081 \begin_layout Description
25083 \begin_inset space ~
25086 reference: prints a self defined cross-reference format.
25087 \begin_inset Newline newline
25091 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
25094 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25099 This feature is only available when you have the LaTeX-package
25108 \begin_inset Index idx
25111 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25112 LaTeX-packages ! prettyref
25118 \begin_inset Index idx
25121 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25122 LaTeX-packages ! refstyle
25133 \begin_inset Newline newline
25136 You can select which LaTeX-package should be used for this feature by setting
25139 Use refstyle (not prettyref) for cross-references
25143 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25144 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25148 The format is specified by adding the command
25160 (refstyle) to the preamble of the document.
25161 For example redefining all references to figures (which have the label
25163 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25171 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25174 ) can be done with this command
25175 \begin_inset Newline newline
25182 newref{fig}{refcmd={Image on page
25187 \begin_inset Newline newline
25190 For more information about the format, have a look at the package documentations
25192 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
25194 key "prettyref,refstyle"
25201 \begin_layout Description
25203 \begin_inset space ~
25206 reference: prints the caption or name of the reference:
25207 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25208 LatexCommand nameref
25209 reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"
25216 \begin_layout Standard
25221 will not print the page number if the label is on the previous, the same,
25224 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
25228 \begin_inset space \space{}
25232 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25240 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25246 <reference> on page <page>
25248 will not print anything about the page if the label is on the same page.
25251 \begin_layout Standard
25252 The number and current page of the referenced document part in the output
25253 is automatically calculated by LaTeX.
25254 The varieties are adjusted in the field
25258 of the cross-reference window, that appear when you click on the cross-referenc
25262 \begin_layout Standard
25263 You can only use the style
25267 to reference numbered document parts, while the reference style
25271 is always possible.
25274 \begin_layout Standard
25275 If you want to reference a section, put the label in the section heading;
25276 for floats put the label in the caption; for footnotes put the label in
25278 Referencing formulas is explained in section
25279 \begin_inset space ~
25283 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25285 reference "sec:Formula-Numbering-and"
25292 \begin_layout Standard
25293 Right-clicking on a cross-reference opens a context menu.
25297 \begin_inset space ~
25301 \begin_inset space ~
25306 sets the cursor before the referenced label.
25307 This entry will be renamed in the context menu of the label to
25310 \begin_inset space ~
25315 so that you can use it to set the cursor back to the cross-reference.
25316 You can also go back with the toolbar button
25317 \begin_inset Graphics
25318 filename ../../images/bookmark-goto_0.png
25319 rotateOrigin center
25326 \begin_layout Standard
25327 You can change labels at any time.
25328 References to the changed label will automatically be updated so that you
25329 do not need to take care about this.
25332 \begin_layout Standard
25333 If a cross-reference refers to a non-existent label, you will see two question
25334 marks in the output instead of the reference.
25337 \begin_layout Standard
25338 References are described in detail in sec.
25339 \begin_inset space ~
25343 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25347 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25357 \begin_layout Section
25358 Table of Contents and other Listings
25359 \begin_inset Index idx
25362 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25369 \begin_inset Index idx
25372 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25379 \begin_inset CommandInset label
25388 \begin_layout Subsection
25390 \begin_inset CommandInset label
25392 name "sub:Table-of-Contents"
25399 \begin_layout Standard
25400 The Table of Contents (TOC) is inserted with the menu
25402 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25403 List/TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25405 \begin_inset space ~
25409 \begin_inset space ~
25415 Is is displayed in LyX as a gray box.
25416 If you click on it, the
25420 window appears, showing you the TOC entries as outline to move and rearrange
25421 sections in your documents.
25422 So this operation is an alternative to the menu
25424 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25427 that is described in sec.
25428 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
25432 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25434 reference "sec:Navigating"
25441 \begin_layout Standard
25442 The TOC in the document output lists every numbered section automatically.
25443 If you have declared a short title for a section heading, as described
25445 \begin_inset space ~
25449 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25451 reference "sec:Short-Titles"
25455 , it will be used in the TOC instead of the section heading.
25457 \begin_inset space ~
25461 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25463 reference "sub:Numbering-depth"
25467 describes how the level is adjusted that defines which section types are
25469 Unnumbered sections are not listed in the TOC.
25472 \begin_layout Subsection
25473 List of Figures, Tables, and Algorithms
25474 \begin_inset CommandInset label
25476 name "sub:List-of-Figures"
25483 \begin_layout Standard
25484 Table, figure, and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents.
25485 You can insert them via the
25487 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25489 \begin_inset space ~
25493 \begin_inset space ~
25499 The list entries are the float captions and the float number.
25502 \begin_layout Section
25503 URLs and Hyperlinks
25504 \begin_inset Index idx
25507 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25514 \begin_inset Index idx
25517 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25526 \begin_layout Subsection
25528 \begin_inset CommandInset label
25537 \begin_layout Standard
25538 Links to web pages or email addresses can be inserted via the menu
25540 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25546 \begin_layout Standard
25547 Here is an example URL: LyX's homepage:
25548 \begin_inset Flex URL
25551 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25561 \begin_layout Standard
25562 You cannot change the style of the link text, the URL text will always be
25568 To be able to format the URL text, use hyperlinks as explained in the next
25572 \begin_layout Standard
25573 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
25576 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25581 URLs must not end with a backslash, otherwise you get LaTeX errors.
25589 \begin_layout Subsection
25591 \begin_inset CommandInset label
25593 name "sub:Hyperlinks"
25600 \begin_layout Standard
25601 Hyperlinks can be inserted with the menu
25603 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25606 or with the toolbar button
25607 \begin_inset Graphics
25608 filename ../../images/href-insert.png
25613 The appearing dialog has two fields:
25622 The name is the printed text for the hyperlink.
25623 The hyperlink type can be a weblink like this:
25624 \begin_inset CommandInset href
25626 name "LyX's homepage"
25627 target "http://www.lyx.org"
25631 , an Email address like this:
25632 \begin_inset CommandInset href
25634 name "lyx-docs mailing list"
25635 target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyX's documentation"
25640 , or a link to a file.
25643 \begin_layout Standard
25644 You can start applications via a hyperlink when you insert a weblink, but
25646 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25654 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25657 to the link target.
25660 \begin_layout Standard
25661 Hyperlinks will automatically be hyphenated if necessary in the PDF output,
25662 and become clickable in the DVI and PDF-output.
25663 To set the format of the link text, highlight the hyperlink inset and use
25664 the text style dialog.
25665 This is for example a hyperlink with bold sans serif text:
25669 \begin_inset CommandInset href
25671 name "LyX's homepage"
25672 target "http://www.lyx.org"
25679 \begin_layout Standard
25680 The link text color can be changed, when the option
25684 is set in the PDF Properties dialog (menu
25686 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25687 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25691 The link text is for example set in this document to blue by adding the
25693 \begin_inset Newline newline
25701 \begin_inset Newline newline
25708 in the PDF Properties dialog.
25711 \begin_layout Section
25713 \begin_inset Index idx
25716 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25723 \begin_inset CommandInset label
25725 name "sec:Appendices"
25732 \begin_layout Standard
25733 Appendices are created with the menu
25735 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25737 \begin_inset space ~
25741 \begin_inset space ~
25747 This menu sets the document from the current cursor position to the end
25748 as the appendix region.
25749 The region is marked with a red borderline.
25752 \begin_layout Standard
25753 Every chapter (or section) within the appendix region is treated as an appendix,
25754 numbered with a capital Latin letter.
25755 The appendix subsections are numbered with this letter followed by a dot
25756 and the subsection number.
25757 All appendix sections can be referenced as if they were normal sections,
25761 \begin_layout Standard
25763 \begin_inset space ~
25767 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25769 reference "cha:Credits"
25774 \begin_inset space ~
25778 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25780 reference "sub:Export"
25787 \begin_layout Section
25789 \begin_inset Index idx
25792 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25799 \begin_inset CommandInset label
25801 name "sec:Bibliography"
25808 \begin_layout Standard
25809 There are two ways of generating the bibliography in a LyX-document.
25810 You can include a bibliography database,
25814 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25815 Known under the name
25816 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25820 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25828 which is explained in the next subsection, or you can insert the bibliography
25829 manually, using the paragraph environment
25833 , which was described in section
25834 \begin_inset space ~
25838 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25840 reference "sub:Biblio_environment"
25845 If you want anything other than numerical citations that are used in this
25846 document, like author-year citations, then you must
25850 use a bibliography database.
25853 \begin_layout Subsection
25854 The Bibliography Environment
25857 \begin_layout Standard
25862 environment, every paragraph begins with a gray bibliography box labeled
25864 If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a
25873 The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography
25875 For example, our second entry in the bibliography is a book about LaTeX
25877 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25881 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25884 , a short form of its title, as key.
25887 \begin_layout Standard
25888 You can refer to the key of a bibliography entry using the menu
25890 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25893 or the toolbar button
25894 \begin_inset Graphics
25895 filename ../../images/dialog-show-new-inset_citation.png
25900 A citation reference box is inserted and a citation window will appear
25901 in which you can select one or more keys in the available key list.
25902 The citation reference box will be labeled with the referenced key.
25903 When you click on the box, the citation window appears and you can change
25907 \begin_layout Standard
25908 Citation references appear in the output as the number of the bibliography
25909 entry with surrounding brackets.
25914 for the entry, the label will appear instead of the number.
25915 Here are two examples; the first without a label, the second with the label
25917 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25921 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25927 \begin_layout Standard
25930 LaTeX Companion Second Edition
25933 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
25935 key "latexcompanion"
25942 \begin_layout Standard
25943 The LyX-Team members are listed in the Credits:
25944 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
25953 \begin_layout Subsection
25954 Bibliography databases (BibTeX)
25955 \begin_inset Index idx
25958 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25959 Bibliography ! Databases
25965 \begin_inset Index idx
25968 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25969 Bibliography ! BibTeX
25975 \begin_inset CommandInset label
25977 name "sub:Bibliography-databases"
25984 \begin_layout Standard
25985 Bibliography databases are useful if you use the same bibliography in different
25990 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25991 They are also useful simply for keeping a database of articles and notes
25993 Most of the database programs mentioned below allow you to store annotations
25994 and reviews along with bibliographical information.
25999 It also makes it very easy to have a uniform layout for all bibliography
26001 You can collect the bibliography of all relevant books and articles of
26002 your working field in a database.
26003 This database can be used for different documents, and only the entries
26004 cited in a particular document will appear in the bibliography list for
26006 This relieves you of the need to keep track of which articles and books
26010 \begin_layout Standard
26011 The database is a text file with the file extension
26012 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26020 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26023 , containing the bibliography in a special format.
26024 The format is explained in
26025 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
26031 and in LaTeX books (
26032 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
26034 key "Mittelbach,Kopka,Lamport"
26039 The file can be created using any text editor, but normally one uses a
26040 special program to create and edit the entries in the database.
26041 A list of such programs is maintained on the LyX Wiki at
26042 \begin_inset Flex URL
26045 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26047 http://wiki.lyx.org/BibTeX/Programs
26055 \begin_layout Standard
26056 To use a database, use the menu
26058 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
26063 TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
26068 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26076 \begin_inset space ~
26082 A grey box will be inserted and a window appears.
26083 In this window you can load one or more databases and a style file.
26086 Add bibliography to TOC
26088 adds a table of contents entry for the bibliography.
26093 drop box you can select whether to include > all the entries in the database
26094 in the document or just the cited references.
26097 \begin_layout Standard
26098 The style file is a text file with the file extension
26099 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26107 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26110 that controls how the bibliography entries will appear.
26111 Your LaTeX distribution should provide several of these, and many publishers
26112 provide their own style files, so that you don't have to take care of the
26114 It is of course possible to write your own style file, but this is something
26119 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26120 For information how this is done, have a look at
26121 \begin_inset Newline newline
26125 \begin_inset CommandInset href
26127 target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxhak.pdf"
26139 \begin_layout Standard
26140 Inserting a citation reference works as described in the previous section.
26143 \begin_layout Standard
26144 To generate the bibliography from a database, LyX uses the program BibTeX.
26145 This program can be controlled with options that you can add in LyX's preferenc
26148 Outputs\SpecialChar \menuseparator
26153 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26168 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26176 \begin_inset space ~
26182 Before adding options, it is strongly recommended to read the manual of
26188 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
26197 \begin_layout Standard
26198 When you select the option
26200 Sectioned bibliography
26204 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
26207 dialog, it is possible to have multiple and sectioned bibliographies.
26208 This and other options are explained in detail in section
26210 Customizing Bibliographies
26218 Additional Features
26223 \begin_layout Standard
26224 We use two bibliographies in this document to show the difference between
26225 the two methods of creating them.
26226 As you can see, the bibliography that is created from a database lists
26227 only the database entries that are referenced in the document.
26228 We used the style file
26232 to get the complicated German reference key scheme in the bibliography.
26235 \begin_layout Subsection
26236 Bibliography layout
26237 \begin_inset Index idx
26240 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26241 Bibliography ! Layout
26249 \begin_layout Standard
26250 In the citation reference dialog you can set a special citation format.
26251 For this feature you need to enable the option
26257 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
26261 \begin_inset Index idx
26264 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26265 Document ! Settings
26275 Setting a citation style for a reference will overwrite the default.
26276 For the global citation format use the BibTeX style files as explained
26277 in the previous section.
26280 \begin_layout Standard
26281 You can also set text, that should appear before or after a citation reference,
26282 in the citation reference window.
26283 Here an example where we set the text
26284 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26288 \begin_inset space ~
26292 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26295 to appear after the reference:
26298 \begin_layout Standard
26300 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
26303 key "latexcompanion"
26310 \begin_layout Section
26312 \begin_inset Index idx
26315 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26322 \begin_inset CommandInset label
26331 \begin_layout Standard
26332 An index entry is created if you use the menu
26334 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
26336 \begin_inset space ~
26341 or the toolbar button
26342 \begin_inset Graphics
26343 filename ../../images/index-insert.png
26349 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26357 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26360 is inserted containing the text that appears in the index.
26361 The word where the cursor is in or the currently highlighted text is proposed
26362 by LyX as the index entry.
26365 \begin_layout Standard
26366 We give a short overview of the index commands in the next subsections.
26367 For a detailed description of LaTeX's index mechanism, have a look at one
26369 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
26371 key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook"
26378 \begin_layout Standard
26379 The index list is inserted in the document with the menu
26381 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
26383 \begin_inset space ~
26387 \begin_inset space ~
26390 TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
26392 \begin_inset space ~
26398 A light blue box labeled
26399 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26407 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26410 will show the place where the index is printed in the output.
26411 The index list box is not clickable like other LyX-boxes.
26414 \begin_layout Subsection
26415 Grouping Index Entries
26416 \begin_inset Index idx
26419 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26428 \begin_layout Standard
26429 Index entries are often grouped to offer the reader a fast search in the
26431 We want to group for example the index entries for itemized and enumerated
26432 lists under the entry
26433 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26437 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26441 First we create the entry
26442 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26446 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26450 \begin_inset space ~
26454 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
26456 reference "sub:Lists"
26461 In the text field for the itemized list index entry in section
26462 \begin_inset space ~
26466 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
26468 reference "sec:Itemize"
26472 , we insert the command
26475 \begin_layout Standard
26481 \begin_layout Standard
26485 \begin_layout Standard
26491 \begin_layout Standard
26492 for the enumerated list in section
26493 \begin_inset space ~
26497 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
26499 reference "sec:Enumerate"
26506 \begin_layout Standard
26507 The exclamation mark
26508 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26512 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26515 marks the grouping levels.
26516 You can have three levels; every index level is indented a bit more.
26517 An index entry for the higher levels is not required.
26518 If we don't have an index entry for
26519 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26523 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26526 , it will be printed anyway, but without a page number.
26529 \begin_layout Subsection
26531 \begin_inset Index idx
26534 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26535 Index ! Page ranges
26543 \begin_layout Standard
26544 Normally an index entry will appear with the page number of the indexed
26546 But sometimes you want to index more pages under the same entry.
26548 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
26552 \begin_inset space \space{}
26555 if we want to index the paragraph environments, we create an index entry
26557 \begin_inset space ~
26561 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
26563 reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments"
26570 \begin_layout Standard
26573 Paragraph environments|(
26576 \begin_layout Standard
26577 and another entry at the end of section
26578 \begin_inset space ~
26582 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
26584 reference "sub:LyX-Code"
26591 \begin_layout Standard
26594 Paragraph environments|)
26597 \begin_layout Standard
26599 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26607 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26611 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26619 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26622 respectively start and end the index range.
26623 You can also add the same index entry at different places in the document.
26624 They appear in the output under one entry with a comma separated list of
26625 the pages of the indexed document parts.
26626 An example is the index entry
26627 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26630 Document ! Settings
26631 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26637 \begin_layout Subsection
26639 \begin_inset Index idx
26642 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26643 Index ! Cross referencing
26651 \begin_layout Standard
26652 It is also possible to refer to another index entry.
26653 We referred for example in the index entry
26654 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26658 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26662 \begin_inset space ~
26666 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
26668 reference "sub:Image-Formats"
26672 ) to the index entry
26673 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26677 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26680 in the same section using the entry
26683 \begin_layout Standard
26686 GIF|see{Image formats}
26689 \begin_layout Standard
26690 where the braces have to be inserted as TeX Code.
26691 The text within the braces is the referenced entry.
26692 The reference will appear in the output without a page number.
26695 \begin_layout Subsection
26697 \begin_inset Index idx
26700 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26701 Index ! Entry order
26709 \begin_layout Standard
26710 You can use accented characters in the index entry, but the entries might
26711 then not follow the rules for the index order.
26712 The index entries are sorted alphabetically, but LaTeX
26716 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26717 The index generating is done in the background by an extra program, see
26719 \begin_inset space ~
26723 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
26725 reference "sub:Index-Program"
26734 doesn't know how to sort accents in different languages.
26735 We have created as an example the three dummy index entries
26736 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26740 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26744 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26748 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26752 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26756 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26760 \begin_inset Index idx
26763 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26764 Dummy entries ! maïs
26770 \begin_inset Index idx
26773 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26774 Dummy entries ! maître
26780 \begin_inset Index idx
26783 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26784 Dummy entries ! maïs@maison
26789 They will be sorted in the order maïs, maître, maison, but we want the
26790 order maïs, maison, maître.
26791 To achieve this, we use the command
26794 \begin_layout Standard
26797 previous entry@current entry
26800 \begin_layout Standard
26801 In our case we want to have
26802 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26806 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26810 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26814 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26817 and write therefore for the index entry of maison:
26820 \begin_layout Standard
26826 \begin_layout Standard
26827 The previous entry needn't to be a real existing entry, you can also use
26828 another word to tell LaTeX the entry order, see the next subsection for
26832 \begin_layout Standard
26833 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
26839 \begin_layout Standard
26840 In some cases the index entry order is not correct when you are using the
26845 to generate the index (see sec.
26846 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
26850 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
26852 reference "sub:Index-Program"
26861 would for example print the index entry for the LaTeX-package aeguill in
26863 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
26867 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
26869 reference "sub:Document-Font"
26873 after the index entries of the other LaTeX-packages although all these
26874 index commands start with
26875 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26883 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26887 The reason is that the index entry for aeguill is in a footnote.
26892 bug, add these commands to the preamble of your document:
26895 \begin_layout Standard
26907 \begin_layout Standard
26919 \begin_layout Subsection
26921 \begin_inset Index idx
26924 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26925 Index ! Entry layout
26933 \begin_layout Standard
26934 You can change the appearance of index entries via the text style dialog.
26935 \begin_inset Index idx
26938 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26941 This is an italic dummy entry
26946 You can also format the page number using the character
26947 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26951 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26954 followed by a LaTeX-command without a backslash.
26955 We can write for example
26958 \begin_layout Standard
26961 italic page number:|textit
26964 \begin_layout Standard
26965 to get the page number in italic.
26966 \begin_inset Index idx
26969 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26970 Dummy entries ! italic page number:|textit
26975 Normally all LaTeX-commands begin with a backslash, but in this special
26977 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26985 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26993 \begin_inset space ~
26999 Have a look at section
27000 \begin_inset space ~
27004 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
27006 reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax"
27010 to learn more about the LaTeX-syntax.
27013 \begin_layout Standard
27014 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
27017 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27022 Formatting single index entries only works when you use the program
27026 to generate the index, see sec.
27027 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
27031 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
27033 reference "sub:Index-Program"
27042 , however, this won't work for anything other than bold or italic text.
27043 This is because xindy requires you to define semantic elements before
27044 they can be used, see
27045 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
27048 key "latexcompanion"
27060 \begin_layout Standard
27061 In general, we encourage you to not format page numbers directly as shown
27063 Instead of this, you should define a macro in the preamble and use that.
27064 Consider why you want some page numbers to be bold.
27065 Maybe you want all page references italic that refer to a definition of
27066 the indexed term, so that users can easily find definitions.
27067 If so, put the following in the preamble
27070 \begin_layout Standard
27082 \begin_layout Standard
27086 \begin_layout Standard
27092 \begin_layout Standard
27093 in the index entry.
27094 \begin_inset Index idx
27097 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27098 Dummy entries ! my entry|IndexDef
27103 The advantage is that, if you change your mind later or if your publisher
27104 insists that definitions must not be italic but bold, you just need to
27105 change the macro in the preamble, not every single index entry.
27108 \begin_layout Standard
27109 You can also change the layout for the whole index.
27111 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
27115 \begin_inset space \space{}
27118 we marked the index list box of this document as bold to get a bold font
27119 for all index entries.
27120 For more advanced tasks you have to set up a so-called
27132 documentation for details,
27133 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
27135 key "makeindex,xindy"
27142 \begin_layout Subsection
27144 \begin_inset Index idx
27147 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27154 \begin_inset CommandInset label
27156 name "sub:Index-Program"
27163 \begin_layout Standard
27164 If the index entry program
27168 is installed, LyX uses it for index generation; otherwise the program
27172 , that is part of every LaTeX distribution, is used.
