1 #LyX 2.0.0svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
7 % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
9 % This preamble is designed to ensure that the User's Guide prints
10 % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble,
11 % parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. If you
12 % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact
13 % the documentation team
14 % email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
16 \usepackage{ifpdf} % part of the hyperref bundle
17 \ifpdf % if pdflatex is used
19 % set fonts for nicer pdf view
20 \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}{}
22 \fi % end if pdflatex is used
24 % for correct jump positions whe clicking on a link to a float
25 \usepackage[figure]{hypcap}
27 % the pages of the TOC is numbered roman
28 % and a pdf-bookmark for the TOC is added
29 \let\myTOC\tableofcontents
30 \renewcommand\tableofcontents{%
32 \pdfbookmark[1]{\contentsname}{}
36 % redefine the \LyX macro for PDF bookmarks
37 \def\LyX{\texorpdfstring{%
38 L\kern-.1667em\lower.25em\hbox{Y}\kern-.125emX\@}
41 % define a short command for \textvisiblespace
42 \newcommand{\spce}{\textvisiblespace}
44 % macro for italic page numbers in the index
45 \newcommand{\IndexDef}[1]{\textit{#1}}
47 % workaround for a makeindex bug,
48 % see sec. "Index Entry Order"
49 % only uncomment this when you are using makindex
51 %\renewcommand*{\index}[1]{\OrgIndex{#1}}
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77 \pdf_title "The LyX User's Guide"
78 \pdf_author "LyX Team"
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120 \paragraph_separation indent
121 \paragraph_indentation default
122 \quotes_language english
125 \paperpagestyle default
126 \tracking_changes false
127 \output_changes false
143 \begin_layout Plain Layout
145 If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documenta
147 \begin_inset CommandInset href
149 target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
160 \begin_inset Newline newline
164 \begin_inset Newline newline
168 \begin_inset Note Note
171 \begin_layout Plain Layout
172 The latest PDF-version of this document can be found here:
173 \begin_inset Newline newline
178 http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/DocumentationDevelopment#UserGuide
186 \begin_layout Standard
187 \begin_inset CommandInset toc
188 LatexCommand tableofcontents
195 \begin_layout Chapter
199 \begin_layout Section
203 \begin_layout Standard
204 LyX is a document preparation system.
205 It is a tool for producing beautiful manuscripts, publishable books, business
206 letters and proposals, and even poetry.
207 It is unlike most other
208 \begin_inset Quotes eld
212 \begin_inset Quotes erd
215 in the sense that it uses the paradigm of a markup language as its core
217 That means that when you type a section header, you mark it as a
218 \begin_inset Quotes eld
222 \begin_inset Quotes erd
226 \begin_inset Quotes eld
230 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
233 pt type, left justified, 5
234 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
238 \begin_inset Quotes erd
242 LyX takes care of the typesetting for you, so you deal only with concepts,
246 \begin_layout Standard
247 This philosophy is explained in much greater detail in the
250 \begin_inset Quotes eld
254 \begin_inset Quotes erd
260 If you haven't read it yet, you need to.
264 \begin_layout Standard
266 \begin_inset Quotes eld
274 \begin_inset Quotes erd
277 describes several things in addition to LyX's philosophy: most importantly,
278 the format of all of the manuals.
279 If you don't read it, you'll have a bear of a time navigating this manual.
280 You might also be better served looking in one of the other manuals instead
283 \begin_inset Quotes eld
291 \begin_inset Quotes erd
297 \begin_layout Section
301 \begin_layout Standard
302 Like most applications, LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of
304 Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons.
305 There is, of course, a vertical scrollbar and a main work area for editing
309 \begin_layout Standard
310 Note that there is no horizontal scrollbar.
311 This is not a bug or an oversight, but intentional.
312 When you read a book, you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the
314 Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for
315 only a vertical scrollbar.
316 There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar.
317 The first case is large figures, displayed WYSIWYG\SpecialChar \@.
318 This, however, is due
319 to a flaw in the routine that displays graphics on the LyX screen in a
320 WYSIWYG fashion; it should rescale the graphics to fit in the window, just
321 as you'd need to rescale graphics to fit on a page.
322 The second and third cases are tables and equations which are wider than
324 You can use the arrow keys to scroll horizontally through the table, but
325 this doesn't work for equations yet.
328 \begin_layout Standard
329 For a brief description of all LyX menus and toolbar buttons, have a look
335 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
337 reference "cha:The-User-Interface"
342 Most of them are self-explanatory and you'll find them listed in the correspond
343 ing sections of this documentation.
346 \begin_layout Section
350 \begin_layout Standard
351 The help system consists of the LyX manuals.
356 of the manuals from inside LyX.
357 Just select the manual you want read from the
364 \begin_layout Section
366 \begin_inset CommandInset label
368 name "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"
375 \begin_layout Standard
376 There are several features of LyX that can be configured from inside LyX,
377 without resorting to configuration files.
378 First, LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs, LaTeX document
379 classes and LaTeX packages are available.
380 It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults to several
385 \begin_inset Index idx
388 \begin_layout Plain Layout
395 Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed
396 on your system, you might have some items that you installed locally, e.
397 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
401 \begin_inset space \space{}
404 new LaTeX classes, and which are not seen by LyX.
405 To force LyX to re-inspect your system, you should use
407 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
411 \begin_inset Index idx
414 \begin_layout Plain Layout
415 Reconfiguration of LyX
420 You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account.
423 \begin_layout Section
425 \begin_inset CommandInset label
427 name "sec:LaTeX-Setup"
434 \begin_layout Standard
435 You can edit documents in LyX without having LaTeX installed, but you will
436 not to able to create PDFs or print your documents unless you do have it
438 However, some LyX documents use DocBook as the `backend' that can produce
439 PDFs and the like, and every LyX document can always be output as plain
443 \begin_layout Standard
444 Some document classes may depend upon specific LaTeX or DocBook classes
446 Such document classes can be used even if you do not have the required
447 files installed, but you will not be able to produce certain kinds of output.
450 \begin_layout Standard
451 The LaTeX packages that LyX has found on your system are listed in a file
452 you can view from the menu
454 Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
459 \begin_layout Plain Layout
473 If you are missing packages you need, then you must install them and then
474 reconfigure LyX (menu
476 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
480 \begin_inset Note Note
483 \begin_layout Plain Layout
484 The two braces in the TeX Code box prevent that the term
485 \begin_inset Quotes eld
489 \begin_inset Quotes erd
492 from being printed with sub- and superscript letters.
493 More about TeX Code is described in section
498 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
500 reference "sec:TeX-Code"
504 , the printout of proper names like LaTeX is explained in section
509 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
511 reference "sub:LyX's-Proper-Names"
521 \begin_inset Index idx
524 \begin_layout Plain Layout
525 Reconfiguration of LyX
530 See section 5.1 of the
534 manual for more information on installing additional LaTeX packages.
537 \begin_layout Chapter
541 \begin_layout Section
542 Basic File Operations
543 \begin_inset Index idx
546 \begin_layout Plain Layout
555 \begin_layout Standard
560 menu and in the standard toolbar are basic operations for any word processor
561 in addition to some more advanced operations:
564 \begin_layout Itemize
568 \begin_inset Graphics
569 filename ../images/buffer-new.png
576 \begin_layout Itemize
594 \begin_layout Itemize
600 \begin_inset Graphics
601 filename ../images/file-open.png
608 \begin_layout Itemize
614 \begin_layout Itemize
620 \begin_inset Graphics
621 filename ../images/buffer-write.png
628 \begin_layout Itemize
638 \begin_layout Itemize
652 \begin_layout Itemize
662 \begin_layout Itemize
668 \begin_layout Itemize
674 \begin_layout Itemize
680 \begin_inset Graphics
681 filename ../images/dialog-show_print.png
688 \begin_layout Itemize
694 \begin_layout Standard
695 They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors, with
696 a few minor differences.
699 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
714 command not only prompts you for a name for the new file, but also prompts
715 you for a template to use.
716 Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for
717 the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually.
718 They can be of use for certain classes, especially those for writing letters
724 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
726 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
733 \begin_layout Standard
734 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
737 \begin_layout Plain Layout
743 \begin_inset Quotes eld
747 \begin_inset Quotes erd
751 \begin_inset Quotes eld
755 \begin_inset Quotes erd
759 \begin_inset Quotes eld
763 \begin_inset Quotes erd
766 Unless you tell LyX to open a file or create a new one, that big, blank
767 space is just that — a big, blank space.
775 \begin_layout Standard
796 are useful if more people work on the same document at the same time
800 \begin_layout Plain Layout
801 If you plan to do this, you should check out the Version Control feature
826 will reload the document from disk.
827 You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document
828 and want to restore it to the last save.
837 you can there register the changes you made to a document so that others
838 can identify them as your changes.
841 \begin_layout Section
842 Basic Editing Features
843 \begin_inset Index idx
846 \begin_layout Plain Layout
853 \begin_inset CommandInset label
855 name "sec:Basic-Editing-Features"
862 \begin_layout Standard
863 Like most modern word processors, LyX can perform cut and paste operations
864 on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or page of text, and can
865 delete whole words as well as individual characters.
866 The next four sections cover the basic LyX editing features and how to
868 We'll start with cut and paste.
871 \begin_layout Standard
872 As you might expect, the
876 menu and the standard toolbar has the cut and paste commands, along with
877 various other editing features.
878 Some of these are special and covered in later sections.
882 \begin_layout Itemize
888 \begin_inset Graphics
889 filename ../images/cut.png
896 \begin_layout Itemize
902 \begin_inset Graphics
903 filename ../images/copy.png
910 \begin_layout Itemize
916 \begin_inset Graphics
917 filename ../images/paste.png
924 \begin_layout Itemize
934 \begin_layout Itemize
944 \begin_layout Itemize
958 \begin_inset Graphics
959 filename ../images/dialog-show_findreplace.png
967 \begin_layout Standard
968 The first three are self-explanatory.
969 One thing to note: whenever you delete a block of text that you've selected,
970 it's automatically placed in the clipboard.
979 keys also function as the
984 Also, if you've selected text, be careful: If you hit a key, LyX will completel
985 y delete the selected text and replace it with what you just typed.
990 to get back the lost text.
993 \begin_layout Standard
994 \begin_inset Index idx
997 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1003 You can also copy text between LyX and other programs by cut, copy and paste.
1007 \begin_inset space ~
1012 shows you a list with the last strings you have pasted.
1015 \begin_layout Standard
1018 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1020 \begin_inset space ~
1023 Special\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1025 \begin_inset space ~
1029 \begin_inset space ~
1034 will insert the text in the clipboard so that the whole text is inserted
1040 A new paragraph is started when there is a blank line in the file.
1044 \begin_inset space ~
1049 , the text is inserted as Paragraphs, where the line breaks of the text
1050 will start a new paragraph.
1053 \begin_layout Standard
1054 \begin_inset Index idx
1057 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1064 \begin_inset Index idx
1067 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1075 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1077 \begin_inset space ~
1081 \begin_inset space ~
1089 \begin_inset space ~
1093 \begin_inset space ~
1099 Once you have found a word or expression, LyX selects it.
1104 button replaces the selected text with the contents of the
1107 \begin_inset space ~
1116 \begin_inset space ~
1121 button to skip the current word.
1125 \begin_inset space ~
1130 to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically.
1134 \begin_inset space ~
1139 option can be used if you want the search to consider the case of the search
1141 If the toggle is set, searching for
1142 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1150 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1153 will not match the word
1154 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1162 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1168 Match whole words only
1170 option can be used to force LyX to only find complete words, i.
1171 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1175 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1183 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1187 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1195 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1201 \begin_layout Standard
1202 Things like notes, floats, etc., the so called insets can be dissolved.
1203 This means that the inset is deleted and its content is left as normal
1205 Dissolving an inset is done by setting the cursor to the beginning of an
1210 or by setting the cursor to the end and pressing
1217 \begin_layout Section
1219 \begin_inset Index idx
1222 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1229 \begin_inset Index idx
1232 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1239 \begin_inset CommandInset label
1241 name "sec:Undo-and-Redo"
1248 \begin_layout Standard
1249 If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it.
1250 LyX has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer.
1253 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1256 or the toolbar button
1257 \begin_inset Graphics
1258 filename ../images/undo.png
1262 to undo some mistake.
1263 If you accidentally undo too much, use
1265 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1268 or the toolbar button
1269 \begin_inset Graphics
1270 filename ../images/redo.png
1275 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1279 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1282 The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100
1283 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1286 steps to minimize memory overhead.
1289 \begin_layout Standard
1290 Note that if you revert back all changes to arrive to the document as it
1292 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1296 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1299 status of the document is unfortunately not reset.
1300 This is a consequence of the 100
1301 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1304 step undo limit, above.
1307 \begin_layout Standard
1316 work on almost everything in LyX.
1317 But they won't undo or redo text character by character, but by blocks
1321 \begin_layout Section
1323 \begin_inset Index idx
1326 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1335 \begin_layout Standard
1336 These are the most basic mouse operations.
1339 \begin_layout Enumerate
1344 \begin_layout Itemize
1349 once anywhere in the edit window.
1350 The cursor moves to the text under the mouse.
1354 \begin_layout Enumerate
1359 \begin_layout Itemize
1365 LyX marks the text between the old and new mouse positions.
1368 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1371 to create a copy of the text in LyX's buffer (and the clipboard).
1374 \begin_layout Itemize
1375 Re-position the cursor and then paste the text back into LyX using
1377 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1384 \begin_layout Enumerate
1385 Insets (Footnotes, Notes, Floats, etc.)
1389 \begin_layout Standard
1390 Right-click on them to set their properties.
1391 Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details.
1395 \begin_layout Enumerate
1400 \begin_layout Standard
1405 the right mouse button to open a dialog that will allow you to manipulate
1410 \begin_layout Section
1412 \begin_inset CommandInset label
1414 name "sec:Navigating"
1419 \begin_inset Index idx
1422 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1431 \begin_layout Standard
1432 LyX offers you two ways to navigate in documents:
1435 \begin_layout Itemize
1440 lists all sections of the document as submenu entries that you can click
1441 to jump to the corresponding document part.
1444 \begin_layout Itemize
1447 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1450 or the toolbar button
1451 \begin_inset Graphics
1452 filename ../images/dialog-toggle_toc.png
1459 \begin_layout Standard
1460 The outline window shows you the content of the document's table of contents
1461 (TOC) that is described in section
1462 \begin_inset space ~
1466 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1468 reference "sub:Table-of-Contents"
1473 You can click there on entries to jump to the corresponding document part.
1474 In the pull-down box at the top of the outline window, you can choose between
1475 different lists of document objects, like the list of footnotes.
1476 Some of them, the list of tables, figures, and algorithms can also be added
1477 to the document, see section
1478 \begin_inset space ~
1482 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1484 reference "sub:List-of-Figures"
1493 option sorts the current list, and the
1497 option keeps it in the current view state.
1498 Keeping means that when you have e.
1499 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1503 \begin_inset space \space{}
1506 the subsections of section
1507 \begin_inset space ~
1510 2 and 4 shown and click on section
1511 \begin_inset space ~
1514 3, the subsections of section
1515 \begin_inset space ~
1518 2 and 4 will still be shown.
1523 option they will be hidden to highlight the clicked section
1524 \begin_inset space ~
1530 \begin_layout Standard
1532 \begin_inset space \space{}
1536 \begin_inset Graphics
1537 filename ../images/down.png
1542 \begin_inset space \hspace{}
1547 \begin_inset space \space{}
1551 \begin_inset Graphics
1552 filename ../images/up.png
1557 \begin_inset space \hspace{}
1561 at the bottom of the outline window you can change the position of sections
1563 So you can for example move section
1564 \begin_inset space ~
1568 \begin_inset space ~
1572 LyX will then automatically renumber the sections to the new order.
1574 \begin_inset Graphics
1575 filename ../images/promote.png
1580 \begin_inset Graphics
1581 filename ../images/demote.png
1585 or the corresponding key bindings
1593 you can change the sectioning level of sections.
1594 So you can for example make section
1595 \begin_inset space ~
1599 \begin_inset space ~
1603 \begin_inset space ~
1609 \begin_layout Standard
1611 \begin_inset Graphics
1612 filename ../images/bookmark-goto_0.png
1617 jumps to the position in the document where you recently changed something.
1618 This is for example useful when you have a large document and navigated
1619 or scrolled to another document part to look for something, and want to
1620 go back to your last editing position.
1623 \begin_layout Section
1624 Input / Word Completion
1625 \begin_inset CommandInset label
1627 name "sec:Input-Completion"
1632 \begin_inset Index idx
1635 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1642 \begin_inset Index idx
1645 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1650 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1661 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1676 \begin_layout Standard
1677 LyX provides completion of words by scanning all documents that are currently
1679 Every word that appears in these documents is added to a database that
1680 is used to propose completions.
