UserGuide: - update from floatflt to wrapfig

[lyx.git] / lib / doc / es / Math.lyx

#LyX 1.5.5svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
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% Folgendes Problem lösen:
% Besteht die Kapitelnummer aus zu vielen Ziffern, wird  die
% Kapitelüberschrift im Inhaltsverzeichnis direkt an oder über
% die Kapitelnummer geschrieben.
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% see sec. 22.11
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% used in Kap. 22.6
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% declare operator example in Spanish (see sec.15.2)
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% example definitions for sec. 20.1 
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% example macro from sec. 19.4
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% macro from sec. 10.2
\def\clap#1{\hbox to 0pt{\hss #1\hss}}
\def\mathclap {\mathpalette \mathclapinternal}
\def\mathclapinternal #1#2{\clap{$\mathsurround =0pt #1{#2}$}}

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% needed in sec. 22.4
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\begin_body

\begin_layout Title
Manual detallado de
\newline
Matemáticas en LyX
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por el Equipo LyX
\begin_inset Foot
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Si tienes comentarios o correcciones de errores envíalos, por favor, a la
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: 
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\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{mailto:lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyX's Math manual}{
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lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
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}
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\end_layout

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\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
autor: Uwe Stöhr
\end_layout

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\newline

\newline
Versión 1.5.5
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Para exportar este documento a PDF, PS, o DVI deben estar instalados los
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eurosym
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, 
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multirow
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 y 
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was
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.
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\newpage

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\begin_layout Section
Introducción
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Introducción"

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\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Este documento explica las características matemáticas de LyX y además es
 una colección de comandos LaTeX para caracteres y estructuras matemáticas.
 Las explicaciones están diseñadas para el uso de comandos.
 Por consiguiente es preciso que hayas leido la sección 
\emph on
Ecuaciones matemáticas
\emph default
 de la 
\emph on
Guía del usuario
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
La mayoría de caracteres y muchas estructuras explicadas en este manual
 también son accesibles mediante el menú 
\family sans
Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ecuación
\family default
 o la barra de herramientas
\family sans
 Ecuaciones
\family default
.
 Pero todo aquel que tenga que escribir muchas fórmulas observará que es
 mucho más rápido usar comandos que la barra de herramientas.
 Por tanto este manual está enfocado al uso de comandos, aunque también
 se mencionan los botones correspondientes de las barras de herramientas
 cuando están disponibles.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Si no se especifica lo contrario los comandos sólo están disponibles dentro
 de las fórmulas.
 Para poder usar todos los comandos explicados en este documento, debe usarse
 la opción 
\family sans
Usar el paquete de ecuaciones AMS
\family default
 en la configuración del documento (menú 
\family sans
Documento\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Configuración\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ecuaciones
\family default

\begin_inset Foot
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\begin_layout Standard
La opción 
\family sans
Usar el paquete de ecuaciones AMS automáticamente
\family default
 sólo usa 
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
AmS 
\end_layout

\end_inset

 si las estructuras matemáticas son soportadas por LyX.
\end_layout

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Este documento no recoge todos los comandos de ecuaciones 
\begin_inset ERT
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\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
AmS 
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\begin_inset Foot
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\begin_layout Standard
En el archivo 
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\backslash
href{ftp://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/macros/amstex/doc/amsguide.ps}{
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amsguide.ps
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\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

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}
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\end_inset

, que forma parte de todas las distribuciones estándar de LaTeX, hay una
 lista con todos los comandos de ecuaciones 
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
AmS 
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 por razones de claridad.
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\begin_layout Section
Instrucciones generales
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name "sec:Instrucciones-generales"

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Para crear una ecuación en línea
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! en línea"

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, insertada en una línea de texto, teclea 
\family sans
Ctrl-m
\family default
 o pulsa el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math-mode.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 de la barra de herramientas.
\newline
Para crear una ecuación en estilo presentación
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! en presentación"

\end_inset

, que se verá más grande y en su propio párrafo, teclea
\family sans
 Ctrl-M
\family default
.
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\begin_layout Standard
Para cambiar una ecuación en estilo presentación a estilo en línea, pon
 el cursor dentro de la ecuación y teclea 
\family sans
Ctrl-M
\family default
 o usa el menú 
\family sans
Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Cambiar tipo de ecuación
\family default
.
 De igual forma se puede cambiar una ecuación en línea a estilo presentación.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para mostrar partes de una ecuación en línea en el tamaño del estilo presentació
n, añade el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
displaystyle
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash displaystyle"

\end_inset

 a la ecuación.
 Entonces aparece un nuevo recuadro azul en el que se inserta la parte deseada
 de la ecuación.
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\begin_layout Standard
En las tablas sólo se permiten ecuaciones en línea.
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\begin_layout Standard
Las barras 
\family sans
Ecuaciones
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 y 
\family sans
Panel de ecuaciones 
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se pueden visualizar mediante el menú 
\family sans
Ver\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Barras de herramientas
\family default
.
 Si ahí pulsas en 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
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Ecuaciones
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 y/o en 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
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Ecuaciones
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\begin_inset Quotes fld
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Panel de ecuaciones
\begin_inset Quotes frd
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 en el menú, las barras sólo se visualizarán cuando el cursor esté dentro
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 la palabra 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
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(auto)
\begin_inset Quotes frd
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.
 
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El modo TeX
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 se invoca pulsando el botón 
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de la barra de herramientas o con el menú 
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Código T
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{
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e
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}
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X
\family default
, (atajo 
\family sans
Ctrl-l
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).
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En LyX hay tres 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
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nombres propios
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 que se ven en la salida con letras sobre o bajo la alineación normal: TeX,
 LaTeX y LyX.
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\begin_layout Standard
Para evitar que estas palabras sean reconocidas como tales nombres propios,
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\begin_layout Standard
Para cambiar el preámbulo LaTeX
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
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, usa el menú 
\family sans
Documento\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Configuración\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Preámbulo La
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\begin_layout Standard

{
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T
\begin_inset ERT
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\begin_layout Standard

}
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\end_inset

eX
\family default
.
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\begin_layout Standard
Para editar posteriormente matrices, diferenciaciones de casos y ecuaciones
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\family sans
Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ecuación
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 y 
\family sans
Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Filas y columnas
\family default
 o la barra de herramientas 
\family sans
Tabla
\family default
.
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\begin_layout Standard
Para escribir texto en fórmulas se usa 
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texto de ecuaciones
\emph default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
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\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Para ecuaciones multilínea se usa el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
intertext
\series default
, véase\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Texto-en-multilínea"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 Este modo se invoca con el atajo 
\family sans
Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
m
\family default
 o insertando el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
text
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash text"

\end_inset

.
 El texto se ve en negro en LyX y por tanto puede distinguirse de otras
 partes de la ecuación que se ven en azul.
 En la salida, el texto en una ecuación se imprime en letra redonda, a diferenci
a de otras partes de la fórmula.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Esquema de comandos
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
La mayoría de los comandos LaTeX para estructuras matemáticas tienen el
 siguiente esquema:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
nombre_del_comando[argumento opcional]{argumento requerido}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Un comando empieza siempre por una contrabarra, 
\series bold

\backslash

\series default
.
 Para omitir argumentos opcionales, quita también los corchetes asociados.
 En este documento, las llaves que encierran los argumentos requeridos se
 denominan llaves TeX
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "T@\\TeX ! llaves"

\end_inset

.
 Si en una ecuación añades una llave de apertura al nombre de un comando,
 LyX crea automáticamente una llave TeX.
 En todos los demás casos las llaves TeX se crean en las ecuaciones con
 el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
{
\series default
.
 Las llaves TeX se ven en rojo en LyX, a diferencia de las llaves normales,
 que se muestran en azul.
 En modo TeX no hace falta comando para poner llaves TeX.
 Las llaves TeX no aparecen en la salida.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En el caso de comandos sin argumentos, como los comandos para símbolos que
 se introducen en modo TeX, 
\emph on
siempre
\emph default
 debe teclearse un espacio tras el comando para finalizarlo.
 Este espacio no aparece en la salida.
 Si ese espacio debiera mostrarse en la salida, el espacio debe ir seguido
 de un espacio protegido en texto normal.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Un espacio protegido se inserta con 
\family sans
Ctrl-espacio
\family default
.
\newpage

\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Explicación de la sintaxis
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
El símbolo
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Este carácter, espacio visible, se puede componer con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
textvisiblespace
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash textvisiblespace"

\end_inset

 insertado en código TeX.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce
\end_layout

\end_inset

\InsetSpace ~
indica un espacio que se debe introducir.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Una flecha como 
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
\end_inset

 indica el uso de la correspondiente tecla de flecha.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Unidades empleadas
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\begin_layout Standard
\align center
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placement H
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Standard
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\end_inset

Unidades empleadas
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
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\begin_layout Standard
Unidad
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Nombre / Descripción
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mm
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Milímetro
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\begin_layout Standard
Centímetro
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pc
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sp
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bp
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Punto grande (72\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
bp = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
in)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
dd
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Didot (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
dd 
\begin_inset Formula $\approx$
\end_inset

 0.376\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
mm)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
cc
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Cicero (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
cc = 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
dd)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
ex
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Altura de la letra 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset


\emph on
x
\emph default

\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 en la fuente actual
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
em
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Anchura de la letra 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset


\emph on
M
\emph default

\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 en la fuente actual
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
mu
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Unidad matemática (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
mu = 
\begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{1}{18}$
\end_inset

\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
em)
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
El comando 
\series bold

\backslash
textfrac
\series default
 se explica en la sec.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Fracciones-auto-definidas"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center

\newpage

\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Funciones básicas
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Exponentes
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Exponentes"

\end_inset

 e índices
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "In@Índices"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Superíndices|see{Exponentes}"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Subíndices|see{Índices}"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los índices se componen con un guión bajo 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

_
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 o con el botón de la barra de herramientas de ecuaciones 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math-subscript.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

, los exponentes con un circunflejo 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

^
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 o con el botón de la barra de herramientas de ecuaciones 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math-superscript.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 sólo se usa como espaciador.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
B_V
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $B_{V}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
B^V
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}B^{V}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
B^
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}B^{A}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Como en algunos idiomas la tecla circunflejo funciona como acento, en ese
 caso acentuará las vocales y no funcionará como exponente
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Dependiendo de la configuración del teclado esto puede suceder también con
 otros caracteres además de las vocales.
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 Para conseguir exponentes en estos casos debes pulsar 
\family sans
Espacio
\family default
 tras el circunflejo, como en el último ejemplo.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Fracciones
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Fracciones"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Fracciones"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Las fracciones se generan con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
frac
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! F ! \\textbackslash frac"

\end_inset

 o con el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/frac.xpm
        scale 50

\end_inset

 de la barra de herramientas.
 El tamaño de fuente se ajusta automáticamente, dependiendo de si la fracción
 está en línea o en estilo presentación.
 Con el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/frac-square.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

de la barra de herramientas matemáticas puedes seleccionar distintos tipos
 de fracciones.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
dfrac
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash dfrac"

\end_inset

 se puede crear en cualquier caso una fracción que tenga el tamaño del estilo
 presentación.
 Con 
\series bold

\backslash
tfrac
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash tfrac"

\end_inset

 la fracción tiene siempre el tamaño del estilo en línea.
 Un ejemplo:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Una línea con la fracción 
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
\end_inset

 creada con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
frac
\series default
.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Una línea con la fracción 
\begin_inset Formula $\dfrac{1}{2}$
\end_inset

 creada con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
dfrac
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
frac
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset

B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\frac{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
dfrac
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset

B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\dfrac{A}{B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
dfrac
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

e^
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
frac
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

1
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset

2
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset

3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{8mm}{}\dfrac{e^{\frac{1}{2}}}{3}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para fracciones anidadas se puede usar el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
cfrac
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! C ! \\textbackslash cfrac"

\end_inset

.
 Un ejemplo:
\begin_inset VSpace -3mm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*}
\textrm{creada con \textbf{\textbackslash frac} } &  & \textrm{creada con }\mathbf{\textbackslash\textbf{cfrac}}\\
\frac{A}{B+\frac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} &  & \cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\cfrac{E}{F}}{D}}\end{align*}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El comando para el ejemplo de arriba es:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
cfrac{A
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
{B+
\backslash
cfrac{C+
\backslash
cfrac{E
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
{F
\begin_inset Formula $\to\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
{D
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
cfrac
\series default
 compone la fracción siempre en el tamaño del estilo presentación, también
 cuando es parte de otra fracción.
 
\series bold

\backslash
cfrac
\series default
 tiene el siguiente esquema de comando:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
cfrac[posición del numerador]{numerador}{denominador}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
La posición del numerador puede ser 
\emph on
l
\emph default
, 
\emph on
c
\emph default
 o 
\emph on
r
\emph default
 .
 
\emph on
l
\emph default
 o 
\emph on
r
\emph default
 alinean el numerador a la izquierda o a la derecha, respectivamente, de
 la raya de fracción.
 Si se pone 
\emph on
c
\emph default
 o no se especifica posición, el numerador aparece centrado.
 Estas fracciones muestran las distintas alineaciones:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac[l]{A}{B+C}$
\end_inset

 ; 
\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac{A}{B+C}$
\end_inset

 ; 
\begin_inset Formula $\cfrac[r]{A}{B+C}$
\end_inset

 
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Muchas veces es adecuado combinar 
\series bold

\backslash
cfrac
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
frac
\series default
:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para componer fracciones en línea con raya de fracción inclinada puedes
 usar el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
nicefrac
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! N ! \\textbackslash nicefrac"

\end_inset

: 
\begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{5}{31}$
\end_inset

 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Fracciones-personalizadas"

\end_inset

 se explica cómo componer fracciones personalizadas en las que la raya de
 fracción se puede cambiar.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Raíces
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Raíces"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Las raíces cuadradas se componen con 
\series bold

\backslash
sqrt
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash sqrt"

\end_inset

 o con el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/sqrt.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 de la barra de herramientas de ecuaciones; todas las demás raíces con el
 comando 
\series bold

\backslash
root
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash root"

\end_inset

 o con el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/root.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sqrt
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A-B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqrt{A-B}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
root
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

3
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset

A-B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqrt[3]{A-B}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Una raíz cuadrada se compone también con 
\series bold

\backslash
root
\series default
 dejando vacío el campo del índice.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Con ciertos índices la distancia a la raíz es demasiado pequeña, como en
 la raíz: 
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[\beta]{B}$
\end_inset


\newline
La 
\begin_inset Formula $\beta$
\end_inset

 toca la raíz.
 Para evitar esto se usan los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
leftroot
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash leftroot"

\end_inset

 y 
\series bold

\backslash
uproot
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! U ! \\textbackslash uproot"

\end_inset

 con el esquema siguiente:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
leftroot{distancia}
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
uproot{distancia}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Distancia es el número de Puntos Grandes (
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

Big Points
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

, unidad bp; 
\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{72\, bp=1\, pulgada}$
\end_inset

) que debería moverse el índice a la izquierda o arriba, respectivamente.
 Los comandos se escriben en el índice.
 Así, el comando:
\newline

\series bold

\backslash
root
\backslash
leftroot{-1
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
uproot{2
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
beta
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset

B
\newline

\series default
genera una fórmula correctamente tipografiada: 
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[\leftroot{-1}\uproot{2}\beta]{B}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Coeficientes de un binomio
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Binomios"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los coeficientes de un binomio se insertan con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
binom
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash binom"

\end_inset

 o con el submenú del botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/frac-square.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

de la barra de herramientas de ecuaciones.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
binom
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset

B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\binom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
dbinom{A
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
\end_inset


\backslash
{B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dbinom{A}{B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Como en las fracciones, además de 
\series bold

\backslash
binom
\series default
 hay los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
dbinom
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash dbinom"

\end_inset


\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
tbinom
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash tbinom"

\end_inset

, con el esquema siguiente: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
dbinom{numerador}{denominador}
\series default
 y
\newline

\series bold

\backslash
tbinom{numerador}{denominador}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Diferenciaciones de casos
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Casos"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
cases
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset

B>0
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! C ! \\textbackslash cases"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{cases}
A & B>0\end{cases}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
cases
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

Ctrl-Enter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{cases}
A & \textrm{para }x>0\\
B & \textrm{para }x=0\end{cases}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Después de insertar 
\series bold

\backslash
cases
\series default
 o usar el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/cases.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 de la barra de ecuaciones puedes añadir líneas nuevas con el atajo 
\family sans
Ctrl-Enter
\family default
 o con el botón
\family sans
 
\family default

\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/tabular-feature_append-row.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 de la barra de tablas.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El comando 
\series bold

\backslash
cases
\series default
 también está disponible en el menú 
\family sans
Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Entorno casos
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Negaciones
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Negaciones"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
not
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! N ! \\textbackslash not"

\end_inset

 todo carácter se puede mostrar cancelado.
 Los caracteres son casi tachados con una barra inclinada.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
not=
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\not=$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
not 
\backslash
le
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\not\le$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
not 
\backslash
parallel
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\not\parallel$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El último ejemplo muestra que no todas las negaciones tienen buen aspecto.
 Por tanto para algunas negaciones hay comandos especiales (véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Símbolos-matemáticos"

\end_inset

 y 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Relaciones"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Espaciadores fantasma 
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Espaciadores-fantasma"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Espaciadores fantasma"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Química ! isótopos"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Isótopos|see{Química}"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En la presentación de isótopos
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Más sobre símbolos químicos en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Símbolos-y-ecuaciones-químicas"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
e., surge el problema siguiente:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Índices generados con sub- y superíndices:
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $_{9}^{19}\textrm{F}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Índices correctos:
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $_{\phantom{1}9}^{19}\textrm{F}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Por defecto, el índice más corto se coloca sobre o bajo el primer carácter
 del índice más largo.
 Para evitarlo está el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
phantom
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! P ! \\textbackslash phantom"

\end_inset

 o el botón \InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/phantom.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 del submenú de espaciado de ecuaciones
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/space.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 de la barra de ecuaciones
\end_layout

\end_inset

, que genera uno o más caracteres fantasma.
 Al insertar 
\series bold

\backslash
phantom
\series default
 aparece un pequeño marco azul con dos flechas rojas superpuestas
\begin_inset Formula $\phantom{}$
\end_inset

.
 Las flechas indican que se utilizarán como espaciador la anchura y altura
 totales del contenido del marco.
 Los caracteres fantasmas son espaciadores adecuados al tamaño de los caracteres.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
^19
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

_
\backslash
phantom
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

1
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
\end_inset

9
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

F
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{}_{\phantom{1}9}^{19}\textrm{F}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
^235
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

_
\backslash
phantom
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

23
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
\end_inset

9
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

F
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}{}_{\phantom{23}9}^{235}\textrm{F}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Lambda^
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
phantom
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

ii
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
\end_inset

t
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

_MMt
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\Lambda_{MMt}^{\phantom{ii}t}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Además hay los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
vphantom
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! V ! \\textbackslash vphantom"

\end_inset

 (botón \InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/vphantom.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

) y 
\series bold

\backslash
hphantom
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash hphantom"

\end_inset

 (botón \InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/hphantom.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

).
 
\series bold

\backslash
hphantom
\series default
 genera espacio en el marco sólo para la altura máxima de los caracteres,
 no para su anchura.
 