27176 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27181 is very old, no longer under development and has many pitfalls, notably
27182 that it was developed with only the English language in mind.
27183 So it fails to sort anything other than a monolingual English text correctly.
27184 We have shown above how to fix this sorting.
27185 However, if you are writing in another than the English language, consider
27195 Both programs can be controlled by options that can be set in LyX's preferences
27196 dialog, see section
27197 \begin_inset space ~
27201 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
27203 reference "sub:LaTeX-settings"
27208 The available options are listed and explained in
27209 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
27211 key "makeindex,xindy"
27216 In this dialog, you can also specify an alternative program to generate
27220 \begin_layout Standard
27221 If you need specific options or an alternative index program only for a
27222 given document, you can define the program and\SpecialChar \slash{}
27225 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
27226 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
27230 This is especially useful if you need to pass language-specific options
27231 to the index program or if you need a specific layout style.
27234 \begin_layout Subsection
27238 \begin_layout Standard
27239 In many fields, it is common to have more than one index.
27240 For instance, you might need to set up a separate
27241 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27245 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27248 next to the standard index.
27249 LaTeX does not provide this possibility out of the box, but there are many
27250 packages that add this feature.
27256 \begin_inset Index idx
27259 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27260 LaTeX-packages ! splitidx
27265 package to generate multiple indexes.
27266 The package is included in all recent LaTeX distributions.
27267 If yours does not ship it, consult the TeX Catalogue,
27268 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
27275 Note that the package does not only consist of a LaTeX style, but it also
27276 includes specific preprocessor programs that need to be installed as well.
27277 Please consult the package's manual for details.
27280 \begin_layout Standard
27281 To set up LyX for the use of multiple indexes, go to
27283 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
27284 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
27288 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27291 Use multiple Indexes
27292 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27296 Note that the list of
27297 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27301 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27304 below already contains the standard index.
27305 To add further indexes, add the name of the index (in the form that should
27306 also appear as a heading) to the
27307 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27311 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27314 input field and press the
27315 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27319 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27323 The new index should now appear in the list as well.
27324 If you like, you can attribute an alternative label color to the new index
27325 by selecting the index in the list and hitting the
27326 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27329 Alter Color\SpecialChar \ldots{}
27331 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27335 The label color may help you to differentiate index entries of different
27336 indexes in the LyX work area.
27339 \begin_layout Standard
27340 Once the document changes have been applied, you can find the new index
27343 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
27345 \begin_inset space ~
27349 \begin_inset space ~
27358 menu has a separate index entry for each of the defined indexes.
27359 The workflow is basically the same as for the default index, but there
27360 are some additional features:
27363 \begin_layout Itemize
27364 If you want to change the attribution of a specific index entry, right-clicking
27365 on the entry will open a dialog where you can do that.
27368 \begin_layout Itemize
27369 By right-clicking on an index, you can change its type.
27370 Furthermore, you can specify an index list to be a
27371 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27375 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27379 If you do that, the heading of that list will be decreased by one level.
27381 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
27384 g., if you use a book class, where the standard index heading is defined
27385 as a chapter, subindexes will be defined as sections and can thus be nested
27386 to the non-subindexes.
27389 \begin_layout Section
27390 Nomenclature / Glossary
27391 \begin_inset Index idx
27394 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27401 \begin_inset Index idx
27404 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27409 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27420 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27433 \begin_inset CommandInset label
27435 name "sec:Nomenclature"
27442 \begin_layout Standard
27443 Sometimes you need to compile a list of symbols that are mentioned in your
27444 document with a brief explanation of them – a so called nomenclature or
27448 \begin_layout Standard
27449 To be able to create nomenclatures, you need the LaTeX package
27454 \begin_inset Index idx
27457 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27458 LaTeX-packages ! nomencl
27464 You find it in the TeX Catalogue,
27465 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
27471 or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system.
27474 \begin_layout Standard
27475 A nomenclature entry is created if you place the cursor after a symbol entry
27476 and then use the menu
27478 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
27484 \begin_inset space ~
27489 or the toolbar button
27490 \begin_inset Graphics
27491 filename ../../images/nomencl-insert.png
27497 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27505 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27508 is inserted and a window pops up asking for the nomenclature entry.
27511 \begin_layout Standard
27512 A nomenclature entry consists of two main entries.
27513 The first is the symbol that you want to refer to.
27514 The second is the description of the symbol.
27517 \begin_layout Standard
27518 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
27521 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27526 You have to enter valid LaTeX-code for all fields of the nomenclature dialog.
27534 \begin_layout Subsection
27535 Nomenclature Definition and Layout
27536 \begin_inset Index idx
27539 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27540 Nomenclature ! Layout
27548 \begin_layout Standard
27549 When you have symbols in formulas, you have to define them in the
27553 field as LaTeX-formulas.
27555 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27559 \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
27563 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27567 \begin_inset Newline newline
27575 \begin_inset Newline newline
27581 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27585 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27588 character starts/ends the formula.
27589 The LaTeX-command for the Greek letter is the name of the letter beginning
27591 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27597 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27601 For capital Greek letters, start the command also with a capital letter,
27611 \begin_layout Standard
27612 (A short introduction to the LaTeX-syntax is given in section
27613 \begin_inset space ~
27617 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
27619 reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax"
27626 \begin_layout Standard
27630 \begin_inset space ~
27635 dialog to format the description text but have to use LaTeX-commands.
27636 For example the description of the nomenclature entry for the
27637 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27641 \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
27645 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27648 in this document is:
27649 \begin_inset Newline newline
27654 dummy entry for the character
27659 \begin_inset Newline newline
27671 \begin_inset space ~
27681 font use the command
27710 \begin_layout Subsection
27711 Sort Order of Nomenclature Entries
27712 \begin_inset Index idx
27715 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27716 Nomenclature ! Sort order
27724 \begin_layout Standard
27725 The nomenclature entries are sorted alphabetically by the LaTeX-code of
27726 the symbol definition.
27727 This leads to undesired results when you for example have symbols in formulas.
27728 Suppose you have nomenclature entries for the symbols
27731 \begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
27732 LatexCommand nomenclature
27734 description "dummy entry for the character \"a\""
27741 \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
27745 \begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
27746 LatexCommand nomenclature
27749 description "dummy entry for the character \\textsf{sigma}"
27754 They will be sorted by
27755 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27763 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27767 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27777 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27781 \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
27784 will be sorted before the
27788 since the character
27789 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27793 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27796 is considered in sorting.
27799 \begin_layout Standard
27800 To control the sort order, you can edit the
27803 \begin_inset space ~
27808 field of the nomenclature dialog.
27809 Then the nomenclature entry will be sorted by this entry and not the symbol
27811 For the example given, you can insert
27815 in this field for the
27816 \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
27823 will be located before
27824 \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
27830 \begin_layout Standard
27831 For subgrouping and tips for using sort entries see the
27836 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
27845 \begin_layout Subsection
27846 Nomenclature Options
27847 \begin_inset Index idx
27850 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27851 Nomenclature ! Options
27859 \begin_layout Standard
27864 package offers some options to adjust the appearance of the nomenclature.
27865 Here are some of its options, for more have a look at its documentation:
27868 \begin_layout Description
27869 refeq Appends the phrase
27870 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27882 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27885 to every nomenclature entry, where
27891 is the number of the last equation in front of the nomenclature entry
27894 \begin_layout Description
27895 refpage Appends the phrase
27896 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27908 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27911 to every nomenclature entry, where
27917 is the number of the page on which the nomenclature entry appeared
27920 \begin_layout Description
27921 intoc Inserts the nomenclature in the Table of Contents
27924 \begin_layout Standard
27925 There are furthermore the options
27969 to print the reference texts and the nomenclature title in the corresponding
27973 \begin_layout Standard
27974 To use one or more of the options, add them to the comma-separated document
27975 class options list in the
27977 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
27981 In this document the option
27988 \begin_layout Standard
27989 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
27995 \begin_layout Standard
27996 You can also use the first two options above only for certain nomenclature
27997 entries when you add one of the following commands as last entry to the
28002 field in the nomenclature dialog:
28005 \begin_layout Description
28015 \begin_layout Description
28018 nomrefpage Like the
28025 \begin_layout Description
28028 nomrefeqpage Short notation of
28037 \begin_layout Description
28041 \begin_inset space ~
28047 \begin_inset space ~
28052 nomnorefeqpage Turns off the corresponding options
28055 \begin_layout Subsection
28056 Printing the Nomenclature
28057 \begin_inset Index idx
28060 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28061 Nomenclature ! Printing
28069 \begin_layout Standard
28070 To print the nomenclature, use the menu
28072 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28074 \begin_inset space ~
28078 \begin_inset space ~
28081 TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28085 A light blue box labeled
28086 \begin_inset Quotes eld
28094 \begin_inset Quotes erd
28097 will show the place where the nomenclature is printed in the output.
28098 Like the index list box, the nomenclature list box is not clickable.
28101 \begin_layout Standard
28102 In the printed output the title of the nomenclature appears as
28103 \begin_inset Quotes eld
28107 \begin_inset Quotes erd
28111 If you are not happy with the name, you can change it by redefining the
28119 For example, in order to change the name to
28123 , add the following line to the preamble:
28126 \begin_layout Standard
28134 nomname}{List of Symbols}
28137 \begin_layout Standard
28138 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
28144 \begin_layout Standard
28145 If you are unhappy with the amount of space for symbols, you can alter it
28146 by adding the following line to the preamble:
28149 \begin_layout Standard
28157 nomlabelwidth}{width}
28160 \begin_layout Standard
28163 where the width is a value with one of the units listed in Appendix
28164 \begin_inset space ~
28168 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
28170 reference "cha:Units-available-in"
28175 The default value is 1
28176 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
28182 \begin_layout Subsection
28183 Nomenclature Program
28184 \begin_inset Index idx
28187 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28188 Nomenclature ! Program
28194 \begin_inset CommandInset label
28196 name "sub:Nomenclature-Program"
28203 \begin_layout Standard
28204 LyX uses the program
28208 , that is part of every LaTeX distribution, to generate the nomenclature.
28209 LyX's preferences dialog allows you to specify another program or to control
28214 by adding options, see section
28215 \begin_inset space ~
28219 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
28221 reference "sub:LaTeX-settings"
28226 The available options are listed and explained in
28227 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
28229 key "nomencl,makeindex"
28236 \begin_layout Section
28238 \begin_inset Index idx
28241 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28248 \begin_inset Index idx
28251 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28252 Document ! Branches
28258 \begin_inset CommandInset label
28260 name "sec:Branches"
28267 \begin_layout Standard
28268 Sometimes it is useful to hide some document parts in the output.
28269 For example a teacher who is setting an exam obviously doesn't want the
28270 pupils to see the answers, but having questions and answers in the same
28271 document will make the life of the markers of that exam much easier.
28274 \begin_layout Standard
28275 For these cases LyX allows you to put text into branches.
28276 The text will then only appear in the output when its branch is activated.
28277 To create a branch, either select the menu
28279 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28280 Branch\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28283 (if you just want to specify a new branch) or go in the
28285 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28292 , where you can specify and change the name of the branch, its activation
28293 state (whether the content of the branch is shown in the output or not),
28294 its background color inside LyX and whether the name of the branch should
28295 be appended to the document file name on export if the branch is active
28296 (see below for an example).
28297 Furthermore, the dialog lets you merge two branches (just rename one branch
28298 to the name of the other) and to add
28299 \begin_inset Quotes eld
28303 \begin_inset Quotes erd
28307 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
28311 \begin_inset space ~
28314 branches that were added to the document via copy and paste from other documents
28315 , without having being defined) to the document's branch list.
28318 \begin_layout Standard
28319 Text that should be in a branch is set into branch inset boxes.
28320 These boxes are inserted via the menu
28322 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28325 where you can choose a branch.
28326 You can later change the activation state of the branch by right-clicking
28330 \begin_layout Standard
28331 Here is an example, where only the question text appears, the answer branch
28332 is deactivated and does therefore not appear in the output:
28335 \begin_layout Standard
28336 \begin_inset Branch Question
28339 \begin_layout Standard
28340 Question: Who was the first physics Nobel prize winner?
28348 \begin_layout Standard
28349 \begin_inset Branch Answer
28352 \begin_layout Standard
28353 Answer: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
28361 \begin_layout Standard
28368 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28369 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28372 , the name of the active branches will be appended to the file name at export.
28373 Consider for example a file
28374 \begin_inset Quotes eld
28378 \begin_inset Quotes erd
28381 which has the above branches.
28383 \begin_inset Quotes eld
28387 \begin_inset Quotes erd
28390 is active, the PDF export file would be called
28391 \begin_inset Quotes eld
28395 \begin_inset Quotes erd
28399 \begin_inset Quotes eld
28403 \begin_inset Quotes erd
28407 \begin_inset Quotes eld
28411 \begin_inset Quotes erd
28414 branch were inactive,
28415 \begin_inset Quotes eld
28419 \begin_inset Quotes erd
28423 \begin_inset Quotes eld
28427 \begin_inset Quotes erd
28430 branch was active, likewise
28431 \begin_inset Quotes eld
28435 \begin_inset Quotes erd
28439 \begin_inset Quotes eld
28443 \begin_inset Quotes erd
28446 branch was active, and
28447 \begin_inset Quotes eld
28450 Exam-Question-Answer.pdf
28451 \begin_inset Quotes erd
28454 if both branches were active.
28455 This helps you to easily export different versions of your document without
28459 \begin_layout Standard
28460 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
28466 \begin_layout Standard
28467 To use conditional output inside places where you cannot insert branch insets,
28468 like inside equations, you can code special LaTeX definitions for each
28470 For example you can define for the question branch
28474 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28475 For an introduction to the LaTeX-syntax, see section
28476 \begin_inset space ~
28480 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
28482 reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax"
28494 \begin_layout Standard
28504 \begin_layout Standard
28514 \begin_layout Standard
28515 and for the answer branch
28518 \begin_layout Standard
28528 \begin_layout Standard
28538 \begin_layout Standard
28539 \begin_inset Branch Question
28542 \begin_layout Standard
28546 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28555 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28574 \begin_layout Standard
28575 \begin_inset Branch Answer
28578 \begin_layout Standard
28582 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28591 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28610 \begin_layout Standard
28611 Now it is possible to use the commands
28615 question{\SpecialChar \ldots{}
28622 answer{\SpecialChar \ldots{}
28625 to obtain conditional output.
28626 Here is an example formula where only the
28633 \begin_inset Formula
28635 x^{2}-2x-2\Rightarrow\question{x_{1}}\answer{x_{2}}=1\question{+\sqrt{3}}\answer{-\sqrt{3}}.
28643 \begin_layout Standard
28644 Inside math, the same effect can be achieved using math macros, see the
28652 \begin_layout Section
28654 \begin_inset CommandInset label
28656 name "sec:PDF-Properties"
28661 \begin_inset Index idx
28664 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28673 \begin_layout Standard
28678 dialog allows you in the
28682 to set up special options for the PDF output of your document.
28683 All options there are provided by the LaTeX-package
28688 \begin_inset Index idx
28691 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28692 LaTeX-packages ! hyperref
28700 \begin_layout Standard
28705 will link all cross-references in the DVI- and PDF-output.
28706 This means that the reader of your document will be able to click on a
28707 table of contents entry or on a reference and he is shown the referenced
28709 You can specify in the dialog tab
28713 how the links will look like and if links for bibliographical backreferences
28715 The backreferences will appear in the bibliography behind the different
28716 entries, showing the number of the section, slide, or page where the entry
28720 \begin_layout Standard
28725 you can set if PDF-bookmarks should be created for every section of your
28726 document to make it easier for readers to navigate through the document.
28727 You can decide if the bookmarks should be numbered like your document sections
28729 With the open bookmarks level you can specify what sectioning level should
28730 be displayed in the bookmarks when opening the PDF.
28732 \begin_inset space ~
28735 2 will display all sections and subsections, while level
28736 \begin_inset space ~
28739 1 will only display the sections.
28742 \begin_layout Standard
28743 The header information in the dialog tab
28747 are saved together with the PDF as file properties.
28748 Many programs are able to extract this information to e.
28749 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
28753 \begin_inset space \space{}
28756 automatically recognize who the author is and what the PDF is about.
28757 This is very useful to sort, classify, or use PDFs for bibliography issues.
28760 Automatic fill header
28762 is set, LyX tries to extract the header information from your document
28763 title and author settings.
28766 \begin_layout Standard
28769 Load in fullscreen mode
28771 will open the PDF in fullscreen mode, which is useful for presentations.
28774 \begin_layout Standard
28775 PDF properties are also used in this document.
28776 When you look in its document settings, you can see that some additional
28782 For an explanation of them we refer you to the hyperref manual
28783 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
28792 \begin_layout Section
28793 TeX Code and the LaTeX Syntax
28794 \begin_inset CommandInset label
28796 name "sec:TeX-Code"
28803 \begin_layout Subsection
28805 \begin_inset Index idx
28808 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28815 \begin_inset CommandInset label
28817 name "sub:TeX-Code-Boxes"
28824 \begin_layout Standard
28825 As LyX uses LaTeX in the background, it supports many LaTeX commands and
28826 constructs, but not all.
28827 LaTeX contains of hundreds of packages which provide different commands.
28828 All the time packages are being updated and new ones added.
28829 This has the advantage that you can typeset nearly everything as there
28830 is for every problem a LaTeX-package.
28831 But LyX can of course not be up to date and support all packages and their
28835 \begin_layout Standard
28836 But don't worry, you can use any LaTeX-command directly in LyX inside the
28838 A TeX Code box is created by the menu
28840 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28842 \begin_inset space ~
28847 or by the toolbar button
28848 \begin_inset Graphics
28849 filename ../../images/ert-insert.png
28854 The box can be opened by left-clicking and closed by right-clicking on
28858 \begin_layout Standard
28859 You can insert complete or incomplete commands as TeX Code.
28860 Incomplete means that the command argument can be Standard LyX text.
28861 For example, if you want to draw a frame around a word and are therefore
28862 using the LaTeX-command
28868 , you can write the command part
28874 in a TeX Code box before the word and the closing brace
28878 in a second TeX Code box behind the word.
28879 The word between the two TeX Code boxes is then the argument as it is in
28880 the following example:
28883 \begin_layout Standard
28884 \begin_inset Graphics
28885 filename ../clipart/ERT.png
28893 \begin_layout Standard
28897 \begin_layout Standard
28898 This is a line with a
28902 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28915 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28925 \begin_layout Standard
28926 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
28929 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28934 At the end of LaTeX-commands without parameters, you have to insert a space
28935 to let LaTeX know that the command is finished.
28943 \begin_layout Subsection
28944 Short Introduction to the LaTeX Syntax
28945 \begin_inset Argument
28948 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28955 \begin_inset Index idx
28958 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28965 \begin_inset CommandInset label
28967 name "sub:LaTeX-Syntax"
28974 \begin_layout Standard
28975 When you write larger documents or books, you will need to know something
28976 about the LaTeX-commands that LyX uses in the background.
28977 Because LaTeX is based on commands, you can
28978 \begin_inset Quotes eld
28982 \begin_inset Quotes erd
28986 This has the advantage that the layout of the document can be changed at
28987 any time if you know the right commands.
28989 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
28993 \begin_inset space \space{}
28996 imagine you have to write a manual for a product and the deadline is the
28998 Your boss just has complimented you for your good work but wants to have
28999 all caption labels bold.
29000 But you have over hundred figure and table captions with non-bold labels
29002 Of course it's impossible to change all caption labels manually in one
29006 \begin_layout Standard
29007 Now LaTeX comes into play.
29008 As mentioned above, for every problem there exists a LaTeX-package.
29009 First you have to find out which and therefore look in the LaTeX package
29011 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
29020 \begin_layout Standard
29021 As result you know that the package
29026 \begin_inset Index idx
29029 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29030 LaTeX-packages ! caption
29036 To use a package, you have to load it in the document preamble (menu
29038 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29044 \begin_layout Standard
29049 usepackage[options]{package name}
29052 \begin_layout Standard
29053 All LaTeX commands begin with a backslash, the command argument is set within
29054 two braces, and the options are set within two brackets.
29055 Note that not all commands have an argument and options.
29058 \begin_layout Standard
29059 In your case the package name is
29064 After a look in the documentation of the package, you know that the option
29069 will change the font of all caption labels to bold.
29070 So you add the command
29073 \begin_layout Standard
29078 usepackage[labelfont=bf]{caption}
29081 \begin_layout Standard
29082 to the preamble and the problem is solved.
29086 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29087 For more commands provided by the
29091 package, have a look at its documentation,
29092 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
29106 \begin_layout Standard
29107 Note that some document classes have built-in solutions for well known problems
29109 For example if you use a
29113 class, you don't need the package
29117 , you can instead write
29120 \begin_layout Standard
29125 setkomafont{captionlabel}{
29130 \begin_layout Standard
29131 in the preamble and the problem is solved.
29132 So if you plan to write a large document, you should have a look at the
29133 documentation of the document class you want to use.
29140 is an example of a command with more than one argument.)
29143 \begin_layout Standard
29144 Commands in the preamble affect the whole document, while commands in the
29145 text affect only the text after the command or only the text used as command
29147 To insert a LaTeX-command in text, use the TeX Code box as described in
29148 the previous section.