1683 \begin_layout Standard
1684 By default LyX shows a small triangle behind the cursor as indicator that
1685 there are completions available.
1686 You can then press the
1690 key to use this completion.
1691 When several completions are possible, a popup is opened showing them.
1692 You can select a completion in the popup using the mouse or the arrow keys,
1693 and accept the chosen completion be pressing
1700 \begin_layout Standard
1701 In the preferences dialog, which is opened with the menu
1703 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1706 , the cursor completion indicator can be turned off in the section
1708 Editing\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1711 by deselecting the option
1718 Automatic inline completion
1720 the proposed completion is shown directly behind the cursor position.
1721 To accept this proposal, use the
1730 the completions are always shown in a popup.
1731 LyX offers some more completion settings for experts that are described
1733 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1737 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1739 reference "sub:Input-Completion-Appendix"
1746 \begin_layout Section
1748 \begin_inset Index idx
1751 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1758 \begin_inset Index idx
1761 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1766 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1777 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1790 \begin_inset Index idx
1793 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1798 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1809 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1824 \begin_layout Standard
1825 There are at least two different primary binding maps: CUA and Emacs.
1826 LyX's default is CUA.
1829 \begin_layout Standard
1833 \begin_inset space ~
1841 \begin_inset space ~
1862 , do exactly what you expect them to do.
1866 \begin_layout Labeling
1867 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1871 \begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
1872 LatexCommand nomenclature
1874 description "Tabulator key"
1880 There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX.
1881 If you don't understand this, go read sections
1882 \begin_inset space ~
1886 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1888 reference "sec:Par-indent-intro"
1893 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1895 reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments"
1899 , especially section
1900 \begin_inset space ~
1904 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1906 reference "sub:Lists"
1912 If you're still confused, look in the
1919 \begin_layout Labeling
1920 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1924 \begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
1925 LatexCommand nomenclature
1927 description "Escape key"
1934 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1938 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1941 It's used, generically, to cancel operations.
1942 Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this.
1945 \begin_layout Labeling
1946 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1952 \begin_inset space ~
1956 \begin_inset space ~
1963 These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line,
1964 unless you are using the Emacs bindings where they jump to the beginning
1968 \begin_layout Standard
1969 There are three modifier keys:
1972 \begin_layout Labeling
1973 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1979 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1987 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1991 \begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
1992 LatexCommand nomenclature
1994 description "Control key"
1998 in the documentation files) This has a couple of different uses, depending
1999 on which keys it's used in combination with:
2003 \begin_layout Itemize
2012 , it deletes an entire word instead of a single character.
2015 \begin_layout Itemize
2024 , it moves by words instead of characters.
2027 \begin_layout Itemize
2036 , it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively.
2040 \begin_layout Labeling
2041 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
2047 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2055 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2059 \begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
2060 LatexCommand nomenclature
2062 description "Shift key"
2066 in the documentation files) Use this with any of the motion keys to select
2067 the text between the old and new cursor positions.
2070 \begin_layout Labeling
2071 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
2077 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2085 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2089 \begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
2090 LatexCommand nomenclature
2092 description "Alt or Meta key"
2096 in the documentation files) This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless
2097 your keyboard has a distinct Meta key.
2098 If you have both keys, you will need to try out which one actually performs
2104 This key does many different things, but it also activates the
2106 menu accelerator keys
2109 If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a
2110 menu or menu item, it selects that menu item.
2114 \begin_layout Standard
2115 For example, the sequence
2116 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2122 \begin_inset space ~
2126 \begin_inset space ~
2132 \begin_inset space ~
2140 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2144 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2148 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2153 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2159 \begin_inset space ~
2165 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2175 \begin_layout Standard
2180 manual lists all other things bound to the
2188 \begin_layout Standard
2189 You'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as you use LyX,
2190 because most actions will prompt a small message in the status bar at the
2191 bottom of LyX's main window which describe the name of the action, you've
2192 just triggered, and any existing keybindings for that action.
2193 The LyX menus also list the defined keybindings.
2194 The notation for the keybindings is very similar to the notation used in
2195 this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding it.
2196 However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so
2197 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2205 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2212 followed by a capital
2219 \begin_layout Standard
2220 You can list or change the keybindings in the menu
2222 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2227 Editing\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2230 as explained in sec.
2231 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
2235 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
2237 reference "sub:Editing-Shortcuts"
2244 \begin_layout Chapter
2246 \begin_inset Index idx
2249 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2258 \begin_layout Section
2260 \begin_inset Index idx
2263 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2272 \begin_layout Subsection
2276 \begin_layout Standard
2277 Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you
2278 need to decide what type of document you want to edit.
2279 Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings,
2280 numbering schemes, and so on.
2281 Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments,
2282 and format the title of your document differently.
2285 \begin_layout Standard
2290 describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents.
2291 By setting the document class, you automatically select these properties,
2292 making it easier to create the type of document you want.
2293 If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default.
2294 So it is up to you to change the class of your document.
2297 \begin_layout Standard
2298 Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and
2299 how to adjust their properties.
2302 \begin_layout Subsection
2304 \begin_inset Index idx
2307 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2314 \begin_inset CommandInset label
2316 name "sec:Document-Classes"
2323 \begin_layout Standard
2324 You can select a class using the
2326 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2327 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2331 \begin_inset Index idx
2334 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2341 Select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options
2345 \begin_layout Subsubsection
2349 \begin_layout Standard
2350 There are four standard document classes in LyX.
2354 \begin_layout Description
2355 Article for basic articles
2358 \begin_layout Description
2359 Report for basic reports
2362 \begin_layout Description
2363 Book for writing a book
2366 \begin_layout Description
2367 Letter for US-style letters
2370 \begin_layout Standard
2371 There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have
2372 installed the corresponding LaTeX class files, though most LaTeX distributions
2373 will include many of these.
2374 Here are some of the classes.
2375 The full list with detailed explanations can be found in chapter
2377 Special Document Classes
2386 \begin_layout Description
2387 A&A Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysics
2390 \begin_layout Description
2391 ACS For submissions to the journals published by the American Chemistry
2395 \begin_layout Description
2396 AGU For submissions to the journals published by the American Geophysical
2400 \begin_layout Description
2401 AMS Layouts for articles and books in the style and format used by the American
2402 Mathematical Society (AMS).
2403 There are three article layouts available.
2404 The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems etc., that
2405 prepends the section number to the number of the result.
2406 All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced
2407 together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence.
2409 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2412 sequential numbering
2413 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2416 scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers
2417 them throughout the article in a single sequence.
2418 Each type of result gets its own sequence.
2419 There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether.
2422 \begin_layout Description
2423 Beamer Layout for presentations
2426 \begin_layout Description
2427 Broadway Layout for writing plays.
2428 It is not an existing LaTeX document class, but a new one which is distributed
2432 \begin_layout Description
2433 Chess Layout to write about chess games
2436 \begin_layout Description
2438 \begin_inset space ~
2441 vitae classes to create curriculum vitae
2444 \begin_layout Description
2445 Elsarticle Layout for journals of the Elsevier publishing group
2448 \begin_layout Description
2449 Foils Used to make transparencies
2452 \begin_layout Description
2453 Hollywood Used to type spec scripts for the US film industry.
2454 It is not an existing LaTeX document class, but a new one which is distributed
2458 \begin_layout Description
2459 IEEEtran Layout for the journals published by the Institute of Electrical
2460 and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
2463 \begin_layout Description
2464 IOP Layout for journals of the Institute of Physics publishing group
2467 \begin_layout Description
2468 Kluwer Layout for journals of the Kluwer publishing group
2471 \begin_layout Description
2472 KOMA-Script a replacement for the standard classes, offers many useful features
2473 like caption formatting, automatic print space calculation etc.
2474 (Is used by this document.)
2477 \begin_layout Description
2478 Memoir another replacement for the standard classes
2481 \begin_layout Description
2482 Powerdot Layout for presentations
2485 \begin_layout Description
2490 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2497 X is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical
2498 Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society
2500 This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features.
2503 \begin_layout Description
2504 Slides Used to make transparencies
2507 \begin_layout Description
2509 \begin_inset space ~
2512 Proceedings Layout for the journals published by The International Society
2513 for Optical Engineering (SPIE)
2516 \begin_layout Description
2517 Springer Layouts for journals of the Springer publishing group
2520 \begin_layout Standard
2521 We won't go into any detail about how to use these different document classes
2523 You can find all the details about the non-standard classes in Chapter
2529 Here, we will settle with a list of some of the common properties of all
2530 of the document classes.
2533 \begin_layout Subsubsection
2537 \begin_layout Standard
2538 New users are sometimes puzzled by the fact that many of the document classes
2541 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2542 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2544 \begin_inset Index idx
2547 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2556 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2560 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2564 Or they are surprised that, when they open e.
2565 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
2569 \begin_inset space ~
2576 template, they receive a warning saying that the document requires files
2577 that are not installed to produce output.
2578 So it seems that something is wrong.
2581 \begin_layout Standard
2582 But nothing is wrong.
2583 LyX includes many more document classes than you will ever need to use,
2584 and some of them, like
2588 , are highly specialized.LyX tries to support as many different types of
2589 documents as possible, and it includes almost one hundred different layout
2590 files, with a growing number.
2591 No LaTeX distribution will install by default all files that might be needed
2592 by some document class.
2593 There are just too many of them.
2594 That is why some of the document classes are unavailable.
2597 \begin_layout Standard
2598 If there is a document class you would like to use that is marked as `Unavailabl
2599 e', you need to install the appropriate package files.
2600 The easiest way to find out which files you need to install is to use that
2601 document class for a new file.
2602 LyX will display a dialog that will list the missing files.
2604 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2607 Installing new LaTeX files
2608 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2615 manual for information on how to install them.
2616 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
2622 \begin_layout Standard
2623 Although LyX provides support for many different sorts of documents, it
2624 does not include support for every document class people might want to
2626 For example, many universities provide LaTeX class files to be used for
2627 dissertations submitted to those universities.
2628 The LyX team cannot write layout files to support every one of these.
2630 Fortunately, users can write their own layout files, and many users have
2633 \begin_inset space ~
2640 manual contains information on how to create layout files.
2643 \begin_layout Subsubsection
2645 \begin_inset CommandInset label
2652 \begin_inset Index idx
2655 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2664 \begin_layout Standard
2665 Modules load additional features that are not by default available in the
2666 chosen document class.
2667 For example you might want to write Braille (embossed printing) in a document.
2668 This is not available in any document class, so you have to load the correspond
2675 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2679 \begin_inset Index idx
2682 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2689 Highlighting a module in the dialog will bring up a description of the
2693 \begin_layout Standard
2694 Some modules require LaTeX packages that are not always installed by default.
2695 LyX will warn you if you do not have the needed package.
2696 You can still use the module while editing your file, but you will not
2697 be able to export to PDF or print your document, since LyX will not be
2698 able to compile the LaTeX file without the missing package.
2699 If you want to be able to produce output, then you need to install the
2700 missing package and then reconfigure LyX by selecting
2702 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2706 \begin_inset Index idx
2709 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2710 Reconfiguration of LyX
2716 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2719 Installing new LaTeX files
2720 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2727 manual for more information on installing needed packages.
2730 \begin_layout Standard
2731 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
2734 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2739 Some modules require other modules, and some pairs of modules are incompatible.
2740 LyX will advise you about these things.
2748 \begin_layout Subsubsection
2752 \begin_layout Standard
2753 Each class has a default set of options.
2754 Here's a quick table describing them:
2757 \begin_layout Standard
2758 \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
2764 \begin_layout Standard
2766 \begin_inset Tabular
2767 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
2768 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
2769 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
2770 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
2771 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
2772 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
2773 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
2775 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2778 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2784 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2787 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2802 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2805 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2820 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2823 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2838 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2841 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2858 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2861 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2875 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2878 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2893 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2896 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2911 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2914 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2929 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2932 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2949 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2952 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2966 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2969 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2984 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2987 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3002 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3005 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3020 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3023 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3040 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3043 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3057 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3060 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3075 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3078 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3093 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3096 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3111 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3114 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3131 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3134 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3148 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3151 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3166 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3169 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3184 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3187 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3202 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3205 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3227 \begin_layout Standard
3228 \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
3234 \begin_layout Standard
3235 You're probably also wondering what
3236 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3240 \begin_inset space ~
3244 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3248 There are several paragraph environments used to create section headings.
3249 Different document classes allow different types of section headings.
3254 heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the
3259 Some document classes, such as the ones for letters, don't use any section
3269 headings, there are also
3277 headings, and so on.
3278 We'll describe these headings fully in section
3279 \begin_inset space ~
3283 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
3285 reference "sub:Headings"
3292 \begin_layout Subsection
3294 \begin_inset CommandInset label
3296 name "sub:Document-Layout"
3301 \begin_inset Index idx
3304 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3313 \begin_inset Index idx
3316 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3325 \begin_layout Standard
3326 The most important properties of documents classes are set in the menu
3328 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3339 \begin_inset space ~
3344 , you can enter special options for your document class in a comma-separated
3346 This is only necessary if LyX doesn't support special options you want
3347 to use for your document.
3348 To learn more about your favorite LaTeX-class and its options, you have
3352 \begin_layout Standard
3359 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3365 \begin_inset space ~
3370 controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page.
3371 You can choose between the following five options:
3374 \begin_layout Labeling
3375 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3380 Use default page style of current class.
3383 \begin_layout Labeling
3384 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3389 No page numbers or headings.
3392 \begin_layout Labeling
3393 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3401 \begin_layout Labeling
3402 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3407 Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number.
3408 Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on
3409 the maximum sectioning level of the class.
3412 \begin_layout Labeling
3413 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3418 This allows you to create fully customizable headers and footers if you
3424 \begin_inset Index idx
3427 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3428 LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr
3434 At the moment, support in LyX is limited to this setting.
3435 To use the full power of this package, you have to add code to your document
3437 Check the documentation for the
3441 package for more details,
3442 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
3451 \begin_layout Standard
3456 of paragraphs is described in section
3457 \begin_inset space ~
3461 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
3463 reference "sec:Par-indent-intro"
3470 \begin_layout Subsection
3471 Paper Size and Orientation
3472 \begin_inset Index idx
3475 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3476 Document ! Paper size
3482 \begin_inset CommandInset label
3484 name "sub:Paper-Size,-Orientation,"
3491 \begin_layout Standard
3492 You'll find the following options in the menu
3495 \begin_inset space ~
3500 of the dialog of the
3502 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3508 \begin_inset Index idx
3511 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3520 \begin_layout Labeling
3521 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3525 \begin_inset space ~
3530 What size paper to print on.
3534 \begin_layout Itemize
3540 \begin_layout Itemize
3550 \begin_layout Itemize
3556 \begin_layout Itemize
3562 \begin_layout Itemize
3568 \begin_layout Itemize
3574 \begin_layout Itemize
3580 \begin_layout Labeling
3581 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3586 Two toggle buttons choose whether to print the output as
3597 \begin_layout Labeling
3598 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3602 \begin_inset space ~
3607 Adjusts the print space to print both sides of paper.
3608 That means that the print space for odd- and even-numbered pages is different.
3611 \begin_layout Subsection
3613 \begin_inset CommandInset label
3620 \begin_inset Index idx
3623 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3630 \begin_inset Index idx
3633 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3642 \begin_layout Standard
3643 Paper margins are set in the menu
3645 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3649 \begin_inset Index idx
3652 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3661 \begin_layout Standard
3662 If you use a KOMA-Script document class, you can use the default settings.
3663 Because KOMA-Script calculates then the printspace automatically by taking
3664 the paper format and the font size into account.
3667 \begin_layout Subsection
3671 \begin_layout Standard
3672 If you change a document class, LyX has to convert
3677 That includes the paragraph environments.
3678 Some paragraph environments are standard, in so far as all of the document
3679 classes have them; but some classes have special paragraph environments.
3680 If this is the case, and you change the document class, LyX will mark the
3681 paragraphs whose styles it no longer understands as
3682 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3686 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3690 The name of the style is retained, in case you should want to go back to
3692 But these paragraphs will be output with no special formatting, so you
3693 will either need to create a new style yourself or else to convert these
3694 paragraphs manually to a style present in your new document class.
3697 \begin_layout Section
3698 Paragraph Indentation and Separation
3699 \begin_inset Index idx
3702 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3703 Paragraph ! Indentation
3711 \begin_layout Subsection
3713 \begin_inset CommandInset label
3715 name "sec:Par-indent-intro"
3722 \begin_layout Standard
3723 Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to
3724 say a word or two about paragraph indentation.
3727 \begin_layout Standard
3728 Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs.
3729 Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph.
3730 Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs.
3731 If you choose indentation for paragraphs the
3735 paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list,
3741 Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented.
3742 Note that the indentation behavior is different when you use another document
3743 language than English.