\series bold

\backslash
vphantom
\series default
 genera espacio sólo para la anchura del contenido del marco.
 Por esto los marcos de estos comandos sólo tienen una flecha roja.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Por ejemplo, 
\series bold

\backslash
vphantom
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold
a
\backslash
int
\series default
 genera espacio de la altura del signo de la integral
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
El comando 
\series bold

\backslash
int
\series default
 genera un signo de integral, véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Operadores-grandes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

, porque este es el carácter más largo.
 Hay un ejemplo de aplicación en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Delimitadores-multilínea"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Barras
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Barras"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! sub- o superrayada"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
overline
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A+B
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! O ! \\textbackslash overline"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\overline{A+B}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
underline
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A+B
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! U ! \\textbackslash underline"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\underline{A+B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
overline
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
underline
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A+B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\overline{\underline{A+B}}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En el último ejemplo es indiferente poner primero 
\series bold

\backslash
overline
\series default
 o 
\series bold

\backslash
underline
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para poner doble subrayado, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
e.
 en resultados, se usa 
\series bold

\backslash
underline
\series default
 dos veces.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Es posible colocar hasta 6 líneas sobre o bajo los caracteres.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Puntos
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Puntos"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Hay distintos tipos de puntos disponibles.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
En la barra de herramientas de ecuaciones, en el panel del botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/ldots.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Para continuación en enumeraciones se usan puntos bajos, (
\series bold

\backslash
ldots
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash ldots"

\end_inset

), mientras que para operaciones se usan puntos centrados a la misma altura
 que los operadores, (
\series bold

\backslash
cdots
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! C ! \\textbackslash cdots"

\end_inset

).
 Si se usa el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
dots
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash dots"

\end_inset

, LaTeX decide el tipo a usar en función del carácter siguiente.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
A_1
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

,
\backslash
dots
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

,A_n
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A_{1},\dots,A_{n}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
A_1
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

+
\backslash
dots
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

+A_n
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A_{1}+\dots+A_{n}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
A_1
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

,
\backslash
ldots
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

,A_n
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A_{1},\ldots,A_{n}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
A_1
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

+
\backslash
cdots
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

+A_n
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A_{1}+\cdots+A_{n}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
vdots
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\vdots$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ddots
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\ddots$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Matriz\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
3×3 con los distintos puntos
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc}
A_{11} & \cdots & A_{1m}\\
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\
A_{n1} & \cdots & A_{nm}\end{array}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los puntos suspensivos disponibles en el menú 
\family sans
Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Carácter especial
\family default
 son 
\series bold

\backslash
ldots
\series default
.
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Hay puntos específicos para matrices que se extienden por varias columnas.
 Se generan con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
hdotsfor
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash hdotsfor"

\end_inset

, que tiene el siguiente esquema:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
hdotsfor[distancia]{número de columnas}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Número de columnas especifica cuántas columnas deben abarcarse.
 Distancia es un factor para la separación entre los puntos.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En la siguiente matriz se ha insertado el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
hdotsfor[2]{4}
\series default
 en el primer recuadro de la segunda línea para obtener puntos separados
 una distancia equivalente a dos veces la del comando 
\series bold

\backslash
dots
\series default
.
\begin_inset Formula \[
\left(\begin{array}{cccc}
A & B & C & D\\
\hdotsfor[2]{4}\\
q & w & e & r\end{array}\right)\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Ten en cuenta que los campos abarcados de la matriz deben estar vacíos,
 de lo contrario se producen errores de LaTeX.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Además, con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
dotfill
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash dotfill"

\end_inset

 puedes completar con puntos una línea.
 El efecto de este tipo de comandos es como el de 
\series bold

\backslash
hfill
\series default
, véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Espacio-variable"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Por ejemplo el comando 
\series bold
A
\backslash
dotfill
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold
B
\series default
 genera
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A\dotfill B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Un comando análogo a 
\series bold

\backslash
dotfill
\series default
 para rellenar con una línea es 
\series bold

\backslash
hrulefill
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash hrulefill"

\end_inset

:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A\hrulefill B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para usar estos comandos en el texto, deben insertarse en modo TeX.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Matrices
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Matrices"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Matrices"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Se pueden insertar matrices con el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/dialog-show_mathmatrix.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 de la barra de ecuaciones o con el menú 
\family sans
Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Matriz
\family default
.
 Se te pedirá el número de filas y columnas y la alineación.
 La alineación vertical sólo es relevante para matrices en línea:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Esta primera matriz tiene alineación superior 
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[t]{cccc}
A & D & G & J\\
B & E & H & K\\
D & F & I & L\end{array}$
\end_inset

 , la segunda alineación central 
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{cccc}
A & D & G & J\\
B & E & H & K\\
D & F & I & L\end{array}$
\end_inset

 , y la tercera alineación inferior 
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[b]{cccc}
A & D & G & J\\
B & E & H & K\\
D & F & I & L\end{array}$
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
La alineación horizontal especifica cómo deben alinearse las entradas de
 la columna.
 Se determina mediante una letra para cada columna.
 
\emph on
l
\emph default
 indica alineación a la izquierda, 
\emph on
c
\emph default
 alineación centrada y 
\emph on
r
\emph default
 alineación a la derecha.
 Por ejemplo, para componer una matriz\InsetSpace ~
4×4 con la primera columna alineada
 a la izquierda, la segunda y la tercera centradas y la última a la derecha,
 se anota 
\series bold
lccr
\series default
 en la alineación horizontal.
 Normalmente todas las columnas de una matriz están centradas, por tanto
 el valor por defecto es 
\series bold
c
\series default
 para todas ellas.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Alineación horizontal:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
lll
\series default
 : 
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{lll}
10000 & D & G\\
B & 10000 & H\\
C & F & 10000\end{array}$
\end_inset

 , 
\series bold
ccc 
\series default
: 
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc}
10000 & D & G\\
B & 10000 & H\\
C & F & 10000\end{array}$
\end_inset

 
\series bold
,
\series default
 
\series bold
rrr 
\series default
: 
\begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{rrr}
10000 & D & G\\
B & 10000 & H\\
C & F & 10000\end{array}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para añadir o borrar filas y columnas posteriormente, se pueden usar los
 botones 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/tabular-feature_append-row.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

, etc.
 de la barra de ecuaciones o el menú 
\family sans
Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Filas y columnas
\family default
.
 También se pueden añadir filas nuevas con 
\family sans
Ctrl-Enter
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Se pueden poner paréntesis alrededor de una matriz con los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
left
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash left"

\end_inset

 y 
\series bold

\backslash
right
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash right"

\end_inset

 (atajo 
\family sans
Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
paréntesis
\family default
), véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Tamaño-automático-de"

\end_inset

, o usando los comandos siguientes:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bmatrix
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

2
\series bold
×
\series default
2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
matrix
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Bmatrix
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

2×2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
matrix
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{Bmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
pmatrix
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

2
\series bold
×
\series default
2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
matrix
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{pmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{pmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
vmatrix
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

2
\series bold
×
\series default
2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
matrix
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Vmatrix
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

2
\series bold
×
\series default
2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
matrix
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{Vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{Vmatrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
matrix
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

2
\series bold
×
\series default
2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
matrix
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7.5mm}{}\begin{matrix}\begin{array}{cc}
0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
\mathrm{i} & 0\end{array}\end{matrix}\raisebox{-5.3mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Cuando se inserta p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
e.\InsetSpace ~

\series bold

\backslash
vmatrix
\series default
, aparece un recuadro azul entre dos líneas verticales donde se inserta
 la matriz.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Como todas las ecuaciones multilínea son matrices, la longitud 
\series bold

\backslash
arraycolsep
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash arraycolsep"

\end_inset

, que se describe en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Separación-de-columnas"

\end_inset

, también se puede usar para cambiar la separación de las columnas en una
 matriz.
 Para cambiar la separación de las filas, se usa el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
arraystretch
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash arraystretch"

\end_inset

 de la siguiente manera:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
arraystretch}{factor de separación}
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash renewcommand"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El comando 
\series bold

\backslash
renewcommand
\series default
 asigna el factor de separación al comando predefinido 
\series bold

\backslash
arraystretch
\series default
.
 Por ejemplo, para doblar la separación de las filas, pones factor 2.
 Además, este se usa para todas las matrices siguientes.
 Para volver a la separación original, asigna factor 1 a 
\series bold

\backslash
arraystretch
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para poner matrices en línea se usa el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
smallmatrix
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash smallmatrix"

\end_inset

.
 Al insertarlo aparece un recuadro azul con dos líneas de trazos en el que
 se inserta la matriz.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Esto es una matriz 
\begin_inset Formula $\left(\begin{smallmatrix}A & B\\
C & D\end{smallmatrix}\right)$
\end_inset

 en línea.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Delimitadores
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Delimitadores"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Delimitadores verticales
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Delimitadores ! verticales"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
(
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $($
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
{
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\{$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
[
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $[$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
langle
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\langle$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
lceil
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\lceil$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
lfloor
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\lfloor$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
/
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $/$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
|
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $|$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $)$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $]$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
rangle
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\rangle$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
rceil
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\rceil$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
rfloor
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\rfloor$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash

\backslash

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\backslash$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
|
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\|$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Nota
\series default
: En modo TeX hay que usar el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
textbackslash
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash textbackslash"

\end_inset

 para la barra invertida, porque si no el comando 
\series bold

\backslash

\backslash

\series default
 genera un salto de línea.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El tamaño de los caracteres listados arriba se puede ajustar con los comandos
 descritos en las dos subsecciones siguientes.
 Cuando se emplean esos comandos se pueden usar directamente los caracteres
 <\InsetSpace ~
 y > en vez de los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
langle
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
rangle
\series default
.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Tamaño manual de los delimitadores
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Tamaño-manual-de"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Delimitadores ! tamaño manual"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El tamaño de los delimitadores se puede determinar manualmente con los comandos
 LaTeX 
\series bold

\backslash
big
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash big"

\end_inset

, 
\series bold

\backslash
Big
\series default
, 
\series bold

\backslash
bigg
\series default
, y 
\series bold

\backslash
Bigg
\series default
.
 
\series bold

\backslash
big
\series default
 indica el tamaño menor y 
\series bold

\backslash
Bigg
\series default
 el mayor.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Estos comandos se usan para resaltar niveles de delimitación:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
todos los delimitadores de igual tamaño:
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $((A+B)(A-B))^{C}{\normalcolor \raisebox{-4mm}{}}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
así tiene mejor aspecto:
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Big((A+B)(A-B)\Big)^{C}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para la segunda expresión se ha empleado el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
Big((A+B)(A-B)
\backslash
Big)^
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold
C
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
He aquí una visión conjunta de todos los tamaños y delimitadores:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center

\backslash
Bigg(
\backslash
exp
\backslash
bigg<
\backslash
Big[
\backslash
big{
\backslash
ln(3x)
\backslash
big}^2
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
sen(x)
\backslash
Big]^
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
bigg>
\backslash
Bigg)^0,5
\begin_inset Formula \[
\Bigg(\exp\bigg<\Big[\big\{\ln(3x)\big\}^{2}\sen(x)\Big]^{A}\bigg>\Bigg)^{0,5}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Además de los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
big
\series default
 hay la variante 
\series bold

\backslash
bigm
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash bigm"

\end_inset

, que añade un poco más de espacio entre el delimitador y su contenido,
 y la variante 
\series bold

\backslash
bigl
\series default
-
\series bold

\backslash
bigr
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash bigl - \\textbackslash bigr"

\end_inset

, que no añade espacio adicional.
 La 
\emph on
l
\emph default
 al final del comando 
\series bold

\backslash
bigl 
\series default
es para el delimitador izquierdo, la 
\emph on
r
\emph default
 es para el delimitador derecho.
 Un delimitador izquierdo o derecho puede ser cada uno un delimitador de
 apertura o de cierre.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En el siguiente cuadro hay una comparación de las variantes:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Bigm(
\backslash
bigm(
\backslash
ln(3x)
\backslash
bigm)^2
\series bold

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default

\backslash
Bigm)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Bigm(\bigm(\ln(3x)\bigm)^{2}\Bigm)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Big(
\backslash
big(
\backslash
ln(3x)
\backslash
big)^2
\series bold

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default

\backslash
Big)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Big(\big(\ln(3x)\big)^{2}\Big)\raisebox{-3.25mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Bigl(
\backslash
bigl(
\backslash
ln(3x)
\backslash
bigr)^2
\series bold

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default

\backslash
Bigr)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5.5mm}{}\Bigl(\bigl(\ln(3x)\bigr)^{2}\Bigr)\raisebox{-3.2mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bigl)
\backslash
ln(3x)
\backslash
bigr(
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\bigl)\ln(3x)\bigr(\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Tamaño automático de los delimitadores
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Tamaño-automático-de"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Delimitadores ! tamaño automático"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Se pueden insertar delimitadores de tamaño variable con los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
left
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash left"

\end_inset

 y 
\series bold

\backslash
right
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash right"

\end_inset

 o con el botón de la barra de ecuaciones 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/dialog-show_mathdelimiter.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

.
 El delimitador deseado se debe insertar directamente detrás de 
\series bold

\backslash
left
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
right
\series default
.
 El tamaño se calculará automáticamente después para la salida.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
delimitador normal: El comando 
\series bold

\backslash
ln(
\backslash
frac
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold
A
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset

C
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold
)
\series default
 genera
\begin_inset Formula \[
\ln(\frac{A}{C})\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
delimitador multilínea: El comando 
\series bold

\backslash
ln
\backslash
left(
\backslash
frac
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold
A
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset

C
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold

\backslash
right)
\series default
 genera
\begin_inset Formula \[
\ln\left(\frac{A}{C}\right)\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En lugar de 
\series bold

\backslash
left
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
right
\series default
 se puede usar el atajo 
\family sans
Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
delimitador
\family default
.
 Esto tiene la ventaja de que puedes ver inmediatamente en LyX el tamaño
 real del delimitador y además se genera el correspondiente delimitador
 de cierre.
\newline
El comando para el último ejemplo sería 
\series bold

\backslash
ln Alt-m
\series default
 
\series bold
(
\backslash
frac
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset

C 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para omitir uno de los dos delimitadores se inserta un punto.
 Por ejemplo, el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
left.
\backslash
frac
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold
A
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset

B
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold

\backslash
right}
\series default
 da lugar a:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\left.\frac{A}{B}\right\} \]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX convertirá los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
left
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
right
\series default
 a su tamaño adecuado cuando el documento sea recargado y el delimitador
 omitido aparecerá como línea de trazos.
 
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Como todas las distribuciones habituales de LaTeX incluyen eTeX, una extensión
 de LaTeX, el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
middle
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash middle"

\end_inset

 está también disponible para todos los delimitadores y límites.
 Con este comando la altura del siguiente carácter se adapta a la de los
 delimitadores circundantes, lo que es necesario, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
e., para vectores físicos:
 
\begin_inset Formula \[
\left\langle \phi\;\middle|\; J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}\right\rangle \]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para vectores físicos hay un paquete LaTeX especial que se describe en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Vectores-físicos"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Delimitadores horizontales
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Delimitadores ! horizontales"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
raisebox{2.3mm}{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
overbrace
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A+B
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

^
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

3
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! O ! \\textbackslash overbrace"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\overbrace{A+B}^{3}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
raisebox{-2.2mm}{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
underbrace
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A+B
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

_5
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! U ! \\textbackslash underbrace"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{A+B}_{5}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
overbrace
\backslash
underbrace
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A+B_w
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

_7
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

^
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

C
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\overbrace{\underbrace{A+B_{w}}_{7}}^{C}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En el último ejemplo no importa en qué orden se introducen los comandos
 
\series bold

\backslash
overbrace
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
underbrace
\series default
.
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Si un delimitador debe estar superpuesto a otro, hay que usar ecuaciones
 multilínea, como se describe en\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Ecuaciones-multilínea"

\end_inset

:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\\
 &  & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\underbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}_{s}\end{eqnarray*}

\end_inset

En la primera fila se insertan la ecuación y la primera llave.
 Aquí es importante insertar el comando de espacio
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Los comandos para espacios se explican en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Espacios-predefinidos"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\series bold

\backslash
:
\series default
 antes de la primera
\series bold
 
\series default

\begin_inset Formula $d$
\end_inset

, porque la llave que termina detrás de 
\begin_inset Formula $q$
\end_inset

 impide que el siguiente 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

+
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 esté rodeado de espacio.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Debido a que la llave no es considerada como carácter, véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Operadores-binarios"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

 En la segunda fila se inserta la segunda llave: como debe comenzar antes
 de 
\begin_inset Formula $b$
\end_inset

 se inserta antes el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
hphantom{gggg+
\backslash
:}
\series default
.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Más sobre 
\series bold

\backslash
hphantom
\series default
 en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Espaciadores-fantasma"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

 Ese espacio es necesario porque el signo 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

+
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 va seguido de un espacio en la ecuación.
 La llave se coloca bajo el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
hphantom{bbqq+dddd}
\series default
.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Resulta más complicado cuando una llave debe solapar a otra como en el siguiente
 ejemplo:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
jot}{-6pt}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
 &  & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\overbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}^{s}\\
A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\: dddd\end{eqnarray*}

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
jot}{3pt}
\end_layout

\end_inset

La primera fila de la ecuación es igual que la segunda fila del ejemplo
 anterior, con la diferencia de que la llave está encima.
 La segunda fila contiene la ecuación junto con la segunda llave.
 Para evitar que haya demasiado espacio entre la llave superior en la primera
 fila y la ecuación hay que reducirlo.
 Esto no es fácil de hacer debido a un fallo de LyX
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1505}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

LyX-bug #1505
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 Una solución es cambiar la separación global de filas en la ecuación, 
\series bold

\backslash
jot
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! J ! \\textbackslash jot"

\end_inset

, en -6\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pt insertando antes de la ecuación el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
jot}{-6pt}
\series default
 en modo TeX.
 Después de la ecuación se vuelve al valor normal 3\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pt de 
\series bold

\backslash
jot
\series default
 usando el mismo comando.
 Más información sobre separación de filas en ecuaciones en\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Separación-de-líneas"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Flechas
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Flechas"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Las flechas se pueden insertar con el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/leftarrow.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 de la barra de ecuaciones o mediante los comandos listados en las subsecciones
 siguientes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Flechas horizontales
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Flechas ! horizontales"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
gets
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Leftarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Leftarrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
longleftarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\longleftarrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Longleftarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Longleftarrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
leftharpoonup
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\leftharpoonup$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
leftharpoondown
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\leftharpoondown$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
hookleftarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\hookleftarrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
to
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Rightarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Rightarrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
longrightarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\longrightarrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Longrightarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Longrightarrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
rightharpoonup
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\rightharpoonup$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
rightharpoondown
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\rightharpoondown$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
hookrightarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\hookrightarrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
leftrightarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\leftrightarrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Leftrightarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Leftrightarrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
longleftrightarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\longleftrightarrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Longleftrightarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Longleftrightarrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
rightleftharpoons
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\rightleftharpoons$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
hspace{25pt}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
mapsto
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mapsto$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
longmapsto
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\longmapsto$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
leadsto
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\leadsto$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
dasharrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\dasharrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Las flechas que se utilizan como acentos, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
e.
 en vectores, se describen en\InsetSpace ~
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Acentos"

\end_inset

.
 