29151 \begin_layout Standard
29152 If you want to learn more about LaTeX and its syntax, have a look at the
29154 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
29156 key "latexcompanion,latexguide"
29163 \begin_layout Standard
29164 \begin_inset Newpage cleardoublepage
29170 \begin_layout Standard
29174 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29184 \begin_inset Note Note
29187 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29188 switches temporarily to a page style with custom header and footer line
29196 \begin_layout Left Header
29197 \begin_inset Argument
29200 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29210 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29220 \begin_inset Note Note
29223 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29224 defines the header line as described below
29232 \begin_layout Center Header
29233 \begin_inset Argument
29236 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29245 \begin_layout Right Header
29246 \begin_inset Argument
29249 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29253 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29270 \begin_layout Left Footer
29271 \begin_inset Argument
29274 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29278 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29295 \begin_layout Center Footer
29296 \begin_inset Argument
29299 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29310 \begin_inset Newline newline
29314 \begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon=\frac{\sqrt[3]{\aleph}}{\spadesuit}$
29320 \begin_layout Right Footer
29321 \begin_inset Argument
29324 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29334 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29346 \begin_layout Section
29347 Customized Page Headers and Footers
29348 \begin_inset CommandInset label
29350 name "sec:Customized-Page-Headers"
29355 \begin_inset Index idx
29358 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29361 Document ! Header/Footer line
29367 \begin_inset Index idx
29370 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29381 \begin_layout Standard
29382 To define custom page header and footer line for your document, you need
29383 to set the headings style to
29389 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29395 \begin_inset space ~
29401 As second step add in the menu
29403 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29404 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29408 \begin_inset Quotes eld
29411 Custom Header/Footerlines
29412 \begin_inset Quotes erd
29416 This module offers the 6
29417 \begin_inset space ~
29423 \begin_layout Description
29425 \begin_inset space ~
29429 \begin_inset space ~
29433 \begin_inset space ~
29437 \begin_inset space ~
29441 \begin_inset space ~
29447 \begin_layout Description
29449 \begin_inset space ~
29453 \begin_inset space ~
29457 \begin_inset space ~
29461 \begin_inset space ~
29465 \begin_inset space ~
29471 \begin_layout Standard
29472 for the different positions in the header/footer.
29475 \begin_layout Standard
29476 Normally, headers and footers are set up in the beginning of the document.
29477 but you can change them anywhere you want to.
29479 \begin_inset space ~
29483 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
29485 reference "fig:Page-layout"
29489 shows the page layout and where the header/footer styles will appear.
29492 \begin_layout Standard
29493 \begin_inset Float figure
29499 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29502 \begin_inset Tabular
29503 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
29504 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
29505 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="30line%">
29506 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="30line%">
29507 <column alignment="right" valignment="top" width="30line%">
29509 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29512 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29518 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
29521 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29527 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29530 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29538 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29541 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29547 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29550 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29556 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29559 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29567 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none" width="90line%">
29570 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29571 The normal text on the page goes here.
29572 The running header is above thel text, and the footer is below (including
29574 Headers/footers typically contain things like the page number, title of
29575 the chapter, company logo but your can use almost anything, except of floats.
29580 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29583 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29589 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29592 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29600 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29603 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29609 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29612 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29618 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29621 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29629 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29632 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29638 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
29641 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29647 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29650 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29664 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29665 \begin_inset Caption
29667 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29668 \begin_inset CommandInset label
29670 name "fig:Page-layout"
29674 Page layout with custom header and footer line.
29687 \begin_layout Subsection
29691 \begin_layout Standard
29692 To define your header line, add all 3
29693 \begin_inset space ~
29697 The things you add to the styles appear on uneven pages, the things in
29698 the optional arguments on even pages.
29699 For single-sided documents, the optional arguments will not be used and
29701 If you leave a style or its argument empty, nothing appears in the output.
29702 Defining the footer line works similar.
29705 \begin_layout Standard
29706 For the definition, you will need some LaTeX-commands that are inserted
29709 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29714 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29722 \begin_inset space ~
29730 \begin_layout Description
29733 thepage prints the current page number
29736 \begin_layout Description
29739 Roman{page} prints the current page number with capital roman numerals
29742 \begin_layout Description
29745 roman{page} prints the current page number with small roman numerals
29748 \begin_layout Description
29751 leftmark prints the current section number and title.
29752 If the document has chapters, it prints the current chapter number and
29755 \begin_inset Quotes eld
29759 \begin_inset Quotes prd
29762 because it usually goes in a left header.
29765 \begin_layout Description
29768 rightmark prints the current subsection number and title.
29769 If the document has chapters, it prints the current section number and
29771 It is normally used in the right header.
29774 \begin_layout Subsection
29775 Default header/footer
29778 \begin_layout Standard
29779 The custom header/footer is not empty by default.
29780 The default header contains the chapter and section title and the center
29781 footer has the page number.
29782 In order to remove unwanted entries from the header/footer, include the
29783 relevant header/footer style in your document, but leave it blank.
29784 So, if you do not want a page number in the footer, include a blank
29787 \begin_inset space ~
29795 \begin_layout Subsection
29799 \begin_layout Standard
29800 The header and footer will appear on normal pages.
29801 Some pages are different.
29802 The title page has a style of its own, and so has any page that starts
29803 a new part or chapter in your book.
29804 Such pages will not have the custom headers/footers, but that is normal.
29805 There is for example no need to print a header with the chapter name on
29806 the chapter page where the chapter heading is in big bold letters anyway.
29809 \begin_layout Subsubsection
29810 Header and footer decoration line
29813 \begin_layout Standard
29814 By default, you get a 0.4
29815 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
29818 pt thick line below the header and no footer line.
29819 This can be changed in the document preamble with the commands
29831 in the following scheme:
29834 \begin_layout Standard
29841 headrulewidth}{thickness}
29844 \begin_layout Standard
29845 Where thickness is a size in standard units like
29854 If you don't want a line, set the thickness to 0
29855 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
29861 \begin_layout Standard
29862 The lines can also be colored, but this requires more knowledge of LaTeX.
29863 If you really need this, have a look in the Internet or in sec.
29864 \begin_inset space ~
29868 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
29877 \begin_layout Subsubsection
29878 Several header/footer lines
29881 \begin_layout Standard
29882 In case that you need more than one text line as a header/footer, you can
29883 do this by adding a normal line break in the style definition.
29884 However, the default height of the header/footer is only the one of one
29886 To expand the height, redefine the LaTeX length
29898 in this scheme in your document preamble:
29901 \begin_layout Standard
29908 headheight}{height}
29911 \begin_layout Standard
29912 Where height is a size in standard units.
29913 If you don't know which amount of space is needed for the height, define
29914 your header/footer and preview your document as PDF.
29915 Then open the LaTeX logfile via the menu
29917 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29922 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29931 and look via the button
29934 \begin_inset space ~
29939 if you find a warning of the package
29944 \begin_inset Index idx
29947 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29950 LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr
29956 If there is such a warning, it contains the space that you need at least
29957 for your header/footer.
29960 \begin_layout Subsection
29964 \begin_layout Standard
29965 This example demonstrates what can be done with custom header/footers.
29966 Don't use it for yor document as it is just an example.
29967 This example consists of the following definition:
29970 \begin_layout Description
29972 \begin_inset space ~
29981 , empty optional argument
29984 \begin_layout Description
29986 \begin_inset space ~
29989 Header empty, empty optional argument
29992 \begin_layout Description
29994 \begin_inset space ~
30003 in the optional argument
30006 \begin_layout Description
30008 \begin_inset space ~
30017 in the optional argument
30020 \begin_layout Description
30022 \begin_inset space ~
30034 \begin_inset Quotes eld
30038 \begin_inset Newline newline
30042 \begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon=\frac{\sqrt[3]{\aleph}}{\spadesuit}$
30046 \begin_inset Quotes erd
30049 in the optional argument
30052 \begin_layout Description
30054 \begin_inset space ~
30063 , empty optional argument
30066 \begin_layout Description
30069 headrulewidth set to 2
30070 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
30076 \begin_layout Standard
30077 In principle you can use almost everything in headers/footers, except of
30079 For more special things like e.
30080 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
30084 \begin_inset space ~
30087 thumb-indexes, see the manual of the
30092 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
30101 \begin_layout Standard
30102 \begin_inset Newpage clearpage
30108 \begin_layout Standard
30112 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30116 pagestyle{headings}
30122 \begin_inset Note Note
30125 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30128 switches back to page style with the default headings
30136 \begin_layout Section
30137 Previewing Snippets of your Document
30138 \begin_inset CommandInset label
30140 name "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"
30145 \begin_inset Index idx
30148 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30155 \begin_inset Index idx
30158 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30167 \begin_layout Standard
30168 LyX allows you to generate previews of sections of your document on the
30169 fly so you can see how they'll look in the final document without having
30170 to break your train of thought with
30172 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
30178 \begin_layout Standard
30179 If you would for example like to see in LyX your math formulas typeset by
30180 LaTeX, install the LaTeX-package
30185 \begin_inset Index idx
30188 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30189 LaTeX-packages ! preview-latex
30194 as explained below, and turn on
30197 \begin_inset space ~
30204 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
30208 \begin_inset space ~
30212 \begin_inset space ~
30215 feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator
30220 \begin_inset space ~
30225 is the multiplication factor for the size.
30228 \begin_layout Standard
30229 Previews are generated when you load a document into LyX and when you finish
30231 Previews of an already loaded document are
30235 generated just by selecting the
30238 \begin_inset space ~
30243 check box, you have to reopen the documents to activate the previews.
30246 \begin_layout Standard
30247 LyX will generate previews of math insets.
30248 It will also generate previews of included insets if you select the
30251 \begin_inset space ~
30256 check box in the insert dialog.
30257 This is useful if you wish to generate a preview of a LaTeX figure, for
30261 \begin_layout Standard
30262 To get previews working, you need the LaTeX package
30266 (on some systems named simply
30271 If it is not already installed, you will find it in the TeX Catalogue,
30273 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
30279 or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system.
30280 You obtain prettier results if you install the program
30288 package; for LyX on Windows this program is automatically installed together
30292 \begin_layout Standard
30293 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
30299 \begin_layout Standard
30300 You can furthermore preview the LaTeX source of the whole document or parts
30304 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
30306 \begin_inset space ~
30311 and a window will be shown where you can see the LaTeX-source code.
30312 The window shows the source of the whole paragraph where the cursor is
30314 You can also select document parts in LyX's main window, then only this
30315 selection (when it is more than one paragraph) is shown as source code.
30316 To view the whole document as source, enable the corresponding option in
30317 the source view window.
30320 \begin_layout Section
30321 Advanced Find and Replace
30322 \begin_inset CommandInset label
30324 name "sec:Advanced-Find-and"
30329 \begin_inset Index idx
30332 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30339 \begin_inset Index idx
30342 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30351 \begin_layout Subsection
30355 \begin_layout Standard
30356 The advanced find and replace feature of LyX allows for searching of complex,
30357 format-sensitive text segments and mathematics contents within LyX documents.
30358 It is an enhancement of the standard (quick) find and replace feature.
30359 The key-features are:
30362 \begin_layout Itemize
30363 Both searching of text and of mathematical formulas is allowed, where the
30364 latter is done by entering mathematics in the usual way; not only entire
30365 mathematical formulas are found, but also parts occurring within more complex
30369 \begin_layout Itemize
30370 Search may be format-insensitive, so that the searched text is found in
30371 any context/style (standard text, section headings, notes, and even mathematics
30372 ), or it may be format-sensitive, so that, for example, a word entered with
30373 a section heading will only be found within section headings
30376 \begin_layout Itemize
30377 Search may be widened to a specific
30382 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
30386 \begin_inset space ~
30389 a set of files which may be all the children of the document being edited,
30390 all the open files, or all the manuals available from the
30397 \begin_layout Itemize
30398 Replace may optionally preserve capitalization, so that the replaced text
30399 capitalization is adapted to the matching text (i.
30400 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
30404 \begin_inset space ~
30407 all lowercase, all uppercase, first uppercase followed by lowercase)
30410 \begin_layout Subsection
30414 \begin_layout Standard
30415 The advanced find and replace feature of LyX is activated through the menu
30418 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
30431 arg "dialog-show findreplaceadv"
30434 ) or the toolbar button
30437 arg "dialog-toggle findreplaceadv"
30443 Advanced Find and Replace
30448 \begin_layout Subsubsection
30452 \begin_layout Standard
30457 LyX mini-editor a simple word, and search for occurrences of it by clicking
30462 button at the bottom of the dialog (or just press the
30467 The entered word is found both in text mode and in math mode, and in emphasized
30468 , bold or normal face, and in both in section titles and in standard text.
30469 Pressing repeatedly
30473 keeps searching forward.
30474 Similarly, pressing
30478 searches for the entered text backwards.
30481 \begin_layout Standard
30482 While searching, the
30486 option allows matches to occur only with the same case as entered in the
30496 option allows matches to occur only at word boundaries.
30499 \begin_layout Subsubsection
30500 Searching for mathematics
30503 \begin_layout Standard
30504 Mathematical formulas may be searched for by typing in the
30508 editor a mathematical formula, such as
30509 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$
30512 or also something more complex like
30513 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{x^{2}}{1+x^{2}}$
30517 When searching for a formula, it is found both when it is alone and when
30518 it occurs in sub-formulas and nested parts of sub-formulas, for example
30519 the mentioned segments would be found in something like
30520 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{x^{2}}{\sqrt{\frac{x^{2}}{1+x^{2}}}}.$
30526 \begin_layout Subsubsection
30530 \begin_layout Standard
30531 It is also possible to search for text with specific styles.
30532 This is done by switching to the
30536 tab of the dialog and unchecking the
30541 This way, entering in the
30548 \begin_layout Itemize
30549 a plain word and searching for it would not find instances of the word occurring
30550 in emphasized or boldface.
30553 \begin_layout Itemize
30554 an emphasized or boldface word and searching for it would find the respective
30555 instances with same face only, and within the same text style only.
30556 Note that, for example, an emphasized text is found not only when occurring
30557 alone, but also when it is contained in a longer emphasized sentence.
30560 \begin_layout Itemize
30561 a plain word in a section heading, and searching for it, finds occurrences
30562 of if only within section headings.
30563 Also, if the text to search is given an emphasized or bold face, in addition
30564 to a section style, then it is found only when occurring with the same
30568 \begin_layout Itemize
30569 some mathematics in a displayed formula will only find instances of this
30570 formula that are also displayed formulas (and not inline formulas).
30573 \begin_layout Subsubsection
30577 \begin_layout Standard
30578 The text segments matching the text entered in the
30582 editor may be replaced with the text segments entered in the
30590 In order to find the next occurrence and replace it, click on the
30594 button or alternatively
30616 \begin_layout Standard
30617 You can replace full-featured formatted LyX segments in place of the matching
30618 text segments in your document.
30619 Typical scenarios in which to use this capability may be (just to mention
30623 \begin_layout Itemize
30624 replacing occurrences of a word with a customized formatted version of the
30625 same word, for example replacing occurrences of a name like
30626 \begin_inset Quotes eld
30630 \begin_inset Quotes erd
30633 with its typewriter version
30636 \begin_inset Quotes eld
30640 \begin_inset Quotes erd
30646 \begin_layout Itemize
30647 performing a notation rework of mathematical symbols, for example replacing
30649 \begin_inset Quotes eld
30653 \begin_inset Formula $R$
30657 \begin_inset Quotes erd
30661 \begin_inset Quotes eld
30665 \begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{R}$
30669 \begin_inset Quotes erd
30672 (you may want to enable the
30680 options and disable the
30688 tab, in order to avoid replacing all
30689 \begin_inset Quotes eld
30693 \begin_inset Quotes erd
30696 letters occurring in normal text), or occurrences of
30697 \begin_inset Formula $x_{j}^{i}$
30701 \begin_inset Formula $x_{i,\, j}$
30704 , or occurrences of
30705 \begin_inset Formula $x[k]$
30709 \begin_inset Formula $x_{k}$
30715 \begin_layout Subsection
30719 \begin_layout Standard
30720 There is a regular expression (regexp) based searching facility.
30724 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30725 A good explanation of regular expressions is given in this Wikipedia entry:
30727 \begin_inset CommandInset href
30729 target "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression"
30738 You can search for regular expression by inserting a regexp inset into
30744 This is done via the menu
30746 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
30747 Insert Regular Expression
30749 while the cursor is in the
30754 Characters entered within regexp insets are matched according to the regular
30755 expression matching rules
30759 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30760 Under the constraint that any (sub)expression must match a well-formed LyX
30762 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
30766 \begin_inset space ~
30769 when matching LaTeX code, no segments with unbalanced {} braces are allowed
30770 to match expressions.
30775 , while text entered outside regexp insets is matched exactly against the
30776 same text in the document.
30777 Note that it is allowed to cut and paste regexp-mode insets as usual.
30778 Examples of using such a feature may be:
30781 \begin_layout Enumerate
30782 Searching for all fractions with a given denominator: for example, entering
30787 editor the fraction
30788 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{.*}{1+x^{2}}$
30792 \begin_inset Formula $.*$
30795 on the numerator is the match-everything regular expression) finds all
30796 fractions with the given denominator.
30799 \begin_layout Enumerate
30800 Searching for all text with a given style: for example, after unchecking
30812 \begin_inset Formula $.*$
30817 regular expression and adding for it an emphasized or bold face, finds
30818 all emphasized and bold face text, respectively.
30820 \begin_inset Formula $.*$
30823 regular expression in a bullet or enumerated list or a section heading,
30824 you can find all bullet or enumerated lists or section headings.
30827 \begin_layout Standard
30828 Finally, references to (sub)expressions in regexp may be used as usual,
30829 enclosing parts of the expression within round braces
30830 \begin_inset Formula $()$
30833 , and referring back to them through
30834 \begin_inset Formula $\backslash1$
30838 \begin_inset Formula $\backslash2$
30842 For example, try searching for the regexp
30843 \begin_inset Formula $([a-z]+)[[:blank:]]\backslash1$
30846 in order to find word repetitions, if there are any.
30849 \begin_layout Standard
30850 Note that back references work both when occurring within the same regexp,
30851 and when occurring in multiple different regexps, where the numbering of
30852 back-referenced sub-expressions is absolute, i.
30853 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
30857 \begin_inset space ~
30861 \begin_inset Formula $\backslash1$
30864 always refers to the first occurrence of
30865 \begin_inset Formula $()$
30868 in all entered regexps.
30871 \begin_layout Standard
30872 Note also that the use of back references in the replaced text is not (yet)
30876 \begin_layout Section
30878 \begin_inset CommandInset label
30880 name "sec:Spellchecking"
30885 \begin_inset Index idx
30888 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30897 \begin_layout Standard
30898 LyX has a built-in spell checker.
30901 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
30908 or the toolbar button
30911 arg "dialog-show spellchecker"
30914 starts the spell checking beginning from the current cursor position.
30915 A sidebar will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found, allowing
30916 you to edit and replace it in a second line.
30917 Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the text
30918 scrolled so that it is visible.
30919 In the spellchecker sidebar, there is a box showing suggestions for a correctio
30920 n, if any could be found.
30921 Clicking on one of the corrections will copy to the
30925 field, double-click invokes directly the replacement.
30926 Unknown but correctly typed words can be added to the personal dictionary.
30929 \begin_layout Standard
30930 By default, the dictionary file used is determined by the document language
30933 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
30937 You can specify the language of a word in the spellchecker dialog by choosing
30938 a different one at the top of the dialog.
30939 LyX can correctly spell check documents containing multiple languages.
30940 This work if you have marked the different languages appropriately and
30941 have the spell checker dictionaries installed.
30942 LyX automatically switches to the appropriate dictionary file.
30945 \begin_layout Subsection
30949 \begin_layout Standard
30950 In LyX's preferences dialog under
30953 \begin_inset space ~
30956 Setting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
30959 you can set the following things:
30962 \begin_layout Description
30964 \begin_inset space ~
30967 engine Select the library LyX should use for spell checking.
30968 Depending on your platform,
30982 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30983 Enchant itself is a wrapper library having different configurable back-ends.
30984 Please consult the documentation or man-page of it to learn more.
30999 \begin_layout Description
31001 \begin_inset space ~
31004 language If this field is not empty, LyX will always use the given language
31005 for the spell checking, no matter what the document language is.
31008 \begin_layout Description
31010 \begin_inset space ~
31013 characters Allows you to add non-standard characters that the spell checker
31015 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
31019 \begin_inset space \space{}
31023 This should normally not be needed.
31026 \begin_layout Description
31028 \begin_inset space ~
31032 \begin_inset space ~
31035 words Prevent the spell checker from complaining about compounded words
31037 \begin_inset Quotes eld
31041 \begin_inset Quotes erd
31047 \begin_layout Description
31049 \begin_inset space ~
31052 continously Check the spelling of your document as you type it.
31053 Misspelled words gets underlined with a dotted red line.
31054 By right-clicking on an underlined word, the suggestions by the spell appear
31055 in the context menu.
31056 Choosing one of them will replace the misspelled word with the suggested
31060 \begin_layout Description
31062 \begin_inset space ~
31066 \begin_inset space ~
31070 \begin_inset space ~
31073 comments If enabled, the spelling of non-printed document contents is checked
31077 \begin_layout Section
31079 \begin_inset Index idx
31082 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31089 \begin_inset CommandInset label
31091 name "sec:Thesaurus"
31098 \begin_layout Standard
31099 LyX provides a multilingual thesaurus.
31100 It uses the same thesaurus framework as OpenOffice and Firefox (namely
31109 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31110 \begin_inset CommandInset href
31112 target "http://lingucomponent.openoffice.org/thesaurus.html"
31121 thesaurus library, which is included in LyX).
31122 Therefore, LyX can directly access OpenOffice thesaurus dictionaries, which
31123 are available for many languages.
31126 \begin_layout Standard
31127 This section describes how new dictionaries are installed and set up for
31131 \begin_layout Subsection
31132 Setting up the thesaurus
31135 \begin_layout Standard
31140 OpenOffice thesauri consist of two files per language: A file with the suffix
31145 containing the data and an index file with the suffix
31150 The standardized file names include the language code for the given language
31152 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
31156 en_EN for English).
31157 For instance, the English files are named:
31160 \begin_layout Itemize
31164 \begin_layout Itemize
31168 \begin_layout Standard
31169 If you have OpenOffice and its thesaurus installed, these files should be
31170 already on your system.
31171 If not, you can get dictionaries from the site
31172 \begin_inset Flex URL
31175 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31177 http://extensions.services.openoffice.org
31183 Note that, as of OpenOffice 3.0, these files are usually packed in extension
31188 ) that contain other files such as spellchecker dictionaries besides the
31190 These archives are simple zip files, so you can unpack them as you would
31191 unpack a zip archive.