3744 LaTeX takes care that the indentation follows the rules of the used language.
3747 \begin_layout Standard
3748 The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings
3749 and text — in fact, all of the spacings for just about everything are pre-coded
3751 As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what.
3752 LyX takes care of that.
3753 In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a
3755 That way, LyX can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure
3756 figures fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom
3757 of a page, and so on.
3761 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3762 LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file.
3767 However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them.
3768 LyX gives you the ability to globally change
3772 of these pre-coded spacings.
3773 We'll explain more later.
3776 \begin_layout Subsection
3777 Paragraph Separation
3778 \begin_inset Index idx
3781 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3782 Paragraph ! Separation
3790 \begin_layout Standard
3791 To separate paragraphs, select
3802 \begin_inset space ~
3809 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3813 \begin_inset Index idx
3816 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3822 to indent paragraphs or add extra space between paragraphs, respectively.
3823 The size of the skips can be defined in the dialog, for the indentation
3824 you have to add this line to your document preamble:
3827 \begin_layout Standard
3837 \begin_layout Standard
3838 where length is a value in one of the units listed in Appendix
3839 \begin_inset space ~
3843 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
3845 reference "cap:Units"
3850 The default length is 30
3851 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3857 \begin_layout Subsection
3861 \begin_layout Standard
3862 You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph.
3865 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3867 \begin_inset space ~
3872 dialog and toggle the
3875 \begin_inset space ~
3880 option to change the state of the current paragraph (shortcut
3883 arg "paragraph-params \\indent-toggle"
3887 If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this
3888 button will be ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph by toggling
3892 \begin_layout Standard
3893 You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph
3894 if you need to do some fine-tuning.
3897 \begin_layout Subsection
3899 \begin_inset Index idx
3902 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3903 Paragraph ! Line spacing
3911 \begin_layout Standard
3914 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3918 \begin_inset Index idx
3921 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3930 dialog you can set the line spacing in the submenu
3933 \begin_inset space ~
3942 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3943 You need to have the LaTeX-package
3948 \begin_inset Index idx
3951 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3952 LaTeX-packages ! setspace
3957 installed to use this feature.
3965 \begin_layout Section
3966 Paragraph Environments
3967 \begin_inset CommandInset label
3969 name "sec:Paragraph-Environments"
3974 \begin_inset Index idx
3977 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3978 Paragraph ! Environments
3984 \begin_inset Index idx
3987 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3988 Paragraph environments|(
3996 \begin_layout Subsection
4000 \begin_layout Standard
4001 Paragraph environments correspond to the
4004 \begin_layout Standard
4023 \begin_inset Newline newline
4026 command sequence in LaTeX files.
4027 If you don't know LaTeX, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally
4028 alien to you, we urge you to read the
4037 also contains many more examples than this section does.
4040 \begin_layout Standard
4041 A paragraph environment is simply a
4042 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4046 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4049 for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties.
4050 This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering
4051 scheme, labels, and so on.
4052 Additionally, you can
4053 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4057 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4060 the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment
4061 to inherit some of the properties of another.
4062 The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy
4063 tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other hold-overs from the
4064 days of typewriters.
4065 There are several paragraph environments which are specific to a particular
4067 We'll only be covering the most common ones here.
4070 \begin_layout Standard
4071 To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box
4072 \begin_inset Graphics
4073 filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
4079 at the left end of the toolbar.
4080 LyX will change the environment of the
4084 paragraph in which the cursor sits.
4085 You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if
4086 you select them before choosing the new environment.
4090 \begin_layout Standard
4099 create a new paragraph using the
4103 paragraph environment.
4105 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4109 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4112 because if you are in one of these environments:
4115 \begin_layout Itemize
4121 \begin_layout Itemize
4127 \begin_layout Itemize
4133 \begin_layout Itemize
4139 \begin_layout Itemize
4145 \begin_layout Itemize
4151 \begin_layout Itemize
4157 \begin_layout Standard
4158 LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you hit
4162 , rather than resetting it to
4167 LyX will still reset the nesting depth, however.
4168 Usually, starting a new paragraph resets both the paragraph environment
4169 and the nesting depth (for more on nesting see section
4170 \begin_inset space ~
4174 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4176 reference "sec:Nesting"
4181 At the moment, all this is context-specific; you're better off expecting
4186 to reset the paragraph environment and depth.
4187 If you want a new paragraph to keep the current environment and depth,
4191 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
4197 \begin_layout Subsection
4201 \begin_layout Standard
4202 The default paragraph environment is
4207 It creates a plain paragraph.
4208 If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses.
4209 In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now (and most of the ones in
4210 this manual) are in the
4217 \begin_layout Standard
4218 You can nest a paragraph using the
4222 environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything
4230 \begin_layout Subsection
4232 \begin_inset Index idx
4235 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4244 \begin_layout Standard
4245 A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name(s) of the
4247 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4251 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4254 for thanks or contact information.
4255 For certain types of documents, LaTeX places all of this on a separate
4256 page along with today's date.
4257 For other types of documents, the title
4258 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4262 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4265 goes at the top of the first page of the document.
4269 \begin_layout Standard
4270 LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph
4284 Here's how you use them:
4287 \begin_layout Itemize
4288 Put the title of your document in the
4295 \begin_layout Itemize
4296 Put the author name in the
4303 \begin_layout Itemize
4304 If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date,
4305 or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in
4311 Note that using this environment is optional.
4312 If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date.
4313 If you don't want any date, add the line
4314 \begin_inset Newline newline
4324 \begin_inset Newline newline
4327 to the preamble of your document (menu
4329 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4335 \begin_layout Standard
4336 You can use footnotes to insert
4337 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4341 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4344 or contact information.
4347 \begin_layout Subsection
4349 \begin_inset Index idx
4352 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4359 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4368 \begin_layout Standard
4369 There are several paragraph environments for producing section headings.
4370 LyX takes care of the numbering for you.
4373 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4375 \begin_inset Index idx
4378 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4379 Section headings ! Numbered
4387 \begin_layout Standard
4388 There are 7 numbered types of section headings.
4392 \begin_layout Enumerate
4398 \begin_layout Enumerate
4404 \begin_layout Enumerate
4410 \begin_layout Enumerate
4416 \begin_layout Enumerate
4422 \begin_layout Enumerate
4428 \begin_layout Enumerate
4434 \begin_layout Standard
4435 LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods.
4436 The numbers describe where in the document you are.
4437 Unlike the other headings, parts are numbered with Latin letters.
4440 \begin_layout Standard
4441 Headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text.
4442 For example, suppose you're writing a book.
4443 You group the book into chapters.
4444 LyX does similar grouping:
4447 \begin_layout Itemize
4452 is divided in either
4463 \begin_layout Itemize
4475 \begin_layout Itemize
4487 \begin_layout Itemize
4499 \begin_layout Itemize
4511 \begin_layout Itemize
4523 \begin_layout Standard
4524 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
4527 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4532 Not all document types use the
4536 heading as the maximum sectioning level.
4541 is the top-level heading.
4549 \begin_layout Standard
4554 environment to label a new sub-subsection, LyX labels it with its number,
4555 along with the number of the subsection, section, and, if applicable, chapter
4557 For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the
4559 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4563 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4569 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4571 \begin_inset Index idx
4574 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4575 Section headings ! Unnumbered
4583 \begin_layout Standard
4584 There are 5 types of unnumbered section headings.
4588 \begin_layout Enumerate
4594 \begin_layout Enumerate
4600 \begin_layout Enumerate
4606 \begin_layout Enumerate
4612 \begin_layout Enumerate
4618 \begin_layout Standard
4620 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4624 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4627 after each name means that these headings are not numbered.
4628 They work the same as their numbered counterparts but won't appear in the
4629 table of contents, see section
4630 \begin_inset space ~
4634 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4643 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4644 Changing the Numbering
4645 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4647 name "sub:Numbering-depth"
4654 \begin_layout Standard
4655 You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear
4656 in the Table of Contents.
4657 Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document
4659 Certain classes start with
4673 Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels.
4683 This is something you can change.
4686 \begin_layout Standard
4689 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4695 \begin_inset Index idx
4698 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4709 \begin_inset space ~
4713 \begin_inset space ~
4718 you'll see two counters.
4723 controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers a section
4725 The other one controls the appearance of the section headings in the table
4729 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4730 Short Titles of Headings
4731 \begin_inset Index idx
4734 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4735 Section headings ! Short titles
4741 \begin_inset Argument
4744 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4751 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4753 name "sec:Short-Titles"
4760 \begin_layout Standard
4761 Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long.
4762 This can cause trouble when there is limited horizontal space.
4763 For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section
4764 title, a long title will protrude over the page margins and look awful.
4767 \begin_layout Standard
4768 LaTeX allows you to specify a short title for section headings.
4769 This short title is used in the header and in the actual table of contents,
4770 avoiding the problem mentioned.
4771 To specify a short title, use the menu
4773 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4775 \begin_inset space ~
4781 This will insert a box labeled
4782 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4786 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4790 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4794 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4797 ) which you can use to enter the short title text.
4798 This also works for captions inside floats.
4801 \begin_layout Standard
4802 The title of this section is a good example of using this feature.
4805 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4809 \begin_layout Standard
4810 The following information applies to all section headings:
4813 \begin_layout Itemize
4814 You cannot do any nesting with these environments.
4817 \begin_layout Itemize
4818 You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments.
4821 \begin_layout Itemize
4822 You can only use inline math in these environments.
4825 \begin_layout Itemize
4826 You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers.
4829 \begin_layout Subsection
4830 Quotes and Poetry line spacing
4833 \begin_layout Standard
4834 LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations.
4848 Forget the days of changing line spacing and twiddling with margins.
4849 These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in.
4850 They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below
4851 the text they contain.
4852 They also allow nesting, so you can put a
4860 , as well as in some other paragraph environments.
4863 \begin_layout Standard
4864 There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do
4873 when you start a new paragraph.
4874 So, you can type in that poem and merrily hit
4878 without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you.
4879 Of course, that means that, once you're done typing in that poem, you have
4880 to change back to the
4884 environment yourself.
4887 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4897 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4904 \begin_inset Index idx
4907 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4916 \begin_layout Standard
4917 Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's
4918 time for the differences.
4927 are identical except for one difference:
4931 uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line.
4940 indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout.
4943 \begin_layout Standard
4944 Here's an example of the
4957 I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it
4959 See – no indentation!
4963 Here's the second paragraph of this quote.
4964 Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and
4965 the other paragraph.
4968 \begin_layout Standard
4969 Here's another example, this time in the
4976 \begin_layout Quotation
4982 If I keep writing, you'll see the indentation.
4983 If your country uses a writing style that shows off new paragraphs by indenting
4984 the first line, then
4988 is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it
4992 you were quoting other text.
4995 \begin_layout Quotation
4996 Here's a new paragraph.
4997 I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time.
4998 If I did that, though, you'd get bored.
5001 \begin_layout Standard
5002 As the examples show,
5006 is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs.
5007 They should put quotes in the
5012 Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the
5016 paragraph environment for quoted text.
5019 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5025 \begin_inset Index idx
5028 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5037 \begin_inset Index idx
5040 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5047 \begin_inset CommandInset label
5056 \begin_layout Standard
5061 is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on.
5067 \begin_inset Newline newline
5070 Which I did not rehearse!
5074 It could be much worse.
5075 This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps
5077 It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are
5078 indented a bit more than the first.
5079 Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore.
5085 \begin_inset Newline newline
5088 And make things look fine
5089 \begin_inset Newline newline
5095 arg "newline-insert newline"
5101 \begin_layout Standard
5106 does not indent both margins.
5107 Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph.
5108 To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the
5115 arg "newline-insert newline"
5121 \begin_layout Subsection
5123 \begin_inset Index idx
5126 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5133 \begin_inset CommandInset label
5142 \begin_layout Standard
5143 LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds
5153 environments, LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively.
5162 environments, LyX lets you provide your own label.
5163 We'll present the individual details of each type of list next after describing
5164 some general features of all four of them.
5167 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5171 \begin_layout Standard
5172 The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments
5174 First, LyX treats each paragraph as a list item.
5183 reset the environment to
5187 but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item.
5188 The nesting depth is hereby kept.
5189 If you want to keep the paragraph environment but reset the current nesting
5193 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
5196 to break paragraphs.
5199 \begin_layout Standard
5200 You can nest lists of any type inside one another.
5201 In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how it
5203 If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we suggest
5204 you read all of section
5205 \begin_inset space ~
5209 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5211 reference "sec:Nesting"
5219 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5225 \begin_inset Index idx
5228 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5235 \begin_inset CommandInset label
5244 \begin_layout Standard
5245 The first type of list we'll describe in detail is the
5249 paragraph environment.
5250 It has the following properties:
5253 \begin_layout Itemize
5254 Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label.
5258 \begin_layout Itemize
5259 LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level.
5262 \begin_layout Itemize
5263 The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line.
5267 \begin_layout Itemize
5268 The items can have any length.
5269 LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item.
5270 The offset is always relative to whatever environment the
5277 \begin_layout Itemize
5282 environment inside another
5286 environment, the label changes to a new symbol.
5290 \begin_layout Itemize
5291 There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting.
5294 \begin_layout Itemize
5295 LyX always shows the same symbol on screen.
5298 \begin_layout Itemize
5300 \begin_inset space ~
5304 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5306 reference "sec:Nesting"
5310 for a full explanation of nesting.
5314 \begin_layout Standard
5315 Of course, that explanation was also an example of an
5324 environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter.
5327 \begin_layout Standard
5328 We said that different levels use different symbols as their label.
5329 Here's an example of all four possible symbols.
5332 \begin_layout Itemize
5333 The label for the first level
5337 is a large black dot, or bullet.
5341 \begin_layout Itemize
5342 The label for the second level is a dash.
5346 \begin_layout Itemize
5347 The label for the third is an asterisk.
5351 \begin_layout Itemize
5352 The label for the fourth is a centered dot.
5356 \begin_layout Itemize
5357 Back out to the third level.
5361 \begin_layout Itemize
5362 Back to the second level.
5366 \begin_layout Itemize
5367 Back to the outermost level.
5370 \begin_layout Standard
5371 These are the default labels for an
5376 You can customize these labels in the
5378 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5381 dialog in the submenu
5388 \begin_inset Index idx
5391 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5400 \begin_layout Standard
5401 Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth.
5402 We'll explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths
5404 \begin_inset space ~
5408 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5410 reference "sec:Nesting"
5417 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5423 \begin_inset Index idx
5426 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5433 \begin_inset CommandInset label
5435 name "sec:Enumerate"
5442 \begin_layout Standard
5447 environment is used to create numbered lists and outlines.
5448 It has these properties:
5451 \begin_layout Enumerate
5452 Each item has a numeral as its label.
5456 \begin_layout Enumerate
5457 The label type depends on the nesting depth.
5461 \begin_layout Enumerate
5462 LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate.
5465 \begin_layout Enumerate
5470 environment resets the counter to one.
5473 \begin_layout Enumerate
5486 \begin_layout Enumerate
5487 Offsets the items relative to the left margin.
5488 Items can have any length.
5491 \begin_layout Enumerate
5492 Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases.
5495 \begin_layout Enumerate
5496 Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth.
5499 \begin_layout Enumerate
5500 Allows up to a four-fold nesting.
5504 \begin_layout Standard
5513 shows the different labels for each item in LyX.
5514 Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an
5521 \begin_layout Enumerate
5522 The first level of an
5526 uses Arabic numerals followed by a period.
5530 \begin_layout Enumerate
5531 The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses.
5535 \begin_layout Enumerate
5536 The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period.
5540 \begin_layout Enumerate
5541 The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period.
5544 \begin_layout Enumerate
5545 Again, notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth
5550 \begin_layout Enumerate
5551 Back to the third level
5555 \begin_layout Enumerate
5556 Back to the second level.
5560 \begin_layout Enumerate
5561 Back to the outermost level.
5564 \begin_layout Standard
5565 Once again, you can customize the type of numbering used in the
5570 It involves adding commands to the LaTeX preamble (see the
5575 As stated earlier, such customization only shows up in the printed version,
5579 \begin_layout Standard
5580 There is more to nesting
5584 environments than we've stated here.
5585 You should read section
5586 \begin_inset space ~
5590 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5592 reference "sec:Nesting"
5596 to learn more about nesting.
5599 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5605 \begin_inset Index idx
5608 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5617 \begin_layout Standard
5618 Unlike the previous two environments, the
5622 list has no fixed label.
5623 Instead, LyX uses the first
5624 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5628 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5631 of the first line as the label.