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Además hay las flechas etiquetadas
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Flechas ! etiquetadas"

\end_inset

 
\series bold

\backslash
xleftarrow
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! X ! \\textbackslash xleftarrow"

\end_inset

 y 
\series bold

\backslash
xrightarrow
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! X ! \\textbackslash xrightarrow\\vspace{4mm}"

\end_inset

.
 Cuando se inserta uno de estos comandos en una ecuación aparece una flecha
 con dos marcos azules donde se puede insertar la etiqueta.
 La longitud de la flecha se adapta a la anchura de la etiqueta.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
F(a)
\backslash
xleftarrow
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

x=a
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset

x>0
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset

F(x)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}F(a)\xleftarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(x)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
F(x)
\backslash
xrightarrow
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

x=a
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset

x>0
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset

F(a)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}F(x)\xrightarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(a)\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Flechas verticales y diagonales
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Flechas ! diagonales"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Flechas ! verticales"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
uparrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Uparrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Uparrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
updownarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\updownarrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Updownarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Updownarrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Downarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Downarrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
downarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
nearrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\nearrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
searrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\searrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
swarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\swarrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
nwarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\nwarrow$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Las flechas verticales también se pueden usar como delimitadores junto con
 los comandos descritos en\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Tamaño-manual-de"

\end_inset

 y 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Tamaño-automático-de"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Acentos
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Acentos"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Acentos"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los acentos se pueden insertar con el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/hat.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 o mediante los comandos listados en las siguientes subsecciones.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Acentos para un carácter
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
texorpdfstring{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
Para acentos en texto, véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Acentos-en-texto"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}{}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
texorpdfstring se usa para evitar que la nota al pie aparezca en los marcadores
 PDF.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Más sobre 
\backslash
texorpdfstring en la sección 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Ecuaciones-en-títulos"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Acentos-para-un"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Acentos ! para un carácter"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
dot
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dot{A}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ddot
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddot{A}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
dddot
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\dddot{A}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ddddot{A
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddddot{A}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
vec
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Vectores"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\vec{A}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bar
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\bar{A}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
mathring
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\mathring{A}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
tilde
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\tilde{A}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
hat
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\hat{A}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
check
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\check{A}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
acute
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\acute{A}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
grave
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\grave{A}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
breve
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\breve{A}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para poner diéresis
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Diéresis"

\end_inset

 en una ecuación se insertan comillas antes de la vocal.
 Estos dos caracteres son considerados por LaTeX como 
\emph on
un solo
\emph default
 carácter si la parte de la ecuación con la diéresis se marca con idioma
 alemán.
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
O algún otro idioma que use acentos, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
e.
 catalán.
 Sin embargo, en español no funciona por algún conflicto con el estilo 
\series bold
spanish
\series default
 de 
\series bold
babel
\series default
.
 Dicho estilo suministra la orden 
\series bold

\backslash
dotlessi
\series default
 para generar una 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

i
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 sin punto en modo matemático, que se puede usar como alternativa al comando
 
\series bold

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

i
\series default
, p.e., el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
ddot
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold

\backslash
dotlessi
\series default
 genera
\series bold
 
\series default

\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{\dotlessi}$
\end_inset

.
 Véase la documentación del estilo, 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "spanish"

\end_inset

.
 También se puede usar 
\series bold

\backslash
imath
\series default
 en vez de 
\series bold

\backslash
dotlessi
\series default
.
 (
\emph on
N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
del t.
\emph default
)
\end_layout

\end_inset

 A diferencia de 
\series bold

\backslash
ddot
\series default
, con este método se generan diéresis 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

reales
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

, como se demuestra en el siguiente ejemplo:
\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
\lang english

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset

i
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{\dotlessi}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ddot
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

i
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\ddot{i}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Otra ventaja con 
\series bold

\backslash
ddot
\series default
 es que la diéresis puede convertirse directamente a texto matemático, porque
 los comandos para acentos de arriba 
\emph on
no están permitidos en texto matemático
\emph default
.
 Para convertir un carácter acentuado a texto matemático, se debe convertir
 sólo el carácter bajo el acento.
 Esto también se aplica para otras conversiones, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
e.\InsetSpace ~
cursiva o negrita.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En texto matemático, la diéresis y otros acentos pueden insertarse directamente.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Acentos para operadores
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Acentos ! en operadores"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Con los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
overset
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! O ! \\textbackslash overset"

\end_inset

 y 
\series bold

\backslash
underset
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! U ! \\textbackslash underset"

\end_inset

 se pueden colocar caracteres sobre o bajo un operador, respectivamente.
 Con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
sideset
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash sideset"

\end_inset

 se pueden poner caracteres delante y detrás de un operador.
 El esquema del comando es:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
sideset{carácter
\series default
 
\series bold
anterior}{carácter posterior}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
sideset
\series default
 siempre debe estar delante del operador que debe acentuarse.
 Se puede acentuar con varios caracteres e incluso con otros operadores
 y símbolos.
 Para colocar caracteres sólo detrás, por ejemplo, con 
\series bold

\backslash
sideset
\series default
, no debe escribirse nada en el primer par de llaves, pero sin quitarlas.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Por ejemplo, el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
sideset{
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
{
\series default
'
\series bold

\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
sum_k=1
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default
^
\series bold

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

n
\series default
 genera:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\sideset{}{'}\sum_{k=1}^{n}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El comando 
\series bold

\backslash
overset
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
maltese
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default

\begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
\end_inset


\series bold
a
\series default
 genera:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\overset{a}{\maltese}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Como se ve en el último ejemplo, con 
\series bold

\backslash
overset
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
underset
\series default
 también se pueden acentuar símbolos y caracteres; con 
\series bold

\backslash
sideset
\series default
 esto no es posible.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Acentos para varios caracteres
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Acentos-para-varios"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Acentos ! en varios caracteres"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
overleftarrow
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overleftarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
underleftarrow
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underleftarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
overleftrightarrow
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overleftrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
underleftrightarrow
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underleftrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
overrightarrow
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\overrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
underrightarrow
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}\underrightarrow{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
widetilde
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\widetilde{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
widehat
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\widehat{A=B}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Con estos comandos se pueden acentuar tantos caracteres como quieras.
 Pero los acentos 
\series bold

\backslash
widetilde
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
widehat
\series default
 sólo pueden abarcar tres caracteres en la salida, como se muestra en este
 ejemplo:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\widetilde{A+B=C-D}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Con los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
overset
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! O ! \\textbackslash overset"

\end_inset

 y 
\series bold

\backslash
underset
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! U ! \\textbackslash underset"

\end_inset

, descritos en la subsección anterior, también se pueden acentuar varios
 caracteres.
 El comando 
\series bold

\backslash
underset
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset

***
\series default
 da:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\underset{***}{A=B}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Espacios
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Espacio"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Espacio ! horizontal"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Espacio predefinido
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Espacio-predefinido"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Espacio ! horizontal ! predefinido"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A veces es necesario insertar espacio horizontal en una ecuación.
 Esto se hace insertando un espacio protegido (atajo 
\family sans
Ctrl-Espacio
\family default
).
 Aparece un 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 azul, y pulsando 
\family sans
Espacio
\family default
 sucesivas veces se pueden seleccionar hasta ocho diferentes tamaños de
 espacio.
 También se pueden insertar espacios mediante el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/space.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 de la barra de ecuaciones o con comandos especiales.
 Independientemente del comando insertado, se puede seleccionar de nuevo
 el tamaño pulsando acto seguido 
\family sans
Espacio.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset VSpace -5mm
\end_inset


\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="7">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" leftline="true" width="6.8cm">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
,
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
:
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
;
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
quad
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
qquad
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
!
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Número de pulsaciones de 
\family sans
Espacio
\family default
 tras insertar el espacio protegido
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
0
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
4
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
5
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A\, B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A\: B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A\; B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A\quad B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A\qquad B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A\! B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El último tamaño parece no generar espacio.
 A diferencia de los otros se muestra en rojo en LyX, porque es un espacio
 negativo.
 Hay otros dos espacios negativos:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" leftline="true" width="6.8cm">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
negmedspace
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
negthickspace
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Número de pulsaciones de 
\family sans
Espacio
\family default
 tras insertar el espacio protegido
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
6
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
7
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A\negmedspace B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A\negthickspace B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los espacios negativos pueden dar lugar a caracteres solapados con otros.
 Así, se pueden usar para forzar ligaduras, lo que es apropiado, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
e., para
 operadores de suma: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sum
\backslash
sum
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

f_kl
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sum\sum f_{kl}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sum
\backslash
negmedspace
\backslash
sum
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

f_kl
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sum\negmedspace\sum f_{kl}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Relaciones como por ejemplo el signo igual siempre están rodeadas por espacios.
 Para suprimirlos, el signo igual se coloca entre llaves TeX.
 El siguiente ejemplo lo ilustra:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
ecuación normal
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}$
\end_inset

ecuación sin espacio
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A{=}B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El comando para la segunda ecuación es: 
\series bold
A
\backslash
{=
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
\end_inset

B
\series default
 
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para las unidades físicas hacen falta espacios, porque el espacio entre
 el valor y su unidad es el espacio más pequeño y no el normal.
 Para unidades en el texto el espacio más pequeño se inserta con el menú
 
\family sans
Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Formato\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Espacio\InsetSpace ~
delgado
\family default
 (atajo 
\family sans
Ctrl-Mayúscula-Espacio
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Un ejemplo para visualizar la diferencia:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
24 kW
\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
\end_inset

h
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
espacio entre valor y unidad 
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
24\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
kW
\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
\end_inset

h
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
espacio delgado entre valor y unidad
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Espacio variable
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
texorpdfstring{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
Para espacio vertical en ecuaciones véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Separación-de-líneas"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}{}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
texorpdfstring se usa para evitar que la nota al pie aparezca en los marcadores
 PDF.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Más sobre 
\backslash
texorpdfstring en la sección 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Ecuaciones-en-títulos"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Espacio-variable"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Espacio ! horizontal ! variable"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En LyX se puede insertar espacio con una longitud definida con el comando
\newline

\series bold

\backslash
hspace{longitud}
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash hspace"

\end_inset

.
 Para la longitud están permitidas todas las unidades de la 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Unidades-empleadas"

\end_inset

, excepto la unidad 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

mu
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

.
 La longitud también puede ser negativa.
 Para insertar en una ecuación tanto espacio como esté disponible se usa
 el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
hfill
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash hfill"

\end_inset

.
\begin_inset VSpace -1mm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
A=B
\backslash
hspace{3cm
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset

A
\backslash
not=C
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A=B\hspace{3cm}A\not=C$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
A
\backslash
hspace{-1mm
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset

A
\backslash
not=A
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A\hspace{-1mm}A\not=A$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
A=A
\backslash
hfill
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

B=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A=A\hfill B=B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En el último ejemplo el espacio disponible viene dado por la entrada más
 larga de columna en la tabla.
 En una ecuación en línea el espacio depende de la longitud de la línea
 en la que se inserta 
\series bold

\backslash
hfill
\series default
.
 Así, cuando la línea ocupa toda la anchura no se creará espacio.
 
\series bold

\backslash
hfill
\series default
 sólo tiene efecto en ecuaciones presentadas cuando se usa el estilo 
\series bold
Sangrado
\series default
.
 (Los estilos de ecuaciones se explican en\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
hspace
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
hfill
\series default
 también se pueden insertar en modo TeX para texto:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En esta línea hay un espacio
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
hspace{2cm}
\end_layout

\end_inset

de 2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
cm.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En esta línea hay un
\hfill
espacio máximo.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En el último ejemplo 
\series bold

\backslash
hfill
\series default
 se ha insertado con el menú 
\family sans
Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Formato\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Relleno\InsetSpace ~
horizontal
\family default
, que no es posible en ecuaciones.
 Esto tiene la ventaja de que se puede ver directamente en LyX que es un
 espacio flexible.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Si los comandos están al principio de una línea de texto pero no al principio
 de un párrafo, serán ignorados por LaTeX.
 Para evitar esto se usa el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
hspace*
\series default
 en vez de 
\series bold

\backslash
hspace
\series default
.
 Para conseguir lo mismo con 
\series bold

\backslash
hfill
\series default
 hay que insertar un salto de línea y un espacio fantasma
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Espaciadores-fantasma"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

 vacío, con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
vphantom{}
\series default
 en modo TeX antes de 
\series bold

\backslash
hfill
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Espacio adicional en ecuaciones en línea
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Espacio ! adicional en línea"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El espacio que rodea a una ecuación en línea se puede ajustar con la longitud
 
\series bold

\backslash
mathsurround
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mathsurround"

\end_inset


\series default
.
 El valor de una longitud se establece con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
setlength
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash setlength"

\end_inset

 según el siguiente esquema:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
setlength{nombre de la longitud}{valor}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para poner a 
\series bold

\backslash
mathsurround
\series default
 un valor de 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
mm, se inserta el comando
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
mathsurround}{5mm}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
en modo TeX.
 Se establecerá un espacio de 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
mm alrededor de todas las ecuaciones en línea:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
mathsurround}{5mm}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En esta línea hay una ecuación 
\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
\end_inset

 rodeada por espacios de 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
mm.
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
mathsurround}{0mm}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para volver al espacio predeterminado, 
\series bold

\backslash
mathsurround
\series default
 se restablece al valor 0\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pt.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Cuadros y marcos
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Marcos"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Marcos | see {Cuadros}"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los cuadros para texto se describen en el capítulo 
\emph on
Cuadros
\emph default
 del manual 
\emph on
Objetos incrustados
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Cuadros con marco
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Cuadros-con-marco"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Cuadros ! con marco"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Es posible enmarcar ecuaciones o partes de ellas con los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
fbox
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! F ! \\textbackslash fbox"

\end_inset

 y 
\series bold

\backslash
boxed
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash boxed"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Cuando uno de estos comandos se inserta en una ecuación, aparece un recuadro
 azul en un marco donde se introduce parte de una ecuación.
 Para 
\series bold

\backslash
fbox
\series default
 hay que generar una ecuación adicional con 
\family sans
Ctrl-m
\family default
 dentro del recuadro
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
Debido a un fallo de LyX, 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

LyX-bug #1435
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

, no es posible crear una nueva ecuación con 
\family sans
Ctrl-m
\family default
.
\end_layout

\end_inset

, porque si no el contenido del recuadro sería considerado texto matemático.
 Si se usa 
\series bold

\backslash
boxed
\series default
 la nueva ecuación se genera automáticamente dentro del marco.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El comando 
\series bold

\backslash
fbox
\series default
 no es adecuado para enmarcar ecuaciones en modo presentación, porque la
 ecuación tendría siempre el tamaño del texto.
 Por otra parte, 
\series bold

\backslash
fboxed
\series default
 no es adecuada para enmarcar ecuaciones en línea porque la ecuación tendría
 siempre el tamaño de una ecuación en modo presentación.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El comando 
\series bold

\backslash
framebox
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! F ! \\textbackslash framebox"

\end_inset

 es una extensión de 
\series bold

\backslash
fbox
\series default
, que permite especificar además la anchura del marco yla alineación.
 
\series bold

\backslash
framebox
\series default
 se usa con el siguiente esquema: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
framebox[anchura del marco][posición]{contenido del cuadro}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
La posición puede ser 
\emph on
l
\emph default
 o 
\emph on
r
\emph default
, 
\emph on
l
\emph default
 alinea la ecuación a la izquierda del cuadro, 
\emph on
r
\emph default
 la alinea a la derecha.
 Si no se da posición la ecuación será centrada.
\newline
Si no se pone anchura tampoco
 puede darse posición.
 En este caso la anchura del marco se ajusta al contenido del cuadro, como
 con 
\series bold

\backslash
fbox
\series default
.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Cuando se inserta el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
framebox
\series default
 aparece un recuadro con tres marcos azules.
 Los dos primeros marcos están encerrados entre corchetes e indican los
 dos argumentos opcionales.
 El tercer marco es para partes de la ecuación, como para 
\series bold

\backslash
fbox
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Standard
La tabla se ha puesto en una minipágina para que aparezca la nota al pie.
 De lo contrario el texto de la nota no se mostraría.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Box Frameless
position "t"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 1
inner_pos "t"
use_parbox 0
width "100col%"
special "none"
height "1in"
height_special "totalheight"
status open

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Debido a un fallo de LyX, 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

LyX-bug #1435
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

, no es posible crear una nueva ecuación con 
\family sans
Ctrl-m
\family default
.
 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
fbox
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
Ctrl-m
\family default
 
\backslash
int
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula \raisebox{6mm}{}\fbox{$\int A=B$}\raisebox{-4mm}{}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
boxed
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
int
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{8.5mm}{}\boxed{\int A=B}\raisebox{-6.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
A+
\backslash
fbox
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}A+\fbox{B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
framebox
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

20mm
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\family sans
Ctrl-m
\family default
 
\backslash
frac
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset

B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\framebox[20mm]{$\frac{A}{B}$}$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El grosor del marco también se puede ajustar.
 Para ello hay que insertar los siguientes comandos en modo TeX antes de
 la fórmula:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
fboxrule
\series default
 
\series bold

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

grosor
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset


\series default
 
\series bold

\backslash
fboxsep
\series default
 
\series bold

\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

distancia
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

distancia
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 especifica la distancia mínima entre el marco y el primer carácter en el
 cuadro.
 Un ejemplo de esto es la siguiente ecuación enmarcada:
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
fboxrule 2mm 
\backslash
fboxsep 3mm
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \[
\boxed{A+B=C}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Delante de esta ecuación se han insertado los comandos
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
fboxrule
\series default
 
\series bold
2mm
\series default
 
\series bold

\backslash
fboxsep
\series default
 
\series bold
3mm
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
en modo TeX.
 Los valores dados se usan para todos los cuadros siguientes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para volver al tamaño estándar del marco se inserta el comando
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
fboxrule
\series default
 
\series bold
0.4pt
\series default
 
\series bold

\backslash
fboxsep
\series default
 
\series bold
3pt
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
fboxrule 0.4pt 
\backslash
fboxsep 3pt
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
en modo TeX antes de la ecuación siguiente.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Cuadros sin marco
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Cuadros-sin-marco"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Cuadros ! sin marco"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para cuadros sin marco hay los siguientes comandos: 
\series bold

\backslash
mbox
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mbox"

\end_inset

, 
\series bold

\backslash
makebox
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash makebox"

\end_inset

 y 
\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash raisebox"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Con 
\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se puede poner un cuadro subíndice o superíndice, pero a diferencia de
 los normales, los caracteres en el cuadro mantienen su tamaño de fuente.
 
\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa con el siguiente esquema: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox{altura}{contenido del marco}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Cuando el cuadro tenga que contener una ecuación, hace falta una ecuación
 extra, como con 
\series bold

\backslash
fbox
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
H
\backslash
raisebox{2mm
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
{al
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset

 lo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{2mm}{al}lo$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
H
\backslash
raisebox{-2mm
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
{al
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset

lo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{-2mm}{al}lo$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
A=
\backslash
raisebox{-2mm
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
{
\family sans
Ctrl-m
\family default
 
\backslash
sqrt
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

B 
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

$A=
\backslash
raisebox{-2mm}{$
\backslash
sqrt{B}$}$
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
La última ecuación sólo se puede componer, de momento, usando el modo TeX
 porque LyX inserta un cuadro en lugar de la ecuación extra que hace falta.
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
véase 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

LyX-bug #1435
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El comando 
\series bold

\backslash
mbox
\series default
 es equivalente a 
\series bold

\backslash
fbox
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
makebox
\series default
 es equivalente a 
\series bold

\backslash
framebox
\series default
, con la diferencia de que no hay marco.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Cuadros coloreados
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Cuadros-coloreados"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Cuadros ! coloreados"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para poder usar todos los comandos explicados en esta sección hay que cargar
 en el preámbulo LaTeX el paquete LaTeX 
\series bold
color
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
El paquete LaTeX 
\series bold
color
\series default
 forma parte de toda distribución LaTeX estándar.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! color"

\end_inset

, con la línea
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Cuando hay texto coloreado con un color predefinido en alguna parte del
 documento, LyX carga automáticamente el paquete LaTeX 
\series bold
color
\series default
.
 Por tanto es posible que el paquete sea cargado dos veces, pero esto no
 origina problemas.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Standard
Para evitar que el paquete sea cargado dos veces se ha insertado una macro
 en el preámbulo LaTeX.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
usepackage{color}
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para colorear cuadros se usa el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
colorbox
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! C ! \\textbackslash colorbox"

\end_inset

 con el siguiente esquema:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
colorbox{color}{contenido del cuadro}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El contenido del cuadro puede ser otro cuadro, y también un 
\backslash

\series bold
colorbox
\series default
 puede ser parte de otro cuadro (véanse los ejemplos 2º y 3º).
 Si el cuadro debe contener una ecuación debe crearse una ecuación extra,
 como con 
\series bold

\backslash
fbox
\series default
.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Esto también se aplica para el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
fcolorbox
\series default
.
 Por eso ten en cuenta 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1435}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

LyX-bug #1435
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Se puede elegir uno de los siguientes colores predefinidos:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
black
\series default
, 
\series bold
blue
\series default
, 
\series bold
cyan
\series default
, 
\series bold
green
\series default
, 
\series bold
magenta
\series default
, 
\series bold
red
\series default
, 
\series bold
white
\series default
, y 
\series bold
yellow
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
colorbox{yellow
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
{A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\colorbox{yellow}{A=B}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
colorbox{green
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
{
\backslash
fbox
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\colorbox{green}{\fbox{A=B}}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
fbox
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
colorbox{green
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
{A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fbox{\colorbox{green}{A=B}}\raisebox{-3mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
colorbox
\series default
 sólo colorea el cuadro pero no los caracteres.
 Para colorear todos los caracteres se selecciona toda la ecuación y se
 elige un color en el diálogo 
\family sans
Estilo\InsetSpace ~
del\InsetSpace ~
texto
\family default
.
 El diálogo puede abrirse con el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/dialog-show_character.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 de la barra de herramientas o con el menú 
\family sans
Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Estilo\InsetSpace ~
del\InsetSpace ~
texto\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Personalizado
\family default
.
 El número de la ecuación tendrá en ese caso el mismo color que la ecuación.
 Si el número de la ecuación debe tener otro color que el de los caracteres
 de la ecuación, el color debe cambiarse dentro de la ecuación.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Un ejemplo:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
\int A=B\label{eq:rojo}\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
{\color{red}{\color{red}{\color{red}\int}A=B}}\label{eq:rojoverde}\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
La ecuación 
\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:rojo"

\end_inset

 está toda coloreada en rojo.
\newline
La ecuación 
\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:rojoverde"

\end_inset

 se ha coloreado en primer lugar toda en verde para colorear el número de
 la ecuación.
 Posteriormente se han coloreado en rojo los caracteres.
\family sans

\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para colorear diferente el marco y el resto del cuadro se usa el comando
 