31194 \begin_layout Standard
31203 files of all languages you want to use into one directory (do not use subfolder
31204 s), and specify the path to this directory in
31206 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31207 Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31211 Now the thesaurus should be ready to use.
31214 \begin_layout Subsection
31215 Using the thesaurus
31218 \begin_layout Standard
31219 To start the thesaurus, use the menu
31221 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31224 or the toolbar button
31225 \begin_inset Graphics
31226 filename ../../images/thesaurus-entry.png
31227 rotateOrigin center
31231 while the cursor is at the word you want to look up or while a word is
31233 A dialog pops up showing you probably related words that you can use as
31235 The proposals are grouped into categories.
31236 Note that the thesaurus does not only show synonyms, but also hyperonyms
31237 and hyponyms (such as
31245 ), compounds (such as
31249 ) and antonyms (such as
31257 ), which are marked as such.
31260 \begin_layout Standard
31261 The language is automatically chosen from the language at the cursor, but
31262 you can also switch it in the dialog, as you can enter new words to look
31266 \begin_layout Standard
31267 Note that the thesaurus cannot handle phrases (only compounds that are in
31268 the dictionary, such as the above
31272 ), and you have to use the so called lemma form, i.
31273 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
31277 the form that is used in the dictionaries (for many languages: first person
31278 singular indicative active for nouns, infinitive for verbs).
31279 For example looking up the word forms
31287 yields no results, while results are shown for the word form
31292 Your best bet is to highlight only the relevant parts of such word (e.
31293 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
31305 s), then you get proposals without adjusting the query in the dialog, and
31306 also the replacement will probably be correct (as only the highlighted
31307 part will be replaced, thus the ending remains).
31310 \begin_layout Subsection
31311 License of the Thesaurus library
31314 \begin_layout Standard
31319 library, which is used by LyX for the thesaurus, was created by
31324 as a standalone program.
31325 Version 1.1 of the library is included in LyX.
31326 The library was released under the
31328 Berkeley Database License
31330 , which is compatible with LyX's license, the GPL.
31331 In order to meet the requirements of the Berkeley Database License, the
31332 MyThes license file is included in the LyX sources in the folder
31334 ~src/support/mythes/license.readme
31337 In LyX Windows installations it is additionally available in the file
31341 that is in the same folder as the file lyx.exe.
31344 \begin_layout Section
31346 \begin_inset Index idx
31349 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31356 \begin_inset Index idx
31359 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31360 Document ! Change Tracking
31366 \begin_inset CommandInset label
31368 name "sec:Change-Tracking"
31375 \begin_layout Standard
31376 When you work on a document collaboratively it is extremely useful to be
31377 able to see changes that others have made highlighted in the document.
31378 You can then decide if you want to accept a change or not.
31379 This can be achieved by turning on change tracking in the menu
31381 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31383 \begin_inset space ~
31386 Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31388 \begin_inset space ~
31396 \begin_layout Standard
31397 Changes made in the document will then be highlighted by strokes and colors:
31411 The color depends on the author that made the change.
31412 You can change the color in LyX's preferences dialog under
31415 \begin_inset space ~
31419 \begin_inset space ~
31429 \begin_inset Index idx
31432 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31433 Color ! Change tracking
31438 The author and the date of the change are shown in LyX's status bar when
31439 the cursor is in changed text.
31440 The same information is shown when you use the toolbar button
31441 \begin_inset Graphics
31442 filename ../../images/changes-merge.png
31443 rotateOrigin center
31450 \begin_layout Standard
31451 When change tracking is activated, you will see the review toolbar in LyX:
31452 \begin_inset Index idx
31455 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31464 \begin_layout Standard
31465 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
31471 \begin_layout Standard
31472 \begin_inset Graphics
31473 filename ../clipart/ChangesToolbar.png
31480 \begin_layout Standard
31481 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
31487 \begin_layout Standard
31488 The review toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following
31492 \begin_layout Standard
31493 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
31499 \begin_layout Standard
31500 \begin_inset Tabular
31501 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
31502 <features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
31503 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
31504 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
31505 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
31506 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31509 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31510 \begin_inset Graphics
31511 filename ../../images/changes-track.png
31512 rotateOrigin center
31521 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31524 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31527 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31529 \begin_inset space ~
31532 Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31534 \begin_inset space ~
31543 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
31544 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31547 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31548 \begin_inset Graphics
31549 filename ../../images/changes-output.png
31550 rotateOrigin center
31559 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31562 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31565 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31567 \begin_inset space ~
31570 Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31572 \begin_inset space ~
31576 \begin_inset space ~
31580 \begin_inset space ~
31589 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
31590 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31593 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31594 \begin_inset Graphics
31595 filename ../../images/change-next.png
31596 rotateOrigin center
31605 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31608 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31609 Jumps to the next change
31615 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
31616 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31619 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31620 \begin_inset Graphics
31621 filename ../../images/change-accept.png
31622 rotateOrigin center
31631 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31634 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31637 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31639 \begin_inset space ~
31642 Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31644 \begin_inset space ~
31653 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
31654 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31657 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31658 \begin_inset Graphics
31659 filename ../../images/change-reject.png
31660 rotateOrigin center
31669 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31672 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31675 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31677 \begin_inset space ~
31680 Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31682 \begin_inset space ~
31691 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
31692 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31695 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31696 \begin_inset Graphics
31697 filename ../../images/changes-merge.png
31698 rotateOrigin center
31707 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31710 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31713 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31715 \begin_inset space ~
31718 Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31720 \begin_inset space ~
31729 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
31730 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31733 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31734 \begin_inset Graphics
31735 filename ../../images/all-changes-accept.png
31736 rotateOrigin center
31745 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31748 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31751 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31753 \begin_inset space ~
31756 Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31758 \begin_inset space ~
31762 \begin_inset space ~
31771 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
31772 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31775 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31776 \begin_inset Graphics
31777 filename ../../images/all-changes-reject.png
31778 rotateOrigin center
31787 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31790 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31793 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31795 \begin_inset space ~
31798 Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31800 \begin_inset space ~
31804 \begin_inset space ~
31813 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
31814 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31817 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31818 \begin_inset Graphics
31819 filename ../../images/note-insert.png
31820 rotateOrigin center
31829 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31832 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31835 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31836 Note\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31838 \begin_inset space ~
31847 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
31848 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31851 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31852 \begin_inset Graphics
31853 filename ../../images/note-next.png
31854 rotateOrigin center
31863 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
31866 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31869 Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31871 \begin_inset space ~
31887 \begin_layout Standard
31888 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
31894 \begin_layout Standard
31895 The review toolbar helps you to accept, reject, or merge changes – highlight
31896 the change and press one of the desired toolbar buttons.
31897 When you merge changes, a window pops up showing you information about
31898 the next change after the current cursor position.
31899 So you don't need to highlight a certain change.
31900 Within the merge window you can decide to accept or reject changes and
31901 step to the next change.
31902 This way you can jump through all the changes in the document.
31905 \begin_layout Standard
31906 The toolbar has two buttons to handle notes because notes are often important
31907 to describe a change.
31910 \begin_layout Standard
31911 To show made changes in the output you need the LaTeX package
31916 \begin_inset Index idx
31919 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31920 LaTeX-packages ! dvipost
31926 You will find it in the TeX Catalogue,
31927 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
31933 or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system.
31936 \begin_layout Section
31937 Comparison of Documents
31938 \begin_inset Index idx
31941 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31944 Comparison of documents
31952 \begin_layout Standard
31953 You can compare two different LyX files via the menu
31955 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
31959 The comparison result is a LyX file with change tracking enabled showing
31961 In the comparison dialog you can select with the option
31964 \begin_inset space ~
31968 \begin_inset space ~
31972 \begin_inset space ~
31977 from which document LyX should take the document settings for the the resulting
31982 \begin_inset space ~
31986 \begin_inset space ~
31990 \begin_inset space ~
31994 \begin_inset space ~
31998 \begin_inset space ~
32002 \begin_inset space ~
32007 enables the change tracking option
32010 \begin_inset space ~
32014 \begin_inset space ~
32018 \begin_inset space ~
32023 to visualize the differences also in the PDF output of the difference file.
32026 \begin_layout Section
32027 International Support
32028 \begin_inset Index idx
32031 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32032 International support
32040 \begin_layout Standard
32041 This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want.
32042 For some non-western languages there are special Wiki-pages that explain
32043 how to set up LyX to use them:
32044 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
32046 key "Arabic,Armenian,Farsi,Hebrew"
32053 \begin_layout Standard
32054 Besides languages, LyX also supports phonetic symbols, see section
32055 \begin_inset space ~
32059 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
32061 reference "sub:Special-Character"
32068 \begin_layout Subsection
32070 \begin_inset Index idx
32073 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32080 \begin_inset Index idx
32083 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32084 Document ! Settings
32090 \begin_inset Index idx
32093 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32094 Document ! Language
32102 \begin_layout Standard
32105 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
32108 dialog lets you set
32110 the language and character encoding for your language.
32114 \begin_layout Standard
32115 Choose your language in the
32119 section of this dialog.
32127 \begin_layout Standard
32132 you can choose the character encoding map you want to use for LaTeX export.
32137 is the preferred choice and works well in most cases.
32138 For details about the different encoding options see section
32139 \begin_inset space ~
32143 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
32145 reference "cha:The-Document-Settings"
32152 \begin_layout Subsection
32153 Keyboard mapping configuration
32154 \begin_inset CommandInset label
32156 name "sub:Keyboard-mapping"
32163 \begin_layout Standard
32164 If you have for example a U.S.-style keyboard and want to write in a language
32165 other than English, you can use an alternate keymap.
32166 For example, if you have a U.S.-style keyboard but want to write in Italian,
32167 you can configure LyX to use an Italian keymap.
32168 The preferences dialog allows you to choose up to two keyboard mappings,
32170 \begin_inset space ~
32174 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
32176 reference "sub:Keyboard-Map"
32181 You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select
32182 which one you want to use.
32185 \begin_layout Standard
32186 Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely
32187 different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance).
32188 You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U.S.
32189 keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German.
32190 In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing
32191 one to support the characters you want.
32192 This and many other customizations are explained in the
32199 \begin_layout Subsection
32203 \begin_layout Standard
32205 \begin_inset space ~
32209 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
32211 reference "cap:The-latin1-character"
32220 You should be able to enter the characters in the first eight columns directly
32224 \begin_layout Standard
32225 There are a few things you need to know about this table.
32226 Here are some of the details you'll need to bear in mind when using characters
32234 \begin_layout Itemize
32235 Even if you have selected
32241 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
32244 dialog, users who have only the
32248 -fonts for LaTeX [or who have the
32252 -fonts but aren't using them] will still miss a few characters: D0, F0,
32253 DE, FE, AB, and BB – the uppercase and lowercase eth and thorn, and the
32254 french quotes won't show up.
32257 \begin_layout Standard
32258 \begin_inset Float table
32263 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32264 \begin_inset Caption
32266 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32267 \begin_inset CommandInset label
32269 name "cap:The-latin1-character"
32285 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32287 \begin_inset Tabular
32288 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="17">
32289 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
32290 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
32291 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
32292 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
32293 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
32294 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
32295 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
32296 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
32297 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
32298 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
32299 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
32300 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
32301 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
32302 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
32303 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
32304 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
32305 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
32306 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
32308 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
32311 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32317 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32320 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32335 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32338 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32353 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32356 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32371 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32374 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32389 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32392 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32407 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32410 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32425 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32428 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32443 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32446 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32461 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32464 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32479 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32482 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32497 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32500 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32515 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32518 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32533 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32536 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32551 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32554 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32569 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32572 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32587 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
32590 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32607 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
32610 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32625 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32628 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32634 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32637 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32643 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32646 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32652 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32655 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32669 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32672 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32686 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32689 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32703 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32706 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32720 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32723 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32737 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32740 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32746 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32749 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32755 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32758 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32764 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32767 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32781 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32784 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32798 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32801 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32815 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32818 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32832 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
32835 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32851 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
32854 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32869 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32872 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32878 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32881 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32887 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32890 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32904 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32907 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32921 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32924 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32938 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32941 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32955 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32958 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32972 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32975 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32989 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
32992 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32998 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33001 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33007 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33010 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33024 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33027 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33041 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33044 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33058 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33061 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33075 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33078 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33092 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
33095 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33111 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
33114 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33129 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33132 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33138 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33141 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33147 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33150 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33159 \begin_inset Quotes eld
33167 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33170 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33184 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33187 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33201 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33204 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33218 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33221 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33235 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33238 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33252 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33255 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33261 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33264 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33270 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33273 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33279 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33282 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33296 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33299 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33313 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33316 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33330 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33333 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33347 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
33350 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33366 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
33369 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33384 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33387 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33393 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33396 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33402 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33405 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33419 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33422 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33436 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33439 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33453 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33456 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33470 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33473 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33487 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33490 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33504 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33507 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33513 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33516 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33522 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33525 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33539 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33542 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33556 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33559 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33573 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33576 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33590 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33593 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33607 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
33610 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33626 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
33629 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33644 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33647 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33653 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33656 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33662 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33665 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33679 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33682 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33696 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33699 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33713 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33716 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33730 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33733 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33747 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33750 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33764 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33767 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33773 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33776 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33782 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33785 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33791 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33794 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33808 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33811 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33825 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33828 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33842 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33845 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33859 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
33862 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33878 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
33881 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33896 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33899 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33905 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33908 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33914 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33917 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33931 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33934 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33948 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33951 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33965 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33968 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33982 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33985 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33999 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34002 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34016 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34019 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34025 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34028 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34034 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34037 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34043 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34046 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34060 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34063 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34077 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34080 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34094 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34097 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34111 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
34114 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34130 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
34133 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34148 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34151 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34157 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34160 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34166 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34169 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34183 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34186 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34200 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34203 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34217 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34220 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34234 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34237 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34251 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34254 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34268 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34271 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34277 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34280 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34286 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34289 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34295 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34298 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34312 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34315 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34329 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34332 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34346 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34349 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34363 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
34366 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34382 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
34385 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34400 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34403 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34409 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34412 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34418 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34421 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34435 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34438 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34452 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34455 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34469 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34472 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34486 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34489 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34503 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34506 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34520 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34523 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34529 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34532 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34538 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34541 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34555 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34558 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34572 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34575 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34589 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34592 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34606 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34609 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34623 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
34626 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34642 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
34645 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34660 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34663 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34669 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34672 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34678 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34681 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34695 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34698 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34712 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34715 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34729 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34732 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34746 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34749 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34763 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34766 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34780 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34783 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34789 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34792 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34798 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34801 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34815 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34818 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34832 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34835 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34849 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34852 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34866 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34869 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34883 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
34886 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34902 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
34905 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34920 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34923 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34929 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34932 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34938 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34941 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34955 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34958 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34972 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34975 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34989 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34992 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35006 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35009 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35023 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35026 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35040 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35043 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35049 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35052 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35058 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35061 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35075 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35078 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35092 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35095 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35109 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35112 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35126 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35129 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35143 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
35146 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35162 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
35165 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35180 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35183 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35189 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35192 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35198 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35201 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35215 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35218 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35232 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35235 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35249 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35252 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35266 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35269 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35283 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35286 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35300 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35303 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35309 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35312 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35318 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35321 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35335 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35338 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35352 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35355 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35369 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35372 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35386 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35389 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35403 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
35406 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35422 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
35425 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35440 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35443 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35449 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35452 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35458 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35461 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35475 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35478 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35492 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35495 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35509 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35512 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35526 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35529 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35543 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35546 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35560 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35563 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35569 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35572 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35578 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35581 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35595 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35598 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35612 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35615 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35629 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35632 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35646 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35649 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35663 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
35666 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35682 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
35685 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35700 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35703 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35709 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35712 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35718 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35721 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35735 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35738 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35752 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35755 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35769 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35772 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35788 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35791 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35805 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35808 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35822 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35825 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35831 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35834 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35840 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35843 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35857 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35860 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35874 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35877 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35891 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35894 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35908 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35911 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35925 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
35928 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35944 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
35947 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35962 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35965 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35971 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35974 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35980 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35983 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35997 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36000 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36014 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36017 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36031 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36034 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36048 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36051 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36065 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36068 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36082 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36085 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36091 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36094 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36100 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36103 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36109 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36112 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36126 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36129 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36143 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36146 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36160 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36163 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36177 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
36180 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36196 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
36199 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36214 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36217 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36223 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36226 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36232 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36235 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36249 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36252 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36266 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36269 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36283 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36286 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36300 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36303 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36317 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36320 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36334 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36337 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36343 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36346 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36352 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36355 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36369 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36372 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36386 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36389 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36403 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36406 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36420 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36423 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36437 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
36440 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36456 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
36459 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36474 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36477 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36483 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36486 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36492 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36495 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36509 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36512 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36526 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36529 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36543 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36546 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36560 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36563 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36577 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36580 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36586 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36589 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36595 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36598 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36604 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36607 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36621 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36624 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36638 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36641 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36655 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36658 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36672 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36675 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36689 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
36692 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36719 \begin_layout Standard
36720 The following is a full list of all of the accented characters LyX can display
36722 It includes not only the accented characters from the previous table, but
36723 also the characters from
36735 \begin_layout Itemize
36744 \begin_layout Standard
36745 ¨ Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü ä ë ï ö ü ÿ
36746 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
36752 \begin_layout Standard
36753 ^ Â Ê Î Ô Û â ê î ô û
36754 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
36760 \begin_layout Standard
36761 ` À È Ì Ò Ù à è ì ò ù
36762 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
36768 \begin_layout Standard
36769 ´ Á É Í Ó Ú Ý á é í ó ú ý
36770 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
36776 \begin_layout Standard
36778 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
36784 \begin_layout Standard
36786 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
36792 \begin_layout Standard
36794 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
36801 \begin_layout Itemize
36814 \begin_layout Standard
36816 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
36822 \begin_layout Standard
36824 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
36830 \begin_layout Standard
36832 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
36838 \begin_layout Standard
36840 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
36846 \begin_layout Standard
36848 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
36854 \begin_layout Standard
36856 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
36863 \begin_layout Standard
36864 All the characters above are actively supported by TeX fonts.
36865 In addition TeX allows diacritical marks on almost all characters.
36866 Also make sure you're using the
36873 \begin_layout Chapter
36876 \begin_inset CommandInset label
36878 name "cha:The-User-Interface"
36885 \begin_layout Standard
36886 This appendix lists all the available menus and describes their functionality.
36887 It is designed as a quick reference if you are searching for a special
36888 topic inside the user's guide.
36891 \begin_layout Section
36893 \begin_inset Index idx
36896 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36905 \begin_layout Standard
36910 menu are the basic operations in addition to some more advanced operations.
36913 \begin_layout Subsection
36917 \begin_layout Standard
36918 Creates a new document.
36921 \begin_layout Subsection
36925 \begin_layout Standard
36926 This menu entry prompts you for a template to use.
36927 Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for
36928 the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually.
36931 \begin_layout Subsection
36935 \begin_layout Standard
36939 \begin_layout Subsection
36943 \begin_layout Standard
36944 The submenu shows a list of the recently opened files.
36945 Click there on a file to open it.
36948 \begin_layout Subsection
36952 \begin_layout Standard
36953 Closes the current document.
36956 \begin_layout Subsection
36960 \begin_layout Standard
36961 Closes all opened documents.
36964 \begin_layout Subsection
36968 \begin_layout Standard
36969 Saves the actual document.
36972 \begin_layout Subsection
36976 \begin_layout Standard
36977 Saves the actual document under a new name to create a copy.
36980 \begin_layout Subsection
36984 \begin_layout Standard
36985 Saves all opened documents.
36988 \begin_layout Subsection
36992 \begin_layout Standard
36993 Reloads the actual document from disk.
36996 \begin_layout Subsection
37000 \begin_layout Standard
37001 This is used when more people are working on the same document.
37002 It is described in the section
37004 Version Control in LyX
37008 Additional Features
37013 \begin_layout Subsection
37017 \begin_layout Standard
37018 You can import there files from older LyX-versions, HTML-files, LaTeX-files,
37019 NoWeb-files, plain text files, and comma separated, table like, text files
37020 (CSV) as a new LyX-document.
37021 The files will be imported as new LyX-document.
37024 \begin_layout Standard
37025 When using the menu entry
37028 \begin_inset space ~
37033 , line breaks in the text will start a new paragraph; when using the menu
37037 \begin_inset space ~
37041 \begin_inset space ~
37046 , consecutive lines of text will be imported to one big paragraph.
37047 A new paragraph will begin when there is a blank line in the file.
37050 \begin_layout Subsection
37052 \begin_inset CommandInset label
37061 \begin_layout Standard
37062 You can export your document to various file formats.
37063 The resulting files are placed in the directory of your LyX-file.
37064 The menu entries are not the same on all installations.
37065 They depend on the programs found by LyX while its configuration.
37068 \begin_layout Standard
37069 Here is a list of all available entries; some of them are explained in detail
37071 \begin_inset space ~
37075 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37077 reference "sub:Output-file-formats"
37084 \begin_layout Description
37088 \begin_inset space ~
37093 format of the special LyX 1.4.x versions for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
37095 \begin_inset Newline newline
37098 Since LyX 1.5.0 CJK support is fully integrated to LyX.
37101 \begin_layout Description
37109 \begin_layout Description
37110 HTML HTML-format (the HTML-converter is a third-party product and may not
37114 \begin_layout Description
37116 \begin_inset space ~
37120 \begin_inset space ~
37123 Word) HTML-format specialized so that the result can be imported to
37127 ; as a consequence of this formulas will be embedded as bitmap fonts and
37135 \begin_layout Description
37142 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37150 \begin_inset space ~
37155 text file with the LaTeX source, additionally all images used in the document
37156 will be converted to a format that is readable by the
37160 program (GIF, JPG, PDF, PNG)
37163 \begin_layout Description
37170 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37178 \begin_inset space ~
37183 text file with the LaTeX source code, additionally all images used in the
37184 document will be converted to
37186 the EPS-format, only this format is readable by the latex program
37189 \begin_layout Description
37191 \begin_inset space ~
37196 LyX-Dokument in a format readable by the LyX versions z.y.x (
37197 \begin_inset Quotes eld
37201 \begin_inset Quotes grd
37205 \begin_inset Quotes eld
37209 \begin_inset Quotes erd
37212 represent the version number)
37215 \begin_layout Description
37218 HTML-format, using LyX's internal XHTML engine
37221 \begin_layout Description
37222 OpenDocument OpenDocument-formatted file, to be opened with
37235 (The OpenDocument-converter is a third-party product and may not work in
37239 \begin_layout Description
37243 \begin_inset space ~
37248 PDF-format using the program
37253 \begin_layout Description
37257 \begin_inset space ~
37262 PDF-format using the program
37267 \begin_layout Description
37271 \begin_inset space ~
37276 PDF-format using the program
37281 \begin_layout Description
37285 \begin_inset space ~
37293 \begin_layout Description
37297 \begin_inset space ~
37301 \begin_inset space ~
37306 text format, the document will first be converted to Postscript format
37307 and then exported as text using the program
37312 \begin_layout Description
37317 PostScript format using the program
37322 \begin_layout Standard
37327 produces internally a DVI-file which is then converted to a PDF-file.