5635 \begin_layout Description
5636 Example: This is an example of the
5643 \begin_layout Standard
5644 LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the
5648 \begin_layout Standard
5650 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5654 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5657 it is meant that the first hit of the
5661 key ends the label if you are at the beginning of the first line of an
5663 If you need to use more than one word in the label use a
5671 arg "space-insert protected"
5676 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5677 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5679 \begin_inset space ~
5685 \begin_inset space ~
5689 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5691 reference "sub:Protected-Space"
5695 for more info.) Here is an example:
5698 \begin_layout Description
5700 \begin_inset space ~
5703 Example: This one shows how to use a
5706 \begin_inset space ~
5718 \begin_layout Description
5719 Usage: You should use the
5723 environment for things like definitions and theorems.
5724 Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text
5726 It's not a good idea to use a
5730 environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe.
5731 You're better off using
5743 paragraphs into them.
5746 \begin_layout Description
5747 Nesting: You can nest
5751 environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
5755 \begin_layout Standard
5756 Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting
5757 them from the first line.
5760 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5766 \begin_inset Index idx
5769 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5778 \begin_layout Standard
5783 environment is a LyX extension to LaTeX.
5786 \begin_layout Standard
5787 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
5790 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5795 When you are using a KOMA-Script document class, like in this document,
5800 environment is named
5812 \begin_layout Standard
5821 environment has user-defined labels for each list item.
5822 There are the following properties of this list environment:
5825 \begin_layout Labeling
5826 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
5828 \begin_inset space ~
5831 labels LyX uses the first
5832 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5836 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5839 of each line as the item label.
5844 after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label.
5845 If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a protected
5846 blank as described above.
5849 \begin_layout Labeling
5850 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
5851 margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and
5852 the body of the item text.
5853 The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default
5854 label width plus a little extra space.
5858 \begin_layout Labeling
5859 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
5861 \begin_inset space ~
5864 width LyX uses the width of the label, or the default width, whatever is
5866 If the label width is larger, the label
5867 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5871 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5874 into the first line.
5875 In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left
5876 margin of the rest of the item text.
5879 \begin_layout Labeling
5880 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
5882 \begin_inset space ~
5885 width You can set the default label width to ensure that the text of all
5890 environment have the same left margin.
5891 \begin_inset Newline newline
5894 To change the default width, select all items in the list.
5897 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5899 \begin_inset space ~
5908 \begin_inset space ~
5913 determines the default label width.
5914 You can use the text of your largest label here, but you can also use the
5916 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5920 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5923 multiple times instead.
5924 The M is the widest character and is a standard unit of widths in LaTeX.
5926 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5930 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5933 as the unit of width you don't need to keep changing the contents of
5936 \begin_inset space ~
5941 every time you alter a label in a
5946 \begin_inset Newline newline
5949 The predefined default width is the length of
5950 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5954 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5959 \begin_inset Newline newline
5963 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
5966 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5971 Setting the cursor into a list item to change only its label width will
5972 only change the width inside LyX but not in the output.
5980 \begin_layout Standard
5985 environment the same way like the
5989 list: When you need one word to stand out from the text that describes
5995 environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall
5999 \begin_layout Standard
6004 environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
6006 They work just like the other list paragraph environments.
6008 \begin_inset space ~
6012 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
6014 reference "sec:Nesting"
6018 to learn about nesting.
6021 \begin_layout Standard
6022 There is yet another feature of the
6026 environment: As you can see in the examples, LyX left-justifies the item
6028 You can use additional
6032 to change how LyX justifies the item label.
6037 are documented in section
6038 \begin_inset space ~
6042 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
6044 reference "sub:Horizontal-Space"
6049 Here are some examples:
6050 \begin_inset Newpage pagebreak
6056 \begin_layout Labeling
6057 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6058 Left The default for
6065 \begin_layout Labeling
6066 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6067 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
6074 at the beginning of the label right justifies it.
6077 \begin_layout Labeling
6078 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
6079 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
6083 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
6090 at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it.
6093 \begin_layout Subsection
6095 \begin_inset Index idx
6098 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6107 \begin_layout Subsubsection
6115 \begin_inset space ~
6123 \begin_layout Standard
6124 Although LyX has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph
6132 \begin_inset space ~
6138 To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments
6139 in a specific order, otherwise LaTeX gags on the document.
6140 In contrast, you can use the
6147 \begin_inset space ~
6152 paragraph environments anywhere with no problem.
6153 You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest
6157 \begin_layout Standard
6158 Of course, you're not limited to using
6165 \begin_inset space ~
6174 \begin_inset space ~
6179 , in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in
6180 some European academic papers.
6183 \begin_layout Subsubsection
6185 \begin_inset CommandInset label
6187 name "sec:Address-Usage"
6194 \begin_layout Standard
6199 environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used
6200 for the opening and signature in some countries.
6204 \begin_inset space ~
6209 environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which
6210 is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries.
6211 Here's an example of each:
6214 \begin_layout Right Address
6216 \begin_inset Newline newline
6220 \begin_inset Newline newline
6224 \begin_inset Newline newline
6227 When is it? What is today?
6230 \begin_layout Standard
6234 \begin_inset space ~
6240 Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which LyX sets to
6241 fit the largest block of text on a single line.
6242 Here's an example of the
6249 \begin_layout Address
6251 \begin_inset Newline newline
6254 Where do I send this
6255 \begin_inset Newline newline
6258 Your post office and country
6261 \begin_layout Standard
6262 As you can see, both
6269 \begin_inset space ~
6274 add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph.
6279 in either of these environments, LyX resets the nesting depth and sets
6285 This makes sense, since
6293 function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs.
6294 Thus, you have to use
6301 arg "newline-insert newline"
6307 \begin_inset space ~
6310 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6312 \begin_inset space ~
6321 menu) to start a new line in an
6328 \begin_inset space ~
6336 \begin_layout Subsection
6340 \begin_layout Standard
6341 Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography
6342 or list of references.
6343 LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these.
6346 \begin_layout Subsubsection
6350 \begin_inset Index idx
6353 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6362 \begin_layout Standard
6367 environment is used for the abstract of an article.
6368 Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should
6369 only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title.
6370 Also, don't bother trying to nest
6374 in anything else or vice versa.
6380 environment is only useful in the article and report document classes.
6381 The book document classes ignores the
6385 completely, and it's utterly silly to use
6389 in a letter document class.
6392 \begin_layout Standard
6397 environment does several things for you.
6398 First, it puts the centered label
6399 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6403 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6407 The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical
6409 Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect.
6410 Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and
6411 the subsequent text.
6412 Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen.
6413 The appearance in the output depends on the used article or report class.
6416 \begin_layout Standard
6417 Starting a new paragraph by hitting
6421 does not reset the paragraph environment.
6422 The new paragraph will still be in the
6427 So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you
6428 finish entering the abstract of your document.
6431 \begin_layout Standard
6432 \begin_inset Float figure
6437 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6439 \begin_inset Graphics
6440 filename clipart/Abstract.pdf
6447 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6448 \begin_inset Caption
6450 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6451 \begin_inset CommandInset label
6453 name "cap:Paragraph-in-the"
6474 \begin_layout Standard
6475 We'd love to give you directly an example of the
6479 environment, but since this document is in the
6480 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6484 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6487 class, we can't do this.
6488 We inserted it therefore as figure
6489 \begin_inset space ~
6493 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
6495 reference "cap:Paragraph-in-the"
6500 If you've never heard of an
6501 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6505 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6508 before, you can safely ignore this environment.
6511 \begin_layout Subsubsection
6517 \begin_inset Index idx
6520 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6527 \begin_inset CommandInset label
6529 name "sub:Biblio_environment"
6536 \begin_layout Standard
6541 environment is used to list references.
6542 Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should
6543 only use it at the end of the document.
6548 in anything else or vice versa won't work.
6551 \begin_layout Standard
6552 When you first open a
6556 environment, LyX adds a large vertical space, followed by the heading
6557 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6561 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6565 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6569 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6572 depending on the document class.
6573 The heading is in a large boldface font.
6574 Each paragraph of the
6578 environment is a bibliography entry.
6583 does not reset the paragraph environment.
6584 Each new paragraph is still in the
6591 \begin_layout Standard
6592 There is another, usually better way to include references in your document
6593 by using a BibTeX database.
6594 For more information on that, and for a detailed description of LyX's bibliogra
6595 phy handling, have a look at in section
6596 \begin_inset space ~
6600 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
6602 reference "sec:Bibliography"
6609 \begin_layout Subsection
6613 \begin_inset Index idx
6616 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6617 Paragraph ! LyX code
6623 \begin_inset CommandInset label
6632 \begin_layout Standard
6637 environment is another LyX extension.
6638 It type-sets text in a typewriter-style font.
6643 key as a fixed whitespace;
6647 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6659 \begin_inset space ~
6664 instead of an end-of-word marker.
6669 this is the only case in which you can type multiple whitespaces in LyX.
6670 If you need to insert blank lines, you'll still need to use
6673 arg "newline-insert newline"
6690 does not reset the paragraph environment.
6691 So, when you finish using the
6695 environment, you'll need to change the paragraph environment yourself.
6696 Also, you can nest the
6700 environment inside of others.
6703 \begin_layout Standard
6704 There are a few quirks with this environment:
6707 \begin_layout Itemize
6711 arg "newline-insert newline"
6714 at the beginning of a new paragraph (i.
6715 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
6719 \begin_inset space \space{}
6729 arg "newline-insert newline"
6735 \begin_layout Itemize
6739 arg "newline-insert newline"
6750 \begin_layout Itemize
6755 to begin a new paragraph, then you can use a
6762 \begin_layout Itemize
6766 arg "space-insert protected"
6773 \begin_layout Itemize
6774 You can't have an empty paragraph or an empty line.
6775 You must put at least one
6779 in any line you want blank.
6780 Otherwise, LaTeX generates errors.
6783 \begin_layout Itemize
6784 You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing
6788 since that will insert
6793 You get the typewriter double quotes with
6796 arg "self-insert \""
6802 \begin_layout Standard
6806 \begin_layout LyX-Code
6810 \begin_layout LyX-Code
6814 \begin_layout LyX-Code
6818 \begin_layout LyX-Code
6822 \begin_layout LyX-Code
6823 printf("Hello World!
6828 \begin_layout LyX-Code
6832 \begin_layout LyX-Code
6836 \begin_layout Standard
6837 This is just the standard
6838 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6842 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6849 \begin_layout Standard
6854 has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts,
6855 rc-files, and so on.
6856 Use it only in those very special cases where you need to generate text
6857 as if you used a typewriter.
6858 \begin_inset Index idx
6861 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6862 Paragraph environments|)
6870 \begin_layout Section
6871 Nesting Environments
6872 \begin_inset Index idx
6875 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6876 Nesting ! Environments
6882 \begin_inset CommandInset label
6891 \begin_layout Subsection
6895 \begin_layout Standard
6896 LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context and specific
6898 This allows you to create blocks that inherit some of the properties of
6900 For example you have three main points in an outline, but point #2 also
6902 In other words, you have a list inside of another list, with the inner
6904 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6908 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6914 \begin_layout Enumerate
6918 \begin_layout Enumerate
6923 \begin_layout Enumerate
6927 \begin_layout Enumerate
6932 \begin_layout Enumerate
6936 \begin_layout Standard
6937 You put a list inside a list by nesting one list inside the other.
6938 Nesting an environment is quite simple: Select
6941 \begin_inset space ~
6945 \begin_inset space ~
6953 \begin_inset space ~
6957 \begin_inset space ~
6966 menu to change the nesting depth of the current paragraph (the status bar
6967 will tell you how far you are nested).
6968 Instead of the menu, you can also use the toolbar buttons
6969 \begin_inset Graphics
6970 filename ../images/depth-increment.png
6975 \begin_inset Graphics
6976 filename ../images/depth-decrement.png
6980 or the convenient key bindings
6991 arg "depth-increment"
6997 arg "depth-decrement"
7000 to change the nesting level.
7001 The change will work on the current selection if you have made one (allowing
7002 you to change the nesting of several paragraphs at once), or the current
7006 \begin_layout Standard
7007 Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can.
7008 If it's invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth.
7009 Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the
7010 depth of every paragraph nested inside of it.
7013 \begin_layout Standard
7014 Nesting isn't limited to lists.
7015 In LyX, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're
7017 This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments.
7020 \begin_layout Subsection
7021 What You Can and Can't Nest
7024 \begin_layout Standard
7025 Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell
7026 you a little bit more about how nesting works.
7029 \begin_layout Standard
7030 The question if nesting a paragraph environment is possible, is a bit more
7031 complicated than a simple yes or no.
7032 There are three types of paragraph environments:
7035 \begin_layout Itemize
7036 Completely unnestable
7039 \begin_layout Itemize
7040 Fully nestable, you can nest them inside things and you can also nest other
7044 \begin_layout Itemize
7045 A third type, you can nest them into other environments, but you can't nest
7049 \begin_layout Standard
7050 Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph
7051 environments have them:
7054 \begin_layout Description
7055 Unnestable Can't nest them.
7056 Can't nest into them.
7060 \begin_layout Itemize
7066 \begin_layout Itemize
7072 \begin_layout Itemize
7078 \begin_layout Itemize
7084 \begin_layout Itemize
7091 \begin_layout Description
7093 \begin_inset space ~
7096 Nestable You can nest them.
7097 You can nest other things into them.
7101 \begin_layout Itemize
7107 \begin_layout Itemize
7113 \begin_layout Itemize
7119 \begin_layout Itemize
7125 \begin_layout Itemize
7131 \begin_layout Itemize
7137 \begin_layout Itemize
7143 \begin_layout Itemize
7150 \begin_layout Description
7151 Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside other things.
7152 You can't nest anything into them.
7156 \begin_layout Itemize
7162 \begin_layout Itemize
7168 \begin_layout Itemize
7174 \begin_layout Itemize
7180 \begin_layout Itemize
7186 \begin_layout Itemize
7192 \begin_layout Itemize
7198 \begin_layout Itemize
7204 \begin_layout Itemize
7210 \begin_layout Itemize
7216 \begin_layout Itemize
7222 \begin_layout Itemize
7228 \begin_layout Itemize
7234 \begin_layout Itemize
7238 \begin_inset space ~
7244 \begin_layout Itemize
7251 \begin_layout Standard
7252 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
7255 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7260 Although it is possible to nest numbered section headings like
7269 \begin_inset space ~
7273 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
7277 \begin_inset space \space{}
7280 lists, it is highly recommended not to do this because the aim is to create
7281 well structured documents following typesetting guidelines whereas nested
7282 section headings violate this.
7290 \begin_layout Subsection
7291 Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc.
7292 \begin_inset Index idx
7295 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7296 Nesting ! Tables etc.
7304 \begin_layout Standard
7305 There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are
7306 affected by nesting anyhow.
7310 \begin_layout Itemize
7314 \begin_layout Itemize
7318 \begin_layout Itemize
7322 \begin_layout Standard
7324 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
7327 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7332 Figures and tables in
7336 are not affected by this.
7341 Have a look at section
7342 \begin_inset space ~
7346 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
7348 reference "sec:Floats"
7352 for more information about
7359 \begin_layout Standard
7360 LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph.
7361 If a figure, table, or an equation is inline, it goes wherever the paragraph
7365 \begin_layout Standard
7366 On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a
7367 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7371 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7374 of its own, it behaves just like a
7375 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7379 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7382 paragraph environment.
7383 You can nest it into any environment, but you obviously can't nest anything
7387 \begin_layout Standard
7388 Here's an example with a table:
7391 \begin_layout Enumerate
7396 \begin_layout Enumerate
7397 This is (a) and it's nested.
7401 \begin_layout Standard
7402 \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
7408 \begin_layout Standard
7410 \begin_inset Tabular
7411 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
7412 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
7413 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
7414 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
7416 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
7419 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7434 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
7437 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7454 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
7457 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7472 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
7475 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7498 \begin_layout Standard
7499 \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
7506 \begin_layout Enumerate
7508 The table is actually nested inside (a).
7512 \begin_layout Enumerate
7516 \begin_layout Standard
7517 If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this:
7520 \begin_layout Enumerate
7525 \begin_layout Enumerate
7526 This is (a) and it's nested.
7530 \begin_layout Standard
7531 \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
7537 \begin_layout Standard
7539 \begin_inset Tabular
7540 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
7541 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
7542 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
7543 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
7545 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
7548 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7563 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
7566 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7583 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
7586 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7601 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
7604 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7627 \begin_layout Standard
7628 \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
7634 \begin_layout Enumerate
7641 In fact, it's not nested at all.
7644 \begin_layout Enumerate
7648 \begin_layout Standard
7649 Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first
7653 \begin_layout Standard
7654 There's another trap you can fall into: Nesting the table, but not going
7656 LyX then turns anything after the table into a new sublist.
7659 \begin_layout Enumerate
7664 \begin_layout Enumerate
7665 This is (a) and it's nested.
7668 \begin_layout Standard
7669 \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
7675 \begin_layout Standard
7677 \begin_inset Tabular
7678 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
7679 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
7680 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
7681 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
7683 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
7686 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7701 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
7704 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7721 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
7724 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7739 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
7742 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7765 \begin_layout Standard
7766 \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
7772 \begin_layout Enumerate
7774 The table is actually nested inside Item One, but
7782 \begin_layout Enumerate
7786 \begin_layout Standard
7787 As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a
7793 The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation.
7794 So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right
7798 \begin_layout Subsection
7799 Usage and General Features
7802 \begin_layout Standard
7803 Speaking of levels, LyX can perform up to a six-fold nesting.
7805 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7809 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7812 is the innermost possible depth.