\series bold

\backslash
fcolorbox
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! F ! \\textbackslash fcolorbox"

\end_inset

 con el siguiente esquema:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
fcolorbox{color del marco}{color}{contenido del cuadro}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Así pues 
\series bold

\backslash
fcolorbox
\series default
 es una extensión del comando 
\series bold

\backslash
colorbox
\series default
.
 La anchura del marco se establece, como para 
\series bold

\backslash
framebox
\series default
, con 
\series bold

\backslash
fboxrule
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
fboxsep
\series default
.
 Un ejemplo:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
fboxrule 1mm 
\backslash
fboxsep 1mm
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \[
\fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{A=B}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
fboxrule 0.4pt 
\backslash
fboxsep 3pt
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Esta ecuación se ha compuesto con el comando
\newline

\series bold

\backslash
fcolorbox{cyan
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
{magenta
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
{A=B
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para usar colores distintos de los predefinidos deben ser definidos previamente.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Por ejemplo, se puede definir el color 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset


\series bold
verdeoscuro
\series default

\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 con la línea de preámbulo LaTeX:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
definecolor{verdeoscuro}{cmyk}{0.5, 0, 1, 0.5}
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash definecolor"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
cmyk
\series default
 es el espacio de color referido a los colores 
\series bold
cyan
\series default
, 
\series bold
magenta
\series default
, 
\series bold
yellow
\series default
 y 
\series bold
black
\series default
.
 Los cuatro números separados por coma son el factor de cuota para los colores
 correspondientes del espacio de color.
 Los factores pueden estar en el rango 0-1.
 En vez de 
\series bold
cmyk
\series default
 se puede usar el espacio de color 
\series bold
rgb
\series default
, que se refiere a 
\series bold
red
\series default
, 
\series bold
green
\series default
 y 
\series bold
blue
\series default
, así pues en este caso hay tres factores de cuota para los correspondientes
 colores.
 Además hay el espacio de color 
\series bold
gray
\series default
 con un factor de cuota para el valor gris.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Como ejemplo he aquí un cuadro enmarcado con el nuevo color definido 
\series bold
verdeoscuro
\series default
 y los caracteres en color amarillo:
\color black

\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
\colorbox{verdeoscuro}{\color{yellow}\boxed{\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[3]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}}\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los colores personalizados también se pueden usar para texto con la ayuda
 del comando 
\series bold

\backslash
textcolor
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Texto ! coloreado"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
textcolor{verdeoscuro}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Esta frase en 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

verdeoscuro
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

.
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
textcolor
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash textcolor"

\end_inset

 se usa con el esquema 
\series bold

\backslash
textcolor{color}{caracteres a colorear}
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Cuadros de párrafo
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Cuadros-de-párrafo"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Cuadros ! para párrafos"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Un cuadro que puede contener varias líneas y párrafos, denominado cuadro
 de párrafo (parbox), se puede generar con el menú 
\family sans
Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Cuadro
\family default
 o con el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/box-insert.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 de la barra de herramientas.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El siguiente ejemplo muestra un cuadro de párrafo enmarcado en una línea:
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset

Esta línea contiene 
\begin_inset Box Boxed
position "c"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 1
inner_pos "c"
use_parbox 1
width "5cm"
special "none"
height "1in"
height_special "totalheight"
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Esto es un cuadro de párrafo.
 Tiene exactamente 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
cm de largo y además puede contener ecuaciones: 
\begin_inset Formula $\int A\,\mathrm{d}s=C$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

\InsetSpace ~
 un cuadro de párrafo.
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset

Ese cuadro se compone haciendo clic derecho sobre el rectángulo gris insertado.
 Surge un diálogo con las propiedades del cuadro.
 En este caso: 
\emph on
Decoración
\emph default
: Marco rectangular, 
\emph on
Cuadro interior
\emph default
: Parbox, 
\emph on
Ancho
\emph default
: 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
cm, 
\emph on
Alineación Vertical
\emph default
 
\emph on
Cuadro
\emph default
: Medio.
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset

En LaTeX, un cuadro de párrafo se hace con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
parbox
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! P ! \\textbackslash parbox"

\end_inset

 con el esquema siguiente:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
parbox[posición]{anchura}{contenido}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Son posibles las posiciones 
\emph on
b
\emph default
 y 
\emph on
t
\emph default
, 
\emph on
b
\emph default
 por 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

bottom
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 (abajo), que alinea la última línea del cuadro con el texto de alrededor.
 Con 
\emph on
t
\emph default
, por 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

top
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 (arriba), la alineación se hace con la primera línea.
 Si no se da posición, el cuadro se centrará verticalmente, véase la sección
 
\emph on
Cuadros
\emph default
 del manual 
\emph on
Objetos incrustados
\emph default
 para ejemplos.
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset

Para enmarcar ecuaciones completas, incluso el número de la ecuación, deben
 ponerse en un cuadro de párrafo.
 Para ello se inserta el comando
\newline

\series bold

\backslash
fbox{
\backslash
parbox{
\backslash
linewidth-2
\backslash
fboxsep-2
\backslash
fboxrule}{
\newline

\series default
en modo TeX delante de la ecuación.
 Aquí 
\series bold

\backslash
linewidth
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash linewidth"

\end_inset


\series default
 es la anchura de línea establecida para el documento.
 Como el marco está por fuera del cuadro de párrafo, hay que restar de dicha
 anchura dos veces la separación del marco y el grosor.
 Como LyX no lo hace automáticamente debido a un fallo
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4483}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

LyX-bug #4483
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

, hay que usar modo TeX.
 Para poder multiplicar y restar en los argumentos hay que cargar en el
 preámbulo LaTeX el paquete LaTeX 
\series bold
calc
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
calc
\series default
 es parte de toda instalación LaTeX estándar.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! calc"

\end_inset

, con la línea
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
usepackage{calc}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Detrás de la ecuación se cierran ambos cuadros con 
\series bold
}}
\series default
 en modo TeX.
 Aquí hay un ejemplo:
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
fboxsep 5mm 
\backslash
fboxrule 5mm
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
fbox{
\backslash
parbox{
\backslash
linewidth-2
\backslash
fboxsep-2
\backslash
fboxrule}{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
fboxrule 0.4pt 
\backslash
fboxsep 3pt
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Como se ha usado el cuadro de párrafo como argumento de 
\series bold

\backslash
fbox
\series default
, en este caso no hay diferencia entre 
\series bold

\backslash
fbox
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
boxed
\series default
.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los cuadros de párrafo son muy útiles para comentar ecuaciones directamente.
 Para hacerlo, se usa 
\series bold

\backslash
parbox
\series default
 en combinación con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
tag
\series default
.
 (Véase más sobre 
\series bold

\backslash
tag
\series default
 en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Numeración-personalizada"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Un ejemplo de ecuación comentada con 
\series bold

\backslash
parbox
\series default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
[5x-7b=3b
\backslash
tag*{
\backslash
parbox{5cm}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Esto es una descripción.
 Está claramente separada de la ecuación y es multilínea.
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}}
\backslash
]
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Tales ecuaciones deben insertarse completamente en modo TeX porque LyX aún
 no soporta el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
parbox
\series default
 en ecuaciones.
 La ecuación se compone con la siguiente secuencia de comandos:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El comando 
\series bold

\backslash
[5x-7b=3b
\backslash
tag*
\backslash
{
\backslash
parbox{5cm}{
\series default
 se inserta en modo TeX.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Si se usa el estilo de ecuación 
\series bold
Sangrado
\series default
, 
\series bold

\backslash
tag*
\backslash

\series default
 se puede reemplazar por 
\series bold

\backslash
hfill
\series default
.
 (Véanse los estilos de ecuación en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Después sigue la descripción en texto normal, y por último 
\series bold
}}
\backslash
]
\series default
 en modo TeX.
 Aquí los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
[
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
]
\series default
 crean una ecuación presentada.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Las ventajas de 
\series bold

\backslash
parbox
\series default
 pueden verse en este ejemplo que se ha 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

comentado
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 usando el modo texto matemático:
\begin_inset Formula \[
5x-7b=3b\textrm{ Esto es una descripción. No está separada de la ecuación...}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Operadores
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Operadores"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Operadores grandes
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Operadores-grandes"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Operadores ! grandes"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Sumatorios"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Integrales"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para poder usar todos los comandos de integrales listados aquí, debe estar
 marcada la opción 
\family sans
Usar paquete esint automáticamente
\family default
 de 
\family sans
Ecuaciones
\family default
 en la configuración del documento.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sum
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash sum"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
int
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! I ! \\textbackslash int"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\int$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
intop
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\intop$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
oint
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\oint$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ointop
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\ointop$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ointctrclockwise
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ointclockwise
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sqint
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\sqint$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bigcap
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\bigcap$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bigcup
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\bigcup$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
prod
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! P ! \\textbackslash prod"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\prod$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
coprod
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\coprod$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bigodot
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\bigodot$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bigotimes
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\bigotimes$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bigoplus
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\bigoplus$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bigwedge
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\bigwedge$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bigvee
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\bigvee$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bigsqcup
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\bigsqcup$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
biguplus
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\biguplus$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Todos los operadores grandes se pueden insertar con el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/intop.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 de la barra de ecuaciones.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Estos operadores son llamados grandes porque son mayores que los operadores
 binarios de aspecto semejante.
 Todos los operadores grandes pueden tener límites, como se describe en
 la subsección siguiente.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los operadores 
\series bold

\backslash
intop
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
ointop
\series default
 difieren de 
\series bold

\backslash
int
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
oint
\series default
 en el estilo en que se presentan los límites, véase
\series bold
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Límites-de-operadores"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Sugerencias para las integrales
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
La letra 
\emph on
d
\emph default
 en una integral es un operador, por consiguiente debe escribirse en redonda.
 Esto se hace resaltando la 
\emph on
d
\emph default
 y usando el atajo de teclado 
\family sans
Alt-c\InsetSpace ~
r
\family default
.
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
véase estilos de letras en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Estilos-de-fuentes"

\end_inset

 
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Delante de la 
\emph on
d
\emph default
 se inserta un espacio delgado, como es habitual en los operadores.
 Un ejemplo:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
incorrecto: 
\begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)dx$
\end_inset


\newline

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
hphantom{in}
\end_layout

\end_inset

correcto: 
\begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)\,\mathrm{d}x$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para integrales múltiples hay los siguientes comandos:
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
iint
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
oiint
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\oiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sqiint
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\sqiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
iiint
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
iiiint
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\iiiint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
dotsint
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\dotsint\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Límites de operadores
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Límites-de-operadores"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Operadores ! límites de"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los límites se crean mediante superíndices y subíndices:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
prod^
\backslash
infty
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset

_0
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset

A(x)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\prod_{0}^{\infty}A(x)$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En ecuaciones en línea los límites se colocan al lado derecho del operador.
 En ecuaciones presentadas se colocan encima y debajo, excepto en las integrales.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para forzar que los límites se coloquen junto al operador, se pone el cursor
 directamente detrás del operador y se elige 
\series bold
Insertado
\series default
 en el menú 
\family sans
Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Cambiar tipo de límites
\family default
 (atajo 
\family sans
Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
l
\family default
).
 Un ejemplo:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los límites por defecto son:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\sum_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Así se ven si se cambia el tipo de límites a 
\series bold
Insertado
\series default
:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\sum\nolimits _{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En integrales, excepto 
\series bold

\backslash
intop
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
ointop
\series default
, los límites se colocan por defecto junto al operador.
 Pero en integrales múltiples los límites se ponen con frecuencia bajo el
 operador.
 Por tanto, en el siguiente ejemplo se ha elegido el tipo 
\series bold
Pantalla
\series default
 para poner el límite debajo:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
\iiint\limits _{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V=U\label{eq:IntVol}\end{equation}

\end_inset


\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset

Para especificar condiciones en los límites se usan los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
subarray
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash subarray"

\end_inset

 y 
\series bold

\backslash
substack
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash substack"

\end_inset

.
 Por ejemplo, para componer la expresión
\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
\sum_{\begin{subarray}{c}
0<k<1000\\
\\k\,\in\,\mathbb{N}\end{subarray}}^{n}k^{-2}\label{eq:substack}\end{equation}

\end_inset

se ha hecho lo siguiente: primero se escribe el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
sum^n
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold
_
\series default
.
 Ahora el cursor está en un cuadro azul bajo el operador sumatorio y ahí
 se inserta el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
subarray
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 Ahora el cuadro azul está en un marco púrpura donde pueden escribirse líneas
 distintas.
 Cada línea nueva se crea con un salto de línea (
\family sans
Ctrl-Intro
\family default
).
 Si ahora se escribe en ella
\newline

\series bold
0<k<1000 Ctrl-Intro
\newline

\series default
aparece debajo un nuevo marco para la línea nueva.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
La alineación de las líneas puede cambiarse a la izquierda con la 
\family sans
barra de herramientas de tabla
\family default
 o con el menú 
\family sans
Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Filas y columnas
\family default
.
 Para obtener alineación derecha se inserta 
\series bold

\backslash
hfill
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

al principio de la línea.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El comando 
\series bold

\backslash
substack
\series default
 es equivalente a 
\series bold

\backslash
subarray
\series default
 con la diferencia de que las líneas están siempre centradas.
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Puede ocurrir que haya demasiado espacio entre el operador y los caracteres
 siguientes, como en la ecuación 
\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:substack"

\end_inset

, porque éstos se colocan junto a los límites.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para evitarlo se puede usar la siguiente macro en el preámbulo:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
def
\backslash
clap#1{
\backslash
hbox to 0pt{
\backslash
hss #1
\backslash
hss}}
\newline

\backslash
def
\backslash
mathclap {
\backslash
mathpalette 
\backslash
mathclapinternal}
\newline

\backslash
def
\backslash
mathclapinternal #1#2{
\backslash
clap{$
\backslash
mathsurround =0pt #1{#2}$}}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En ella se define el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
mathclap
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mathclap"

\end_inset

 que establece la anchura del límite en 0\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pt.
 El esquema del comando es:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
mathclap{límite}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
donde el límite puede consistir en varias condiciones.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Aplicado en la ecuación 
\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:substack"

\end_inset

 se usa el comando
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
sum_
\backslash
mathclap{
\backslash
substack
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

0<k<1000 Ctrl-Intro
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
para componer el límite inferior.
 Ahora el sumando está junto al sumatorio:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\sum_{\mathclap{\substack{0<k<1000\\
\\k\,\in\,\mathbb{N}}
}}^{n}k^{-2}\]

\end_inset


\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset

Cómo utilizar un límite para varios operadores se desribe en la 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Operadores-de-usuario"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Operadores binarios
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Operadores-binarios"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Operadores ! binarios"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los operadores binarios se rodean por espacios si llevan un carácter delante
 o detrás.
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Operador
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
+
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $+$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
-
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $-$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
pm
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\pm$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
mp
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mp$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
cdot
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
times
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\times$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
div
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\div$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
raisebox{-1.2mm}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

*
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $*$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
star
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\star$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
circ
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\circ$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
diamond
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\diamond$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bullet
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\bullet$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Operador
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
nabla
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\nabla$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bigtriangledown
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\bigtriangledown$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bigtriangleup
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\bigtriangleup$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Box
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Box$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
cap 
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\cap$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
cup
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\cup$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
dagger
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\dagger$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ddagger
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\ddagger$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
wr
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\wr$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bigcirc
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\bigcirc$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
wedge
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\wedge$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
vee
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\vee$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Operador
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
oplus
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\oplus$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ominus
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\ominus$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
otimes
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\otimes$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
oslash
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\oslash$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
odot
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\odot$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
amalg
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\amalg$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
uplus
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\uplus$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
setminus
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\setminus$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sqcap
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\sqcap$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sqcup
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\sqcup$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
triangleleft
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\triangleleft$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
triangleright
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\triangleright$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Todos los operadores binarios se pueden insertar también con el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/pm.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 de la barra de ecuaciones.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para imprimir el operador Laplace se pueden usar 
\series bold

\backslash
Delta
\series default
 o 
\series bold

\backslash
nabla
\series default
^
\series bold
2
\series default
 (
\begin_inset Formula $\nabla^{2}$
\end_inset

) en vez de 
\series bold

\backslash
bigtriangleup
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El carácter 
\family sans
Separador de menú
\family default
 del menú 
\family sans
Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Carácter especial
\family default
 es el operador 
\series bold

\backslash
triangleright
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Operadores definidos por el usuario
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Operadores-de-usuario"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Operadores ! personalizados"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Con ayuda del comando 
\series bold

\backslash
DeclareMathOperator
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash dbinom@\\textbackslash DeclareMathOperator"

\end_inset

 se pueden definir operadores personalizados en el preámbulo LaTeX.
 Su esquema es:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
DeclareMathOperator{comando nuevo}{presentación}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Presentación puede ser un carácter o símbolo que define el aspecto del operador
 en la salida.
 Para definir un operador grande hay que añadirle un * detrás.
 Todos los operadores grandes personalizados pueden tener límites como se
 describe en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Límites-de-operadores"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Por ejemplo, la línea en el preámbulo LaTeX
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
DeclareMathOperator*{
\backslash
Lozenge}{
\backslash
blacklozenge}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
define el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
Lozenge
\series default
, que inserta un operador grande que es el símbolo blacklozenge de la 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Símbolos-misceláneos"

\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Formula \[
\Lozenge_{n=1}^{\infty}\]

\end_inset

El comando para esta expresión es: 
\series bold

\backslash
Lozenge^
\backslash
infty
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
\end_inset

_n=1
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Si los operadores personalizados no se van a usar varias veces en el documento,
 se pueden también definir con los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
mathop
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mathop"

\end_inset

 y 
\series bold

\backslash
mathbin
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mathbin"

\end_inset

, con el siguiente esquema:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
mathop{presentación}
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
mathbin{presentación}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
mathop
\series default
 define operadores grandes, 
\series bold

\backslash
mathbin
\series default
 operadores binarios.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
mathop
\series default
 se puede usar, p.e., para poner un límite a varios operadores:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\mathop{\sum\negmedspace\sum}_{i,j=1}^{N}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El comando para la expresión anterior es:
\newline

\series bold

\backslash
mathop{
\backslash
sum
\backslash
negmedspace
\backslash
sum
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold

\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset

^N
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold
_i,j=1
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Fuentes
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Fuentes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Estilos de fuentes
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Estilos-de-fuentes"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Fuentes ! estilos de"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Las letras latinas en las ecuaciones se pueden poner en uno de los siguientes
 estilos:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
atajo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
mathbb
\series bold

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default
ABC
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{ABC}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Alt-c c
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
mathbf
\series bold

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default
AbC
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{AbC}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Alt-c b
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
boldsymbol
\series bold

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default
AbC
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\boldsymbol{AbC}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
-
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
mathcal
\series bold

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default
ABC
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{ABC}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Alt-c e
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
mathfrak
\series bold

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default
AbC
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{AbC}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
-
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
atajo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
mathit
\series bold

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default
AbC
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{AbC}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
-
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
mathrm
\series bold

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default
AbC
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{AbC}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Alt-c r
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
mathsf
\series bold

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default
AbC
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{AbC}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Alt-c s
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
mathtt
\series bold

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default
AbC
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{AbC}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Alt-c p
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Nota
\series default
: Los estilos 
\series bold

\backslash
mathbb
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
mathcal
\series default
 sólo se aplican a letras mayúsculas.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El estilo predeterminado es 
\series bold

\backslash
mathnormal
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los comandos de estilo funcionan también en estructuras matemáticas:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\mathfrak{A=\frac{b}{C}}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los caracteres en texto matemático no aparecen en un estilo de letra de
 ecuaciones sino en el estilo 
\series bold

\backslash
textrm
\series default
.
 Este estilo no se puede poner correctamente con el diálogo de estilo de
 texto por un fallo de LyX.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=4091}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

LyX-bug #4091
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En vez de comandos se puede usar el menú 
\family sans
Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Estilo del texto
\family default
 o el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/font.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Ecuaciones en negrita
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Ecuaciones-en-negrita"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! en negrita"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para poner en negrita una ecuación completa no se puede usar el comando
 
\series bold

\backslash
mathbf
\series default
, porque no funciona con minúsculas griegas.
 Además, siempre imprime en redonda las letras latinas, como en la ecuación:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\mathbf{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{ecuación con \textbackslash mathbf}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para presentar la ecuación correctamente se usa el comando 
\series bold
boldsymbol
\series default
:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\boldsymbol{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{ecuación con \textbackslash boldsymbol}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
También es posible poner la fórmula en un 
\series bold
entorno boldmath
\series default
, que se inserta con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
boldmath
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash boldmath"