37328 It is a bit out of date and therefore the output could look different from
37334 produces PDF-files directly and supports the latest PDF-file formats.
37337 \begin_layout Standard
37338 If one of the menu entries
37345 \begin_inset space ~
37354 is missing, you need to update your LaTeX installation.
37355 After updating you have to reconfigure LyX, see section
37356 \begin_inset space ~
37360 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37362 reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"
37367 \begin_inset Index idx
37370 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37371 Reconfiguration of LyX
37379 \begin_layout Standard
37384 allows you to export your file by using special command line options for
37385 the export program.
37388 \begin_layout Subsection
37392 \begin_layout Standard
37393 With this menu entry you can print your document to a file in PostScript
37394 format or send it to a printer.
37395 The printer will also use the document in PostScript format.
37396 The conversion to PostScript is done in the background by LyX using the
37402 For more information have a look at section
37403 \begin_inset space ~
37407 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37409 reference "sub:Printing-the-File"
37416 \begin_layout Subsection
37420 \begin_layout Standard
37421 This menu entry will only appear when you have a fax program installed (on
37422 Windows you additionally need to register its program path to LyX's PATH
37423 prefix, see section
37424 \begin_inset space ~
37428 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37430 reference "sec:Paths"
37435 With this menu entry you can send your document to a fax program like
37444 The default format of the sent file is PostScript.
37445 The format can be changed in LyX's preferences as described in section
37446 \begin_inset space ~
37450 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37452 reference "sub:Converters"
37459 \begin_layout Subsection
37460 New and Close Window
37463 \begin_layout Standard
37464 Opens or closes a new instance of LyX.
37467 \begin_layout Subsection
37471 \begin_layout Standard
37472 Prompts you to save all unsaved documents and then exits.
37475 \begin_layout Section
37477 \begin_inset Index idx
37480 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37489 \begin_layout Subsection
37493 \begin_layout Standard
37494 Described in section
37495 \begin_inset space ~
37499 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37501 reference "sec:Undo-and-Redo"
37508 \begin_layout Subsection
37509 Cut, Copy, Paste, Paste Recent, Paste Special
37512 \begin_layout Standard
37513 Described in section
37514 \begin_inset space ~
37518 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37520 reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features"
37527 \begin_layout Subsection
37531 \begin_layout Standard
37532 Selects the whole document.
37535 \begin_layout Subsection
37539 \begin_layout Standard
37540 Described in section
37541 \begin_inset space ~
37545 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37547 reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features"
37554 \begin_layout Subsection
37555 Move Paragraph Up/Down
37558 \begin_layout Standard
37559 This shifts the paragraph where the cursor is currently in one paragraph
37563 \begin_layout Subsection
37567 \begin_layout Standard
37568 Described in section
37569 \begin_inset space ~
37573 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37575 reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
37582 \begin_layout Subsection
37584 \begin_inset Index idx
37587 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37588 Paragraph ! Settings
37596 \begin_layout Standard
37597 Enables you to set the paragraph alignment, line spacing and label width.
37598 These settings only affect the paragraph in which the cursor is currently.
37601 \begin_layout Standard
37602 You can also prevent the first line of the paragraph being indented if you
37603 have chosen to separate paragraphs with indents in the
37605 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37611 \begin_inset space ~
37619 \begin_layout Subsection
37620 Table Settings and Math
37623 \begin_layout Standard
37624 These two menus are only fully active when the cursor is inside a table
37626 Here you can change the properties of tables and formulas.
37627 The properties of tables are described in section
37628 \begin_inset space ~
37632 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37634 reference "sec:Tables"
37638 , the properties of formulas in chapter
37639 \begin_inset space ~
37643 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37645 reference "cha:Mathematical-Formulas"
37652 \begin_layout Subsection
37653 Increase / Decrease List Depth
37656 \begin_layout Standard
37657 These menu entries are only active when the cursor is in an environment
37658 that can be nested.
37659 They increase/decrease the environment nesting level as explained in section
37660 \begin_inset space ~
37664 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37666 reference "sec:Nesting"
37671 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37673 reference "sub:Numbering-depth"
37680 \begin_layout Section
37682 \begin_inset Index idx
37685 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37694 \begin_layout Standard
37699 menu contains a list of available formats in which you can view the actual
37700 document with an external program.
37701 The menu entries for the viewing formats are not the same on all installations
37702 — it depends on the LaTeX programs that are found while LyX was configured.
37703 All possible formats are formats listed in section
37704 \begin_inset space ~
37708 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37710 reference "sub:Export"
37715 You should at least see the menu entries
37722 \begin_inset space ~
37728 If one of the two is missing, you need to update your LaTeX installation.
37729 After updating you have to reconfigure LyX, see section
37730 \begin_inset space ~
37734 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37736 reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"
37741 \begin_inset Index idx
37744 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37745 Reconfiguration of LyX
37753 \begin_layout Standard
37754 Invoking a menu will start a viewer program.
37755 The viewer can be set or changed in the preferences, see section
37756 \begin_inset space ~
37760 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37762 reference "sec:File-Formats"
37767 The default viewers are set by LyX when it is first configured.
37770 \begin_layout Standard
37771 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
37774 At the bottom of the
37778 menu the opened documents are listed.
37781 \begin_layout Subsection
37782 Open/Close all Insets
37785 \begin_layout Standard
37786 Opens/closes all insets in your document.
37789 \begin_layout Subsection
37790 Unfold/Fold Math Macros
37793 \begin_layout Standard
37794 Unfolds/folds the current math macro.
37797 \begin_layout Standard
37798 Math macros are described in the
37805 \begin_layout Subsection
37809 \begin_layout Standard
37810 Opens a window showing the source code of the actual document, as described
37812 \begin_inset space ~
37816 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37818 reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"
37825 \begin_layout Subsection
37829 \begin_layout Standard
37830 This menu entry allows you to update the view with your latest changes without
37831 opening a new view window.
37834 \begin_layout Subsection
37838 \begin_layout Standard
37839 This will split LyX's main window vertically or horizontally.
37840 This allows you to view documents the same time to compare them, or to
37841 view the same document, but at different positions.
37842 You can even split the main window several times to view for example 3
37843 or more documents at the same time.
37844 To return to an unsplit view, use the menu
37851 \begin_layout Subsection
37855 \begin_layout Standard
37856 Closes a split view.
37859 \begin_layout Subsection
37863 \begin_layout Standard
37864 Using this menu entry or pressing F11 removes the menu bar and all toolbars
37865 so that you will see nothing but your text.
37866 It furthermore displays LyX's main window fullscreen.
37867 To return from fullscreen to the normal view, press F11, or right-click
37868 and turn off the fullscreen mode in the context menu.
37871 \begin_layout Subsection
37873 \begin_inset CommandInset label
37875 name "sub:Toolbars"
37880 \begin_inset Index idx
37883 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37892 \begin_layout Standard
37893 In this menu entry you can set the appearance of the different toolbars.
37894 All toolbars and the
37897 \begin_inset space ~
37902 can be turned on and off.
37907 state is denoted in the menu with a checkmark.
37919 \begin_inset space ~
37928 toolbars can be additionally set to the state
37932 that is denoted in the menu with the suffix
37939 \begin_layout Standard
37944 state the toolbar is permanently shown, in the
37948 state the toolbar is only shown when the cursor is in a certain environment
37949 or when a certain feature is enabled.
37950 That means that the review toolbar will only be shown when change tracking
37951 is activated, the math and table toolbars are only shown when the cursor
37952 is inside a formula or table, respectively.
37955 \begin_layout Standard
37956 LyX's toolbars and their buttons are explained in section
37957 \begin_inset space ~
37961 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37963 reference "sec:Toolbars"
37970 \begin_layout Section
37972 \begin_inset Index idx
37975 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37984 \begin_layout Subsection
37988 \begin_layout Standard
37989 Inserts math constructs that are explained in chapter
37990 \begin_inset space ~
37994 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37996 reference "cha:Mathematical-Formulas"
38007 \begin_layout Subsection
38009 \begin_inset CommandInset label
38011 name "sub:Special-Character"
38018 \begin_layout Standard
38019 Here you can insert the following characters:
38022 \begin_layout Description
38023 Symbols Inserts any character that can be output by your LaTeX system.
38024 Therefore the number of character categories in this dialog and the available
38025 characters depend on the LaTeX-packages you have installed.
38026 \begin_inset Newline newline
38030 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
38033 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38038 Not all characters will be visible in the
38042 dialog because none of the screen fonts that you can set in the preferences
38044 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
38048 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38050 reference "sub:Screen-Fonts"
38054 ) can display every character.
38062 \begin_layout Description
38063 Ellipsis Inserts an ellipsis: \SpecialChar \ldots{}
38067 \begin_layout Description
38069 \begin_inset space ~
38073 \begin_inset space ~
38076 Sentence Inserts an end of sentence dot as described in section
38077 \begin_inset space ~
38081 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38083 reference "sub:Abbreviations"
38090 \begin_layout Description
38092 \begin_inset space ~
38095 Quote Inserts this quote: ", no matter what quote type you selected in the
38098 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38108 \begin_layout Description
38110 \begin_inset space ~
38113 Quote Inserts this quote:
38114 \begin_inset Quotes ers
38120 \begin_layout Description
38122 \begin_inset space ~
38125 Hyphen Inserts a hyphen that is protected from line breaks: \SpecialChar \nobreakdash-
38129 \begin_layout Description
38131 \begin_inset space ~
38134 Slash Inserts a slash where also a line break can occur: \SpecialChar \slash{}
38138 \begin_layout Description
38140 \begin_inset space ~
38143 Separator Inserts the menu separator sign: \SpecialChar \menuseparator
38147 \begin_layout Description
38149 \begin_inset space ~
38153 \begin_inset Index idx
38156 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38163 \begin_inset Index idx
38166 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38167 Language ! Phonetic symbols
38172 Creates a formula with a so called tipa inset.
38173 Here you can insert commands to create IPA phonetic symbols.
38174 For this feature you must have the LaTeX-package
38179 \begin_inset Index idx
38182 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38183 LaTeX-packages ! tipa
38189 \begin_inset Newline newline
38192 For more information about this feature we refer to the documentation of
38196 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
38204 and this Wiki-page:
38205 \begin_inset Newline newline
38209 \begin_inset Flex URL
38212 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38214 http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LinguistLyX
38222 \begin_layout Subsection
38226 \begin_layout Standard
38227 Here you can insert the following format constructs:
38230 \begin_layout Description
38231 Superscript Inserts a superscript: test
38232 \begin_inset script superscript
38234 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38243 \begin_layout Description
38244 Subscript Inserts a subscript: test
38245 \begin_inset script subscript
38247 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38256 \begin_layout Description
38258 \begin_inset space ~
38261 Space Inserts a protected space that is described in section
38262 \begin_inset space ~
38266 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38268 reference "sub:Protected-Space"
38275 \begin_layout Description
38277 \begin_inset space ~
38280 Space Inserts an inter-word space that is described in section
38281 \begin_inset space ~
38285 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38287 reference "sub:Inter-word-Space"
38294 \begin_layout Description
38296 \begin_inset space ~
38299 Space Inserts a thin space that is described in section
38300 \begin_inset space ~
38304 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38306 reference "sub:Thin-Space"
38313 \begin_layout Description
38315 \begin_inset space ~
38318 Space Inserts horizontal space, see section
38319 \begin_inset space ~
38323 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38325 reference "sub:Horizontal-Space"
38332 \begin_layout Description
38334 \begin_inset space ~
38337 Line Inserts a horizontal line, see section
38338 \begin_inset space ~
38342 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38344 reference "sub:Horizontal-Lines"
38351 \begin_layout Description
38353 \begin_inset space ~
38356 Space Inserts vertical space, see section
38357 \begin_inset space ~
38361 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38363 reference "sub:Vertical-Space"
38370 \begin_layout Description
38371 Phantom Inserts Phantom space, see section
38372 \begin_inset space ~
38376 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38378 reference "sub:Phantom-Space"
38385 \begin_layout Description
38387 \begin_inset space ~
38390 Point Inserts a hyphenation point, see section
38391 \begin_inset space ~
38395 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38397 reference "sub:Hyphenation"
38404 \begin_layout Description
38406 \begin_inset space ~
38409 Break Inserts a ligature break, see section
38410 \begin_inset space ~
38414 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38416 reference "sub:Ligatures"
38423 \begin_layout Description
38425 \begin_inset space ~
38429 \begin_inset space ~
38432 Break Inserts a forced line break, see section
38433 \begin_inset space ~
38437 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38439 reference "sub:Forced-Line-Breaks"
38446 \begin_layout Description
38448 \begin_inset space ~
38451 Break Inserts a forced line break that furthermore stretches the broken
38452 text line to the page border, see section
38453 \begin_inset space ~
38457 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38459 reference "sub:Forced-Line-Breaks"
38466 \begin_layout Description
38468 \begin_inset space ~
38471 Page Inserts a forced page break, described in section
38472 \begin_inset space ~
38476 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38478 reference "sub:Forced-Page-Breaks"
38485 \begin_layout Description
38487 \begin_inset space ~
38490 Break Inserts a forced page break that furthermore stretches the broken
38491 text page to the page border, described in section
38492 \begin_inset space ~
38496 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38498 reference "sub:Forced-Page-Breaks"
38505 \begin_layout Description
38507 \begin_inset space ~
38510 Page Inserts a clear page break, described in section
38511 \begin_inset space ~
38515 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38517 reference "sub:Clear-Page-Breaks"
38524 \begin_layout Description
38526 \begin_inset space ~
38530 \begin_inset space ~
38533 Page Inserts a clear doublepage break, described in section
38534 \begin_inset space ~
38538 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38540 reference "sub:Clear-Page-Breaks"
38547 \begin_layout Subsection
38551 \begin_layout Standard
38552 Various lists can be inserted with this menu entry.
38553 The table of contents, the algorithm, figures, and tables list are described
38555 \begin_inset space ~
38559 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38561 reference "sec:toc"
38566 The index list is described in section
38567 \begin_inset space ~
38571 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38573 reference "sec:Index"
38577 , the nomenclature in section
38578 \begin_inset space ~
38582 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38584 reference "sec:Nomenclature"
38588 , and the BibTeX bibliography in section
38589 \begin_inset space ~
38593 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38595 reference "sub:Bibliography-databases"
38602 \begin_layout Subsection
38606 \begin_layout Standard
38607 To insert floats, described in section
38608 \begin_inset space ~
38612 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38614 reference "sec:Floats"
38621 \begin_layout Subsection
38625 \begin_layout Standard
38626 To insert notes, described in section
38627 \begin_inset space ~
38631 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38633 reference "sec:Notes"
38640 \begin_layout Subsection
38644 \begin_layout Standard
38645 Inserts branch insets as described in section
38646 \begin_inset space ~
38650 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38652 reference "sec:Branches"
38659 \begin_layout Subsection
38663 \begin_layout Standard
38664 Inserts document class-specific insets.
38665 Such insets only exist when they are defined in the layout file for a certain
38667 An example is the document class
38668 \begin_inset Quotes eld
38672 \begin_inset Quotes erd
38675 with three custom insets.
38678 Flex insets and InsetLayout
38684 manual explains how custom insets are defined.
38687 \begin_layout Subsection
38689 \begin_inset Index idx
38692 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38701 \begin_layout Standard
38702 This menu entry allows you to insert or include the contents of other LyX
38703 files in your document.
38704 How you can do this is explained in detail in the chapter
38715 \begin_layout Subsection
38717 \begin_inset Index idx
38720 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38729 \begin_layout Standard
38730 Inserts a minipage box that is described section
38731 \begin_inset space ~
38735 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38737 reference "sec:Minipages"
38742 All box types supported by LyX are explained in detail in the chapter
38753 \begin_layout Subsection
38757 \begin_layout Standard
38758 Inserts a citation as described in section
38759 \begin_inset space ~
38763 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38765 reference "sec:Bibliography"
38772 \begin_layout Subsection
38776 \begin_layout Standard
38777 Inserts a cross-reference as described in section
38778 \begin_inset space ~
38782 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38784 reference "sec:Cross-References"
38791 \begin_layout Subsection
38795 \begin_layout Standard
38796 Inserts a label as described in section
38797 \begin_inset space ~
38801 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38803 reference "sec:Cross-References"
38810 \begin_layout Subsection
38812 \begin_inset Index idx
38815 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38822 \begin_inset Index idx
38825 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38826 Longtables ! Caption
38834 \begin_layout Standard
38835 Inserts a caption in a float or longtable.
38836 Floats are described in section
38837 \begin_inset space ~
38841 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38843 reference "sec:Floats"
38847 , captions in longtables are described in the section
38858 \begin_layout Subsection
38862 \begin_layout Standard
38863 Inserts an index entry as described in section
38864 \begin_inset space ~
38868 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38870 reference "sec:Index"
38877 \begin_layout Subsection
38881 \begin_layout Standard
38882 Inserts a nomenclature entry as described in section
38883 \begin_inset space ~
38887 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38889 reference "sec:Nomenclature"
38896 \begin_layout Subsection
38900 \begin_layout Standard
38902 Tables are described in section
38903 \begin_inset space ~
38907 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38909 reference "sec:Tables"
38916 \begin_layout Subsection
38920 \begin_layout Standard
38922 Graphics are described in section
38923 \begin_inset space ~
38927 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38929 reference "sec:Graphics"
38936 \begin_layout Subsection
38940 \begin_layout Standard
38941 Inserts an URL as described in section
38942 \begin_inset space ~
38946 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38948 reference "sub:URLs"
38955 \begin_layout Subsection
38959 \begin_layout Standard
38960 Inserts a hyperlink as described in section
38961 \begin_inset space ~
38965 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38967 reference "sub:Hyperlinks"
38974 \begin_layout Subsection
38978 \begin_layout Standard
38979 Inserts a footnote, see section
38980 \begin_inset space ~
38984 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
38986 reference "sec:Footnotes"
38993 \begin_layout Subsection
38997 \begin_layout Standard
38998 Inserts a marginal note, see section
38999 \begin_inset space ~
39003 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39005 reference "sec:Marginal-Notes"
39012 \begin_layout Subsection
39016 \begin_layout Standard
39017 Inserts a short title, see section
39018 \begin_inset space ~
39022 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39024 reference "sec:Short-Titles"
39031 \begin_layout Subsection
39035 \begin_layout Standard
39036 Inserts a TeX Code box, see section
39037 \begin_inset space ~
39041 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39043 reference "sub:TeX-Code-Boxes"
39050 \begin_layout Subsection
39052 \begin_inset Index idx
39055 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39064 \begin_layout Standard
39065 Inserts a program listings box.
39066 Program listings are explained in the chapter
39068 Program Code Listings
39077 \begin_layout Subsection
39081 \begin_layout Standard
39082 Inserts the actual date.
39083 The format depends on the date format of the language that is used for
39085 LyX offers various ways to insert a date which are explained and also compared
39097 \begin_layout Section
39099 \begin_inset Index idx
39102 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39111 \begin_layout Standard
39112 This menu lists the existing chapters, sections, figures, tables, etc.
39113 \begin_inset space ~
39116 of the current document.
39117 This allows you to navigate easily through you document.
39120 \begin_layout Subsection
39124 \begin_layout Standard
39125 With this menu entry you are able to define your own bookmarks.
39126 This is useful when you are working on a large document and often have
39128 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
39132 \begin_inset space \space{}
39136 \begin_inset space ~
39140 To create bookmarks for this example, go to section
39141 \begin_inset space ~
39144 2.5 and use the menu
39147 \begin_inset space ~
39151 \begin_inset space ~
39158 \begin_inset space ~
39164 \begin_inset space ~
39168 \begin_inset space ~
39174 Now you can jump easily between these sections by using the menu or by
39178 arg "bookmark-goto 1"
39184 arg "bookmark-goto 2"
39190 \begin_layout Standard
39191 You can also use bookmarks to jump between several opened documents.
39192 The saved bookmarks are valid till the document is closed.
39195 \begin_layout Subsection
39196 Next Note, Change, Cross-reference
39199 \begin_layout Standard
39200 Jump to the next note, change, or cross-reference following the current
39204 \begin_layout Subsection
39208 \begin_layout Standard
39209 Only active when the cursor is in front of a cross-reference.
39210 Sets the cursor before the referenced label, the same as if you right-click
39211 on a cross-reference box.
39214 \begin_layout Section
39216 \begin_inset Index idx
39219 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39228 \begin_layout Subsection
39232 \begin_layout Standard
39233 Change Tracking is described in section
39234 \begin_inset space ~
39238 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39240 reference "sec:Change-Tracking"
39247 \begin_layout Subsection
39252 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39262 \begin_layout Standard
39263 After running LaTeX by viewing or exporting a document, this menu will be
39265 It shows the logfile of the used LaTeX-program.
39268 \begin_layout Standard
39269 Here you can see how LaTeX works in the background.
39274 will find in it reasons for LaTeX-errors.