7813 Here's an example to illustrate what we mean:
7816 \begin_layout Enumerate
7817 level #1 – outermost
7821 \begin_layout Enumerate
7826 \begin_layout Enumerate
7831 \begin_layout Enumerate
7836 \begin_layout Itemize
7841 \begin_layout Itemize
7850 \begin_layout Standard
7851 There are two exceptions to the six-fold nesting limit, and you can see
7852 both of them in the example.
7853 Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a four-fold
7863 For example, if we tried to nest another
7868 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7872 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7875 , we would get errors.
7878 \begin_layout Subsection
7880 \begin_inset Index idx
7883 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7892 \begin_layout Standard
7893 The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration.
7894 We have several examples of nested environments.
7895 In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce
7899 \begin_layout Subsubsection
7900 Example 1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting
7903 \begin_layout Labeling
7904 \labelwidthstring MMM
7905 #1-a This is the outermost level.
7914 \begin_layout Labeling
7915 \labelwidthstring MMM
7916 #2-a This is level #2.
7917 We created it by using
7920 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
7926 arg "depth-increment"
7933 \begin_layout Labeling
7934 \labelwidthstring MMM
7935 #3-a This is level #3.
7936 This time, we just hit
7943 arg "depth-increment"
7947 We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level,
7951 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
7957 arg "depth-increment"
7964 \begin_layout Standard
7969 environment, nested inside of
7970 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7974 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7978 So, it's at level #4.
7979 We did this by hitting
7982 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
7988 arg "depth-increment"
7991 , then changing the paragraph environment to
7996 Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph — it also works
8012 \begin_layout Standard
8017 paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a
8020 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
8026 \begin_layout Labeling
8027 \labelwidthstring MMM
8028 #4-a This is level #4.
8032 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
8035 and changed the paragraph environment back to
8040 Remember — we can't nest anything inside a
8044 environment, which is why we're still at level #4.
8049 keep nesting things inside
8050 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8054 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8061 \begin_layout Labeling
8062 \labelwidthstring MMM
8063 #5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar \ldots{}
8068 \begin_layout Labeling
8069 \labelwidthstring MMM
8070 #6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8071 and this is level #6.
8072 By now, you should know how we made these two.
8076 \begin_layout Labeling
8077 \labelwidthstring MMM
8078 #5-b Back to level #5.
8082 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
8088 arg "depth-decrement"
8095 \begin_layout Labeling
8096 \labelwidthstring MMM
8100 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
8106 arg "depth-decrement"
8109 , we're back at level #4.
8113 \begin_layout Labeling
8114 \labelwidthstring MMM
8115 #3-b Back to level #3.
8116 By now it should be obvious how we did this.
8120 \begin_layout Labeling
8121 \labelwidthstring MMM
8122 #2-b Back to level #2.
8127 \begin_layout Labeling
8128 \labelwidthstring MMM
8129 #1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1.
8130 After this sentence, we'll hit
8134 and change the paragraph environment back to
8141 \begin_layout Standard
8142 We could have also used the
8158 environment in place of the
8163 The example would have worked exactly the same.
8166 \begin_layout Subsubsection
8167 Example 2: Inheritance
8170 \begin_layout LyX-Code
8171 This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost
8174 \begin_layout LyX-Code
8183 arg "depth-increment"
8186 , after which, we'll change to the
8194 \begin_layout Enumerate
8199 environment, at level #2.
8202 \begin_layout Enumerate
8203 Notice how the nested
8207 not only inherits its margins from its parent environment (
8211 ), but also inherits its font and spacing!
8215 \begin_layout Standard
8216 We ended this example by hitting
8221 After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to
8225 and reset the nesting depth by using
8228 arg "depth-decrement"
8234 \begin_layout Subsubsection
8235 Example 3: Labels, Levels, and the
8244 \begin_inset Argument
8247 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8248 Example #3: Labels, Levels and other list environments
8256 \begin_layout Enumerate
8257 This is level #1, in an
8261 paragraph environment.
8262 We're actually going to nest a bunch of these.
8266 \begin_layout Enumerate
8271 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
8277 arg "depth-increment"
8281 Now, what happens if we nest an
8285 environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its
8286 label be? An asterisk?
8290 \begin_layout Itemize
8300 environment, even though it's at level #3.
8301 So, its label is a bullet.
8302 (We got here by using
8305 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
8311 arg "depth-increment"
8314 , then changing the environment to
8322 \begin_layout Itemize
8323 Here's level #4, produced using
8326 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
8332 arg "depth-increment"
8336 We'll do that again\SpecialChar \ldots{}
8341 \begin_layout Enumerate
8342 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8344 This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to
8349 Notice the type of numbering, it is
8353 , because we are in the
8362 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
8381 \begin_layout Enumerate
8386 change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What
8387 type of numbering does LyX use?
8390 \begin_layout Enumerate
8391 Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using
8394 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
8397 to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item.
8400 \begin_layout Enumerate
8404 arg "depth-decrement"
8407 to decrease the depth after the next
8410 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
8417 \begin_layout Enumerate
8419 Look what type of label LyX is using!
8423 \begin_layout Enumerate
8425 Even though we've changed levels, LyX is still using a lowercase Roman
8426 numeral as the label.Why?
8429 \begin_layout Enumerate
8430 Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is
8439 Notice, however, that LyX
8443 reset the counter for the label.
8447 \begin_layout Enumerate
8451 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
8457 arg "depth-decrement"
8460 sequence, and we're back to level #2.
8461 This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back
8462 into the twofold-nested
8470 \begin_layout Enumerate
8471 The same thing happens if we do another
8474 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
8480 arg "depth-decrement"
8483 sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level.
8486 \begin_layout Standard
8487 Lastly, we reset the environment to
8492 As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labeling
8506 environments surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for
8512 The same rule applies for the
8516 environment, as well.
8519 \begin_layout Subsubsection
8520 Example 4: Going Bonkers
8523 \begin_layout Enumerate
8524 We're going to go totally nuts now.
8525 We won't nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into the
8526 same detail with how we did it.
8535 \begin_layout Standard
8543 arg "depth-increment"
8550 : level #2) We'll stick an encapsulated description of how we created the
8551 example in parentheses someplace.
8552 For example, the two keybindings are how we changed the depth.
8553 The environment name is the name of the current environment.
8554 Either before or after this, we'll put in the level.
8558 \begin_layout Enumerate
8563 : level #1) This is the next item in the list.
8568 Now we'll add verse.
8569 \begin_inset Newline newline
8572 It will get much worse.
8573 \begin_inset Newline newline
8583 arg "depth-increment"
8594 Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo.
8595 \begin_inset Newline newline
8598 Bippitey boppitey boo!
8599 \begin_inset Newline newline
8605 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
8618 \begin_layout Standard
8619 \begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
8625 \begin_layout Standard
8627 \begin_inset Tabular
8628 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
8629 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
8630 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
8631 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
8633 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
8636 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8651 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8654 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8671 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
8674 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8689 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8692 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8720 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
8730 arg "depth-increment"
8736 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
8746 arg "depth-decrement"
8753 \begin_layout Enumerate
8758 : level #1) This is another item.
8759 Note that selecting a
8763 resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth
8764 3 times to put the table inside the
8772 \begin_layout Quotation
8773 We're now ending the
8777 list and changing to
8782 We're still at level #1.
8783 We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments.
8784 The next set of paragraphs is a
8785 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8789 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8799 \begin_inset space ~
8804 environments inside of this one, then use another nested
8808 for the letter body.
8812 arg "break-paragraph inverse"
8815 to preserve the depth.
8816 Remember that you need to use
8819 arg "newline-insert newline"
8822 to create multiple lines inside the
8829 \begin_inset space ~
8839 \begin_layout Right Address
8841 \begin_inset Newline newline
8844 Moosegroin, MT 00100
8845 \begin_inset Newline newline
8851 \begin_layout Address
8853 \begin_inset space ~
8859 \begin_layout Quotation
8860 We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50
8861 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
8864 L of compressed methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control.
8865 Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating
8866 a backlog in our orders for methane.
8867 We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order
8868 as soon as possible.
8869 In the meantime, we thank you for your patience.
8872 \begin_layout Quotation
8873 We do, however, now have a special on beef.
8874 If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form
8875 with your order, along with payment.
8878 \begin_layout Quotation
8879 We thank you again for your patience.
8882 \begin_layout Address
8884 \begin_inset Newline newline
8891 \begin_layout Quotation
8892 That ends that example!
8895 \begin_layout Standard
8896 As you can see, nesting environments in LyX gives you a lot of power with
8897 just a few keystrokes.
8898 We could have easily nested an
8919 You have a huge variety of options at your disposal.
8922 \begin_layout Section
8923 Spacing, pagination and line breaks
8924 \begin_inset Index idx
8927 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8936 \begin_layout Standard
8937 What is a space? While you might be used to pressing the space key anytime
8938 you want to separate two words in ordinary word processors, LyX offers
8939 you more spaces: Spaces of different width and spaces which can or cannot
8940 be broken at the end of a line.
8941 The following sections will show you some examples where those spaces are
8945 \begin_layout Subsection
8947 \begin_inset CommandInset label
8949 name "sub:Protected-Space"
8954 \begin_inset Index idx
8957 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8966 \begin_layout Standard
8967 The protected space: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the
8969 This may be necessary to avoid unlucky linebreaks, like in:
8973 Further documentation is given in section
8974 \begin_inset Newline newline
8978 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
8980 reference "sec:Bibliography"
8988 \begin_layout Standard
8989 Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected space between
8990 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8994 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8998 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9002 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
9004 reference "sec:Bibliography"
9009 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9013 A protected space is set with
9015 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
9016 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
9020 \begin_inset space ~
9030 arg "space-insert protected"
9036 \begin_layout Subsection
9038 \begin_inset CommandInset label
9040 name "sub:Horizontal-Space"
9045 \begin_inset Index idx
9048 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9049 Spacing ! Horizontal
9057 \begin_layout Standard
9058 All horizontal spaces can be inserted with the menu
9060 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
9061 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
9065 The length units are listed in Appendix
9066 \begin_inset space ~
9070 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
9072 reference "cha:Units-available-in"
9079 \begin_layout Subsubsection
9081 \begin_inset CommandInset label
9083 name "sub:Inter-word-Space"
9088 \begin_inset Index idx
9091 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9100 \begin_layout Standard
9102 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9106 \begin_inset space \space{}
9109 English) have the typographical convention to add extra space after an end-of-se
9110 ntence punctuation mark, and LyX honors those conventions (see section
9111 \begin_inset space ~
9115 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
9117 reference "sub:Abbreviations"
9122 Sometimes, you want a normal space nevertheless.
9123 In this case, insert an inter-word space (shortcut
9126 arg "space-insert normal"
9132 \begin_layout Subsubsection
9134 \begin_inset CommandInset label
9136 name "sub:Thin-Space"
9141 \begin_inset Index idx
9144 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9153 \begin_layout Standard
9155 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9159 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9162 is a blank which has half the size of a normal space (and it is also
9163 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9167 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9171 The typographical conventions in a lot of languages propose the use of
9172 thin spaces in cases where normal spaces would be too wide, for instance
9173 inside abbreviations:
9178 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9182 Knuth has developed our beloved typesetting program.
9185 \begin_layout Standard
9186 or between values and units.
9187 Compare for example this:
9188 \begin_inset Newline newline
9192 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9196 \begin_inset Newline newline
9202 \begin_layout Standard
9203 You can insert thin spaces also with the menu
9205 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
9206 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
9208 \begin_inset space ~
9216 arg "space-insert thin"
9222 \begin_layout Subsubsection
9224 \begin_inset CommandInset label
9226 name "sub:More-Spaces"
9233 \begin_layout Standard
9234 You can furthermore insert the following space types:
9237 \begin_layout Description
9239 \begin_inset space ~
9243 \begin_inset space ~
9247 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
9251 \begin_inset space \negthinspace{}
9255 \begin_inset Formula $\gets$
9258 Negative thin space between the arrows.
9261 \begin_layout Description
9263 \begin_inset space ~
9267 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9271 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
9275 \begin_inset space \enskip{}
9279 \begin_inset Formula $\gets$
9283 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9286 em) space between the arrows.
9289 \begin_layout Description
9291 \begin_inset space ~
9295 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9299 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
9303 \begin_inset space \quad{}
9307 \begin_inset Formula $\gets$
9311 \begin_inset space ~
9315 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9318 em) space between the arrows.
9321 \begin_layout Description
9323 \begin_inset space ~
9327 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9331 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
9335 \begin_inset space \qquad{}
9339 \begin_inset Formula $\gets$
9343 \begin_inset space ~
9347 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9350 em) space between the arrows.
9353 \begin_layout Description
9355 \begin_inset space ~
9359 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
9363 \begin_inset space \hspace{}
9368 \begin_inset Formula $\gets$
9372 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9375 cm space between the arrows.
9378 \begin_layout Standard
9380 \begin_inset space ~
9384 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
9386 reference "tab:Width-of-the"
9390 lists the different space sizes.
9393 \begin_layout Standard
9394 \begin_inset Float table
9399 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9401 \begin_inset Caption
9403 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9404 \begin_inset CommandInset label
9406 name "tab:Width-of-the"
9410 Width of the different horizontal spaces.
9418 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9420 \begin_inset Tabular
9421 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
9422 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
9423 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
9424 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
9426 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
9429 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9437 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
9440 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9450 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
9453 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9459 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
9462 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9464 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9474 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
9477 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9483 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
9486 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9488 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9498 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
9501 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9507 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
9510 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9512 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9522 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
9525 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9531 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
9534 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9536 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9546 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
9549 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9551 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9559 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
9562 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9564 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9574 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
9577 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9579 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9587 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
9590 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9592 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9602 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
9605 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9607 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9615 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
9618 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9620 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9641 \begin_layout Subsubsection
9647 \begin_inset Index idx
9650 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9659 \begin_layout Standard
9660 Horizontal fills (HFills) are a special LyX feature for adding extra space
9661 in a uniform fashion.
9662 An HFill is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals
9663 the remaining space between the left and right margins.
9664 If there is more than one HFill on a line, they divide the available space
9665 equally between themselves.
9669 \begin_layout Standard
9670 Here a few examples what you can do with them:
9675 This is on the left side
9676 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
9679 This is on the right
9685 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
9689 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
9698 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
9702 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
9706 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
9712 \begin_layout Standard
9713 That was an example in the
9719 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
9723 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
9727 \begin_inset Formula $\gets$
9730 is one in a standard paragraph.
9731 It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it
9735 sitting in-between the two arrows.
9738 \begin_layout Standard
9739 HFills can be made visible when you choose one of the
9742 \begin_inset space ~
9747 in the space dialog: The following patterns are available:
9750 \begin_layout Standard
9752 \begin_inset space \dotfill{}
9756 \begin_inset space ~
9762 \begin_layout Standard
9764 \begin_inset space \hrulefill{}
9768 \begin_inset space ~
9774 \begin_layout Standard
9776 \begin_inset space \leftarrowfill{}
9780 \begin_inset space ~
9786 \begin_layout Standard
9788 \begin_inset space \rightarrowfill{}
9792 \begin_inset space ~
9798 \begin_layout Standard
9800 \begin_inset space \downbracefill{}
9804 \begin_inset space ~
9810 \begin_layout Standard
9812 \begin_inset space \upbracefill{}
9816 \begin_inset space ~
9822 \begin_layout Standard
9823 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
9826 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9831 If an HFill is at the beginning of a line, and
9835 in the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it.
9836 This prevents HFills from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line.
9837 If you need space in this case anyway, set the
9841 option in the space dialog.
9849 \begin_layout Subsubsection
9851 \begin_inset Index idx
9854 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9863 \begin_layout Standard
9864 Sometimes you want to insert space with exactly the length of a phrase.
9866 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
9870 \begin_inset space \space{}
9873 you want to create the following multiple choice question:
9876 \begin_layout Standard
9877 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
9880 What is correct English?:
9881 \begin_inset Newline newline
9885 \begin_inset Newline newline
9889 \begin_inset space ~
9892 Edge would have been jumps the gun.
9893 \begin_inset Newline newline
9897 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
9900 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9908 \begin_inset Newline newline
9912 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
9915 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9923 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
9929 \begin_layout Standard
9930 So that the choices appear exactly after the phrase
9931 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9935 \begin_inset space ~
9939 \begin_inset space ~
9943 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9947 To get this, you can use the phantom insets available via the menu
9949 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
9950 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
9954 In our case insert a horizontal phantom at the beginning of the last two
9956 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9960 \begin_inset space ~
9964 \begin_inset space ~
9968 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9971 into the phantom inset (note the space after
9972 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9976 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9980 A phantom insets prints only the space of its content (like a placeholder).