\end_inset

 en modo TeX.
 Para finalizar el entorno se usa el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
unboldmath
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! U ! \\textbackslash unboldmath"

\end_inset

 en modo TeX.
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
boldmath
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \[
\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{ecuación en un entorno boldmath}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
unboldmath
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Tamaños de fuentes
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Tamaños-de-fuentes"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Fuentes ! tamaño"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para los caracteres en ecuaciones hay, como para caracteres en texto, los
 siguientes comandos de tamaño:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
Huge
\series default
, 
\series bold

\backslash
huge
\series default
, 
\series bold

\backslash
LARGE
\series default
, 
\series bold

\backslash
Large
\series default
, 
\series bold

\backslash
large
\series default
, 
\series bold

\backslash
normalsize
\series default
, 
\series bold

\backslash
small
\series default
,
\newline

\series bold

\backslash
footnotesize
\series default
, 
\series bold

\backslash
scriptsize
\series default
, y 
\series bold

\backslash
tiny
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El tamaño dado por los comandos depende del tamaño base de la fuente en
 el documento, dado por el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
normalsize
\series default
.
 Los demás comandos producen tamaños menores o mayores que 
\series bold

\backslash
normalsize
\series default
.
 No obstante, puede que el tamaño de fuente no exceda de cierto valor.
 Si, por ejemplo, la fuente del documento es de 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pt, el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
Huge
\series default
 da el mismo tamaño que 
\series bold

\backslash
huge
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Un comando de tamaño se inserta en modo TeX antes de la ecuación, y se aplica
 a todas las ecuaciones y texto siguientes.
 Para volver al tamaño anterior hay que insertar el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
normalsize
\series default
 en modo TeX detraś de la ecuación.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Dentro de una fórmula el tamaño sólo se puede cambiar para símbolos o letras
 en texto matemático.
 Para hacerlo se inserta el comando en texto matemático.
 Todos los caracteres siguientes, hasta el final del texto matemático o
 hasta otro comando de tamaño, tendrán el tamaño seleccionado.
 Dos ejemplos:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
huge
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \[
A=\frac{B}{c}\cdot\maltese\]

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \[
\maltese A\textrm{\Large\maltese\textit{A}}\textrm{\tiny\maltese\textit{A}}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
normalsize
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Antes de las ecuaciones se ha insertado el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
huge
\series default
.
 Para la segunda ecuación el comando es:
\newline

\series bold

\backslash
maltese
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A Alt-m m 
\backslash
Large
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
maltese
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
textit
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\newline

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
hspace*{1cm}
\end_layout

\end_inset

Alt-m
\series default
 
\series bold
m 
\backslash
tiny
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
maltese
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
textit
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Si un símbolo no se puede mostrar en distintos tamaños se usará siempre
 el tamño por defecto.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Letras griegas
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Letras griegas"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Todas las letras griegas se pueden insertar mediante el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/alpha.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 de la barra de ecuaciones.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Minúsculas
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Minúsculas"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Letras griegas ! minúsculas"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Símbolo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
alpha
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
beta
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\beta$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
gamma
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
delta
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\delta$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
epsilon
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
varepsilon
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\varepsilon$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
zeta
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\zeta$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
eta
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\eta$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
theta
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\theta$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
vartheta
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\vartheta$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Símbolo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
iota
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\iota$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
kappa
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\kappa$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
varkappa
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\varkappa$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
lambda
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
mu
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mu$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
nu
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\nu$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
xi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\xi$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
o
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $o$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
pi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\pi$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
varpi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\varpi$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
rho
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\rho$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Símbolo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
varrho
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\varrho$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sigma
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
varsigma
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\varsigma$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
tau
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\tau$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
upsilon
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\upsilon$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
phi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\phi$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
varphi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\varphi$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
chi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\chi$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
psi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\psi$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
omega
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\omega$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Cómo escribir letras griegas en redonda se explica en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Griegas-en-redonda"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Mayúsculas
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Letras griegas ! mayúsculas"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Símbolo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Gamma
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Gamma$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Delta
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Delta$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Theta
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Theta$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Lambda
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Lambda$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Xi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Xi$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Pi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Pi$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Símbolo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Sigma
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Sigma$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Upsilon
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Phi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Phi$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Psi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Psi$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Omega
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Las mayúsculas griegas se imprimen en redonda debido a un fallo de diseño
 cuando se desarrolló TeX.
 Para obtener mayúsculas en cursiva, inicia cada comando con 
\series bold
var
\series default
.
 Por ejemplo, el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
varGamma
\series default
 genera: 
\begin_inset Formula $\varGamma$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Letras en negrita
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Letras griegas ! en negrita"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Las letras griegas no admiten diferentes estilos de fuente como las latinas.
 Sólo se pueden poner en negrita con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
boldsymbol
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! B ! \\textbackslash boldsymbol"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Símbolo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Upsilon
\backslash
boldsymbol
\backslash
Upsilon
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon\boldsymbol{\Upsilon}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
theta
\backslash
boldsymbol
\backslash
theta
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\theta\boldsymbol{\theta}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Símbolos
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
texorpdfstring{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Se puede encontrar una lista con todos los símbolos de la mayoría de paquetes
 LaTeX en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "Symbole"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}{}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
texorpdfstring se usa para evitar que la nota al pie aparezca en los marcadores
 PDF.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Más sobre 
\backslash
texorpdfstring en la sección 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Ecuaciones-en-títulos"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Símbolos"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Muchos de los símbolos listados en esta sección se pueden insertar además
 mediante los botones 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/nabla.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 y 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/digamma.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 de la barra de ecuaciones.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Símbolos matemáticos
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Símbolos-matemáticos"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Símbolos ! matemáticos"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Símbolo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
neg
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\neg$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Im
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Im$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Re
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Re$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
aleph
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\aleph$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
partial
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\partial$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
infty
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\infty$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
wp
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\wp$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
imath
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\imath$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
jmath
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\jmath$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Símbolo
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
forall
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\forall$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
exists
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\exists$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
nexists
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\nexists$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
emptyset
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\emptyset$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
varnothing
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\varnothing$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
dag
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\dag$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ddag
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\ddag$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
complement
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
raisebox{-0.8mm}{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\complement$
\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Bbbk
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Bbbk$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Símbolo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
prime
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\prime$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
backprime
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\backprime$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
mho
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mho$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
triangle
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\triangle$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
angle
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\angle$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
measuredangle
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\measuredangle$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sphericalangle
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\sphericalangle$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
top
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\top$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bot
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\bot$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\newpage

\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Símbolos misceláneos
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Símbolos-misceláneos"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Símbolos ! misceláneos"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Símbolo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
flat
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\flat$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
natural
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\natural$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sharp
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\sharp$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
surd
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\surd$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
checkmark
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\checkmark$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
yen
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\yen$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
pounds
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\pounds$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
$
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\$$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
§
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $§$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Símbolo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
hbar
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\hbar$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
hslash
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\hslash$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
clubsuit
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\clubsuit$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
spadesuit
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\spadesuit$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bigstar
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\bigstar$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
blacklozenge
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\blacklozenge$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
blacktriangle
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\blacktriangle$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
blacktiangledown
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\blacktriangledown$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bullet
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\bullet$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Símbolo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
diamondsuit
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\diamondsuit$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Diamond
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Diamond$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
heartsuit
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
P
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\P$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
copyright
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\copyright$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
circledR
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\circledR$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
maltese
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\maltese$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
diagup
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\diagup$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
diagdown
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\diagdown$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Hay más símbolos en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Caracteres-especiales-misceláneos"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Algunos símbolos pueden presentarse en distintos tamaños, véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Tamaños-de-fuentes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
El símbolo del euro, €
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Símbolos ! euro"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "\\textcent@\\officialeuro"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para usar el símbolo del euro en ecuaciones debe estar instalado el paquete
 Latex 
\series bold
eurosym
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! eurosym"

\end_inset

, y cargado en el preámbulo LaTeX con la línea
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
usepackage[gennarrow]{eurosym}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Actualmente también se puede insertar con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
euro
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! E ! \\textbackslash euro"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El símbolo del euro puede insertarse directamente con la tecla € en texto
 matemático sin tener 
\series bold
eurosym
\series default
 instalado.
 Si 
\series bold
eurosym
\series default
 está instalado, se puede insertar 
\series bold

\backslash
euro
\series default
 en modo TeX.
 El símbolo oficial de la moneda se puede insertar con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
officialeuro
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! O ! \\textbackslash officialeuro"

\end_inset

, que sólo está disponible en modo TeX.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
ifeurosym
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
La tabla siguiente sólo se mostrará si está instalado el paquete LaTeX 
\series bold
eurosym
\series default
.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Un vistazo a los diferentes símbolos del euro.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Símbolo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
ecuación
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
euro
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\euro$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
texto matemático
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
€
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{€}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
modo TeX
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
officialeuro
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
officialeuro
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
else
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Se mostrará lo siguiente si no está instalado el paquete LaTeX 
\series bold
eurosym
\series default
:
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para ver la salida completa de esta subsección debe estar instalado el paquete
 LaTeX 
\series bold
eurosym
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
fi
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Relaciones
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Relaciones"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Relaciones"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comparaciones|see{Relaciones}"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Todas las relaciones se pueden insertar también con el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/leq.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 de la barra de ecuaciones.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Relación
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
<
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $<$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
le
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\le$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ll
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\ll$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
prec
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\prec$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
preceq
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\preceq$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
subset
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\subset$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
subseteq
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\subseteq$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sqsubseteq
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\sqsubseteq$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
in
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\in$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
vdash
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\vdash$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
smile
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\smile$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
lhd
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\lhd$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
unlhd
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\unlhd$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
gtrless
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\gtrless$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
mid
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mid$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
nmid
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\nmid$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Relación
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
=
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $=$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
not=
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\not=$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
equiv
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\equiv$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sim
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\sim$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
simeq
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\simeq$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
approx
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\approx$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
cong
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\cong$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bowtie
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\bowtie$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
notin
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\notin$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
perp
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\perp$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
propto
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\propto$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
asymp
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\asymp$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
doteq
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\doteq$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
circeq
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\circeq$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
models
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\models$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
widehat=
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\widehat{=}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Relación
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
>
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $>$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ge
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\ge$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
gg
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\gg$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
succ
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\succ$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
succeq
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\succeq$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
supset
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\supset$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
supseteq
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\supseteq$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sqsupseteq
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\sqsupseteq$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ni
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\ni$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
dashv
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\dashv$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
frown
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\frown$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
rhd
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\rhd$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
unrhd
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\unrhd$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
lessgtr
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\lessgtr$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
parallel
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\parallel$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
nparallel
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\nparallel$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los caracteres 
\series bold

\backslash
lhd
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
rhd
\series default
 son mayores que los operadores de aspecto similar 
\series bold

\backslash
triangleleft
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
triangleright
\series default
, respectivamente.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Las relaciones, a diferencia de los símbolos, siempre se rodean de espacios.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Se pueden componer relaciones con etiquetas con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
stackrel
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash stackrel"

\end_inset

:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
A(r)
\backslash
stackrel
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

r
\backslash
to
\backslash
infty
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset


\backslash
approx
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{5mm}{}A(r)\stackrel{r\to\infty}{\approx}B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Funciones
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Funciones predefinidas
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Funciones-predefinidas"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Funciones ! predefinidas"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En general las variables se escriben en 
\emph on
cursiva
\emph default
 en expresiones matemáticas, pero no los nombres de las funciones, porque
 
\begin_inset Formula $sen$
\end_inset

 podría confundirse con 
\begin_inset Formula $s\cdot e\cdot n$
\end_inset

.
 Por eso hay funciones predefinidas, que además se separan un poco del factor
 precedente.
 Se insertan como comandos con una contrabarra delante de su nombre.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="4">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Asen(x)+B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $Asen(x)+B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
A
\backslash
sen(x)+B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A\sen(x)+B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center

\newpage

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Las funciones siguientes están predefinidas
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Se han añadido tres columnas con los comandos suministrados por el estilo
 
\series bold
spanish
\series default
 de 
\series bold
babel
\series default
, adaptados a las convenciones hispanohablantes.
 Además, en su caso, las funciones serán acentuadas automáticamente, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
e.
 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

lím
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 o 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

máx
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

.
 Véase la documentación de 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "spanish"

\end_inset

.
 (
\emph on
N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
del t.
\emph default
)
\end_layout

\end_inset

:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="7">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
español
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
español
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
español
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sin
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sen
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sinh
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
senh
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
arcsin
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
arcsen
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sup
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
cos
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
cosh
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
arccos
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
arccos
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
inf
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
tan
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
tg
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
tanh
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
tgh
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
arctan
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
arctg
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
lim
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
cot
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $ $
\end_inset


\backslash
cotg
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
coth
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
arg
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
liminf
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
sec
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
min
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
deg
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
limsup
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
csc
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
cosec
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
max
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
det
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Pr
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ln
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
exp
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
dim
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
hom
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
lg
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
log
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ker
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
gcd
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
También se pueden insertar con el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/functions.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 de la barra de ecuaciones.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Funciones definidas por el usuario
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Funciones ! personalizadas"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para usar una función no predefinida, como por ejemplo la función máximo
 común divisor
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Se ha sustituido el ejemplo del original en inglés, 
\backslash

\series bold
sgn
\series default
, por la función máximo común divisor, 
\series bold

\backslash
mcd
\series default
, equivalente a la predefinida en inglés 
\series bold

\backslash
gcd
\series default
.
 (
\emph on
N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
del t.
\emph default
)
\end_layout

\end_inset

, mcd, hay dos posibilidades:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Define la función añadiendo al preámbulo LaTeX la línea
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Más sobre 
\series bold

\backslash
DeclareMathOperator
\series default
 en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Operadores-de-usuario"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\newline

\begin_inset VSpace -3mm
\end_inset


\newline

\series bold

\backslash
DeclareMathOperator{
\backslash
mcd}{mcd}
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! D ! \\textbackslash dbinom@\\textbackslash DeclareMathOperator"

\end_inset


\newline

\begin_inset VSpace -2mm
\end_inset


\newline
Ahora la función recién definida se puede obtener con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
mcd
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Escribe la ecuación de la forma habitual, marca el nombre de la ecuación,
 en nuestro ejemplo las letras 
\emph on
mcd
\emph default
, y cámbialo a texto matemático.
 Entre el factor precedente y la función se inserta un espacio.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El resultado es el mismo con ambos métodos como con una función predefinida
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
En LyX, las funciones personalizadas se ven en rojo, las predefinidas en
 negro.
\end_layout

\end_inset

:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
A
\backslash
mcd(x)+B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A\mcd(x)+B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
A
\backslash
,
\begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{\textrm{mcd}}_{\textrm{Alt-m}\,\textrm{m}}$
\end_inset

(x)+B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A\,\mbox{mcd}(x)+B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El primer método es preferible si la función se va a usar varias veces.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Límites
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Límites"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para límites, además de 
\series bold

\backslash
lim
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash lim"

\end_inset

, 
\series bold

\backslash
liminf
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
limsup
\series default
 están definidas las siguientes funciones:
\series bold
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
varliminf
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\varliminf$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
varlimsup
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\varlimsup$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
varprojlim
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\varprojlim$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
varinjlim
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\varinjlim$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El límite se crea insertando un subíndice.
 Se imprime a la derecha junto a la función en una fórmula en línea:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
hspace{1cm}
\end_layout

\end_inset

Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
lim
\backslash
limits_x
\backslash
to
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

x=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\hspace{1cm}\raisebox{5mm}{}\lim_{x\rightarrow A}x=B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En una ecuación presentada el límite se imprime debajo, como es habitual
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
El estilo 
\series bold
spanish
\series default
 de 
\series bold
babel 
\series default
hace que el límite se imprima como en la ecuación en línea.
 Para evitarlo, se puede insertar el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
limits
\series default
 justo detrás de 
\series bold

\backslash
lim
\series default
, o usar el menú 
\family sans
Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Cambiar tipo de límites\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Pantalla
\family default
, como se explica en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Límites-de-operadores"

\end_inset

.
 Véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "spanish"

\end_inset

.
 (
\emph on
N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
del t.
\emph default
) 
\end_layout

\end_inset

:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\lim\limits _{x\rightarrow A}=B\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Función módulo
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Funciones ! módulo"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
La función módulo es especial, porque existe en cuatro variantes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En una ecuación presentada:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*}
\underline{\textrm{Comando}\raisebox{-0.9mm}{}} &  & \underline{\textrm{Resultado}}\\
\mathrm{a\backslash mod\textrm{\spce}b} &  & a\mod b\\
\mathrm{a\backslash pmod\textrm{\spce}b} &  & a\pmod b\\
\mathrm{a\backslash bmod\textrm{\spce}b} &  & a\bmod b\\
\mathrm{a\backslash pod\textrm{\spce}b} &  & a\pod b\end{align*}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En una ecuación en línea se pone menos espacio delante del nombre de la
 función para todas las variantes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Caracteres especiales
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Caracteres especiales"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Caracteres especiales en texto matemático
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los siguientes comandos sólo se pueden usar en texto matemático o en modo
 TeX:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
oe
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\oe}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
OE
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\OE}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ae
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\ae}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
AE
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\AE}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
aa
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\aa}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
AA
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "\\@\\textrm{\\AA}"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\AA}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
i
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\i}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
o
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\o}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
O
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\O}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
l
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\l}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
L
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\L}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
!
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
hspace{0mm}
\end_layout

\end_inset

`
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{!`}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
?
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
hspace{0mm}
\end_layout

\end_inset

`
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{?`}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
j
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\j}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los caracteres 
\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\textrm{Å}}$
\end_inset

 y 
\begin_inset Formula $\textrm{\textrm{Ø}}$
\end_inset

 también se pueden insertar mediante el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/math/digamma.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 de la barra de ecuaciones.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los comandos 
\series bold
!
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
hspace{0mm}
\end_layout

\end_inset

`
\series default
 y 
\series bold
?
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
hspace{0mm}
\end_layout

\end_inset

`
\series default
 son una excepción porque se pueden insertar directamente a texto en LyX.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Acentos en texto
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Acentos-en-texto"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Acentos ! en texto"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Con los siguientes comandos se pueden acentuar todas las letras.
 Los comandos deben ponerse en modo TeX.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash

\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset

e
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
"e
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
`e
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
`e
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
^
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

e
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
^e
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
=e
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
=e
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
u
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

e
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
u e
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
b
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

e
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
b e
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
t
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

ee
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
t ee
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
H
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

e
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
H e
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
'e
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
'e
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
~e
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Tilde"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
~e
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
.e
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
.e
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
v
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

e
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
v e
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
d
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

e
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
d e
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
c
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

e
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
c e
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
t
\series default
 también se pueden acentuar dos caracteres distintos.
 El comando 
\series bold

\backslash
t
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

sz
\series default
 genera 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
t sz
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los acentos 
\series bold
`
\series default
 , 
\series bold
'
\series default
 y 
\series bold
^
\series default
 se pueden insertar directamente con el teclado sobre vocales sin usar modo
 TeX.
 Lo mismo se aplica a la tilde
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Esto sólo se aplica a teclados en los que la tilde está definida como acento.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 con 
\emph on
a
\emph default
, 
\emph on
o
\emph default
 y 
\emph on
n.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
b
\series default
 , 
\series bold

\backslash
c
\series default
 , 
\series bold

\backslash
d
\series default
 , 
\series bold

\backslash
H
\series default
 , 
\series bold

\backslash
t
\series default
 , 
\series bold

\backslash
u
\series default
 , 
\series bold

\backslash
v
\series default
, y acentos insertados directamente con el teclado también están disponibles
 en texto matemático.
 Para otros acentos hay comandos especiales para usar en ecuaciones, véase
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Acentos-para-un"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Además, con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
textcircled
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash textcircled"

\end_inset

 se pueden insertar en un círculo todos los números y letras, de forma parecida
 al símbolo copyright.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
textcircled{w}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
textcircled{w}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Large 
\backslash
textcircled{
\backslash
normalsize
\backslash
protect
\backslash
raisebox{-1.5pt}{W}}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
Large 
\backslash
textcircled{
\backslash
normalsize
\backslash
protect
\backslash
raisebox{-1.5pt}W}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Hay que tener cuidado que el carácter se ajuste al círculo.
 Por eso 
\series bold