39277 \begin_layout Subsection
39281 \begin_layout Standard
39282 Opens the TOC/Outline window as described in section
39283 \begin_inset space ~
39287 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39289 reference "sec:Navigating"
39294 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39296 reference "sub:Table-of-Contents"
39303 \begin_layout Subsection
39304 Start Appendix Here
39307 \begin_layout Standard
39308 This menu will start the appendix of the document at the current cursor
39309 position as described in section
39310 \begin_inset space ~
39314 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39316 reference "sec:Appendices"
39323 \begin_layout Subsection
39327 \begin_layout Standard
39328 Un/compresses the current document.
39331 \begin_layout Subsection
39335 \begin_layout Standard
39336 The document settings are described in appendix
39337 \begin_inset space ~
39341 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39343 reference "cha:The-Document-Settings"
39350 \begin_layout Section
39352 \begin_inset Index idx
39355 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39364 \begin_layout Subsection
39368 \begin_layout Standard
39369 Spell checking is explained in section
39370 \begin_inset space ~
39374 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39376 reference "sec:Spellchecking"
39383 \begin_layout Subsection
39387 \begin_layout Standard
39388 The thesaurus is described in section
39389 \begin_inset space ~
39393 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39395 reference "sec:Thesaurus"
39402 \begin_layout Subsection
39404 \begin_inset Index idx
39407 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39414 \begin_inset Index idx
39417 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39426 \begin_layout Standard
39427 Counts the words and characters in the actual document or the highlighted
39431 \begin_layout Subsection
39433 \begin_inset Index idx
39436 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39445 \begin_layout Standard
39446 Shows you a list of the classes and styles installed in your LaTeX-system.
39449 \begin_layout Subsection
39451 \begin_inset Index idx
39454 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39455 LyX ! Reconfigure|see
39459 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39466 Reconfiguration of LyX
39470 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39483 \begin_inset Index idx
39486 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39487 Reconfiguration of LyX
39495 \begin_layout Standard
39496 This menu entry reconfigures LyX; that is, LyX looks for LaTeX-packages
39497 and needed programs it needs; see also section
39498 \begin_inset space ~
39502 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39504 reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"
39511 \begin_layout Subsection
39515 \begin_layout Standard
39516 The preferences dialog is described in detail in appendix
39517 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
39521 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39523 reference "cha:The-Preferences-dialog"
39530 \begin_layout Section
39532 \begin_inset Index idx
39535 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39544 \begin_layout Standard
39545 This menu opens the documentation files of LyX in the language of LyX's
39549 \begin_layout Standard
39553 \begin_inset space ~
39558 shows a LyX-document with information about the LaTeX-packages and classes
39559 found by LyX (see also section
39560 \begin_inset space ~
39564 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39566 reference "sec:LaTeX-Setup"
39573 \begin_layout Section
39575 \begin_inset CommandInset label
39577 name "sec:Toolbars"
39584 \begin_layout Standard
39585 How to show or hide toolbars is explained in section
39586 \begin_inset space ~
39590 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39592 reference "sub:Toolbars"
39599 \begin_layout Standard
39600 It is also possible to define custom toolbars.
39601 This is described in the
39603 Additional Features
39608 \begin_layout Subsection
39610 \begin_inset Index idx
39613 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39622 \begin_layout Standard
39623 \begin_inset Graphics
39624 filename ../clipart/StandardToolbar.png
39632 \begin_layout Standard
39633 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
39639 \begin_layout Standard
39640 The standard toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following
39645 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39657 \begin_inset Note Note
39660 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39661 This is necessary to left align the following longtables.
39666 manual for more information.
39674 \begin_layout Standard
39675 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
39681 \begin_layout Standard
39682 \begin_inset Tabular
39683 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="1" columns="2">
39684 <features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
39685 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
39686 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
39688 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39691 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39692 \begin_inset Graphics
39693 filename ../clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
39703 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39706 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39707 pull-down box for the paragraph environments
39720 \begin_layout Standard
39721 \begin_inset VSpace -10mm
39727 \begin_layout Standard
39729 \begin_inset Tabular
39730 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="21" columns="2">
39731 <features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
39732 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
39733 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
39734 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
39735 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39738 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39741 \begin_inset Graphics
39742 filename ../../images/buffer-new.png
39751 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39754 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39757 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
39764 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
39765 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39768 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39769 \begin_inset Graphics
39770 filename ../../images/file-open.png
39779 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39782 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39785 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
39792 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
39793 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39796 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39797 \begin_inset Graphics
39798 filename ../../images/buffer-write.png
39807 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39810 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39813 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
39820 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
39821 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39824 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39825 \begin_inset Graphics
39826 filename ../../images/dialog-show_print.png
39835 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39838 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39841 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
39848 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
39849 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39852 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39853 \begin_inset Graphics
39854 filename ../../images/dialog-show_spellchecker.png
39863 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39866 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39869 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
39876 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
39877 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39880 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39881 \begin_inset Graphics
39882 filename ../../images/undo.png
39891 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39894 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39897 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
39904 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
39905 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39908 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39909 \begin_inset Graphics
39910 filename ../../images/redo.png
39919 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39922 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39925 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
39932 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
39933 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39936 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39937 \begin_inset Graphics
39938 filename ../../images/cut.png
39947 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39950 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39953 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
39960 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
39961 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39964 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39965 \begin_inset Graphics
39966 filename ../../images/copy.png
39975 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39978 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39981 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
39988 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
39989 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39992 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39993 \begin_inset Graphics
39994 filename ../../images/paste.png
40003 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40006 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40009 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40016 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40017 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40020 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40021 \begin_inset Graphics
40022 filename ../../images/dialog-show_findreplace.png
40023 rotateOrigin center
40032 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40035 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40038 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40040 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
40044 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
40053 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40054 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40057 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40058 \begin_inset Graphics
40059 filename ../../images/bookmark-goto_0.png
40060 rotateOrigin center
40069 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40072 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40075 Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40076 Bookmarks\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40083 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40084 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40087 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40088 \begin_inset Graphics
40089 filename ../../images/font-emph.png
40098 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40101 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40102 Emphasize text, function of the Edit
40104 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
40106 \begin_inset space ~
40117 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40118 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40121 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40122 \begin_inset Graphics
40123 filename ../../images/font-noun.png
40132 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40135 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40136 Set text to noun style, function of the Edit
40138 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
40140 \begin_inset space ~
40151 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40152 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40155 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40156 \begin_inset Graphics
40157 filename ../../images/textstyle-apply.png
40166 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40169 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40170 Formats text using the current settings in the
40172 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40174 \begin_inset space ~
40185 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40186 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40189 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40190 \begin_inset Graphics
40191 filename ../../images/math-mode.png
40200 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40203 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40206 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40207 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40209 \begin_inset space ~
40218 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40219 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40222 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40223 \begin_inset Graphics
40224 filename ../../images/dialog-show-new-inset_graphics.png
40225 rotateOrigin center
40234 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40237 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40240 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40247 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40248 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40251 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40252 \begin_inset Graphics
40253 filename ../../images/tabular-insert.png
40254 rotateOrigin center
40263 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40266 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40269 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40276 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40277 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40280 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40281 \begin_inset Graphics
40282 filename ../../images/dialog-toggle_toc.png
40283 rotateOrigin center
40292 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40295 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40296 Toggle outline window on/off,
40298 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40305 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40306 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40309 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40310 \begin_inset Graphics
40311 filename ../../images/toolbar-toggle_math.png
40312 rotateOrigin center
40321 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40324 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40325 Toggle math toolbar on/off
40331 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40332 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40335 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40336 \begin_inset Graphics
40337 filename ../../images/toolbar-toggle_table.png
40338 rotateOrigin center
40347 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40350 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40351 Toggle table toolbar on/off
40364 \begin_layout Subsection
40366 \begin_inset Index idx
40369 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40378 \begin_layout Standard
40379 \begin_inset Graphics
40380 filename ../clipart/ExtraToolbar.png
40388 \begin_layout Standard
40389 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
40395 \begin_layout Standard
40396 The extra toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following
40400 \begin_layout Standard
40401 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
40407 \begin_layout Standard
40408 \begin_inset Tabular
40409 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="25" columns="2">
40410 <features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
40411 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
40412 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
40413 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40414 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40417 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40418 \begin_inset Graphics
40419 filename ../../images/layout.png
40420 rotateOrigin center
40429 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40432 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40439 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40440 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40443 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40444 \begin_inset Graphics
40445 filename ../../images/layout_Enumerate.png
40446 rotateOrigin center
40455 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40458 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40465 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40466 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40469 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40470 \begin_inset Graphics
40471 filename ../../images/layout_Itemize.png
40472 rotateOrigin center
40481 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40484 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40491 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40492 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40495 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40496 \begin_inset Graphics
40497 filename ../../images/layout_List.png
40498 rotateOrigin center
40507 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40510 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40517 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40518 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40521 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40522 \begin_inset Graphics
40523 filename ../../images/layout_Description.png
40524 rotateOrigin center
40533 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40536 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40543 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40544 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40547 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40548 \begin_inset Graphics
40549 filename ../../images/depth-increment.png
40550 rotateOrigin center
40559 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40562 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40565 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40567 \begin_inset space ~
40571 \begin_inset space ~
40580 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40581 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40584 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40585 \begin_inset Graphics
40586 filename ../../images/depth-decrement.png
40587 rotateOrigin center
40596 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40599 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40602 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40604 \begin_inset space ~
40608 \begin_inset space ~
40617 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40618 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40621 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40622 \begin_inset Graphics
40623 filename ../../images/float-insert_figure.png
40632 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40635 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40638 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40639 Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40646 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40647 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40650 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40651 \begin_inset Graphics
40652 filename ../../images/float-insert_table.png
40661 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40664 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40667 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40668 Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40675 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40676 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40679 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40680 \begin_inset Graphics
40681 filename ../../images/label-insert.png
40690 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40693 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40696 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40703 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40704 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40707 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40708 \begin_inset Graphics
40709 filename ../../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png
40718 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40721 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40724 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40731 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40732 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40735 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40736 \begin_inset Graphics
40737 filename ../../images/dialog-show-new-inset_citation.png
40746 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40749 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40752 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40759 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40760 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40763 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40764 \begin_inset Graphics
40765 filename ../../images/index-insert.png
40774 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40777 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40780 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40782 \begin_inset space ~
40791 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40792 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40795 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40796 \begin_inset Graphics
40797 filename ../../images/nomencl-insert.png
40806 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40809 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40812 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40814 \begin_inset space ~
40823 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40824 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40827 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40828 \begin_inset Graphics
40829 filename ../../images/footnote-insert.png
40838 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40841 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40844 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40851 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40852 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40855 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40856 \begin_inset Graphics
40857 filename ../../images/marginalnote-insert.png
40858 rotateOrigin center
40867 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40870 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40873 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40875 \begin_inset space ~
40884 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40885 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40888 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40889 \begin_inset Graphics
40890 filename ../../images/note-insert.png
40899 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40902 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40905 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40906 Note\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40908 \begin_inset space ~
40917 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40918 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40921 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40922 \begin_inset Graphics
40923 filename ../../images/box-insert.png
40932 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40935 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40938 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40945 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40946 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40949 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40950 \begin_inset Graphics
40951 filename ../../images/url-insert.png
40960 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40963 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40966 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40973 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
40974 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40977 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40978 \begin_inset Graphics
40979 filename ../../images/ert-insert.png
40988 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
40991 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40994 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41001 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41016 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
41017 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41020 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41021 \begin_inset Graphics
41022 filename ../../images/math-macro_newmacroname_newcommand.png
41031 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41034 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41037 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41038 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41045 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
41046 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41049 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41050 \begin_inset Graphics
41051 filename ../../images/dialog-show-new-inset_include.png
41060 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41063 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41066 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41067 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41069 \begin_inset space ~
41078 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
41079 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41082 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41083 \begin_inset Graphics
41084 filename ../../images/dialog-show_character.png
41085 rotateOrigin center
41094 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41097 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41100 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41102 \begin_inset space ~
41111 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
41112 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41115 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41116 \begin_inset Graphics
41117 filename ../../images/layout-paragraph.png
41118 rotateOrigin center
41127 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41130 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41133 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41135 \begin_inset space ~
41144 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
41145 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41148 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41149 \begin_inset Graphics
41150 filename ../../images/thesaurus-entry.png
41151 rotateOrigin center
41160 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41163 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41166 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41180 \begin_layout Subsection
41181 View / Update Toolbar
41182 \begin_inset Index idx
41185 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41186 Toolbar ! View / Update
41194 \begin_layout Standard
41195 \begin_inset Graphics
41196 filename ../clipart/ViewToolbar.png
41203 \begin_layout Standard
41204 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
41210 \begin_layout Standard
41211 The view / update toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the
41215 \begin_layout Standard
41216 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
41222 \begin_layout Standard
41223 \begin_inset Tabular
41224 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
41225 <features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
41226 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
41227 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
41228 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
41229 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41232 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41233 \begin_inset Graphics
41234 filename ../../images/buffer-view_dvi.png
41235 rotateOrigin center
41244 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41247 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41250 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41257 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
41258 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41261 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41262 \begin_inset Graphics
41263 filename ../../images/buffer-update_dvi.png
41264 rotateOrigin center
41273 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41276 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41279 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41280 Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41287 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
41288 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41291 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41292 \begin_inset Graphics
41293 filename ../../images/buffer-view_pdf2.png
41294 rotateOrigin center
41303 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41306 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41309 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41316 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
41317 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41320 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41321 \begin_inset Graphics
41322 filename ../../images/buffer-update_pdf2.png
41323 rotateOrigin center
41332 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41335 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41338 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41339 Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41346 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
41347 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41350 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41351 \begin_inset Graphics
41352 filename ../../images/buffer-view_ps.png
41353 rotateOrigin center
41362 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41365 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41368 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41375 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
41376 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41379 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41380 \begin_inset Graphics
41381 filename ../../images/buffer-update_ps.png
41382 rotateOrigin center
41391 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41394 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41397 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41398 Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41412 \begin_layout Subsection
41416 \begin_layout Standard
41417 The change tracking toolbar is explained in section
41418 \begin_inset space ~
41422 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
41424 reference "sec:Change-Tracking"
41428 , the table toolbar
41429 \begin_inset Index idx
41432 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41442 manual, the math macro toolbar
41443 \begin_inset Index idx
41446 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41459 \begin_layout Chapter
41460 The Document Settings
41461 \begin_inset CommandInset label
41463 name "cha:The-Document-Settings"
41468 \begin_inset Index idx
41471 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41472 Document ! Settings
41480 \begin_layout Standard
41481 The document settings dialog contains submenus to set properties for the
41482 whole document and is called with the menu
41484 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41488 You can save your document settings as default with th
41490 e Save as Document Defaults
41492 button in the dialog.
41493 This will create a template name
41501 which is automatically loaded by LyX when you create a new document without
41505 \begin_layout Standard
41506 The different submenus of the dialog are explained in the following.
41509 \begin_layout Section
41513 \begin_layout Standard
41514 Here you set the document class, class options, a graphics driver, and a
41516 Document classes are described in section
41517 \begin_inset space ~
41521 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
41523 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
41528 Some classes use some class options by default.
41529 If this is the case, they are listed in the field
41533 and you can decide to use them or not.
41534 If you don't exactly know what the default class options are for, it is
41535 recommended not to touch them.
41536 The graphics driver is used for LaTeX's graphics, color and page layout
41542 , the default driver for the LaTeX-packages is used.
41543 It is recommended that you use the default unless you know what you are
41548 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41549 When you want to use one of the following drivers
41550 \begin_inset Newline newline
41555 dvi2ps, dvialw, dvilaser, dvitops, psprint, pubps, ln
41558 \begin_inset Newline newline
41561 you first have to activate them in your LaTeX distribution, see sec.
41562 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
41566 \begin_inset CommandInset href
41568 target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/required/graphics/grfguide.pdf"
41580 \begin_layout Standard
41581 Specifying a master document is necessary when the current document is a
41582 child or subdocument.
41583 This master document will be used by LyX when the child document is opened
41584 without its master.
41585 This way child documents are always compilable.
41586 More about master and child documents is explained in the section
41597 \begin_layout Section
41601 \begin_layout Standard
41602 This submenu is only visible when your document includes child documents.
41603 Please refer to the section
41611 manual for details.
41614 \begin_layout Section
41618 \begin_layout Standard
41619 Modules are explained in section
41620 \begin_inset space ~
41624 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
41626 reference "sub:Modules"
41633 \begin_layout Section
41637 \begin_layout Standard
41638 The document font settings are described in section
41639 \begin_inset space ~
41643 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
41645 reference "sec:Fonts-and-Text"
41652 \begin_layout Section
41656 \begin_layout Standard
41657 You can specify if paragraphs should be separated by indentations or vertical
41659 The line spacing and the number of text columns can here also be specified.
41663 \begin_layout Standard
41664 Note that LyX won't show two columns or the set up line spacing on screen.
41665 That's impractical, often unreadable, and not part of the WYSIWYM concept.
41666 However, it will be as you specified it in the output.
41669 \begin_layout Standard
41670 The listings settings are explained in the corresponding section in the
41678 \begin_layout Section
41682 \begin_layout Standard
41683 A description of this menu is given in section
41684 \begin_inset space ~
41688 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
41690 reference "sub:Paper-Size,-Orientation,"
41695 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
41697 reference "sub:Document-Layout"
41704 \begin_layout Section
41708 \begin_layout Standard
41709 Here you can adjust the paper margins, see section
41710 \begin_inset space ~
41714 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
41716 reference "sub:Margins"
41723 \begin_layout Section
41725 \begin_inset Index idx
41728 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41729 Language ! Encoding
41737 \begin_layout Standard
41738 The document language and quote styles are set here.
41739 The encoding specifies how the document content is exported to LaTeX (the
41740 LyX file is always encoded in utf8).
41741 All characters that cannot be encoded using the specified encoding will
41742 be exported as LaTeX-commands (this can fail if a LaTeX-command is not
41743 known for a particular character).
41747 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41748 The known commands are defined in a text file.
41749 You can add commands for unknown symbols to that file yourself, see the
41754 manual for details.
41762 \begin_layout Standard
41763 If you use the option
41767 , LyX determines the encoding of a text part from the language of this text.
41768 If the document contains text in more than one language you may get more
41769 than one encoding in the LaTeX file.
41770 If you do not use this option then the complete document will always use
41771 exactly one encoding.
41772 Checking this option is the preferred setting unless you use
41780 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41781 XeTeX is a TeX typesetting engine, an alternative for LaTeX.
41782 It natively supports Unicode while its input file is assumed to be in UTF-8
41784 More about using LyX with XeTeX can be found in
41785 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
41799 \begin_layout Standard
41800 LyX also supports Unicode output, which is particularly useful if you need
41801 lots of special symbols or non-alphabetic scripts, respectively.
41802 If you want to use this (and your LaTeX installation supports Unicode,
41803 for that matter), choose one of the four utf8 variants from the list below.
41804 Unfortunately the Unicode support of standard LaTeX is quite incomplete,
41805 so it is not uncommon that a file with lots of Unicode symbols works fine
41810 (when LyX uses its list of known LaTeX-commands), but does not work with
41811 a fixed utf8 encoding (when the list of known LaTeX-commands is not used,
41812 because all Unicode symbols can be encoded in utf8).
41815 \begin_layout Standard
41816 Here is a list with the important encodings:
41819 \begin_layout Description
41821 \begin_inset space ~
41825 \begin_inset space ~
41829 \begin_inset space ~
41836 , but the LaTeX-package
41841 \begin_inset Index idx
41844 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41845 LaTeX-packages ! inputenc
41851 When using this, you probably need to load some additional packages manually
41852 in the preamble and specify the used encoding for text parts in foreign
41853 languages in TeX code.
41856 \begin_layout Description
41857 ASCII the ASCII encoding, covers only plain English (7-bit ASCII).
41858 LyX converts all other characters into LaTeX commands, which may result
41859 in a big file when lots of LaTeX-commands are needed.