9981 That is why it is named
9982 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9986 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9990 The normal phantom ouputs the width and heigth of the content as space,
9991 while the horizontal and vertical variant only outputs the corresponding
9995 \begin_layout Subsection
9997 \begin_inset CommandInset label
9999 name "sub:Vertical-Space"
10004 \begin_inset Index idx
10007 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10016 \begin_layout Standard
10017 To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use the
10019 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10020 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10022 \begin_inset space ~
10028 There you find the following sizes:
10031 \begin_layout Standard
10044 are LaTeX sizes which depend on the font size of the document.
10049 is the skip adjusted in the dialog
10051 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10055 \begin_inset Index idx
10058 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10059 Document ! Settings
10064 for the paragraph separation.
10065 If you use indentation to separate paragraphs
10076 \begin_layout Standard
10082 \begin_inset Index idx
10085 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10091 is a variable space, set so that the space is maximal within one page.
10092 An example: You have only two short paragraphs on one page with a vfill
10094 Then the first paragraph is placed at the top of the page and the second
10095 one at the bottom, because the space between them is then maximal.
10104 s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space.
10108 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10113 s are described in section
10114 \begin_inset space ~
10118 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
10120 reference "sub:Horizontal-Space"
10129 If there are several
10133 s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves.
10134 You can therefore use
10138 s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page.
10141 \begin_layout Standard
10146 are custom spaces in units explained in Appendix
10147 \begin_inset space ~
10151 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
10153 reference "cha:Units-available-in"
10160 \begin_layout Standard
10161 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
10164 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10171 When the extra vertical space would be in the output at the top/bottom of
10172 a page, the space is only added if you have also checked the option
10184 \begin_layout Subsection
10185 Paragraph Alignment
10188 \begin_layout Standard
10189 You can change the paragraph alignment with the
10191 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10195 There are five possibilities:
10198 \begin_layout Itemize
10206 arg "paragraph-params \\align block"
10212 \begin_layout Itemize
10220 arg "paragraph-params \\align left"
10226 \begin_layout Itemize
10234 arg "paragraph-params \\align right"
10240 \begin_layout Itemize
10248 arg "paragraph-params \\align center"
10254 \begin_layout Itemize
10262 arg "paragraph-params \\align default"
10268 \begin_layout Standard
10269 The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word
10270 spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between
10271 the left and right margins.
10272 The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this:
10275 \begin_layout Standard
10277 This paragraph is right aligned,
10280 \begin_layout Standard
10282 this one is centered,
10285 \begin_layout Standard
10287 this one is left aligned.
10290 \begin_layout Subsection
10292 \begin_inset Index idx
10295 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10296 Page breaks ! Forced
10302 \begin_inset CommandInset label
10304 name "sub:Forced-Page-Breaks"
10311 \begin_layout Standard
10312 If you don't like the way LaTeX does the pagebreaks in your document, you
10313 can force a page break where you want one.
10314 Normally this will not be necessary, because LaTeX is good at page breaking.
10315 Only if you use a lot of
10319 , LaTeX's page breaking algorithm can fail.
10322 \begin_layout Standard
10323 We recommend not to use forced pagebreaks until the text is finished and
10324 until you have checked in the preview to see if you
10328 have to change the page breaking.
10331 \begin_layout Standard
10332 There are two types of pagebreaks: One that ends the page without any special
10334 This can be inserted above or below a paragraph via the menu
10336 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10337 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10339 \begin_inset space ~
10345 The second type, that is inserted via the menu
10347 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10348 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10350 \begin_inset space ~
10355 , ends a page but stretches the content of the page, so that it fills out
10357 This type is useful to avoid whitespace when a page break produces a page
10358 on which only the last few lines are absent.
10361 \begin_layout Standard
10362 You might try to use a page break to ensure that a figure or table appears
10363 at the top of a page.
10364 This is, of course, the wrong way to do it.
10365 LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables
10366 appear at the top of a page (or the bottom, or on their own page) without
10367 having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table.
10369 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
10371 reference "cha:Floats-and-Notes"
10375 to learn more about
10382 \begin_layout Subsubsection
10384 \begin_inset CommandInset label
10386 name "sub:Clear-Page-Breaks"
10391 \begin_inset Index idx
10394 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10395 Page breaks ! Clear
10403 \begin_layout Standard
10404 Rather than forced pagebreaks where the content behind the break is placed
10405 directly on the next page, you can also clear pages while breaking them.
10406 That means that the current paragraph is terminated and everything, including
10407 unprocessed floats, from the earlier part of the document are placed behind
10408 it, if necessary by adding pages.
10411 \begin_layout Standard
10412 You can insert a clear page break with the menu
10414 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10415 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10417 \begin_inset space ~
10423 When you have a two-sided document like a book, you can use the menu
10425 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10426 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10428 \begin_inset space ~
10432 \begin_inset space ~
10437 to insert a clear page break that assures that the next page is a right-hand
10438 page (odd-numbered), if necessary by adding a page.
10441 \begin_layout Subsection
10443 \begin_inset Index idx
10446 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10453 \begin_inset CommandInset label
10455 name "sub:Forced-Line-Breaks"
10462 \begin_layout Standard
10463 Similar to page breaks there are two types of line breaks: One that simply
10465 You can force this line break within a paragraph by selecting
10467 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10468 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10470 \begin_inset space ~
10474 \begin_inset space ~
10482 arg "newline-insert newline"
10486 Another type that is inserted via the menu
10488 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10489 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10491 \begin_inset space ~
10495 \begin_inset space ~
10500 breaks the line and stretches it so that it fills out the whole space between
10502 This is necessary to avoid
10503 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10507 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10510 in justified paragraphs due to whitespace introduced by line breaks.
10513 \begin_layout Standard
10514 You shouldn't use forced line breaks to correct LaTeX's line breaking, as
10515 LaTeX is very good at line breaking.
10516 There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to actively
10517 set a line break, e.
10518 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10522 \begin_inset space \space{}
10525 in a poem or for an address (see sections
10526 \begin_inset space ~
10530 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
10532 reference "sec:Quote"
10537 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
10539 reference "sec:Verse"
10544 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
10546 reference "sec:Address-Usage"
10553 \begin_layout Subsection
10555 \begin_inset CommandInset label
10557 name "sub:Horizontal-Lines"
10562 \begin_inset Index idx
10565 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10574 \begin_layout Standard
10576 \begin_inset CommandInset line
10587 \begin_layout Standard
10590 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10591 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10593 \begin_inset space ~
10598 you can insert horizontal lines.
10599 The line offset is the vertical distance between the line and the baseline
10600 of the current text line or the paragraph.
10603 \begin_layout Standard
10605 \begin_inset CommandInset line
10616 \begin_layout Standard
10620 \begin_layout Section
10621 Characters and Symbols
10624 \begin_layout Standard
10625 You can directly enter all characters that are available on your keyboard.
10626 You can also use special keyboard maps to be able to enter e.
10627 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10631 \begin_inset space \space{}
10634 characters needed for French with an English keyboard.
10636 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10640 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
10642 reference "sub:Keyboard-mapping"
10646 for information on how this is done.
10649 \begin_layout Standard
10650 For the case where you need a character that is not on your keyboard, you
10655 dialog via the menu
10657 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10658 Special Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10664 \begin_layout Standard
10665 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
10668 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10673 Maybe not all symbols inserted with the symbols dialog can be displayed
10674 when you are using a special screen font in LyX's preferences.
10675 But the inserted symbols will in every case be displayed in the output.
10683 \begin_layout Section
10684 Fonts and Text Styles
10685 \begin_inset CommandInset label
10687 name "sec:Fonts-and-Text"
10694 \begin_layout Subsection
10696 \begin_inset Index idx
10699 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10708 \begin_layout Standard
10709 There are two types of fonts:
10712 \begin_layout Description
10714 \begin_inset space ~
10718 \begin_inset Index idx
10721 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10727 are fonts, built from outlines of the single glyphs (i.
10728 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
10732 characters) in the font.
10733 This means that each glyph is defined using mathematical curves that are
10734 well suited for scaling to any requested size.
10735 This mathematical definition is interpreted by the font renderer and the
10736 curve is filled out with pixels according to the size and glyph.
10737 This means that outline fonts will look pretty good in all sizes.
10738 Only at very small sizes where each pixel has to be very carefully computed
10739 to provide a good image, it might be hard to provide a good rendering.
10740 \begin_inset Newline newline
10743 That could mean that one only needs to define one font size and scale them.
10744 But to achieve a better quality, many fonts define several font sizes.
10745 That improves the appearance because you need more details at large font
10746 sizes than at small ones.
10747 \begin_inset Newline newline
10761 \begin_inset space ~
10769 \begin_layout Description
10771 \begin_inset space ~
10775 \begin_inset Index idx
10778 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10784 on the other hand, are defined by bitmap graphics from the start, so they
10785 will look good at all the sizes they are meant for.
10786 However, they don't scale well, because in order to scale a glyph, each
10787 pixel is enlarged into several pixels.
10788 It is the same effect that happens if you try to enlarge a picture in a
10789 picture manipulation program.
10790 In order to relieve this effect, bitmap fonts are typically provided in
10791 several fixed sizes typically from around 8 pixels high up to 34 pixels
10792 or so high in steps according to what is believed to be useful.
10793 The advantage of bitmap fonts is that no complicated computations are necessary
10794 to display each glyph, so bitmap fonts are thus faster displayed than scalable
10796 The disadvantage is that sizes that don't exist as fixed versions have
10797 to be scaled by doubling pixels, and thus look bad.
10798 \begin_inset Newline newline
10801 Bitmap fonts are named
10804 \begin_inset space ~
10809 in PostScript- and PDF-documents.
10812 \begin_layout Standard
10813 The result of all this, is that bitmap fonts are best for the size they
10814 are designed for, while scalable fonts are good for nearly all sizes.
10815 So one needs fewer font size definitions for scalable fonts.
10816 That's the reason why nearly all text rendering and typesetting programs
10817 use scalable fonts.
10820 \begin_layout Standard
10821 To test which fonts are used in a PDF-document, you can have a look into
10822 its document properties.
10825 \begin_layout Standard
10826 Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards
10827 specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font.
10828 For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current
10829 font to emphasize text, you use an
10830 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10834 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10838 This concept fits in perfectly with LyX.
10839 In LyX, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting
10843 \begin_layout Subsection
10844 Document Font and Font size
10845 \begin_inset CommandInset label
10847 name "sub:Document-Font"
10852 \begin_inset Index idx
10855 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10862 \begin_inset Index idx
10865 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10874 \begin_layout Standard
10875 You can set the document fonts in the
10877 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10881 \begin_inset Index idx
10884 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10885 Document ! Settings
10891 There you can specify which font should be used for the three different
10892 font shapes roman (serif),
10895 \begin_inset space ~
10907 \begin_layout Standard
10908 The possible options for the font include
10912 and a list of fonts available on your system.
10917 uses the standard TeX fonts, known as
10918 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10926 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10934 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10939 European Computer Modern
10942 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10952 \begin_layout Standard
10961 are bitmap fonts, they often looks pixelated in PDF output, especially
10962 when you read the PDF in a zoomed size.
10966 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10967 This problem doesn't appear if you read PDFs in
10970 \begin_inset space ~
10975 version 6 or later, because this program includes a special bitmap font
10981 To get rid of pixelated fonts, you have to use a vector font.
10982 There are three ways to use one:
10985 \begin_layout Itemize
10986 One way is to use the
10996 Virtual means that it
10997 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11001 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11008 -glyphs from other fonts.
11009 This has the disadvantage that some characters are missing, like the French
11011 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11015 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11019 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11023 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11030 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11031 Loading the LaTeX-package
11036 \begin_inset Index idx
11039 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11040 LaTeX-packages ! aeguill
11045 with the document preamble line
11046 \begin_inset Newline newline
11053 usepackage[ec]{aeguill}
11054 \begin_inset Newline newline
11059 will fix the guillemet problem.
11064 and that accented characters are not
11068 glyph, they are build of
11072 characters, the accent and the letter.
11073 Therefore you can't search in documents using the
11077 fonts for words with accented characters.
11078 If you search for example for the French word
11079 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11083 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11086 in a PDF, you won't get any result, because the PDF-viewer searches for
11088 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11092 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11095 and not for the glyph
11096 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11100 \begin_inset space ~
11104 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11110 \begin_layout Itemize
11111 Another possibility is to use three different outline fonts
11115 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11124 , consist of these three main font types
11127 \begin_inset space ~
11156 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
11160 \begin_inset space ~
11167 as typewriter font.
11168 \begin_inset Newline newline
11171 The differences between roman,
11174 \begin_inset space ~
11183 fonts are explained in section
11184 \begin_inset space ~
11188 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
11190 reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
11195 \begin_inset Newline newline
11202 was originally designed for newspapers.
11203 That means its glyphs are smaller than the ones from other fonts to fit
11204 into the small newspaper columns.
11209 is not the optimal choice for larger documents like books.
11212 \begin_layout Itemize
11213 The best solution is to use the
11222 These fonts were developed for the LaTeX community to replace
11226 as the default font.
11227 In most cases they look the same as
11235 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11236 One difference is improved kerning for the
11249 covers a vast number of characters over the other two families
11260 \begin_layout Standard
11261 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
11264 For the font size there are four possible values:
11281 depends on your LaTeX-system, normally it is equal to the font size 10.
11284 \begin_layout Standard
11285 The font sizes are the
11290 That means that LyX scales all other possible font sizes (such as those
11291 used in footnotes, super-, and subscripts) by this value.
11292 You can fine-tune the font size of text parts via the
11295 \begin_inset space ~
11301 The possible font sizes for text parts are explained in section
11302 \begin_inset space ~
11306 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
11308 reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
11315 \begin_layout Standard
11320 allows users of the languages Chinese, Japanese, Korean (CJK) to specify
11321 a font to display the script characters.
11325 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11326 The font will be the argument for the commands of the LaTeX-package
11331 So this has no effect for the document language
11347 \begin_layout Standard
11348 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
11352 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
11355 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11360 When you choose a new font or font size, LyX does
11364 change the screen font! You will only see a difference in the printed output;
11365 this is part of the WYSIWYM concept.
11366 LyX's screen fonts can be adjusted in the
11368 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11371 dialog, see section
11372 \begin_inset space ~
11376 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
11378 reference "sub:Screen-Fonts"
11390 \begin_layout Subsection
11391 Using Different Character Styles
11392 \begin_inset Index idx
11395 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11402 \begin_inset Index idx
11405 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11414 \begin_layout Standard
11415 As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for
11416 certain paragraph environments.
11417 LyX supports two character styles,
11426 You can activate both of these styles via keybindings, the menus, and the
11430 \begin_layout Standard
11435 style, do one of the following:
11438 \begin_layout Itemize
11439 click on the toolbar button
11440 \begin_inset Graphics
11441 filename ../images/font-noun.png
11448 \begin_layout Itemize
11449 use the key binding
11458 \begin_layout Standard
11459 These commands are all toggles.
11464 style is already active, they deactivate it.
11467 \begin_layout Standard
11468 One typically uses the
11472 style for proper names.
11474 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11481 is the original author of LyX.
11482 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11488 \begin_layout Standard
11489 A more widely used character style is the
11494 You can activate (or deactivate — it's also a toggle) the
11501 \begin_layout Itemize
11502 clicking on the toolbar button
11503 \begin_inset Graphics
11504 filename ../images/font-emph.png
11511 \begin_layout Itemize
11512 using the keybindings
11521 \begin_layout Standard
11526 style is equivalent to an italic font but some document classes or LaTeX-packag
11527 es use a different font.
11530 \begin_layout Standard
11531 We've been using the
11535 style all over the place in this document.
11536 Here's one more example:
11539 \begin_layout Quotation
11542 Don't overuse character styles!
11545 \begin_layout Standard
11546 It's also a warning in addition to an example.
11547 One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation.
11548 Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid
11549 the common tendency to overuse character style.
11553 \begin_layout Standard
11554 You can always reset to the default font using the key binding
11562 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11564 \begin_inset space ~
11572 \begin_layout Subsection
11573 Fine-Tuning with the
11578 \begin_inset CommandInset label
11580 name "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
11585 \begin_inset Index idx
11588 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11597 \begin_layout Standard
11598 There are always occasions when you will need to do some fine-tuning, so
11599 LyX gives you a way to create a custom character style.
11600 For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet
11601 requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations.
11602 Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts
11603 from ordinary dialog.
11606 \begin_layout Standard
11607 Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a
11608 warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles!
11609 \begin_inset Newline newline
11612 Documents that overuse different fonts and sizes are not well readable and
11613 tend to look as if someone has knocked huge holes in them.