\backslash
Large
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Tamaños-de-fuentes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default
 especifica el tamaño del círculo.
 Con ayuda de 
\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Cuadros-sin-marco"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default
 se puede centrar el carácter.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Números minúsculos
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Números minúsculos"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los núeros minúsculos se componen con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
oldstylenums
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! O ! \\textbackslash oldstylenums"

\end_inset

.
 El comando se puede usar en ecuaciones y en modo TeX.
 Su esquema es:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
oldstylenums{número}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El comando 
\series bold

\backslash
oldsylenums{0123456789}
\series default
 genera: 
\begin_inset Formula $\oldstylenums{0123456789}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Caracteres especiales misceláneos
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Caracteres-especiales-misceláneos"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Caracteres especiales ! misceláneos"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los siguientes caracteres sólo pueden insertarse en ecuaciones mediante
 comandos:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
^
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathcircumflex$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
_
\begin_inset Formula $ $
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\_$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
^
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
circ
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "°"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $^{\circ}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El símbolo grado ° puede no obstante insertarse directamente si el preámbulo
 LaTeX contiene la línea
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
Más sobre este asunto en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Caracteres-de-texto"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
DeclareInputtext{176}{
\backslash
ifmmode^
\backslash
circ
\backslash
else
\backslash
textdegree
\backslash
f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
i}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
La tilde
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Tilde"

\end_inset

 está diseñada como acento, así que sola se ve un poco fuera de sitio: ~
\newline
Pero
 a veces hace falta una tilde para direcciones web.
 En ese caso, en una ecuación se usa el signo de relación 
\series bold

\backslash
sim
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Relaciones"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 Como en un cuadro URL (menú 
\family sans
Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
URL
\family default
) no se puede escribir una ecuación, se inserta la URL como texto normal
 en estilo '
\family typewriter
typewriter
\family default
'.
 Si la URL ha de ser un hiperenlace en la salida DVI o PDF, se usa el comando
 
\series bold

\backslash
href
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
href
\series default
 sólo puede usarse junto con el paquete LaTeX 
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! hyperref"

\end_inset

.
 Más sobre 
\series bold

\backslash
href
\series default
 en la sección 
\emph on
URL
\emph default
 del manual 
\emph on
Objetos incrustados
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash href"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Ejemplo de una URL con una tilde:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
como texto: 
\family typewriter
http://www.lyx.org/
\begin_inset Formula $\sim$
\end_inset

mustermann
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
con 
\series bold

\backslash
href
\series default
: 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://www.lyx.org/~mustermann}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

http://www.lyx.org/
\begin_inset Formula $\sim$
\end_inset

mustermann
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Estilos de ecuación
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! estilos de"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Hay dos estilos diferentes de alineación:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Description
Centrado es el estándar predefinido
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Sangrado para este estilo debe insertarse la opción 
\series bold
fleqn
\series default
 en el menú 
\family sans
Documento\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Configuración
\family default
 bajo 
\family sans
Clase de documento
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Cuando se usa 
\series bold
Sangrado
\series default
, éste se puede ajustar con la longitud 
\series bold

\backslash
mathindent
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mathindent"

\end_inset

.
 Para 15\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
mm, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
e., se inserta esta línea de comando en el preámbulo LaTeX:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
mathindent}{15mm}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Si no se especifica longitud se usa el valor predeterminado de 30\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pt.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Y dos estilos diferentes de numeración:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Description
Derecha es el estándar predefinido
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Izquierda para este estilo debe insertarse la opción 
\series bold
fleqn
\series default
 en el menú 
\family sans
Documento\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Configuración
\family default
 bajo 
\family sans
Clase de documento
\family default
.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
fleqn
\series default
 y 
\series bold
leqno
\series default
 también se pueden usar juntos.
 En ese caso se insertan ambas opciones, separadas por una coma.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los estilos escogidos se aplican a todas las ecuaciones en presentación
 del documento.
 Si un documento debe tener ecuaciones centradas y sangradas, se usa el
 estilo 
\series bold
Centrado
\series default
 y las ecuaciones sangradas se ponen en un entorno flalign; véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Entorno-flalign"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Ecuaciones multilínea
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Ecuaciones-multilínea"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! multilínea"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
General
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En LyX se generan nuevas líneas en una ecuación con 
\family sans
\series bold
Ctrl-Intro
\family default
\series default
.
 Esto crea un 
\series bold
entorno align
\series default
, que se describe en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Entorno-align-estándar"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Hay otros entornos para fórmulas multilínea que se pueden introducir mediante
 el menú 
\family sans
Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ecuación
\family default
.
 En las siguientes secciones se describen estos entornos.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En todos los entornos de ecuación multilínea la combinación 
\family sans
Ctrl-Intro
\family default
 genera una línea nueva.
 Para añadir o quitar líneas se pueden usar los botones 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/tabular-feature_append-row.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 o 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

de la barra de herramientas, respectivamente, o el menú 
\family sans
Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Filas y columnas
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Separación de líneas
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Separación-de-líneas"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! separación de filas"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A veces no hay suficiente espacio entre las líneas de una ecuación multilínea:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\
4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0\end{eqnarray*}

\end_inset

En LaTeX un espacio adicional para una línea se especifica como argumento
 opcional del comando de nueva línea.
 Esto aún no es posible en LYX
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
see 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1505}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

LyX-bug #1505
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

, por lo que toda la ecuación debe insertarse en modo TeX.
 Para añadir espacio en nuestro ejemplo se inserta el comando 
\series bold

\backslash

\backslash
[3mm]
\series default
 al final de la primera línea.
 Así: 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
begin{eqnarray*}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD &
 = & 
\backslash
textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}
\backslash

\backslash
[3mm]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

4x^{2}
\backslash
left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}
\backslash
right)+4x_{0}x
\backslash
left(D-B^{2}
\backslash
right)+B^{2}
\backslash
left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}
\backslash
right) & = & 0
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
end{eqnarray*}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para obtener separación en todas las líneas hay que cambiar la longitud
 
\series bold

\backslash
jot
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! J ! \\textbackslash jot"

\end_inset

.
 La definición es: 
\begin_inset Formula $\mbox{separación de línea}=\mathrm{6\, pt+\backslash jot}$
\end_inset

.
 El valor predeterminado para 
\series bold

\backslash
jot
\series default
 es 3\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pt.
 Para establecer una separación adicional de 3\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
mm como en el ejemplo anterior,
 se inserta el comando
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
jot}{3mm+3pt}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
en modo TeX antes de la ecuación.
 Es necesario cargar el paquete 
\series bold
calc
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
calc
\series default
 forma parte de toda instalación LaTeX estándar.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! calc"

\end_inset

 en el preámbulo con la línea
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
usepackage{calc}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Se obtiene:
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
jot}{3mm+3pt}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\
4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0\end{eqnarray*}

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
jot}{3pt}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Para volver a la distancia predeterminada, 
\series bold

\backslash
jot
\series default
 se establece en 3\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pt.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Separación de columnas
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Separación-de-columnas"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! multilínea !separación de columnas"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Una ecuación multilínea forma una matriz.
 Una ecuación en un entorno eqnarray, por ejemplo, es una matriz con tres
 columnas.
 Cambiando la separación de columnas en este entorno se puede cambiar el
 espacio junto al signo de realación.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
La separación de columnas se especifica con la longitud
\series bold
 
\backslash
arraycolsep
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash arraycolsep"

\end_inset

 según:
\newline
column separation = 2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}

\series bold

\backslash
arraycolsep
\series default

\newline
Así, el comando en modo TeX
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
arraycolsep}{1cm}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
establece para todas las ecuaciones siguientes una separación de columnas
 de 2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
cm.
 Para volver al valor predefinido, 
\series bold

\backslash
arraycolsep
\series default
 se pone en 5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pt.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Una ecuación con separación de 2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
cm entre columnas:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
arraycolsep}{1cm}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
A & = & B\\
C & \ne & A\end{eqnarray*}

\end_inset

Una ecuación con la separación predefinida para matrices, 10\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pt:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
arraycolsep}{5pt}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
A & = & B\\
C & \ne & A\end{eqnarray*}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Ecuaciones largas
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! larga"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Se pueden componer ecuaciones largas mediante estos métodos:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Si un lado de la ecuación es mucho más corto que la anchura de línea, este
 se elige para el lado izquierdo y el derecho se imprime en dos líneas:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
H & = & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\nonumber \\
 &  & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\label{eq:kurzlang}\end{eqnarray}

\end_inset

El signo menos al principio de la segunda línea normalmente no aparece como
 operador porque es el primer carácter de la línea.
 No se rodearía de espacio y podría no distinguirse de la raya de fracción.
 Para evitarlo se ha insertado espacio dtrás del menos con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
hspace{3pt}
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
véase más sobre 
\series bold

\backslash
hspace
\series default
 en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Espacio-variable"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! H ! \\textbackslash hspace"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Si ambos lados de la ecuación son demasiado largos se usa el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
lefteqn
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash lefteqn"

\end_inset

.
 Se inserta en la primer columna de la primera línea y hace que todas las
 inserciones posteriores sobreescriban las columnas siguientes:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
\lefteqn{4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}}\nonumber \\
 &  & -\hspace{3pt}B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\nonumber \\
 &  & =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\label{eq:lefteqn}\end{eqnarray}

\end_inset

Tras la inserción de 
\series bold

\backslash
lefteqn
\series default
 el cursor está en un marco púrpura un poco a la izquierda del azul.
 La ecuación se inserta en éste.
\newline
El contenido de las restantes líneas se inserta
 en la segunda columna o en otra.
 A mayor número de columna donde se inserte, mayor sangrado.
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
medskip
\end_layout

\end_inset


\newline

\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard
Ten en cuenta lo siguiente si usas 
\series bold

\backslash
lefteqn
\series default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
La ecuación no usa la anchura total de la página.
 Cuando se añade, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
e., el término 
\begin_inset Formula $-B^{2}$
\end_inset

 en la primera línea del ejemplo, debería estar fuera del margen.
 Para aprovechar mejor la anchura, se puede insertar espacio negativo al
 principio de la primera línea.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Debido a un fallo en LyX el cursor no se puede poner con el ratón en la
 primera línea.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1429}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

LyX-bug #1429
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

 Sólo se puede poner el cursor al principio de la línea y moverlo con las
 teclas de flecha.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Se describen otros métodos para escribir fórmulas largas en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Entorno-multilínea"

\end_inset

 y 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Partes-de-una-multilínea"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Delimitadores multilínea
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Delimitadores-multilínea"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Delimitadores ! para varias líneas"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para poner delimitadores que cubran varias líneas hay un problema:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\
 &  & \left.\cdots+B-D\right]\end{eqnarray*}

\end_inset

El delimitador de cierre es más pequeño que el de apertura porque los delimitado
res con tamaño variable no abarcan líneas múltiples.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para obtener el tamaño adecuado, la primera línea se termina con 
\series bold

\backslash
right.
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash right"

\end_inset

 y la segunda con 
\series bold

\backslash
left.
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
Más sobre 
\series bold

\backslash
left.

\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
right.

\series default
 en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Tamaño-automático-de"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! L ! \\textbackslash left"

\end_inset

 Después de 
\series bold

\backslash
left.

\series default
 se inserta el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
vphantom
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold

\backslash
prod
\series default
^
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold

\backslash
infty
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold

\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset

_R=1}
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! V ! \\textbackslash vphantom"

\end_inset

, porque el operador de multiplicación con sus límites es el símbolo mayor
 en la primera línea y ese debería ser el tamaño para el delimitador en
 la segunda línea.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El resultado es: 
\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\
 &  & \left.\vphantom{\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}}\cdots+B-D\right]\end{eqnarray*}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Entornos align
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los entornos align se pueden usar para todo tipo de ecuaciones multilínea.
 Son especialmente apropiados para poner ecuaciones adosadas.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los entornos align constan de columnas.
 Las columnas impares se alinean a la derecha, las pares a la izquierda.
 En un entorno align se puede numerar cada línea.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los entornos align se crean con el menú 
\family sans
Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ecuación
\family default
.
 Una ecuación existente se puede convertir a align con el menú 
\family sans
Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Cambiar tipo de ecuación
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para añadir o quitar columnas se pueden usar los botones 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/tabular-feature_append-row.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 o 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

de la barra de ecuaciones o el menú 
\family sans
Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Filas y columnas
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Entorno align estándar
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Entorno-align-estándar"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno align"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Este entorno align se crea pulsando 
\family sans
Ctrl-Intro
\family default
 en una ecuación o con el menú 
\family sans
Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Entorno AMS align
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Un ejemplo para dos ecuaciones adosadas, que se componen con un entorno
 align de cuatro columnas:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*}
A & =\sen(B) & C & =D\\
C & \neq A & B & \neq D\end{align*}

\end_inset

Como se puede ver, las ecuaciones en este entorno se colocan como si hubiera
 un 
\series bold

\backslash
hfill
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Más sobre 
\series bold

\backslash
hfill
\series default
 en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Espacio-variable"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

 antes de la primera y detrás de cada columna par.
 Si se pone en estilo 
\series bold
Sangrado
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
véase estilos de ecuación en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

, la ecuación queda sin el 
\series bold

\backslash
hfill
\series default
 ante la primera columna.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Entorno alignat
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno alignat"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El entorno alignat no tiene separación predefinida de columnas.
 Se puede insertar manualmente con los espacios descritos en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Espacio"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El ejemplo anterior en el entorno alignat, con un espacio de 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
cm al comienzo
 da la segunda ecuación:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{alignat*}{2}
A & =\sen(B)\hspace{1cm} & C & =D\\
C & \neq A & B & \neq D\end{alignat*}

\end_inset

Como cada columna puede tener un espacio diferente, este entorno es especialment
e apropiado para poner tres o más ecuaciones adosadas.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Entorno flalign
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Entorno-flalign"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno flalign"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En este entorno las dos primeras columnas están siempre tan a la izquierda
 como sea posible y las dos últimas a la derecha.
 Ejemplo:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign*}
A & =1 & B & =2 & C & =3\\
X & =\mbox{-}1 & Y & =\mbox{-}2 & Z & =4\end{flalign*}

\end_inset

En un entorno flalign con un número impar de columnas, en la última de las
 cuales se inserta una llave TeX vacía, se pueden poner varias ecuaciones
 alineadas a la izquierda, aunque se use el estilo 
\series bold
Centrado
\series default
.
 Un ejemplo de fórmula sangrada 
\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:IntVol"

\end_inset

:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign}
\hspace{30pt}\iiint_{V}X\mbox{d}V & =U & {}\end{flalign}

\end_inset

Las dos primeras columnas contienen la fórmula.
 Para sangrarla como con el estilo 
\series bold
Sangrado
\series default
, se añade un espacio de 30\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pt al comienzo de la primera columna.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Entorno eqnarray
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno eqnarray"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno eqnarray"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Al introducir este entorno aparecen tres marcos azules.
 El contenido del primero se alinea a la derecha, el del último a la izquierda.
 El contenido del marco central está centrado y algo más pequeño, porque
 está diseñado para insertar sólo caracteres de relación.
\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D}\\
AB & AB & AB\\
A & = & A\end{eqnarray*}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Entorno gather
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno gather"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Este entorno consta de una sola columna centrada.
 Se puede numerar cada línea.
\begin_inset Formula \begin{gather}
A=1\\
X=\mbox{-}1\end{gather}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Entorno multilínea
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Entorno-multilínea"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! entorno multilínea"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El entorno multilínea, como gather, consta de una sola columna.
 Pero la primera línea está alineada a la izquierda, la última a la derecha.
 Las demás están centradas.
 Por tanto este entorno es apropiado para ecuaciones largas.
 Como ejemplo, la ecuación 
\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:lefteqn"

\end_inset

 en entorno multilínea:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{multline}
4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\
-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\\
=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\end{multline}

\end_inset

En la salida sólo aparece numerada la última (primera) línea si la numeración
 del documento es a la derecha (izquierda).
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
véanse los estilos de numeración en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

 Este también es el caso si hay número de ecuación detrás de cada línea
 en LyX.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Es el 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=518}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

LyX-bug #518
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Con los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
shoveright
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash shoveright"

\end_inset


\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
shoveleft
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash shoveleft"

\end_inset

, una línea centrada se puede alinear a la derecha o a la izquierda, respectivam
ente.
 Los comandos se usan como sigue:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
shoveright{contenido de la línea}
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
shoveleft{contenido de la línea}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
La longitud 
\series bold

\backslash
multlinegap
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash multlinegap"

\end_inset

 especifica la distancia de la primera línea desde el margen izquierdo de
 la página.
 Esta longitud es 0\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pt por defecto.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Como ejemplo la ecuación anterior con el comando
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
multlinegap}{2cm}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
insertado previamente en modo TeX:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
multlinegap}{2cm}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \begin{multline}
4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\
\shoveleft{-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}\\
=B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\end{multline}

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
multlinegap}{0pt}
\end_layout

\end_inset

La segunda línea se ha alineado a la izquierda con 
\series bold

\backslash
shoveleft
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Partes de una ecuación multilínea
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Partes-de-una-multilínea"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! partes de"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para mostrar sólo partes de una ecuación multilínea se
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none

\backslash
left.
\backslash
right
\backslash
}
\family default
\series default
\shape default
\size default
\emph default
\bar default
\noun default
\color inherit
 usa uno de los siguientes métodos: 
\series bold
aligned
\series default
, 
\series bold
alignedat
\series default
, 
\series bold
gathered
\series default
 o 
\series bold
split
\series default
.
 Se pueden elegir en el menú 
\family sans
Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ecuación
\family default
 o usando los comandos aquí descritos.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los tres primeros tienen las mismas propiedades que los correspondientes
 entornos multilínea, pero es posible poner al lado más partes de la ecuación.
 Un ejemplo:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\left.\begin{aligned}\Delta x\Delta p & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\\
\Delta E\Delta t & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\end{aligned}
\right\} \mbox{Relaciones de incertidumbre}\]

\end_inset

Para componer esta expresión se inserta una ecuación en presentación y en
 ella se introduce el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
aligned
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash aligned"

\end_inset

.
 Aparece un marco púrpura alrededor del marco azul en el que ahora se pueden
 añadir filas y columnas.
 Fuera del entorno multilínea se pueden poner otras partes de la ecuación,
 como la llave.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El entorno aligned también es apropiado para ecuaciones largas cuyas líneas
 se alinean horizontalmente.
 Usar aligned en una ecuación en presentación tiene la ventaja de que el
 número de ecuación se centra verticalmente con las líneas.
 Como ejemplo, la ecuación 
\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:kurzlang"

\end_inset

 en entorno aligned: 
\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}H=\; & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\\
 & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\end{aligned}
\end{equation}

\end_inset

Para usar los entornos 
\series bold
alignedat
\series default
, 
\series bold
gathered
\series default
, o 
\series bold
split
\series default
, se insertan respectivamente los comandos
\series bold
 
\backslash
alignedat
\series default
,
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash alignedat"

\end_inset

 
\series bold

\backslash
gathered
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! G ! \\textbackslash gathered"

\end_inset

, o 
\series bold

\backslash
split
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! S ! \\textbackslash split"

\end_inset

.
 El entorno split tiene las mismas propiedades que aligned pero sólo puede
 tener dos columnas.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Texto en ecuaciones multilínea
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Texto-en-multilínea"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Texto ! en ecuaciones"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! multilínea ! texto en"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En los entornos Align, multilínea y gather, se puede insertar texto que
 se mostrará en una línea separada y que no afecta la alineación de columna.
 Para esto se usa el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
intertext
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! I ! \\textbackslash intertext"

\end_inset

 con el siguiente esquema:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
intertext{texto}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El texto no debería ocupar más de una línea porque no se puede partir con
 guión.
 Como LyX aún no soporta 
\series bold

\backslash
intertext
\series default
 directamente, el texto se escribe como texto matemático.
 