41862 \begin_layout Description
41864 \begin_inset space ~
41868 \begin_inset space ~
41871 1256) MS Windows code page for Arabic and Farsi
41874 \begin_layout Description
41876 \begin_inset space ~
41880 \begin_inset space ~
41883 8859-6) for Arabic and Farsi
41886 \begin_layout Description
41888 \begin_inset space ~
41891 (ArmSCII8) for Armenian
41894 \begin_layout Description
41896 \begin_inset space ~
41900 \begin_inset space ~
41903 1257) MS Windows code page for Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian, the same
41904 as the ISO-8859-13 encoding
41907 \begin_layout Description
41909 \begin_inset space ~
41913 \begin_inset space ~
41916 8859-13) for Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian, a superset of the ISO-8859-4
41920 \begin_layout Description
41922 \begin_inset space ~
41926 \begin_inset space ~
41929 8859-4) (latin 4) for Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian, a subset of the
41930 ISO-8859-13 encoding
41933 \begin_layout Description
41935 \begin_inset space ~
41939 \begin_inset space ~
41943 \begin_inset space ~
41946 1250) MS Windows code page for ISO
41947 \begin_inset space ~
41953 \begin_layout Description
41955 \begin_inset space ~
41959 \begin_inset space ~
41963 \begin_inset space ~
41966 8859-2) (latin 2) covers Albanian, Croatian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Polish,
41967 Romanian, Slovak, and Slovenian
41970 \begin_layout Description
41972 \begin_inset space ~
41976 \begin_inset space ~
41979 (EUC-CN) for simplified Chinese, used especially on UNIX OSes, since 2001
41980 this encoding is officially replaced by the encoding GB18030, as GB18030
41981 is not available for LaTeX you should try to use the encoding Unicode
41982 \begin_inset space ~
41986 \begin_inset space ~
41992 \begin_layout Description
41994 \begin_inset space ~
41998 \begin_inset space ~
42001 (GBK) for simplified Chinese, is the same as the Windows code page CP 936
42002 except for the Euro currency sign, since 2001 this encoding is officially
42003 replaced by the encoding GB18030, as GB18030 is not available for LaTeX
42004 you should try to use the encoding Unicode
42005 \begin_inset space ~
42009 \begin_inset space ~
42015 \begin_layout Description
42017 \begin_inset space ~
42021 \begin_inset space ~
42024 (EUC-TW) for traditional Chinese
42027 \begin_layout Description
42029 \begin_inset space ~
42033 \begin_inset space ~
42036 1251) MS Windows code page for Cyrillic
42039 \begin_layout Description
42041 \begin_inset space ~
42045 \begin_inset space ~
42048 8859-5) covers Belorussian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, and Ukrainian
42051 \begin_layout Description
42053 \begin_inset space ~
42056 (KOI8-R) standard Cyrillic especially for Russian
42059 \begin_layout Description
42061 \begin_inset space ~
42064 (KOI8-U) Cyrillic for Ukrainian
42067 \begin_layout Description
42069 \begin_inset space ~
42073 \begin_inset space ~
42076 154) Cyrillic for Kazakh
42079 \begin_layout Description
42081 \begin_inset space ~
42085 \begin_inset space ~
42091 \begin_layout Description
42093 \begin_inset space ~
42097 \begin_inset space ~
42100 1255) MS Windows code page for Hebrew, a superset of the ISO-8859-8 encoding
42103 \begin_layout Description
42105 \begin_inset space ~
42109 \begin_inset space ~
42115 \begin_layout Description
42117 \begin_inset space ~
42121 \begin_inset space ~
42124 (EUC-JP) EUC-JP encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package
42129 \begin_inset Index idx
42132 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42133 LaTeX-packages ! CJK
42138 , when using this, set the document language to
42143 \begin_layout Description
42145 \begin_inset space ~
42149 \begin_inset space ~
42152 (JIS) JIS encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package
42156 , when using this, set the document language to
42161 \begin_layout Description
42163 \begin_inset space ~
42167 \begin_inset space ~
42170 (EUC-JP) EUC-JP encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package
42175 \begin_inset Index idx
42178 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42179 LaTeX-packages ! japanese
42184 , when using this, set the document language to
42189 \begin_layout Description
42191 \begin_inset space ~
42195 \begin_inset space ~
42198 (JIS) JIS encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package
42202 , when using this, set the document language to
42207 \begin_layout Description
42209 \begin_inset space ~
42213 \begin_inset space ~
42216 (SJIS) SJIS encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package
42220 , when using this, set the document language to
42225 \begin_layout Description
42227 \begin_inset space ~
42230 (EUC-KR) for Korean
42233 \begin_layout Description
42235 \begin_inset space ~
42239 \begin_inset space ~
42243 \begin_inset space ~
42246 8859-3) (latin 3) covers Esperanto, Galician, Maltese, and Turkish
42249 \begin_layout Description
42251 \begin_inset space ~
42255 \begin_inset space ~
42259 \begin_inset space ~
42262 8859-16) (latin 10) covers Albanian, Croatian, Finnish, French, German,
42263 Hungarian, Irish Gaelic, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Slovenian, is designed
42264 to cover many languages and characters with diacritics
42267 \begin_layout Description
42269 \begin_inset space ~
42273 \begin_inset space ~
42279 \begin_layout Description
42281 \begin_inset space ~
42285 \begin_inset space ~
42288 8859-9) (latin 5) for Turkish, is like the ISO-8859-1 encoding where the
42289 Icelandic letters are replaced by Turkish ones
42292 \begin_layout Description
42294 \begin_inset space ~
42298 \begin_inset space ~
42301 (utf8) Unicode utf8 with the LaTeX-package
42306 \begin_inset Index idx
42309 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42310 LaTeX-packages ! CJK
42315 (for the languages Chinese, Japanese and Korean)
42318 \begin_layout Description
42320 \begin_inset space ~
42324 \begin_inset space ~
42327 (utf8) Unicode utf8 to be used with
42331 , which uses Unicode directly, without the help of the LaTeX-package
42339 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42340 More about using LyX with XeTeX can be found in
42341 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
42355 \begin_layout Description
42357 \begin_inset space ~
42361 \begin_inset space ~
42364 (utf8x) Unicode utf8 based on the LaTeX package
42369 \begin_inset Index idx
42372 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42373 LaTeX-packages ! ucs
42378 (comprehensive, including Latin, Greek, Cyrillic and CJK scripts).
42381 \begin_layout Description
42383 \begin_inset space ~
42386 (utf8) Unicode utf8 based on the LaTeX-package
42391 \begin_inset Index idx
42394 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42395 LaTeX-packages ! inputenc
42401 Currently only a limited range of characters (mainly for Latin scripts)
42405 \begin_layout Description
42407 \begin_inset space ~
42411 \begin_inset space ~
42415 \begin_inset space ~
42418 1252) MS Windows code page for ISO
42419 \begin_inset space ~
42425 \begin_layout Description
42427 \begin_inset space ~
42431 \begin_inset space ~
42435 \begin_inset space ~
42438 8859-1) (latin 1) covers the languages Albanian, Catalan, Danish, Dutch,
42439 English, Faroese, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Icelandic, Irish,
42440 Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish; better use the ISO-8859-1
42444 \begin_layout Description
42446 \begin_inset space ~
42450 \begin_inset space ~
42454 \begin_inset space ~
42457 8859-15) (latin 9) like the ISO-8859-1 encoding, but with the Euro currency
42458 sign, the œ-ligature and some characters used for French and Finnish
42461 \begin_layout Section
42465 \begin_layout Standard
42466 You can adjust here the numbering depth of section headings and the section
42467 depth in the table of contents as described in section
42468 \begin_inset space ~
42472 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
42474 reference "sub:Numbering-depth"
42481 \begin_layout Section
42485 \begin_layout Standard
42486 You can specify here a citation style using the LaTeX packages
42491 \begin_inset Index idx
42494 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42495 LaTeX-packages ! natbib
42505 \begin_inset Index idx
42508 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42509 LaTeX-packages ! jurabib
42514 , you can enable subdivided bibliographies using the LaTeX package
42519 \begin_inset Index idx
42522 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42523 LaTeX-packages ! bibtopic
42528 and you can customize how the bibliography of the given document is being
42530 For a further description see section
42531 \begin_inset space ~
42535 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
42537 reference "sec:Bibliography"
42544 \begin_layout Section
42548 \begin_layout Standard
42549 Here, you can customize how the index of your document is being generated
42550 and you can define additional indexes.
42551 Please refer to section
42552 \begin_inset space ~
42556 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
42558 reference "sec:Index"
42565 \begin_layout Section
42569 \begin_layout Standard
42570 The PDF properties are explained in section
42571 \begin_inset space ~
42575 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
42577 reference "sec:PDF-Properties"
42584 \begin_layout Section
42588 \begin_layout Standard
42589 These options will force LyX to use the LaTeX-packages
42594 \begin_inset Index idx
42597 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42598 LaTeX-packages ! amsmath
42608 \begin_inset Index idx
42611 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42612 LaTeX-packages ! esint
42617 or to use them automatically when they are needed.
42620 \begin_layout Standard
42625 is needed for many constructs, so when you get LaTeX-errors in formulas,
42626 ensure that you have enabled AMS.
42629 \begin_layout Standard
42634 is used for special integral characters.
42637 \begin_layout Section
42641 \begin_layout Standard
42642 The float placement options are described in section
42645 \begin_inset space ~
42653 \begin_inset space ~
42661 \begin_layout Section
42665 \begin_layout Standard
42666 Here you can adjust the characters for the itemize levels.
42667 The itemize environment is described in section
42668 \begin_inset space ~
42672 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
42674 reference "sec:Itemize"
42681 \begin_layout Section
42685 \begin_layout Standard
42686 Branches are described in section
42687 \begin_inset space ~
42691 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
42693 reference "sec:Branches"
42700 \begin_layout Section
42705 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42715 \begin_layout Standard
42716 In this text field are entered commands to load special LaTeX-packages or
42717 to define LaTeX-commands.
42718 The preamble is a thing for LaTeX-experts.
42719 You should not enter commands here until you exactly know what you are
42723 \begin_layout Standard
42724 An introduction to the LaTeX-syntax is given in section
42725 \begin_inset space ~
42729 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
42731 reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax"
42738 \begin_layout Chapter
42744 \begin_inset CommandInset label
42746 name "cha:The-Preferences-dialog"
42751 \begin_inset Index idx
42754 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42763 \begin_layout Standard
42764 The preferences dialog is called with the menu
42766 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
42770 It has the following submenus.
42773 \begin_layout Section
42777 \begin_layout Subsection
42781 \begin_layout Subsubsection
42782 User Interface File
42783 \begin_inset Index idx
42786 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42787 Customization ! of toolbars
42793 \begin_inset Index idx
42796 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42797 Customization ! of menus
42805 \begin_layout Standard
42806 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
42809 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42814 You have to restart LyX before the change of the user interface file take
42823 \begin_layout Standard
42824 The appearance of the menus and toolbars can be changed by choosing a user
42825 interface (ui) file.
42826 An ui-file is a text file where the toolbars and menus are listed.
42827 The toolbar buttons and menu entries are specified in the files
42836 Both files are loaded by the
42841 To create your own menu and toolbar layout, start with a copy of these
42842 files and edit the entries.
42845 \begin_layout Standard
42846 The syntax of the .inc-files is straightforward: The
42858 entries must be ended with an explicit
42883 and in the case of the
42884 \begin_inset Quotes eld
42888 \begin_inset Quotes erd
42896 The syntax for the entries is:
42899 \begin_layout Standard
42900 \begin_inset VSpace smallskip*
42906 \begin_inset Quotes eld
42914 \begin_inset Quotes erd
42918 \begin_inset Quotes eld
42922 \begin_inset Quotes erd
42928 \begin_layout Standard
42930 \begin_inset VSpace smallskip*
42933 All LyX-functions are listed in the menu
42935 Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
42937 \begin_inset space ~
42945 \begin_layout Standard
42946 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
42952 \begin_layout Standard
42953 An example: Assuming you use the menu
42955 Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
42958 quite often and therefore want six available bookmarks, you can add the
42962 \begin_layout Standard
42963 \begin_inset VSpace smallskip*
42969 \begin_inset Quotes eld
42973 \begin_inset Quotes erd
42977 \begin_inset Quotes eld
42981 \begin_inset Quotes erd
42987 \begin_layout Standard
42989 \begin_inset VSpace smallskip*
42992 to the navigate menu section in the .inc-file to have the sixth bookmark.
42995 \begin_layout Subsubsection
42999 \begin_layout Standard
43002 Enable tool tips in main work area
43004 enables tool tips showing the content of closed insets like index entries
43008 \begin_layout Subsubsection
43012 \begin_layout Standard
43016 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
43020 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
43023 restoring of window layout and geometries
43025 LyX's main window will be opened with the size and layout that was used
43026 in the last LyX session.
43029 \begin_layout Standard
43032 Restore cursor positions
43034 sets the cursor to the position in the file where it has been the last
43038 \begin_layout Standard
43041 Load opened files from last session
43043 opens all files that were opened in the last LyX session.
43046 \begin_layout Subsubsection
43048 \begin_inset CommandInset label
43050 name "sub:Backup documents"
43055 \begin_inset Index idx
43058 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43067 \begin_layout Standard
43072 is set, you can specify the time between backup saves.
43075 \begin_layout Standard
43080 is the number of last opened files that LyX should display in the menu
43083 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
43085 \begin_inset space ~
43093 \begin_layout Standard
43096 Open documents in tabs
43098 is not used, then every file will be opened in its own new instance of
43102 \begin_layout Subsection
43104 \begin_inset Index idx
43107 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43114 \begin_inset CommandInset label
43116 name "sub:Screen-Fonts"
43123 \begin_layout Standard
43124 These fonts are used to display your documents on the screen.
43127 \begin_layout Standard
43128 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
43131 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43136 This section only deals with the fonts
43141 The fonts that appear on the output are independent from these fonts, and
43144 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
43145 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
43156 \begin_layout Standard
43157 By default, LyX uses
43161 as roman (serif) font,
43169 (depends on the system) as
43172 \begin_inset space ~
43188 \begin_layout Standard
43189 You can change the font size with the
43194 You can also change the font zoom outside the preferences dialog for the
43195 current LyX session by pressing
43199 and scrolling the mouse wheel.
43202 \begin_layout Standard
43207 is the screen resolution in dpi (dots per inch).
43208 The Font Sizes are calculated as letter height in units of points.
43210 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
43213 points have the size of 1
43214 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
43218 \begin_inset space ~
43222 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
43224 reference "cha:Units-available-in"
43231 \begin_layout Standard
43236 are the same as if a document font size of 10
43237 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
43241 The sizes are explained in detail in section
43242 \begin_inset space ~
43246 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
43248 reference "sub:Document-Font"
43255 \begin_layout Standard
43258 Use Pixmap Cache to speed up font rendering
43260 enabled, LyX needs to redraw the screen less often.
43261 This results in better performance, especially on slow systems.
43262 On the other hand, the characters might look more fuzzy on screen.
43263 So whether you enable this or not depends on whether you prefer speed over
43265 Note that the Pixmap Cache is only available and useful under Mac
43266 \begin_inset space ~
43272 \begin_layout Subsection
43274 \begin_inset Index idx
43277 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43284 \begin_inset Index idx
43287 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43296 \begin_layout Standard
43297 You can here change all the colors used by LyX.
43298 Choose an item in the list and use the
43305 \begin_layout Subsection
43307 \begin_inset Index idx
43310 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43319 \begin_layout Standard
43320 Here you can specify if graphics inside LyX are displayed.
43323 \begin_layout Standard
43328 enables previewing snippets of your document.
43329 This feature is described in section
43330 \begin_inset space ~
43334 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
43336 reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"
43343 \begin_layout Standard
43347 \begin_inset space ~
43351 \begin_inset space ~
43355 \begin_inset space ~
43360 displays a pilcrow (¶) at the end of every paragraph.
43363 \begin_layout Section
43365 \begin_inset Index idx
43368 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43377 \begin_layout Subsection
43381 \begin_layout Subsubsection
43385 \begin_layout Standard
43388 Cursor follows scrollbar
43390 sets the cursor to the top of the currently displayed document part when
43394 \begin_layout Standard
43397 Sort environments alphabetically
43399 sorts the entries in the pull-down box for the paragraph environments.
43402 \begin_layout Standard
43405 Group environments by their category
43407 groups the entries in the pull-down box for the paragraph environments.
43410 \begin_layout Standard
43411 The math macro editing option determines the editing style, see the section
43423 \begin_layout Subsubsection
43427 \begin_layout Standard
43428 Here you can specify what is hidden in the fullscreen mode.
43433 specifies the width of the text in fullscreen mode.
43434 This way you can display the text smaller than the screen, the text appears
43438 \begin_layout Subsection
43440 \begin_inset Index idx
43443 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43450 \begin_inset Index idx
43453 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43454 Settings ! Shortcuts
43462 \begin_layout Subsubsection
43466 \begin_layout Standard
43467 Bindings are used to bind a LyX-function to a key.
43468 Several binding files are available:
43471 \begin_layout Description
43472 cua.bind typical set of PC keyboard shortcuts
43475 \begin_layout Description
43476 (x)emacs.bind set of bindings like they are used in the editor programs
43487 \begin_layout Description
43488 mac.bind set of bindings for
43491 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
43499 \begin_layout Standard
43500 There are also bind-files designed for special document classes, like
43504 , and bind files for special languages.
43505 The name of language bind-files begin with a language code, e.
43506 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
43510 \begin_inset space \space{}
43514 \begin_inset Quotes eld
43518 \begin_inset Quotes erd
43522 If you use LyX in a certain language, LyX will try to use the appropriate
43526 \begin_layout Standard
43527 Some bind-files, like
43531 , have only a small scope.
43532 When looking at the end of the file
43536 , you can see that they are included to keep the overview in the bind-file.
43539 \begin_layout Subsubsection
43541 \begin_inset CommandInset label
43543 name "sub:Editing-Shortcuts"
43548 \begin_inset Index idx
43551 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43552 Key Bindings ! Editing
43560 \begin_layout Standard
43561 To add new or modify existing keybindings to your own taste you can use
43562 the table in the dialog that lists all LyX-functions and the bound shortcuts.
43563 To find functions easily, they are grouped by categories and the dialog
43566 Show key-bindings containing
43569 In this field you can insert a keyword for a function you want to edit.
43570 Insert there for example as keyword
43571 \begin_inset Quotes eld
43575 \begin_inset Quotes erd
43578 and you get the 4 different existing shortcuts for the 3 different functions
43580 \begin_inset Quotes eld
43584 \begin_inset Quotes erd
43588 As you can see, one function can have more than one shortcut.
43589 All LyX-functions are also listed in the file
43593 that you will find in the
43600 \begin_layout Standard
43602 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
43606 \begin_inset space \space{}
43617 , select the function and press the
43622 A dialog pops up where you can add the shortcut by using it.
43623 So press Alt+Q to define the shortcut.
43624 Modifying an existing shortcut is done the same way.
43625 You can also bind multiple functions to one shortcut by modifying an existing
43626 binding and adding the different function names as a semicolon separated
43628 LyX will then use the first function that is enabled in the current document
43630 The binding for the function
43634 is an example of this.
43637 \begin_layout Standard
43638 Alternatively you can also edit shortcuts by modifying bind-files with a
43640 The syntax of the entries is:
43643 \begin_layout Standard
43649 \begin_inset Quotes eld
43653 \begin_inset Quotes erd
43657 \begin_inset Quotes eld
43661 \begin_inset Quotes erd
43667 \begin_layout Subsection
43669 \begin_inset CommandInset label
43671 name "sub:Keyboard-Map"
43676 \begin_inset Index idx
43679 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43686 \begin_inset Index idx
43689 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43690 Settings ! Keyboard Map
43698 \begin_layout Standard
43699 Normally keyboard settings have to be done in a menu of your operating system.
43700 For the case that this is not possible, LyX provides keyboard maps.
43702 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
43706 \begin_inset space \space{}
43709 a Czech keyboard but want to write with it like with a Romanian one, you
43710 can use the keyboard map file named
43717 \begin_layout Standard
43718 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
43721 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43726 Keyboard maps are only provided as makeshift and don't work on all systems.
43734 \begin_layout Standard
43735 Besides this, you can specify here the
43737 Wheel scrolling speed
43740 The standard value is 1.0, higher values speed up the scrolling, lower ones
43744 \begin_layout Subsection
43746 \begin_inset CommandInset label
43748 name "sub:Input-Completion-Appendix"
43753 \begin_inset Index idx
43756 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43765 \begin_layout Standard
43766 Input completion is described in sec.
43767 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
43771 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
43773 reference "sec:Input-Completion"
43778 The completion options for math do the same as the corresponding options
43780 With the general options you can define the delay time for the inline and
43781 popup completion and choose if long completions should be abbreviated or
43785 \begin_layout Section
43787 \begin_inset CommandInset label
43794 \begin_inset Index idx
43797 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43804 \begin_inset Index idx
43807 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43816 \begin_layout Description
43818 \begin_inset space ~
43821 directory This is LyX's working directory.
43822 It is the default when you
43833 \begin_inset space ~
43841 \begin_layout Description
43843 \begin_inset space ~
43846 templates This directory will be opened when you use the menu
43848 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
43850 \begin_inset space ~
43854 \begin_inset space ~
43862 \begin_layout Description
43864 \begin_inset space ~
43867 files This directory will be opened when you use the button
43873 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
43877 \begin_inset Newline newline
43881 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
43884 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43893 button does not exist when using LyX on MacOS and Windows systems.
43901 \begin_layout Description
43903 \begin_inset space ~
43907 \begin_inset Index idx
43910 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43916 Backup copies will be saved to this directory.
43917 When no directory is given but backups are enabled as described in section
43918 \begin_inset space ~
43922 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
43924 reference "sub:Backup documents"
43932 will be used to save the backups.
43933 \begin_inset Newline newline
43936 The backup files have the ending
43937 \begin_inset Quotes eld
43941 \begin_inset Quotes erd
43947 \begin_layout Description
43952 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43959 XServer-Pipe Here you can enter the name of a Unix-pipe.
43960 This pipe is used to send data from external programs to LyX.
43961 \begin_inset Newline newline
43968 : You add a BibTeX-database test.bib to your document.
43969 You can edit this file with the program
43978 you have to use the same Unix-Pipe for LyX in its preferences under
43981 \begin_inset space ~
43987 If you want to get one entry of the database as citation, select it in
43992 and click on the LyX-symbol.
43993 The entry will now be inserted as citation at the current cursor position
43999 and LyX need of course to be run the same time.
44000 \begin_inset Newline newline
44004 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
44007 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44012 This feature doesn't work on Windows systems.
44020 \begin_layout Description
44022 \begin_inset space ~
44025 directory Temporary files will be saved in this directory.
44028 \begin_layout Description
44030 \begin_inset space ~
44033 prefix This field contains a list of paths to external programs.
44034 When LyX needs to use an external program, it looks in this list where
44035 to find it on the system.
44036 The path list is automatically set up on Windows and Mac systems when LyX
44037 is configured, so that you normally don't have to modify it.
44039 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
44043 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
44046 Linux systems, the path list will need to be set only if there are external
44047 programs you wish to use that are not in your normal system path ($PATH).
44051 \begin_layout Section
44055 \begin_layout Standard
44056 Here you can insert your name and email address.
44057 The identity will be used when you have enabled change tracking as described
44059 \begin_inset space ~
44063 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
44065 reference "sec:Change-Tracking"
44069 , to mark changes you make as yours.
44072 \begin_layout Section
44074 \begin_inset Index idx
44077 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44078 Language ! Settings
44084 \begin_inset Index idx
44087 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44088 Settings ! Language
44096 \begin_layout Subsection
44100 \begin_layout Description
44102 \begin_inset space ~
44106 \begin_inset space ~
44109 language Here you can select the language of LyX's menus.