11616 \begin_layout Standard
11617 To use custom character styles, open the
11619 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11621 \begin_inset space ~
11627 There are several boxes on this dialog, each corresponding to a different
11628 font property which you can choose.
11629 You can choose an option for one of these properties, or select
11632 \begin_inset space ~
11637 , which keeps the current state of that property.
11642 will reset the property to whatever is the default.
11643 You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph
11644 environments in a snap.
11647 \begin_layout Standard
11648 The font properties, and their options (in addition to
11651 \begin_inset space ~
11663 \begin_layout Labeling
11664 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11670 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11674 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11678 The possible options are:
11682 \begin_layout Labeling
11683 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11688 This is the Roman font family.
11689 Normally a serif font.
11690 It's also the default family.
11700 \begin_layout Labeling
11701 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11705 \begin_inset space ~
11712 This is the Sans Serif font family.
11724 \begin_layout Labeling
11725 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11732 This is the Typewriter font family.
11738 arg "font-typewriter"
11747 \begin_layout Labeling
11748 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11753 This corresponds to the print weight.
11758 \begin_layout Labeling
11759 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11764 This is the Medium font series.
11765 It's also the default series.
11768 \begin_layout Labeling
11769 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11776 This is the Bold font series.
11789 \begin_layout Labeling
11790 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11795 As the name implies.
11800 \begin_layout Labeling
11801 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11806 This is the Upright font shape.
11807 It's also the default shape.
11810 \begin_layout Labeling
11811 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11825 s the Italic font shape
11831 \begin_layout Labeling
11832 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11839 This is the Slanted font shape
11841 (although it might not be visible in LyX, this is different from italic).
11844 \begin_layout Labeling
11845 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11849 \begin_inset space ~
11856 This is the Small caps font shape
11863 \begin_layout Labeling
11864 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11869 Alters the size of the font.
11870 You'll find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually proportio
11871 nal to the document font size.
11872 Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of
11873 what you want to do.
11878 \begin_layout Labeling
11879 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11887 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11891 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11900 arg "font-size tiny"
11906 \begin_layout Labeling
11907 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11915 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11919 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11928 arg "font-size scriptsize"
11934 \begin_layout Labeling
11935 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11943 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11947 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11956 arg "font-size footnotesize"
11962 \begin_layout Labeling
11963 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11971 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11975 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11984 arg "font-size small"
11990 \begin_layout Labeling
11991 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11997 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12001 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12005 It's also the default size.
12009 arg "font-size normal"
12015 \begin_layout Labeling
12016 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12024 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12028 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12037 arg "font-size large"
12043 \begin_layout Labeling
12044 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12052 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12056 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12065 arg "font-size larger"
12071 \begin_layout Labeling
12072 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12080 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12084 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12093 arg "font-size largest"
12099 \begin_layout Labeling
12100 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12108 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12112 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12121 arg "font-size huge"
12127 \begin_layout Labeling
12128 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12136 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12140 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12149 arg "font-size giant"
12156 \begin_layout Standard
12161 : don't go crazy with this feature.
12162 You should almost never need to change the font size.
12163 LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments
12164 — use that instead.
12165 This is here for fine-tuning only!
12168 \begin_layout Labeling
12169 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12174 Here you can change a few other things at the character level.
12179 \begin_layout Labeling
12180 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12187 This is text with emphasize on
12190 This might seem like the same as
12194 , but it is actually a bit different.
12200 That means every document class can define its own font used for emphasized
12202 Normally this font is equal to italic.
12205 \begin_layout Labeling
12206 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12213 This is text with Underbar on.
12219 arg "font-underline"
12225 \begin_inset Newline newline
12230 Avoid using underbar if you can! It's a hangover from the typewriter days,
12231 when you couldn't change fonts.
12232 We no longer need to emphasize text by underscoring characters.
12233 It's only included in LyX because some people
12237 need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions.
12240 \begin_layout Labeling
12241 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12248 This is text with Noun on.
12255 , this is a logical attribute.
12256 Normally it's equivalent to
12259 \begin_inset space ~
12268 \begin_layout Labeling
12269 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12274 You can adjust the color of the text with this control.
12275 Notice that not all DVI-viewers are able to display colors.
12279 \begin_inset space ~
12284 , which is the default
12285 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12289 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12292 and means normally black, you can choose between
12325 \begin_inset Index idx
12328 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12337 \begin_layout Labeling
12338 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12343 This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from
12344 the language of the document.
12345 Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change
12349 \begin_layout Standard
12350 So you have a huge number of combinations to choose from.
12351 Once you've chosen a new character style via the
12353 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12355 \begin_inset space ~
12360 dialog, the settings are saved.
12361 You can activate them using the toolbar button
12362 \begin_inset Graphics
12363 filename ../images/textstyle-apply.png
12368 The button lets you toggle the state of your custom character style even
12369 when the dialog isn't visible.
12373 \begin_layout Standard
12374 To completely reset the character style to the default, use
12381 If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed
12382 (suppose you just set the shape to
12383 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12387 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12391 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12395 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12401 \begin_inset space ~
12413 \begin_layout Standard
12414 You should also know something about the differences between the three main
12422 \begin_inset space ~
12434 \begin_layout Itemize
12440 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12444 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12447 font, that means every character has the same width, the
12448 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12452 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12456 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12460 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12465 \begin_inset Newline newline
12469 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
12472 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12483 \begin_inset Note Note
12486 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12487 For more on phantoms see section
12488 \begin_inset space ~
12492 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
12494 reference "sub:More-Spaces"
12504 \begin_inset Newline newline
12510 \begin_layout Itemize
12515 fonts use characters with serifs.
12516 These are the small
12517 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12521 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12524 at the ends of the strokes that form the character.
12525 The following example will show the difference:
12526 \begin_inset Newline newline
12530 \begin_inset Newline newline
12535 text without serifs
12538 \begin_inset Newline newline
12541 Serifs facilitate quick and easy reading.
12542 These fonts are therefore used as default (named
12549 \begin_layout Itemize
12555 This font type is therefore often used for headings and short texts.
12556 We use it in this document to highlight menu names.
12559 \begin_layout Standard
12560 We conclude with the same warning once again: Don't overuse the fonts.
12561 They are, more often than not, a kludge and a bad substitute for good writing.
12564 \begin_layout Section
12565 Printing and Previewing
12568 \begin_layout Subsection
12572 \begin_layout Standard
12573 Now that we have covered some of the basic features of document preparation
12574 using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece.
12575 Before we tell you that, we want to give you a quick explanation of what
12576 goes on behind-the-scenes.
12577 We cover this information in much greater detail in the
12579 Additional Features
12584 \begin_layout Standard
12585 LyX uses the program LaTeX as its backend.
12586 LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system, but to prevent
12587 confusion, we'll only refer to LaTeX.
12588 LyX is what you use to do your actual writing.
12589 Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output.
12590 This happens in two stages:
12593 \begin_layout Enumerate
12594 First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX,
12595 generating a file with the extension,
12596 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12604 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12610 \begin_layout Enumerate
12611 Next, LaTeX uses the commands in the
12615 file to produce printable output.
12619 \begin_layout Subsection
12620 Output file formats
12621 \begin_inset Index idx
12624 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12631 \begin_inset CommandInset label
12633 name "sub:Output-file-formats"
12640 \begin_layout Subsubsection
12642 \begin_inset Index idx
12645 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12646 File formats ! ASCII
12654 \begin_layout Standard
12655 This file type has the extension
12656 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12664 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12668 It contains your document as plain text following the rules of the
12669 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12672 American Standard Code for Information Interchange
12673 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12679 \begin_layout Standard
12680 You can export your document to ASCII by the menu
12682 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12683 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12689 \begin_layout Subsubsection
12691 \begin_inset Index idx
12694 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12695 File formats ! LaTeX
12703 \begin_layout Standard
12704 This file type has the extension
12705 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12713 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12716 and contains all commands that are necessary for the LaTeX program to process
12718 If you know LaTeX, you can use it to find out LaTeX-Errors or to process
12719 it manually with console commands.
12720 The LaTeX-file is automatically created in LyX's temporary directory whenever
12721 you view or export your document.
12724 \begin_layout Standard
12725 You can export your document as LaTeX-file using the menu
12727 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12728 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12733 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12745 \begin_layout Subsubsection
12747 \begin_inset Index idx
12750 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12759 \begin_layout Standard
12760 This file type has the extension
12761 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12769 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12774 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12778 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12781 (DVI), because it is completely portable; you can move them from one machine
12782 to another without needing to do any sort of conversion.
12783 DVIs are used for quick previews and as pre-stage for other output formats,
12787 \begin_layout Standard
12788 DVI files do not contain images, they only link them.
12789 So don't forget to deliver the images together with your DVIs.
12790 Because the DVI-viewer has to convert the image in the background to make
12791 it visible when you scroll the DVI, this can slow down your computer when
12793 So we recommend to use PDF for files with many images.
12796 \begin_layout Standard
12797 You can export your document to DVI by the menu
12799 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12800 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12806 \begin_layout Subsubsection
12808 \begin_inset Index idx
12811 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12812 File formats ! PostScript
12820 \begin_layout Standard
12821 This file type has the extension
12822 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12830 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12834 PostScript was developed by the company
12838 as a printer language.
12839 The file contains therefore commands that the printer uses to print the
12841 PostScript can be seen as a
12842 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12845 programming language
12846 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12849 ; you can calculate with it and draw diagrams and images.
12853 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12854 When you are interested to learn more about this, have a look at the LaTeX-packa
12860 \begin_inset Index idx
12863 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12864 LaTeX-packages ! pstricks
12874 Due to this ability, the files are often bigger than PDFs.
12877 \begin_layout Standard
12878 PostScript can only contain images in the format
12879 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12882 Encapsulated PostScript
12883 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12886 (EPS, file extension
12887 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12895 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12899 As LyX allows you to use any known image format in your document, it has
12900 to convert them in the background to EPS.
12902 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
12905 images in your document, LyX has to do 50
12906 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
12909 conversions whenever you view or export your document.
12910 This will slow down your workflow with LyX drastically.
12911 So if you plan to use PostScript, you can insert your images directly as
12912 EPS to avoid this problem.
12915 \begin_layout Standard
12916 You can export your document to PostScript using the menu
12918 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12919 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12925 \begin_layout Subsubsection
12927 \begin_inset Index idx
12930 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12937 \begin_inset Index idx
12940 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12949 \begin_layout Standard
12950 This file type has the extension
12951 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12959 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12964 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12967 Portable Document Format
12968 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12975 was derived from PostScript.
12976 It is more compressed and it uses fewer commands than PostScript.
12978 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12982 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12985 implies, it can be processed at any computer system and the printed output
12986 looks exactly the same.
12989 \begin_layout Standard
12990 PDF can contain images in its own PDF format and in the formats
12991 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12994 Joint Photographic Experts Group
12995 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12998 (JPG, file extension
12999 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13007 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13011 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13019 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13023 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13026 Portable Network Graphics
13027 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13030 (PNG, file extension
13031 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13039 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13043 You can although use any other image format, because LyX converts them
13044 in the background to one of these formats.
13045 But as described in the section about PostScript, the image conversion
13046 will slow down your workflow.
13047 So we recommend to use images in one of the three mentioned formats.
13050 \begin_layout Standard
13051 You can export your document to PDF via the menu
13053 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13056 in three different ways:
13059 \begin_layout Description
13060 PDF This uses the program
13064 that creates a PDF from a PostScript-version of your file.
13065 The PostScript-version is produced by the program
13069 which uses a DVI-version as intermediate step.
13070 So this export variant consist of three conversions.
13073 \begin_layout Description
13075 \begin_inset space ~
13078 (dvipdfm) This uses the program
13082 that converts your file in the background to DVI and in a second step to
13086 \begin_layout Description
13088 \begin_inset space ~
13091 (pdflatex) This uses the program
13095 that converts your file directly to PDF.
13098 \begin_layout Standard
13099 We recommend to use
13102 \begin_inset space ~
13111 supports all the features of actual PDF-versions, is quick, stable, and
13112 works without problems.
13117 is no longer under development and therefore a bit outdated.
13120 \begin_layout Subsubsection
13122 \begin_inset Index idx
13125 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13126 FileFormats ! XHTML
13132 \begin_inset Index idx
13135 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13144 \begin_layout Standard
13145 This file type has the extension
13146 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13154 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13158 It is a file suitable for viewing in web browsers.
13159 It does not itself contain images and the like but only links them, and
13160 when LyX produces XHTML, it also generates corresponding images in formats
13161 suitable for the purpose.
13162 Math is output as MathML, which renders nicely in browsers that support
13163 it, but not all do.
13166 \begin_layout Standard
13167 XHTML output remains
13168 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13172 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13175 , and not all LyX features are supported yet.
13177 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13180 LyX and the World Wide Web
13181 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13186 Additional Features
13188 manual, for more information.
13191 \begin_layout Standard
13192 You can export your document as an XHTML file using the menu item
13194 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13195 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13201 \begin_layout Subsection
13203 \begin_inset Index idx
13206 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13215 \begin_layout Standard
13216 To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the pagebreaks
13217 in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, use the menu
13221 and choose a file type.
13222 A viewing program will pop up showing the output.
13225 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13228 you can use the toolbar button
13229 \begin_inset Graphics
13230 filename ../images/buffer-view_dvi.png
13237 arg "buffer-view dvi"
13242 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13244 \begin_inset space ~
13250 \begin_inset Graphics
13251 filename ../images/buffer-view_pdf2.png
13257 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13261 \begin_inset Graphics
13262 filename ../images/buffer-view_ps.png
13269 arg "buffer-view ps"
13275 \begin_layout Standard
13276 If you have changed your document, you can refresh the output in the same
13277 viewer window using the menu
13279 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13285 \begin_layout Standard
13286 When you preview a file, the output file is only generated in LyX's temporary
13288 To have a real output, export your document.
13291 \begin_layout Subsection
13292 Printing the File from within LyX
13293 \begin_inset CommandInset label
13295 name "sub:Printing-the-File"
13302 \begin_layout Standard
13303 Instead of exporting your file and then printing it, you can also print
13304 it directly from within LyX.
13305 To print a file, select the menu
13307 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13310 or click on the toolbar button
13311 \begin_inset Graphics
13312 filename ../images/dialog-show_print.png
13317 LyX will internally call LaTeX to produce a DVI.
13318 This file is then processed by the program
13322 to PostScript-file, which is finally printed using the program
13327 Due to these steps in the background, this method is not the fastest.
13330 \begin_layout Standard
13331 You can choose to print only even-numbered or odd-numbered pages — this
13332 is useful for printing on two sides: You can re-insert the pages after
13333 printing one set to print on the other side.
13334 Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down.
13335 By choosing a particular order to print in, you can take the entire stack
13336 of pages out of the printer without needing to reorder them.
13339 \begin_layout Standard
13340 You can set the parameters in the
13343 \begin_inset space ~
13351 \begin_layout Labeling
13352 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13357 This is the name of the printer to print to.
13361 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13362 Note that this printer name is for the program
13371 has to be configured for this printer name.
13372 The default printer can be set in LyX's preferences dialog, see section
13373 \begin_inset space ~
13377 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
13379 reference "sub:Printer"
13388 The printer should understand PostScript.
13391 \begin_layout Labeling
13392 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13397 The name of a file to print to.
13398 The output will be a PostScript file.
13399 It will be written in LyX's working directory unless you specify the full
13403 \begin_layout Section
13404 A few Words about Typography
13405 \begin_inset Index idx
13408 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13417 \begin_layout Subsection
13419 \begin_inset Index idx
13422 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13431 \begin_layout Standard
13433 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13441 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13444 character comes in four lengths: the
13456 , and the minus sign:
13457 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
13463 \begin_layout Standard
13464 \begin_inset Tabular
13465 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
13466 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
13467 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
13468 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
13469 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
13470 <row interlinespace="3mm">
13471 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
13474 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13480 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
13483 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13489 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
13492 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13499 <row interlinespace="3mm">
13500 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13503 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13509 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13512 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13518 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13521 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13522 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13530 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13539 <row interlinespace="3mm">
13540 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13543 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13549 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13552 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13558 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13561 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13564 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13566 \begin_inset space ~
13569 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13576 <row interlinespace="3mm">
13577 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13580 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13586 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13589 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13595 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13598 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13601 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13603 \begin_inset space ~
13606 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13614 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13617 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13623 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13626 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13627 \begin_inset Formula $-$
13635 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13638 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13639 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13647 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13661 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
13667 \begin_layout Standard
13668 You can alternatively generate the en and em dash by inserting the
13669 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13677 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13680 character multiple times in a row.
13681 They will automatically be converted to the appropriate length dash in
13682 the final output, but not in LyX.
13684 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13688 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
13692 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13696 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13700 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
13704 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
13708 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13714 \begin_layout Standard
13715 The three dash types are distinct from the minus sign, which appears in
13716 math mode and has a length of its own.