\series bold

\backslash
intertext
\series default
 debe por tanto estar al comienzo de una línea y en la salida se presenta
 sobre esta línea.
 Un ejemplo en el que se ha insertado texto al inicio de la segunda línea:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{align}
I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\
\intertext{\text{el integrando es simétrico para $\phi=\pi$, por tanto}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\end{align}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Numeración de ecuaciones
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! numeración|see{Numeración de ecuaciones}"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Numeración de ecuaciones"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
General
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Las ecuaciones numeradas se pueden generar con el menú 
\family sans
Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ecuación
\family default
 
\family sans
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ecuación\InsetSpace ~
numerada
\family default
 (atajo 
\family sans
Ctrl-Alt\InsetSpace ~
n
\family default
).
 Ecuaciones existentes se pueden numerar con el menú 
\family sans
Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Conmutar\InsetSpace ~
numeración
\family default
 (atajo
\family sans
 Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
n
\family default
).
 En LyX se muestra detrás de la ecuación el signo almohadilla entre paréntesis.
 En la salida se muestra el número real.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Si se activa la numeración en ecuaciones multilínea se numerarán todas las
 líneas.
 No obstante, la numeración se puede controlar en cada línea con el menú
 
\family sans
Editar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ecuación\SpecialChar \menuseparator
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Conmutar\InsetSpace ~
numeración\InsetSpace ~
de\InsetSpace ~
línea
\family default
 (atajo
\family sans
 Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
N
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Todas las ecuaciones, excepto en línea, pueden numerarse con dos estilos
 distintos, véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Referencias cruzadas
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Referencias-cruzadas"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Referencias cruzadas ! a ecuaciones"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Todas las ecuaciones con etiqueta se pueden referenciar.
 La etiqueta se añade con el menú 
\family sans
Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Etiqueta
\family default
 o con el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/label-insert.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 de la barra de herramientas.
 El cursor debe estar dentro de una ecuación en presentación.
 Surge un diálogo con el prefijo 
\series bold
eq:
\series default
, detrás del cual se escribe el texto de la etiqueta.
 El prefijo significa 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

equation
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 y hace más fácil encontrar etiquetas en documentos extensos porque así
 se distingue p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
e.\InsetSpace ~
de las etiquetas de sección.
 Para cambiar una etiqueta se usa de nuevo el menú 
\family sans
Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Etiqueta
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En LyX, el nombre de la etiqueta se muestra entre paréntesis detrás de la
 ecuación.
 Una ecuación con etiqueta se numera siempre.
 La etiqueta se borra si se desactiva la numeración.
 De momento, es la única forma de borrar una etiqueta.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
véase 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://bugzilla.lyx.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2556}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

LyX-bug #2556
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Las referencias cruzadas se insertan mediante el menú 
\family sans
Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Referencia cruzada
\family default
 o con el botón 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

.
 Una referencia a una ecuación aparece en la salida con su número.
 Si en el diálogo de referencia cruzada se elige el formato 
\series bold
(<referencia>)
\series default
, la referencia se muestra en la salida entre paréntesis.
 
\newline
En LyX, pulsando clic derecho sobre una referencia cruzada el cursor salta
 a la ecuación de referencia.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
He aquí ejemplos de referencias cruzadas a ecuaciones de las subsecciones
 siguientes:
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Observa los distintos tipos de referencias cruzadas.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Las ecuaciones 
\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:tag"

\end_inset

 y 
\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:c"

\end_inset

 son equivalentes.
 En (
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:Lat"

\end_inset

) se usan mayúsculas para la numeración, a diferencia de (
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:Rom"

\end_inset

).
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Si el argumento de 
\series bold

\backslash
tag
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
tag
\series default
 se describe en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Numeración-personalizada"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default
 contiene un marco, como se describe en la 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Cuadros-de-párrafo"

\end_inset

, no se puede referenciar la ecuación.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Subnumeración
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Numeración de ecuaciones ! subnumeración"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Con ayuda de los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
begin{subequations}
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
end{subequations}
\series default
 en modo TeX se pueden subnumerar ecuaciones.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Ejemplo:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
A=C-B\label{eq:a}\end{equation}

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
addtocounter{equation}{-1}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
begin{subequations}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset VSpace -5mm
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
B=C-A\label{eq:b}\end{equation}

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
C=A+B\label{eq:c}\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
end{subequations}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para este ejemplo se ha hecho lo siguiente:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
se inserta la primera ecuación
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
después de ella se inserta
\series bold

\newline

\backslash
addtocounter{equation}{-1} 
\backslash
begin{subequations}
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash addtocounter"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
se inserta la segunda ecuación
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
se inserta la tercera ecuación
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
se inserta 
\series bold

\backslash
end{subequations}
\series default
 tras la tercera ecuación
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Toda ecuación entre los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
begin
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
end
\series default
 se subnumera con a, b, c\SpecialChar \ldots{}
 En ecuaciones multilínea se subnumerará cada línea.
 Todas las ecuaciones subnumeradas son tratadas como 
\emph on
una
\emph default
 ecuación numerada.
 Pero como cada ecuación numerada aumenta el contador 
\series bold
equation
\series default
 en uno, hay que disminuir el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
addtocounter
\series default
.
 De lo contrario, las ecuaciones 
\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:a"

\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:b"

\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:c"

\end_inset

 se numerarían 
\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:a"

\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:d"

\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:f"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Al insertar los comandos en modo TeX se crea un espacio entre las dos primeras
 ecuaciones.
 Para evitarlo se inserta ese espacio vertical de -5\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
mm detrás del comando
 
\series bold

\backslash
begin{subequations}
\series default
.

\series bold
 
\series default
Si se usa el estilo 
\series bold
Sangrado
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
véase estilos de ecuación en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

, entonces se inserta -7\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
mm.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Un ejemplo de ecuación multilínea en la que se ha eliminado la numeración
 de la segunda línea:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
begin{subequations}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
A & = & (B-Z)^{2}=(B-Z)(B-Z)\label{eq:d}\\
 & = & B^{2}-ZB-BZ+Z^{²}\nonumber \\
 & = & B^{2}-2BZ+Z^{2}\label{eq:f}\end{eqnarray}

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
end{subequations}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Numeración definida por el usuario
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Numeración-personalizada"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Numeración de ecuaciones ! personalizada"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Numeración de ecuaciones ! delimitadores personalizados"

\end_inset

Con la numeración estándar el número se coloca entre paréntesis.
 Para reemplazar los paréntesis con barras verticales, p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
e., se añade al preámbulo
 LaTeX la línea: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
def
\backslash
tagform@#1{
\backslash
maketag@@@{|#1|}}
\series default

\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Esta macro ya está declarada en el preámbulo LaTeX para pruebas.
 Para activarlo, quita el % del principio.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para usar otros caracteres, se reemplazan las barras al lado de 
\series bold
#1
\series default
 por ellos.
 Para obtener sólo el número de ecuación se omiten las barras verticales.
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Si quieres poner una expresión entre paréntesis en vez del número de ecuación
 consecutivo, se usa el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
tag
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash tag"

\end_inset


\series default
:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
A+B=C\tag{algo}\label{eq:tag}\end{equation}

\end_inset

En este ejemplo se ha insertado el comando
\series bold
 
\backslash
tag
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

algo
\series default
 en la ecuación.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Si se usa en su lugar el comando con asterisco 
\series bold

\backslash
tag*
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

algo
\series default
 no se imprimen los paréntesis:
\begin_inset Formula \[
A+B=C\tag*{algo}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para reiniciar la numeración en nuevas partes o secciones del documento
 se usan los siguientes comandos:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
@addtoreset{equation}{part}
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! \"@\" ! \\textbackslash \"@\"addtoreset"

\end_inset


\newline

\series bold

\backslash
@addtoreset{equation}{section}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Pata poder usar estos comandos en modo TeX, el carácter 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

@
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 debe 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

activarse
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 para LaTeX con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
makeatletter
\series default
.
 El comando 
\series bold

\backslash
makeatother
\series default
 deshace esto.
 Así pues, la secuencia de comandos en modo TeX es:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
makeatletter
\newline

\backslash
@addtoreset{equation}{section}
\newline

\backslash
makeatother
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En el preámbulo LaTeX se pueden omitir 
\series bold

\backslash
makeatletter
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
makeatother
\series default
 pues son automáticamente insertados por LyX.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
@addtoreset
\series default
,
\series bold
 
\series default
hay que cargar en el preámbulo LaTeX el archivo 
\series bold
remreset.sty
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
remreset
\series default
 es parte del paquete LaTeX 
\series bold
carlisle
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! carlisle"

\end_inset

, incluido en las instalaciones estándar de LaTeX.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! remreset"

\end_inset

 con la línea
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
usepackage{remreset}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Entonces se puede usar el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
@removefromreset
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! \"@\" ! \\textbackslash \"@\"removefromreset"

\end_inset

 con el mismo esquema que 
\series bold

\backslash
@addtoreset
\series default
.
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A veces las ecuaciones se podrían numerar de la siguiente manera:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family typewriter
(número de sección.número de ecuación)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El número de ecuación empezaría con 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

1
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 en cada sección.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para este caso hay el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
numberwithin
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! N ! \\textbackslash numberwithin"

\end_inset

, que se usa con el esquema:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
numberwithin{counter}{sectioning}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

counter
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 indica qué clase de numeración es afectada, 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

sectioning
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 indica qué número va delante del punto.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Así pues, en nuestro caso se ha usado la siguiente línea ERT o de preámbulo
 LaTeX:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
numberwithin{equation}{section}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Este es el resultado::
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
numberwithin{equation}{section}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
A+B=C\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para numerar p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
e.\InsetSpace ~
tablas de modo que 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

sectioning
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 es el número de la parte se usa
\newline

\series bold

\backslash
numberwithin{table}{part}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para volver a la numeración estándar o evitar esta clase numeración cuando
 es definida por la clase de documento, se inserta el siguiente comando
 como ERT o en el preámbulo LaTeX:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
theequation}{
\backslash
arabic{equation}}
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash arabic"

\end_inset


\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
theequation}{
\backslash
arabic{equation}}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold

\newline

\series default
o
\series bold

\newline

\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
thetable}{
\backslash
arabic{table}}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
numberwithin
\series default
 usa internamente el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
@addtoreset
\series default
, descrito arriba, que también necesita ser restaurado.
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
makeatletter
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
@removefromreset{equation}{section}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
makeatother
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Numeración con números romanos y letras
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Numeración-con-romanos"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Numeración de ecuaciones ! con números romanos"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Numeración de ecuaciones ! con letras"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Las ecuaciones también se pueden numerar con números romanos y letras latinas.
 Por ejemplo, para numerar con romanos en minúscula
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Como en español no se usan romanos en minúscula, el estilo 
\series bold
spanish
\series default
 del sistema 
\series bold
babel
\series default
 redefine 
\series bold

\backslash
roman
\series default
 para que los dé en versalitas.
 Véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "spanish"

\end_inset

 (
\emph on
N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
del t
\emph default
).
\end_layout

\end_inset

, se inserta el comando
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
theequation}{
\backslash
roman{equation}}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
antes de la ecuación en modo TeX.
 
\series bold

\backslash
renewcommand
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash renewcommand"

\end_inset

 redefine el comando predefinido 
\series bold

\backslash
theequation
\series default
 como 
\series bold

\backslash
roman{equation}
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
El comando 
\series bold

\backslash
renewcommand
\series default
 tiene el mismo esquema que el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
newcommand
\series default
, descrito en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Comandos-de-usuario"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 
\series bold
equation
\series default
 es el contador de ecuaciones.
 Si se usa el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
the
\series default
 como prefijo de un contador, el valor del contador sale en números arábigos.
 Si una ecuación es numerada, LaTeX pone internamente el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
theequation
\series default
 detrás de la ecuación.
 
\series bold

\backslash
roman{equation}
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash roman"

\end_inset

 pone el contador en romanos en minúscula.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Todas las ecuaciones siguientes a 
\series bold

\backslash
renew
\series default
c
\series bold
ommand
\series default
 se numerarán en romanos.
 Para cambiar a números romanos en mayúscula se inserta de nuevo el comando,
 cambiando 
\series bold

\backslash
roman
\series default
 por 
\series bold

\backslash
Roman
\series default
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! R ! \\textbackslash roman@\\textbackslash Roman"

\end_inset

.
 Para 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

numerar
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 con minúsculas latinas hay el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
alph
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash alph"

\end_inset

, y para mayúsculas el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
Alph
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash alph@\\textbackslash Alph"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Nota:
\series default
 Con letras latinas sólo se puede numerar hasta un máximo de 26 ecuaciones.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
theequation}{
\backslash
roman{equation}}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
A=\textrm{romanos en minúscula}\label{eq:rom}\end{equation}

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
theequation}{
\backslash
Roman{equation}}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
B=\textrm{romanos en mayúscula}\label{eq:Rom}\end{equation}

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
theequation}{
\backslash
alph{equation}}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
C=\textrm{latinas en minúscula}\label{eq:lat}\end{equation}

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
theequation}{
\backslash
Alph{equation}}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
D=\textrm{latinas en mayúscula}\label{eq:Lat}\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para volver a la numeración por defecto se inserta el comando:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
theequation}{
\backslash
arabic{equation}}
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! A ! \\textbackslash arabic"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
theequation}{
\backslash
arabic{equation}}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
E=\mbox{arábigos}\label{eq:arab}\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Como ves, las ecuaciones se numeran consecutivamente independientemente
 del estilo de numeración.
 Cuando la numeración haya de empezar con 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

1
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 al cambiar el estilo, hay que definir nuevos contadores de ecuación.
 Una descripción sobre esto se encuentra en el archivo 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{Formula-numbering.lyx}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Formula-numbering.lyx
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Comandos definidos por el usuario
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Comandos-de-usuario"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos personalizados"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Muchos comandos LaTeX son demasiado largos para usarlos con frecuencia.
 Pero es posible definir nuevos comandos más cortos con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
newcommand
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! N ! \\textbackslash newcommand"

\end_inset

.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El esquema del comando 
\series bold

\backslash
newcommand
\series default
 es:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
newcommand{nombre nuevo de comando}[número de argumentos]
\newline

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
phantom{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
newcommand
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

[valor opcional]{definición de comando}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Nota:
\series default
 Asegúrate de que el nombre del nuevo comando no está definido ya en el
 documento o en paquetes LaTeX que uses.
 Si p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
e.
 defines el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
le
\series default
 para 
\series bold

\backslash
Leftarrow,
\series default
 se producirán errores porque 
\series bold

\backslash
le
\series default
 ya existe como comando para 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\le$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

.

\series bold
 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Nota:
\series default
 Los nombres de comandos personalizados sólo pueden tener letras latinas.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El número de argumentos es un entero en el rango 0-9 y especifica cuántos
 argumentos debería tener el nuevo comando.
 Con el valor opcional se puede predefinir un valor para un argumento opcional.
 Cuando se hace esto, el 
\emph on
primer
\emph default
 argumento del nuevo comando es automáticamente opcional.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Veamos unos ejemplos:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Para definir el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
gr
\series default
 para 
\series bold

\backslash
Longrightarrow
\series default
, la línea de preámbulo LaTeX es:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
medskip
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold

\newline

\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
gr}{
\backslash
Longrightarrow}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Para definir el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
us
\series default
 para 
\series bold

\backslash
underline
\series default
, el argumento (que sería subrayado) debe tenerse en cuenta.
 Para esto la línea de preámbulo es: :
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
medskip
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold

\newline

\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
us}[1]{
\backslash
underline{#1}}
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
medskip
\end_layout

\end_inset


\newline
El carácter 
\series bold
#
\series default
 actúa como colocador del argumento, el 
\series bold
1
\series default
 indica que es el colocador para el primer argumento.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Para 
\series bold

\backslash
framebox
\series default
 se puede p.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
e.
 definir el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
fb
\series default
:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
medskip
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold

\newline

\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
fb}[3]{
\backslash
framebox#1#2{$#3$}}
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
medskip
\end_layout

\end_inset


\newline
Los dos signos dólar generan la ecuación extra necesaria para 
\series bold

\backslash
framebox
\series default
, véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Cuadros-con-marco"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Para crear un nuevo comando para 
\series bold

\backslash
fcolorbox
\series default
 donde no es necesario especificar el color para el cuadro, el argumento
 para el color se define opcional:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
medskip
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series bold

\newline

\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
cb}[3][white]{
\backslash
fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}}
\series default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
medskip
\end_layout

\end_inset


\newline
Si el color no es especificado al usar 
\series bold

\backslash
cb
\series default
, se elige el color 
\series bold
white
\series default
 predefinido.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Un ensayo con los nuevos comandos definidos:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
A
\backslash
gr
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $A\gr B$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
us{ABcd
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\us{ABcd}\raisebox{-2mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
fb{[2cm]
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
{
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
{
\backslash
int
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
cb{red
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
{
\backslash
int
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
cb[green]
\backslash
{red
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
{
\backslash
int
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{6mm}{}\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-4mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Diagramas
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Diagramas"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para componer diagramas se necesita el paquete LaTeX 
\series bold
amscd
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
amscd
\series default
 forma parte de las instalaciones estándar de LaTeX.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! amscd"

\end_inset

.
 Se carga en el preámbulo LaTeX con la línea:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
usepackage{amscd}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los diagramas visualizan relaciones y su aspecto es como este:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\begin{CD}A@)))B@)))C\\
@AAA@.@VVV\\
F@(((E@(((D\end{CD}\]

\end_inset

Para obtener el diagrama se inserta en la ecuación el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
CD
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! C ! \\textbackslash CD"

\end_inset


\series default
.
 Surge un marco azul entre dos líneas de trazos en el que se insertan a
 continuación comandos.
 Con 
\family sans
Ctrl-Intro
\family default
 se inicia una nueva línea.
 En las líneas impares de insertan relaciones horizontales, en las pares
 verticales.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para componer las relaciones hay los siguientes comandos
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "fn:sinónimos"

\end_inset

Los comandos con 
\series bold
>
\series default
 o 
\series bold
<
\series default
 pueden generar errores con el estilo 
\series bold
spanish
\series default
 de 
\series bold
babel
\series default
.
 Para evitarlos se pueden sustituir por sus sinónimos 
\series bold
)
\series default
 o 
\series bold
(
\series default
 respectivamente.
 Véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "spanish"

\end_inset

.
 (
\emph on
N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
del t.
\emph default
)
\end_layout

\end_inset

:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
@<<<
\series default
 genera una flecha hacia la izquierda, 
\series bold
@>>>
\series default
 una hacia la derecha, y 
\series bold
@=
\series default
 un signo igual largo
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
@AAA
\series default
 genera una flecha hacia arriba, 
\series bold
@VVV
\series default
 una hacia abajo, y 
\series bold
@|
\series default
 un signo igual vertical
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
@.