44110 Unfortunately this doesn't work on Mac and Windows.
44111 It works on Linux for the languages into LyX's menus and dialogs are translated.
44112 You find the actual translation status here:
44113 \begin_inset CommandInset href
44115 name "http://www.lyx.org/I18n"
44116 target "http://www.lyx.org/I18n"
44123 \begin_layout Description
44125 \begin_inset space ~
44128 language is the language used in new documents
44131 \begin_layout Description
44133 \begin_inset space ~
44136 package is a LaTeX-command to load a LaTeX-package that handles language
44138 The default is the LaTeX-command
44144 that loads the package
44152 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44153 For an introduction to the LaTeX-Syntax, have a look at section
44154 \begin_inset space ~
44158 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
44160 reference "sec:TeX-Code"
44170 \begin_inset Newline newline
44177 automatically translates in the background the text labels of documents
44178 to the document language.
44179 A text label is, for instance, the word
44180 \begin_inset Quotes eld
44184 \begin_inset Quotes erd
44187 at the beginning of every table caption.
44190 \begin_layout Description
44192 \begin_inset space ~
44195 start When a special LaTeX-package is needed to write in a certain document
44196 language, you can here specify the command to start the package.
44197 An example is the start command
44203 that is needed to write Arabic using the package
44208 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
44223 selectlanguage{$$lang}
44228 \begin_layout Description
44230 \begin_inset space ~
44238 Some packages, like the default, don't have an end command since the start
44239 command toggles the package on and off.
44242 \begin_layout Description
44244 \begin_inset space ~
44254 \begin_layout Description
44255 Global When this option is set, the languages used in the document will
44256 be added as options to the document class options, so that they can be
44257 used by all LaTeX-packages.
44258 Otherwise they will only be used as options for the
44265 \begin_layout Description
44267 \begin_inset space ~
44270 begin When this option is set, the documents starts with the chosen document
44272 When this option is not set, the
44275 \begin_inset space ~
44280 is explicitly set to the beginning of the document in the LaTeX-output.
44281 This assures that the correct language is used when you use another
44284 \begin_inset space ~
44292 \begin_layout Description
44294 \begin_inset space ~
44300 \begin_inset space ~
44306 When it is not set, the
44309 \begin_inset space ~
44314 is set to the end of the document.
44317 \begin_layout Description
44319 \begin_inset space ~
44323 \begin_inset space ~
44326 languages Text marked formatted in a language different from the document
44327 language will be underlined blue.
44330 \begin_layout Description
44332 \begin_inset space ~
44336 \begin_inset space ~
44339 support Enables the use of languages, written from right to left (RTL),
44340 like Arabic, Hebrew, Farsi.
44343 \begin_layout Description
44345 \begin_inset space ~
44348 movement When writing RTL, you can define if the left and right arrow keys
44349 move the cursor visually to the left or right, respectively, or logically.
44350 Logical means that the cursor is moved to the left when pressing the right
44351 arrow key and the cursor is inside text in an RTL language.
44354 \begin_layout Subsection
44358 \begin_layout Standard
44359 The spellchecker settings are explained in section
44360 \begin_inset space ~
44364 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
44366 reference "sec:Spellchecking"
44373 \begin_layout Section
44377 \begin_layout Subsection
44379 \begin_inset CommandInset label
44386 \begin_inset Index idx
44389 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44396 \begin_inset Index idx
44399 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44408 \begin_layout Description
44410 \begin_inset space ~
44413 printer Here you can specify the name of your default printer.
44414 The name will be used when the
44419 \begin_inset Newline newline
44423 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
44426 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44431 You can leave this field empty on Windows systems because it has no effect.
44439 \begin_layout Description
44441 \begin_inset space ~
44444 command is the command LyX
44445 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
44449 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
44452 LaTeX uses for printing.
44453 The default is on most systems
44460 \begin_layout Description
44462 \begin_inset space ~
44466 \begin_inset space ~
44469 Options Here you can specify printer options.
44470 A list of printer options with explanations can be found in the documentation
44471 of the program that provides the
44478 \begin_layout Description
44480 \begin_inset space ~
44484 \begin_inset space ~
44488 \begin_inset space ~
44491 printer This option works only for the
44496 \begin_inset Quotes eld
44504 \begin_inset Quotes erd
44508 It activates a configuration file for dvips.
44509 This is an option only for dvips experts.
44512 \begin_layout Subsection
44514 \begin_inset Index idx
44517 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44524 \begin_inset Index idx
44527 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44528 Settings ! Date format
44536 \begin_layout Standard
44537 The date format can be one or a mixture of the formats listed here:
44538 \begin_inset Newline newline
44542 \begin_inset Flex URL
44545 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44547 http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?date
44553 \begin_inset Newline newline
44556 For example the format
44557 \begin_inset Newline newline
44561 \begin_inset Newline newline
44564 prints the date as day/month/year.
44567 \begin_layout Subsection
44571 \begin_layout Description
44573 \begin_inset space ~
44577 \begin_inset space ~
44580 length sets the maximum number of characters printed in one line when using
44583 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
44584 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
44586 \begin_inset space ~
44592 Setting the line line length to 0 means all text is printed in one endless
44596 \begin_layout Description
44598 \begin_inset space ~
44601 command defines an additional command used to produce better ASCII tables
44606 UNIX-commands (refer to their manuals for more information about them).
44607 Setting this as empty tells LyX to use the internal formatter.
44610 \begin_layout Subsection
44615 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44623 \begin_inset CommandInset label
44625 name "sub:LaTeX-settings"
44630 \begin_inset Index idx
44633 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44642 \begin_layout Description
44647 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44655 \begin_inset space ~
44658 encoding This is the default encoding of the document font.
44663 is the default and covers western languages and symbols.
44685 Combinations of the encodings are possible, like
44686 \begin_inset Quotes erd
44694 \begin_inset Quotes erd
44698 The font encoding is normally automatically loaded by the language packages
44699 LyX sets up in the background.
44700 So there is no need to change the default encoding.
44703 \begin_layout Description
44705 \begin_inset space ~
44709 \begin_inset space ~
44712 size This is the paper size that is used for new documents.
44717 value depends on your LaTeX-system setup.
44720 \begin_layout Standard
44721 You can also specify here commands with parameters for the listed applications.
44722 But before you change something, it is strongly recommended to read the
44723 manuals of the applications.
44724 Currently the following commands can be set:
44727 \begin_layout Description
44732 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44740 \begin_inset space ~
44743 command Command for the program
44747 that is described in the section
44753 Additional Features
44758 \begin_layout Description
44763 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44771 \begin_inset space ~
44774 command Command for the program
44778 that generates the bibliography, see section
44779 \begin_inset space ~
44783 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
44785 reference "sub:Bibliography-databases"
44792 \begin_layout Description
44794 \begin_inset space ~
44797 command Command for the program that generates the index, see section
44798 \begin_inset space ~
44802 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
44804 reference "sub:Index-Program"
44811 \begin_layout Description
44813 \begin_inset space ~
44816 command Command for the program that generates the nomenclature, see section
44817 \begin_inset space ~
44821 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
44823 reference "sub:Nomenclature-Program"
44830 \begin_layout Description
44832 \begin_inset space ~
44836 \begin_inset space ~
44840 \begin_inset space ~
44844 \begin_inset space ~
44847 options They only have an effect when the program
44851 is used as DVI-viewer.
44854 \begin_layout Standard
44855 There are additionally the following options:
44858 \begin_layout Description
44860 \begin_inset space ~
44864 \begin_inset space ~
44868 \begin_inset space ~
44872 \begin_inset space ~
44876 \begin_inset space ~
44879 files Uses paths in the notation of Windows, that means that
44880 \begin_inset Quotes eld
44886 \begin_inset Quotes erd
44890 \begin_inset Quotes eld
44894 \begin_inset Quotes erd
44897 to separate folders.
44898 This option is enabled by default when you use LyX on Windows.
44899 \begin_inset Index idx
44902 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44909 \begin_inset Index idx
44912 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44921 \begin_layout Description
44923 \begin_inset space ~
44927 \begin_inset space ~
44931 \begin_inset space ~
44935 \begin_inset space ~
44939 \begin_inset space ~
44943 \begin_inset space ~
44946 changes Removes all manually set document class options in the
44948 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
44951 dialog when changing the document class.
44954 \begin_layout Section
44956 \begin_inset space ~
44960 \begin_inset Index idx
44963 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44972 \begin_layout Subsection
44974 \begin_inset CommandInset label
44976 name "sub:Converters"
44981 \begin_inset Index idx
44984 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44993 \begin_layout Standard
44994 Here you find the list of defined converter commands to convert material
44995 from one format to another.
44996 You can modify them or create new ones.
44997 To modify a converter, select it, change the entry of the field
45004 \begin_inset space ~
45014 To create a new converter, select an existing one, select a different format
45018 \begin_inset space ~
45023 drop-down list, modify the
45027 field, and press the
45034 \begin_layout Standard
45037 Converter File Cache
45039 is enabled, conversions will be cached as long as specified in the field
45042 Maximum Age (in days
45045 This means that images don't need to be converted again when you reopen
45046 a document; the converted images from the cache will be used instead.
45049 \begin_layout Standard
45050 More about converters, like the variables and flags that can be used in
45051 the converter definition, is described in the section
45062 \begin_layout Subsection
45064 \begin_inset CommandInset label
45066 name "sec:File-Formats"
45071 \begin_inset Index idx
45074 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45081 \begin_inset Index idx
45084 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45093 \begin_layout Standard
45094 Here you find the list of defined file formats that LyX can handle.
45095 You can modify the viewer and editor program that should be used for certain
45099 \begin_layout Standard
45100 More about formats, like the options that can be used in the format definition,
45101 is described in the section
45112 \begin_layout Standard
45113 Since all conversions from one format to another take place in LyX's temporary
45114 directory, it is sometimes necessary to modify a file before copying it
45115 to the temporary directory in order that the conversion may be performed.
45116 This is done by specifying a
45121 More about this is described in the section
45132 \begin_layout Chapter
45133 Units available in LyX
45134 \begin_inset Index idx
45137 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45144 \begin_inset CommandInset label
45146 name "cha:Units-available-in"
45153 \begin_layout Standard
45154 To understand the units described in this documentation,
45155 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
45157 reference "cap:Units"
45161 explains all units available in LyX.
45164 \begin_layout Standard
45165 \begin_inset Float table
45171 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45172 \begin_inset Caption
45174 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45175 \begin_inset CommandInset label
45189 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45190 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
45196 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45198 \begin_inset Tabular
45199 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="20" columns="2">
45200 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
45201 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
45202 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
45204 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45207 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45213 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45216 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45224 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45227 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45233 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45236 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45244 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45247 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45253 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45256 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45264 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45267 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45273 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45276 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45284 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45287 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45293 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45296 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45298 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
45302 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
45312 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45315 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45321 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45324 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45326 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
45330 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
45340 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45343 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45349 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45352 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45353 scaled point (65536
45354 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
45358 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
45368 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45371 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45377 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45380 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45382 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
45386 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
45396 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45399 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45405 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45408 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45410 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
45414 \begin_inset Formula $\approx$
45418 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
45428 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45431 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45437 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45440 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45442 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
45446 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
45456 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45459 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45465 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45468 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45469 % of original image width
45476 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45479 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45485 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45488 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45496 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45499 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45505 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45508 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45516 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45519 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45525 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45528 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45536 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45539 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45545 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45548 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45556 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45559 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45565 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45568 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45576 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45579 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45585 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45588 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45596 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45599 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45605 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45608 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45620 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45623 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45629 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45632 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45644 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
45647 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45653 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
45656 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45658 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
45662 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
45683 \begin_layout Chapter
45685 \begin_inset CommandInset label
45694 \begin_layout Standard
45695 The documentation is a collaborative effort between many different people
45696 (and we would encourage people to contribute!).
45699 \begin_layout Itemize
45702 Alejandro Aguilar Sierra
45705 \begin_layout Itemize
45711 \begin_layout Itemize
45717 \begin_layout Itemize
45723 \begin_layout Itemize
45729 \begin_layout Itemize
45735 \begin_layout Itemize
45741 \begin_layout Itemize
45747 \begin_layout Itemize
45750 Lars Gullik Bjønnes
45753 \begin_layout Itemize
45759 \begin_layout Itemize
45765 \begin_layout Itemize
45771 \begin_layout Itemize
45777 \begin_layout Itemize
45783 \begin_layout Itemize
45789 \begin_layout Itemize
45795 \begin_layout Itemize
45801 \begin_layout Itemize
45803 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
45812 \begin_layout Standard
45813 \begin_inset Newpage newpage
45816 The bibliography on the following page was created with the
45823 \begin_layout Bibliography
45824 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
45825 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
45826 LatexCommand bibitem
45833 \begin_inset CommandInset href
45836 target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/browser/lyx-devel/trunk/lib/CREDITS"
45841 \begin_inset Newline newline
45845 \begin_inset Flex URL
45848 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45850 http://www.lyx.org/trac/browser/lyx-devel/trunk/lib/CREDITS
45858 \begin_layout Bibliography
45859 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
45860 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
45861 LatexCommand bibitem
45862 key "latexcompanion"
45866 Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens:
45868 The LaTeX Companion Second Edition.
45871 Addison-Wesley, 2004
45874 \begin_layout Bibliography
45875 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
45876 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
45877 LatexCommand bibitem
45882 Helmut Kopka and Patrick W.
45885 A Guide to LaTeX Fourth Edition.
45888 Addison-Wesley, 2003
45891 \begin_layout Bibliography
45892 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
45893 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
45894 LatexCommand bibitem
45901 LaTeX: A Document Preparation System.
45904 Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994
45907 \begin_layout Bibliography
45908 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
45909 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
45910 LatexCommand bibitem
45922 Addison-Wesley, 1984
45925 \begin_layout Bibliography
45926 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
45927 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
45928 LatexCommand bibitem
45934 \begin_inset Newline newline
45938 \begin_inset Flex URL
45941 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45943 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/bytopic.html
45951 \begin_layout Bibliography
45952 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
45953 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
45954 LatexCommand bibitem
45960 \begin_inset Newline newline
45964 \begin_inset Flex URL
45967 \begin_layout Plain Layout
45969 http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html
45977 \begin_layout Bibliography
45978 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
45979 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
45980 LatexCommand bibitem
45986 \begin_inset CommandInset href
45988 name "Documentation"
45989 target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxdoc.pdf"
45998 \begin_inset Newline newline
46002 \begin_inset Flex URL
46005 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46007 http://mirrors.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxdoc.pdf
46015 \begin_layout Bibliography
46016 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46017 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46018 LatexCommand bibitem
46024 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46026 name "Documentation"
46027 target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/bibtex/tamethebeast/ttb_en.pdf"
46031 how to use the program
46036 \begin_inset Newline newline
46040 \begin_inset Flex URL
46043 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46045 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/bibtex/tamethebeast/ttb_en.pdf
46053 \begin_layout Bibliography
46054 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46055 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46056 LatexCommand bibitem
46062 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46064 name "Documentation"
46065 target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex/doc/makeindex.pdf"
46074 \begin_inset Newline newline
46078 \begin_inset Flex URL
46081 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46083 http://mirrors.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex/doc/makeindex.pdf
46091 \begin_layout Bibliography
46092 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46093 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46094 LatexCommand bibitem
46100 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46102 name "Documentation"
46103 target "http://www.xindy.org/documentation.html"
46112 \begin_inset Newline newline
46116 \begin_inset Flex URL
46119 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46121 http://www.xindy.org/documentation.html
46129 \begin_layout Bibliography
46130 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46131 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46132 LatexCommand bibitem
46138 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46140 name "Documentation"
46141 target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/caption/caption.pdf"
46145 of the LaTeX-package
46150 \begin_inset Index idx
46153 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46154 LaTeX-packages ! caption
46160 \begin_inset Newline newline
46164 \begin_inset Flex URL
46167 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46169 ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/caption/caption.pdf
46177 \begin_layout Bibliography
46178 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46179 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46180 LatexCommand bibitem
46186 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46188 name "Documentation"
46189 target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.pdf"
46193 of the LaTeX-package
46198 \begin_inset Index idx
46201 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46202 LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr
46208 \begin_inset Newline newline
46212 \begin_inset Flex URL
46215 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46217 ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.pdf
46225 \begin_layout Bibliography
46226 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46227 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46228 LatexCommand bibitem
46236 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46238 name "Documentation"
46239 target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/hyperref.pdf"
46245 of the LaTeX-package
46250 \begin_inset Index idx
46253 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46254 LaTeX-packages ! hyperref
46260 \begin_inset Newline newline
46264 \begin_inset Flex URL
46267 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46269 ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/hyperref.pdf
46277 \begin_layout Bibliography
46278 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46279 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46280 LatexCommand bibitem
46286 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46288 name "Documentation"
46289 target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/nomencl/nomencl.pdf"
46293 of the LaTeX-package
46298 \begin_inset Index idx
46301 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46302 LaTeX-packages ! nomencl
46308 \begin_inset Newline newline
46312 \begin_inset Flex URL
46315 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46316 ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/nomencl/nomencl.pdf
46324 \begin_layout Bibliography
46325 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46326 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46327 LatexCommand bibitem
46333 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46335 name "Documentation"
46336 target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/prettyref/prettyref.pdf"
46340 of the LaTeX-package
46345 \begin_inset Index idx
46348 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46349 LaTeX-packages ! prettyref
46355 \begin_inset Newline newline
46359 \begin_inset Flex URL
46362 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46363 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/prettyref/prettyref.pdf
46371 \begin_layout Bibliography
46372 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46373 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46374 LatexCommand bibitem
46380 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46382 name "Documentation"
46383 target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/refstyle/refstyle.pdf"
46387 of the LaTeX-package
46392 \begin_inset Index idx
46395 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46396 LaTeX-packages ! refstyle
46402 \begin_inset Newline newline
46406 \begin_inset Flex URL
46409 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46410 http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/refstyle/refstyle.pdf
46418 \begin_layout Bibliography
46419 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46420 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46421 LatexCommand bibitem
46427 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46429 name "Documentation"
46430 target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/tipaman.pdf"
46434 of the LaTeX-package
46439 \begin_inset Index idx
46442 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46443 LaTeX-packages ! tipa
46449 \begin_inset Newline newline
46453 \begin_inset Flex URL
46456 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46458 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/tipaman.pdf
46466 \begin_layout Bibliography
46467 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46468 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46469 LatexCommand bibitem
46475 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46478 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/XeTeX"
46482 how to use LyX with XeTeX:
46483 \begin_inset Newline newline
46487 \begin_inset Flex URL
46490 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46492 http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/XeTeX
46500 \begin_layout Bibliography
46501 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46502 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46503 LatexCommand bibitem
46509 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46512 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Arabic"
46516 how to set up LyX for Arabic:
46517 \begin_inset Newline newline
46521 \begin_inset Flex URL
46524 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46526 http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Arabic
46534 \begin_layout Bibliography
46535 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46536 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46537 LatexCommand bibitem
46543 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46546 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Armenian"
46550 how to set up LyX for Armenian:
46551 \begin_inset Newline newline
46555 \begin_inset Flex URL
46558 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46560 http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Armenian
46568 \begin_layout Bibliography
46569 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46570 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46571 LatexCommand bibitem
46577 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46580 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Farsi"
46584 how to set up LyX for Farsi:
46585 \begin_inset Newline newline
46589 \begin_inset Flex URL
46592 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46594 http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Farsi
46602 \begin_layout Bibliography
46603 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46604 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46605 LatexCommand bibitem
46611 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46614 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Hebrew"
46618 how to set up LyX for Hebrew:
46619 \begin_inset Newline newline
46623 \begin_inset Flex URL
46626 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46628 http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Hebrew
46636 \begin_layout Bibliography
46637 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46638 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46639 LatexCommand bibitem
46645 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46648 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Japanese"
46652 how to set up LyX for Japanese:
46653 \begin_inset Newline newline
46657 \begin_inset Flex URL
46660 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46662 http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Japanese
46670 \begin_layout Bibliography
46671 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46672 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46673 LatexCommand bibitem
46679 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46682 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Latvian"
46686 how to set up LyX for Latvian:
46687 \begin_inset Newline newline
46691 \begin_inset Flex URL
46694 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46696 http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Latvian
46704 \begin_layout Bibliography
46705 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46706 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46707 LatexCommand bibitem
46713 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46716 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Lithuanian"
46720 how to set up LyX for Lithuanian:
46721 \begin_inset Newline newline
46725 \begin_inset Flex URL
46728 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46730 http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Lithuanian
46738 \begin_layout Bibliography
46739 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46740 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46741 LatexCommand bibitem
46747 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46750 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Mongolian"
46754 how to set up LyX for Mongolian:
46755 \begin_inset Newline newline
46759 \begin_inset Flex URL
46762 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46764 http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Mongolian
46772 \begin_layout Bibliography
46773 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46774 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46775 LatexCommand bibitem
46781 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46784 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Vietnamese"
46788 how to set up LyX for Vietnamese:
46789 \begin_inset Newline newline
46793 \begin_inset Flex URL
46796 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46798 http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Vietnamese
46806 \begin_layout Bibliography
46807 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
46808 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
46809 LatexCommand bibitem
46815 \begin_inset CommandInset href
46818 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/NewInLyX20"
46822 about new features in
46827 \begin_inset Newline newline
46831 \begin_inset Flex URL
46834 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46836 http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/NewInLyX20
46844 \begin_layout Standard
46845 \begin_inset Newpage newpage
46852 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46863 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46879 \begin_inset Note Note
46882 \begin_layout Plain Layout
46889 is the name of the bibliography in the current document language.
46890 It is redefined here with the number 2 at the end to state that the following
46891 bibliography is the second one:
46899 \begin_layout Standard
46900 \begin_inset CommandInset bibtex
46901 LatexCommand bibtex
46902 bibfiles "biblio/LyXDocs"
46903 options "biblio/alphadin"
46910 \begin_layout Standard
46911 The above bibliography is created from a BibTeX-database.
46914 \begin_layout Standard
46915 \begin_inset CommandInset nomencl_print
46916 LatexCommand printnomenclature
46922 \begin_inset CommandInset index_print
46923 LatexCommand printindex