\series default
 genera una ubicación vacía para relaciones inexistentes
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Todas las flechas pueden etiquetarse como sigue:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Si se inserta texto entre la primera y segunda <\InsetSpace ~
 o >, respectivamente, se
 muestra sobre la flecha.
 Si se inserta entre la segunda y la tercera, bajo la flecha.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Para flechas verticales, si se inserta texto entre la primera y la segunda
 A o V, respectivamente, se muestra al lado izquierdo de la flecha.
 Si se inserta entre la segunda y la tercera, al lado derecho.
 Si el texto contiene A o V, estas letras deben ponerse entre llaves TeX.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Como ejemplo un diagrama con todas las relaciones posibles:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\begin{CD}A@)j))B@))k)C@=F\\
@AmAA@.@VV{V}V@|\\
D@((j\,(E@)k))F@=C\end{CD}\]

\end_inset

El comando para este diagrama es:
\newline

\series bold

\backslash
CD
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl-Enter
\newline

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
hphantom{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
CD
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

@AmAA@.@VV
\backslash
{V
\series default

\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\series bold
V@| Ctrl-Enter
\newline

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
hphantom{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
CD
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

D@<<j<E@>k>>F@=C
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\newpage

\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Indicaciones
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
texorpdfstring{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Otras sugerencias útiles para matemáticas en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "Voss"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}{}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
texorpdfstring se usa para evitar que la nota al pie aparezca en los marcadores
 PDF.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Más sobre 
\backslash
texorpdfstring hay en la sección 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Ecuaciones-en-Sección"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Indicaciones"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Símbolos y ecuaciones químicas
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Símbolos-y-ecuaciones-químicas"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Química ! símbolos"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación química"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Química ! caracteres"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Iones|see{Química ! caracteres}"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Un ejemplo de texto de química:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
El ión 
\begin_inset Formula $ $
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$
\end_inset

 reacciona con dos iones 
\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$
\end_inset

 para dar sulfato de sodio 
\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{(Na_{2}SO_{4})}$
\end_inset

.
 La ecuación química es:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\mathrm{2\, Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Esta ecuación química puede crearse directamente como ecuación.
 Para evitar que los símbolos se impriman en cursiva, se selecciona todo
 y con el atajo 
\family sans
Alt-c\InsetSpace ~
r
\family default
 se cambia en redonda.
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
véase estilos de fuentes en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Estilos-de-fuentes"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Números negativos
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Números ! negativos"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Los números negativos a veces se ven feos en las ecuaciones porque el signo
 menos delante del número tiene la misma longitud que el operador signo
 menos.
 Si se escribe el número negativo en texto normal el signo menos aparece
 correctamente.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Así pues, el problema desaparece si se convierte el signo menos a texto
 matemático.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Un ejemplo para visualizar el problema:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
texto normal:
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
x = -2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
ecuación:
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $x=-2$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
solución:
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $x=\mbox{-}2$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Coma como separador decimal
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Coma decimal"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En LaTeX, de acuerdo a la convención inglesa, en las ecuaciones se usa la
 coma como separador de grupos numéricos en las ecuaciones.
 Así, habrá un espacio añadido tras la coma en las ecuaciones.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para evitarlo, se selecciona la coma y se cambia a texto matemático (atajo
 
\family sans
Alt-m\InsetSpace ~
m
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para usar las comas en todas las fórmulas del documento como separador decimal,
 se carga el archivo 
\series bold
icomma.sty
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
icomma
\series default
 forma parte del paquete LaTeX 
\series bold
was
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! was"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! icomma"

\end_inset

 en el preámbulo LaTeX con la línea: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
usepackage{icomma}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Vectores físicos
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Vectores-físicos"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Vectores físicos"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El paquete LaTeX 
\series bold
braket
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
braket
\series default
 es parte de una instalación LaTeX estándar.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! braket"

\end_inset

 suministra vectores predefinidos, se carga con la línea de preámbulo LaTeX:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
usepackage{braket}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
ifbraket 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
La tabla siguiente sólo se mostrará en la salida si el paquete LaTeX 
\series bold
braket
\series default
 está instalado.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Están definidos los siguientes comandos:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Bra{
\backslash
psi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Bra{\psi}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Ket{
\backslash
psi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Ket{\psi}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Braket{
\backslash
psi|
\backslash
phi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\Braket{\psi|\phi}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El comando 
\series bold

\backslash
Braket
\series default
 asegura que todas las barras verticales tienen el tamaño de los delimitadores
 circundantes:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\Braket{\phi|J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\, M_{J}}\]

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
else
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Lo que sigue se verá en la salida si el paquete LaTeX 
\series bold
braket
\series default
 no está instalado:
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Debes instalar el paquete LaTeX 
\series bold
braket
\series default
 para ver en la salida el resto de esta subsección.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
fi
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El efecto de 
\series bold

\backslash
Braket
\series default
 también se puede conseguir con el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
middle
\series default
, que se describe en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Tamaño-automático-de"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Fracciones definidas por el usuario
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Fracciones-personalizadas"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Fracciones ! personalizadas"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para definir comandos personalizados para fracciones, se usa el comando
 
\series bold

\backslash
genfrac
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! G ! \\textbackslash genfrac"

\end_inset

 con el siguiente esquema:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
genfrac{delimitador izquierdo}{delimitador derecho}{grosor raya de
\newline

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
phantom{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
genfrac{
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

fracción}{estilo}{numerador}{denominador}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El estilo es un número en el rango 0-3.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Número
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Estilo (tamaño)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
0
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
ecuación en presentación
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
ecuación en línea
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
pequeño
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
muy pequeño
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Si no se pone estilo el tamaño se ajusta al entorno como para el comando
 
\series bold

\backslash
frac
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Si no se pone grosor de la raya de fracción se usará el valor predefinido
 de 0.4\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pt.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Por ejemplo, los comandos 
\series bold

\backslash
dfrac
\series default
 y 
\series bold

\backslash
tbinom
\series default
 de la 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Fracciones"

\end_inset

 se definen con los comandos:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
dfrac}[2]{
\backslash
genfrac{}{}{}{0}{#1}{#2}}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
y
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
tbinom}[2]{
\backslash
genfrac{(}{)}{0pt}{1}{#1}{#2}}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para definir una fracción en la que el grosor de la raya se pueda definir
 como argumento opcional, se inserta la siguiente línea en el preámbulo
 LaTeX:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
fracS}[3][]{
\backslash
genfrac{}{}{#1}{}{#2}{#3}}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Un ensayo:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{align*}
\text{Comando} &  & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[1mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B} &  & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[5mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B}\\
\text{Resultado} &  & \fracS[1mm]{A}{B} &  & \fracS[5mm]{A}{B}\end{align*}

\end_inset

Como se puede ver, la distancia del numerador y el denominador a la raya
 de fracción se redondea a unas tres veces el grosor de la raya.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Ecuaciones canceladas
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Ecuaciones-canceladas"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! cancelada"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para cancelar ecuaciones o partes de ellas hay que cargar el paquete LaTeX
 
\series bold
cancel
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
cancel
\series default
 forma parte de las distribuciones estándar de LaTeX.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! cancel"

\end_inset

 con la línea de preámbulo LaTeX
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
usepackage[samesize]{cancel}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Hay cuatro formas de cancelar ecuaciones:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Resultado
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
cancel{
\backslash
int
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\cancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
bcancel{
\backslash
int
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\bcancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
xcancel{
\backslash
int
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{4.5mm}{}\xcancel{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
cancelto{1
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\backslash
{
\backslash
int
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

A=B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\raisebox{7mm}{}\cancelto{1}{\int A=B}\raisebox{-2.5mm}{}\hspace{3mm}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
cancelto
\series default
 es especialmente apropiada para visualizar la simplificación de fracciones
 en una ecuación:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Ecuaciones en encabezados de sección
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Ecuaciones-en-encabezados"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! en encabezados de sección"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Si se quiere poner una ecuación en un encabezado de sección hay que tener
 en cuenta lo siguiente:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard
Cuando se usa el paquete LaTeX 
\series bold
hyperref
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! hyperref"

\end_inset

, los marcadores PDF se generan automáticamente para cada encabezado de
 sección en el índice.
 Si el encabezado contiene ecuaciones, se muestran incorrectamente en el
 texto del marcador, porque se infringen las convenciones PDF.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Estos problemas se pueden solucionar insertando al final del encabezado
 un título breve con el menú 
\family sans
Insertar\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Título\InsetSpace ~
breve
\family default
.
 Los títulos breves se usan como alternativa para encabezados de sección
 con más de una línea para mantener el buen aspecto del índice.
 En éste sólo aparece el título breve y por tanto también en los marcadores.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Si hay que poner ecuaciones en el índice y se usa 
\series bold
hyperref
\series default
, se puede insertar el siguiente comando en modo TeX:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
texorpdfstring{parte}{alternativa}
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! T ! \\textbackslash texorpdfstring"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Parte se refiere a la parte del encabezado que no debería aparecer en el
 marcador PDF.
 Puede ser caracteres, ecuaciones, notas al pie, y también referencias cruzadas.
 La alternativa se usa para el marcador en vez de la parte.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Aquí hay dos ejemplo de encabezados:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace -3mm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
boldmath 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Encabezado sin ecuación en el índice 
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{-1}=\mathrm{i}$
\end_inset


\begin_inset OptArg
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Encabezado sin ecuación en el índice
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Encabezado con ecuación en el índice
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
texorpdfstring{
\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{-1}=\mathrm{i}$
\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}{}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
unboldmath 
\end_layout

\end_inset

En el primer encabezado se ha puesto un título breve, en el segundo un 
\series bold

\backslash
texorpdfstring
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para obtener el mismo formato que en los demás encabezados se han puesto
 ambos en un 
\series bold
entorno boldmath
\series default
.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Ecuaciones-en-negrita"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Ecuaciones en texto multicolumna
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! en texto multicolumna"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Las ecuaciones en texto multicolumna son con frecuencia demasiado anchas
 para ajustarse a la columna y entonces es preciso abarcar la anchura total
 de la página.
 Esto se hace usando el paquete LaTeX 
\series bold
multicol
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
multicol
\series default
 forma parte de las distribuciones LaTeX estándar.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! multicol"

\end_inset

, que se carga en el preámbulo LaTeX con la línea
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
usepackage{multicol}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Ten en cuenta que la opción 
\family sans
Documento\InsetSpace ~
con\InsetSpace ~
dos\InsetSpace ~
caras
\family default
, bajo 
\family sans
Diseño\InsetSpace ~
de\InsetSpace ~
página 
\family default
en el menú 
\family sans
Documento\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Configuración
\family default
 
\emph on
debe
\emph default
 estar desmarcada.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Antes del texto multicolumna se inserta en modo TeX el comando
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
begin{multicols}{número de columnas}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
El número de columnas está en el rango 2-10.
 Antes de la ecuación, se finaliza el texto multicolumna insertando en modo
 TeX el comando
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
end{multicols}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Debido al comando se añade automáticamente algún espacio delante de la ecuación.
 Para quitarlo se inserta un espacio vertical de -6\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
mm antes de la ecuación.
 Si se usa el estilo 
\series bold
Sangrado
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
véase estilos de ecuación en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

, se inserta un espacio de -9\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
mm.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Un ejemplo de texto multicolumna con una ecuación en modo presentación:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
begin{multicols}{2}
\end_layout

\end_inset

Das Spektrum wird fouriertransformiert.
 the Fouriertransformation wird verwendet, um the überlagerten Signale (Netzwerk
, Lösungsmittel) zu trennen.
 Nachdem wir the Phasenverschiebung bestimmen konnten, interessiert uns
 nun das Aussehen des Ausgangssignals.
 Im Experiment haben wir es with sehr vielen Teilchen zu tun, so that man
 über alle Phasen integrieren muss.
 Sei nun 
\begin_inset Formula $S$
\end_inset

 unser normiertes Ausgangssignal and 
\begin_inset Formula $P$
\end_inset

 the Phasenverteilungsfunktion, so ergibt sich the Beziehung
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
end{multicols}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset VSpace -6mm
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
S(t)=S_{0}(t)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\phi}\,\mathrm{d}\phi\label{eq:fouriertrafo}\end{equation}

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
begin{multicols}{2}
\end_layout

\end_inset

wobei 
\begin_inset Formula $S_{0}$
\end_inset

 das Signal ohne Gradient ist and the Normierungsbedingung 
\begin_inset Formula $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\,\mathrm{d}\phi=1$
\end_inset

 gilt.
 Nun dürfen wir aber nicht the Relaxationsprozess außer Acht lassen.
 Direkt nach the 
\begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{\pi}{2}$
\end_inset

\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
-rf-Puls beginnt sich the Magnetisierung zu entfokussieren, wodurch sich
 das Signal zusätzlich abschwächt.
 Diese Abschwächung verläuft exponentiell in Abhängigkeit the so genannten
 
\begin_inset Formula $T_{2}$
\end_inset

-Zeit.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
end{multicols}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Ecuaciones con descripción de variables
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ecuación ! con descripción de variables"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Para describir variables en una ecuación, como en la fórmula 
\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:within"

\end_inset

, se inserta una matriz 2×
\begin_inset Formula $n$
\end_inset

 con columnas alineadas a la izquierda para las 
\emph on

\begin_inset Formula $n$
\end_inset


\emph default
 variables usadas.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
véase matrices en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Matrices"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

 Para poner la descripción en tamaño más pequeño se inserta, p.e, el comando
 
\series bold

\backslash
footnotesize
\series default
 antes de la matriz.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
véase tamaños de fuentes en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Tamaños-de-fuentes"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Si se usa el estilo 
\series bold
Sangrado
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
véase estilos de ecuación en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Estilos-de-ecuación"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

, se inserta un 
\series bold

\backslash
hfill
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
hfill
\series default
 sólo funciona en ecuaciones en estilo 
\series bold
Sangrado
\series default
, véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Espacio-variable"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

 delante y detrás de la matriz para que tenga la misma separación con la
 ecuación y con el margen.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Si se usa el estilo 
\series bold
Centrado
\series default
 se emplea el método descrito en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Entorno-flalign"

\end_inset

 para sangrar la ecuación.
 La ecuación 
\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:within"

\end_inset

 consta de cinco columnas ya que las dos primeras contienen la fórmula,
 la tercera la matriz y la última una llave TeX vacía.
\begin_inset Formula \begin{flalign}
\hspace{30pt} & F_{A}=\rho\cdot V\cdot g & \footnotesize\begin{array}{ll}
\rho & \mbox{densidad}\\
V & \mbox{volumen}\\
g & \mbox{aceleración gravitatoria}\end{array} &  & {}\label{eq:within}\end{flalign}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Letras griegas minúsculas en redonda
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Griegas-en-redonda"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Letras griegas ! en redonda"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
La mayoría de las fuentes sólo suministran letras griegas minúsculas en
 cursiva.
 Pero para símbolos de partículas elementales como piones y neutrinos hacen
 falta letras griegas en redonda.
 El archivo 
\series bold
upgreek.sty
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
upgreek
\series default
 forma parte del paquete LaTeX 
\series bold
was
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! was"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! upgreek"

\end_inset

, que se carga en el preámbulo LaTeX con la línea
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
usepackage{upgreek}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
las suministra.
 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
ifupgreek 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
La tabla siguiente sólo se podrá ver si está instalado el paquete LaTeX
 
\series bold
upgreek
\series default
.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Se imprimen con el comando de la letra correspondiente precedido de 
\series bold
up
\series default
.
 Por ejemplo, el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
uptau
\series default
 genera: 
\begin_inset Formula $\uptau$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Con estos comandos se pueden escribir reacciones entre partículas elementales:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\uppi^{+}\rightarrow\upmu^{+}+\upnu_{\upmu}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Las letras en redonda son más remarcadas y más grandes que las correspondientes
 en cursiva.
 Por tanto no deberían emplearse para unidades como 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

µm
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
else 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Lo siguiente se mostrará si el paquete LaTeX 
\series bold
upgreek
\series default
 no está instalado:
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Debes instalar el paquete LaTeX 
\series bold
upgreek
\series default
 para ver en la salida el resto de esta subsección.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
fi
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Caracteres de texto en ecuaciones
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Caracteres-de-texto"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Texto ! en ecuaciones"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En algunos casos podrías querer insertar caracteres de texto directamente
 en ecuaciones.
 Por ejemplo, cuando se usa con frecuencia el punto centrado 
\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
\end_inset

 en expresiones como 
\begin_inset Formula $v=5\cdot10^{5}\,\mathrm{Hz}$
\end_inset

, habría que insertar el comando 
\series bold

\backslash
cdot
\series default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Operadores-binarios"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

 continuamente, porque este carácter está definido en todas las codificaciones
 como carácter de texto.
 Pero la codificación se puede cambiar con la línea de preámbulo LaTeX:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
Declare Inputtext{183}{
\backslash
ifmmode
\backslash
cdot
\backslash
else
\backslash
textperiodcentered
\backslash
f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
i}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
La codificación de caracteres (menú 
\family sans
Documento\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Configuración\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Idioma
\family default
) especifica el carácter que se muestra al pulsar una tecla.
 Si se pulsa la tecla para el carácter '·', se usa internamente el comando
 
\series bold

\backslash
textperiodcentered
\series default
.
 Pero este comando no está disponible en ecuaciones así que obtendrías errores
 de LaTeX.
 Con la codificación cambiada se escoge automáticamente el comando correcto,
 dependiendo de si el carácter se ha insertado en una ecuación o no.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
La codificación de diversos caracteres se guarda en archivos de definición.
 Por ejemplo la codificación 
\series bold
latin9
\series default
 se define en el archivo 
\series bold
latin9.def
\series default
 que está en el directorio de LaTeX.
 La codificación sólo debería cambiarse en el preámbulo LaTeX y no en el
 archivo de definición, de lo contrario, nuestros cdocumentos no podrían
 ser editados en otros ordenadores.
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Además del punto centrado, en este documento se ha definido el signo grado
 ° con la siguiente línea de preámbulo LaTeX, para que se puede insertar
 directamente en una fórmula:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
DeclareInputtext{176}{
\backslash
ifmmode^
\backslash
circ
\backslash
else
\backslash
textdegree
\backslash
f\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
i}
\newpage

\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
\start_of_appendix
Notas sobre tipografía
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Tipografía, notas"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Esta sección es un resumen de las normas tipográficas ISO más importantes.
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
Este compendio se ha tomado parcialmente del diccionario semioficial alemán
 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

Duden
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "Duden"

\end_inset

, que incluye algunas de las normas ISO.
 
\newline
(
\emph on
N.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
del t.
\emph default
: Para documentación en español sobre el tema, véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "Bezos"

\end_inset

.)
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Las unidades físicas se escriben 
\emph on
siempre 
\emph default
en redonda
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
véase estilos de fuentes en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Estilos-de-fuentes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

: 30\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
km/h
\newline
Entre el valor y la unidad hay un espacio delgado, véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Espacio-predefinido"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Los signos por ciento y por mil se escriben como las unidades físicas:
\newline
1,2\InsetSpace \thinspace{}

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
textperthousand 
\end_layout

\end_inset

 \InsetSpace ~
de alcohol en sangre.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
El signo grado sigue directamente al valor: 15°, excepto si acompaña a otra
 unidad: 15\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
°C
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
En números con más de cuatro dígitos se inserta un espacio delgado para
 separarlos en grupos de tres cifras: 18\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
473\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
588
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Para dimensiones como 120×90×40\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
cm se usa el aspa de multiplicar 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

×
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

.
 Se puede insertar con el comando LaTeX 
\series bold

\backslash
texttimes
\series default
 o directamente con alguna combinación de teclas.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Las funciones con nombres que constan de varias letras se escriben en redonda
 para evitar confusiones, véase 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Funciones-predefinidas"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Los índices que constan de varias letras se escriben en redonda: 
\begin_inset Formula $E_{\mbox{cin}}$
\end_inset


\newline
Los componentes de una matriz se escriben en cursiva: 
\begin_inset Formula $\hat{H}_{kl}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
El operador de diferenciación/integración 'd', el número de Euler 'e' y
 el número imaginario 'i' deberían escribirse en redonda para evitar confundirlo
s con otras variables.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\newpage

\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Sinónimos
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Sinónimos"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Algunos caracteres y símbolos se pueden componer con varios comandos sinónimos
 como los que se recogen en esta lista
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
véase también 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "fn:sinónimos"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
equivalente a
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
raisebox
\series default
 se usa sólo como espaciador
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ast
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
raisebox{-1.2mm}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

*
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
choose
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
binom
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
geq
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ge
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
lbrace
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
{
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
lbracket
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
[
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
leftarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
gets
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
leq
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
le
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
lor
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
vee
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
neq
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
not=
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
slash
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
/
\end_layout

\end_inset
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</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
vert
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
|
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Comando
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
equivalente a
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
backslash
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash

\backslash

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
dasharrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
dashrightarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
land
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
wedge
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
rbrace
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
}
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
rbracket
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
]
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
rightarrow
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
to
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
lnot
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
neg
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ne
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
not=
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
owns
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
ni
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\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\backslash
square
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
Box
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\end_inset
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</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\backslash
Vert
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Standard

\backslash
|
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\end_inset


\hfill

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\begin_layout Standard

\newpage

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\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "TLC2"

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\shape smallcaps
Mittelbach, F.
 ; Goossens, M.
\shape default
: 
\shape italic
The LaTeX Companion
\shape default
.
 Addison Wesley, 2004
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "Mathmode"

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/math/voss/mathmode/Mathmode.pdf}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Description
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 of LaTeX's math abilities
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "Voss"

\end_inset

LaTeX tips and tricks-
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://tug.org/TeXnik/}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

page
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "AMS"

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/doc/amsmath/amsldoc.pdf}{
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\end_inset

Description
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 of 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
AmS
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\end_inset

-LaTeX
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\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "Symbole"

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf}{
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\end_inset

List
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status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 of all symbols available with LaTeX-packages
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\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "hyperref"

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/ftp/doc/manual.pdf}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Documentation
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 of the LaTeX-package 
\series bold
hyperref
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX ! paquetes ! hyperref"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "Mathclap"

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb22-4/tb72perlS.pdf}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Description
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 of the command 
\series bold

\backslash
mathclap
\series default
, descrito en 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Límites-de-operadores"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Comandos ! M ! \\textbackslash mathclap"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "Duden"

\end_inset


\emph on
Duden Band 1
\emph default
.
 22.
 Auflage, Duden 2001
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "spanish"

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://www.texytipografia.com/archive/spanish.pdf}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Documentación
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 del estilo 
\series bold
spanish
\family sans
\series default
 
\family default
incluido en el paquete 
\series bold
babel
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "Bezos"

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://www.texytipografia.com/archive/ortomatem.pdf}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Documento
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 sobre ortotipografía y notaciones matemáticas en español
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series bold
\begin_inset LatexCommand printindex

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_body
\end_document