13717 Here are some examples of the
13718 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13726 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13732 \begin_layout Enumerate
13733 line- and page-breaks
13734 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
13744 \begin_layout Enumerate
13746 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
13756 \begin_layout Enumerate
13757 Oh — there's a dash.
13758 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
13768 \begin_layout Enumerate
13769 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$
13773 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
13783 \begin_layout Subsection
13785 \begin_inset Index idx
13788 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13795 \begin_inset CommandInset label
13797 name "sub:Hyphenation"
13804 \begin_layout Standard
13805 Words aren't hyphenated within LyX but automatically in the output.
13806 Hyphenation is done by the LaTeX-package
13811 \begin_inset Index idx
13814 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13815 LaTeX-packages ! babel
13820 following the rules of the document language
13824 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13825 For German readers: That's one of the main differences between the languages
13833 \begin_inset space ~
13837 \begin_inset space ~
13844 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13855 \begin_layout Standard
13856 LaTeX hyphenates almost perfectly, it only has problems with text in the
13861 font and with unusual constructs, like
13862 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13866 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13870 If LaTeX can't break a word correctly, you can set hyphenation points manually.
13871 This is done with the menu
13873 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13874 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13876 \begin_inset space ~
13882 These extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX.
13883 If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will ignore them.
13886 \begin_layout Standard
13887 Sometimes you want to prevent words or constructs from being hyphenated.
13888 Imagine that you are describing keybindings/shortcuts in your document
13890 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13894 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13898 LaTeX would then see the hyphen
13899 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13903 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13906 as a hyphenation possibility.
13907 Hyphenating at this point would look ugly.
13908 To prevent the shortcut from being hyphenated, you can put it into a makebox
13909 as described in section
13910 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13913 Prevent Hyphenation
13914 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13924 \begin_layout Subsection
13926 \begin_inset Index idx
13929 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13938 \begin_layout Subsubsection
13939 Abbreviations and End of Sentence
13940 \begin_inset CommandInset label
13942 name "sub:Abbreviations"
13949 \begin_layout Standard
13950 When LyX calls LaTeX to generate the final version of your document, LaTeX
13951 automatically distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations.
13952 LaTeX then adds the
13953 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13956 appropriate amount of space
13957 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13961 That means sentences get a little bit more space between the period and
13963 Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period as a word uses.
13966 \begin_layout Standard
13967 Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation does
13968 not work in all cases.
13970 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13978 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13981 is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's
13982 at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation.
13985 \begin_layout Standard
13986 Here are some examples of
13990 abbreviations and the end of a sentence:
13993 \begin_layout Itemize
13998 \begin_layout Itemize
14003 \begin_layout Standard
14004 And here's an example of the algorithm going wrong:
14007 \begin_layout Itemize
14009 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
14013 this is too much space!
14016 \begin_layout Itemize
14021 \begin_layout Standard
14022 You won't see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document.
14025 \begin_layout Standard
14026 To fix this problem, use one of the following:
14029 \begin_layout Enumerate
14033 \begin_inset space ~
14038 after lowercase abbreviations (see section
14039 \begin_inset space ~
14043 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
14045 reference "sub:Inter-word-Space"
14050 \begin_inset Index idx
14053 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14054 Spaces ! inter-word
14062 \begin_layout Enumerate
14066 \begin_inset space ~
14071 between two tokens of an abbreviation (see section
14072 \begin_inset space ~
14076 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
14078 reference "sub:Thin-Space"
14083 \begin_inset Index idx
14086 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14095 \begin_layout Enumerate
14099 \begin_inset space ~
14103 \begin_inset space ~
14107 \begin_inset space ~
14114 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14116 \begin_inset space ~
14121 menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing.
14122 This function is also bound to
14125 arg "specialchar-insert end-of-sentence"
14131 \begin_layout Standard
14132 With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this:
14135 \begin_layout Itemize
14137 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
14141 \begin_inset space \space{}
14144 this is too much space!
14147 \begin_layout Itemize
14148 This is I\SpecialChar \@.
14152 \begin_layout Standard
14153 Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences.
14154 If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry, because LaTeX
14155 will take care of this.
14158 \begin_layout Standard
14159 For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors:
14163 \begin_inset space ~
14168 feature described in section
14174 Additional Features
14179 \begin_layout Subsubsection
14181 \begin_inset Index idx
14184 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14185 Typography ! Quotes
14191 \begin_inset Index idx
14194 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14199 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14210 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14225 \begin_layout Standard
14226 LyX usually sets quotes correctly.
14227 Specifically, it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text,
14228 and use a closing quote at the end.
14230 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14234 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14238 The keyboard character,
14242 , generates this automatically.
14245 \begin_layout Standard
14246 You can change the behavior of the
14250 key using the submenu
14256 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14260 \begin_inset Index idx
14263 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14264 Document ! Settings
14272 \begin_layout Standard
14273 You can also select quotes for different languages in the box
14278 There are six choices:
14281 \begin_layout Labeling
14282 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14285 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14289 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14294 Use quotes like this
14295 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14299 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14303 \begin_inset Quotes els
14307 \begin_inset Quotes ers
14313 \begin_layout Labeling
14314 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14317 \begin_inset Quotes sld
14321 \begin_inset Quotes srd
14327 \begin_inset Quotes sld
14331 \begin_inset Quotes srd
14335 \begin_inset Quotes ers
14341 \begin_layout Labeling
14342 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14345 \begin_inset Quotes gld
14349 \begin_inset Quotes grd
14355 \begin_inset Quotes gld
14359 \begin_inset Quotes grd
14363 \begin_inset Quotes gls
14367 \begin_inset Quotes grs
14373 \begin_layout Labeling
14374 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14377 \begin_inset Quotes pld
14381 \begin_inset Quotes prd
14387 \begin_inset Quotes pld
14391 \begin_inset Quotes prd
14395 \begin_inset Quotes pls
14399 \begin_inset Quotes prs
14405 \begin_layout Labeling
14406 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14409 \begin_inset Quotes fld
14413 \begin_inset Quotes frd
14419 \begin_inset Quotes fld
14423 \begin_inset Quotes frd
14427 \begin_inset Quotes fls
14431 \begin_inset Quotes frs
14437 \begin_layout Labeling
14438 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14441 \begin_inset Quotes ald
14445 \begin_inset Quotes ard
14451 \begin_inset Quotes ald
14455 \begin_inset Quotes ard
14459 \begin_inset Quotes als
14463 \begin_inset Quotes ars
14469 \begin_layout Standard
14470 These settings affect what character the
14477 \begin_layout Subsection
14479 \begin_inset Index idx
14482 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14483 Typography ! Ligatures
14489 \begin_inset Index idx
14492 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14497 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14508 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14521 \begin_inset CommandInset label
14523 name "sub:Ligatures"
14530 \begin_layout Standard
14531 It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and
14532 print them as single characters.
14533 These groups are known as
14538 Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your documents will contain them too
14540 Here are the standard ligatures:
14543 \begin_layout Itemize
14547 \begin_layout Itemize
14551 \begin_layout Itemize
14555 \begin_layout Itemize
14559 \begin_layout Itemize
14563 \begin_layout Standard
14564 Some languages uses other ligatures if the document font supports them.
14567 \begin_layout Standard
14568 Sometimes, you don't want a ligature in a word.
14569 While a ligature may be okay in the word,
14570 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14574 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14577 it looks really weird in compound words, such as
14578 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14582 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14586 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14590 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14593 To break a ligature, use
14595 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14596 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14598 \begin_inset space ~
14605 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14609 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14613 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14616 cuff\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
14618 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14622 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14626 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14630 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14633 Dorf\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
14635 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14641 \begin_layout Subsection
14643 \begin_inset Index idx
14646 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14653 \begin_inset CommandInset label
14655 name "sub:LyX's-Proper-Names"
14662 \begin_layout Standard
14663 You will certainly have noticed that the word “LaTeX” always appears with
14664 characters in different sizes and heights.
14665 LaTeX is the name of the program used by LyX and is therefore recognized
14666 as a proper name when you type it in LyX as
14667 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14674 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14682 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14686 \begin_inset Note Note
14689 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14690 The braces in TeX Code are here to avoid that the
14691 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14695 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14698 appear as proper name in the output, see the last paragraph of this section.
14699 To create proper names omit the TeX Code.
14704 Note the order of the upper-and lowercase letters! LyX recognizes the following
14708 \begin_layout Description
14709 LyX The name of the game, write
14710 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14717 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14725 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14731 \begin_layout Description
14732 TeX The program used by LaTeX, write
14733 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14740 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14748 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14754 \begin_layout Description
14755 LaTeX The program used by LyX, write
14756 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14763 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14771 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14777 \begin_layout Description
14778 LaTeX2e The actual version of LaTeX, write
14779 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14786 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14794 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14800 \begin_layout Standard
14801 You might wonder why the LaTeX-version is
14802 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14806 \begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$
14810 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14814 It's an old tradition in the TeX-world to give programs geek version numbers.
14815 For example the version number of TeX converges to the number
14816 \begin_inset Formula $\pi$
14819 : The actual version is
14820 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14824 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14827 , the previous one was
14828 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14832 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14838 \begin_layout Standard
14839 If you don't want to use proper names, e.
14840 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
14844 \begin_inset space \space{}
14847 in section headings, you can insert two empty braces in TeX Code in the
14849 This will look in LyX like:
14850 \begin_inset Graphics
14851 filename clipart/LaTeX.png
14857 \begin_inset Newline newline
14860 For more about TeX Code, look at section
14861 \begin_inset space ~
14865 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
14867 reference "sec:TeX-Code"
14874 \begin_layout Subsection
14876 \begin_inset Index idx
14879 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14888 \begin_layout Standard
14889 Generally the space between units and the number is smaller than the normal
14890 space between two words.
14891 As you can see in the example below, it looks better when the space is
14894 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14898 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14901 for units use the menu
14903 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14904 Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14906 \begin_inset space ~
14914 arg "space-insert thin"
14920 \begin_layout Standard
14921 Here's an example to show the differences:
14924 \begin_layout Standard
14925 \begin_inset Tabular
14926 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
14927 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
14928 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
14929 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
14931 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14934 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14936 \begin_inset space ~
14940 \begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
14948 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14951 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14952 space between number and unit
14959 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14962 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14964 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
14968 \begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
14976 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14979 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14980 half space between number and unit
14993 \begin_layout Subsection
14995 \begin_inset Index idx
14998 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14999 Typography ! Widows and orphans
15007 \begin_layout Standard
15008 In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page
15010 There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text.
15011 You may remember once printing out a document, only to find the heading
15012 for a new section printed at the very bottom of the page, the first line
15013 of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page, or the last line
15014 of a paragraph at the top of a new page.
15015 These bits of text became known as
15026 \begin_layout Standard
15027 Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading.
15028 That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments.
15029 But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line
15030 of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules
15031 built into LaTeX governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there
15032 to specifically prevent widows and orphans.
15033 This is the advantage LyX has in using LaTeX as its backend.
15036 \begin_layout Standard
15037 There's no way we can go into how TeX and LaTeX decide to break a page,
15038 or how you can tweak that behavior.
15039 Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography [such as
15040 \begin_inset space ~
15044 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
15046 key "latexcompanion"
15051 \begin_inset space ~
15055 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
15061 ] may have more information.
15062 You will almost never need to worry about this, however.
15065 \begin_layout Chapter
15066 Notes, Graphics, Tables, and Floats
15067 \begin_inset CommandInset label
15069 name "cha:Floats-and-Notes"
15076 \begin_layout Standard
15077 The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the
15082 There you'll also find tips and tricks for special cases.
15085 \begin_layout Section
15087 \begin_inset Index idx
15090 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15097 \begin_inset CommandInset label
15106 \begin_layout Standard
15107 LyX offers you a few types of notes to add to your document:
15110 \begin_layout Description
15112 \begin_inset space ~
15115 Note This note type is for internal notes that won't appear in the output.
15116 \begin_inset Newline newline
15120 \begin_inset Note Note
15123 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15124 This is text in a note box that doesn't appear in the output.
15132 \begin_layout Description
15133 Comment This note also doesn't appear in the output but it appears as LaTeX-comm
15134 ent, when you export the document to LaTeX via the menu
15136 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
15137 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
15138 LaTeX (pdflatex) / (plain)
15141 \begin_inset Newline newline
15145 \begin_inset Note Comment
15148 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15149 This is text in a note box that only appears as comment in LaTeX-files.
15157 \begin_layout Description
15159 \begin_inset space ~
15162 Out This note will appear in the output as grey text.
15163 \begin_inset Newline newline
15167 \begin_inset Newline newline
15171 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
15174 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15179 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15180 This is an example footnote within a greyed out note.
15181 In this document the greyed out note color is redefined to blue.
15182 How this can be done is explained in the
15191 of a comment that appears in the output as grey text.
15197 \begin_inset Newline newline
15201 \begin_inset Newline newline
15204 As you can see in the example, the first line of greyed out notes is a bit
15205 indented and greyed out notes can have footnotes.
15208 \begin_layout Standard
15209 Notes are inserted with the toolbar button
15210 \begin_inset Graphics
15211 filename ../images/note-insert.png
15213 scaleBeforeRotation
15219 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
15223 Right-click on the appearing note box to select the note type.
15226 \begin_layout Section
15228 \begin_inset Index idx
15231 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15238 \begin_inset CommandInset label
15240 name "sec:Footnotes"
15247 \begin_layout Standard
15248 LyX uses boxes to display footnotes: When you insert a footnote using the
15251 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
15254 or the toolbar button
15255 \begin_inset Graphics
15256 filename ../images/footnote-insert.png
15269 \begin_inset Graphics
15270 filename clipart/footnoteQt4.png
15279 This box is LyX's representation of your footnote.
15289 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15297 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15308 label, the box will
15312 be opened and you can enter the footnote text into it.
15313 Clicking on the box label again, will close
15326 If you want to turn existing text into a footnote, simply mark it and click
15342 \begin_layout Standard
15343 Here's an example footnote:
15351 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15352 To close a footnote, click on the footnote box label.
15360 \begin_layout Standard
15361 The footnote will appear in the output as a superscript number at the text
15362 position where the footnote box is placed.
15363 The footnote text is placed at the bottom of the current page.
15364 The footnote number is calculated by LyX, the numbers are consecutive,
15365 no matter in which chapter the footnote is in.
15366 LyX doesn't support other numbering schemes yet, but you can get another
15367 scheme using special LaTeX-commands.
15372 ey are described in the
15379 \begin_layout Section
15381 \begin_inset Index idx
15384 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15391 \begin_inset CommandInset label
15393 name "sec:Marginal-Notes"
15400 \begin_layout Standard
15401 Marginal notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX.
15402 When you insert a margin note via the menu
15404 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
15406 \begin_inset space ~
15411 or the toolbar button
15412 \begin_inset Graphics
15413 filename ../images/marginalnote-insert.png
15433 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15437 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15440 appearing within your text.
15441 This box is LyX's representation of your margin
15450 \begin_layout Standard
15451 At the side is an example marginal note.
15455 \begin_inset Marginal
15458 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15459 This is a marginal note.
15467 \begin_layout Standard
15468 Marginal notes appear at the right side in single-sided documents.
15469 In double-sided documents they appear in the outer margin – left on even
15470 pages, right on odd pages.
15473 \begin_layout Section
15474 Graphics and Images
15475 \begin_inset Index idx
15478 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15485 \begin_inset Index idx
15488 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15495 \begin_inset CommandInset label
15497 name "sec:Graphics"
15504 \begin_layout Standard
15505 To insert an image in your document, place the cursor at the text position
15506 you want and click on the toolbar icon
15507 \begin_inset Graphics
15508 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_graphics.png
15514 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
15518 Then a dialog will appear to choose the file to load.
15521 \begin_layout Standard
15522 This dialog has numerous mostly self-explanatory parameters.
15527 tab allows you to choose your image file.
15528 The image can be transformed by setting a rotation angle and a scaling
15530 The scaling units are explained in Appendix
15531 \begin_inset space ~
15535 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
15537 reference "cha:Units-available-in"
15544 \begin_layout Standard
15549 it is possible to set image coordinates to adjust the height and width
15550 of the image in the output.
15551 The coordinates can also be calculated automatically by pressing the button
15555 \begin_inset space ~
15559 \begin_inset space ~
15568 \begin_inset space ~
15572 \begin_inset space ~
15576 \begin_inset space ~
15581 will only print the image region within the given coordinates.
15582 Normally you don't need to take care about image coordinates and can ignore
15590 \begin_layout Standard
15593 LaTeX and LyX options
15595 tab LaTeX experts can specify additional LaTeX options.
15596 You can also specify here the appearance of the image inside LyX.
15600 \begin_inset space ~
15605 has the effect that the image doesn't appear in the output, only a frame
15606 with the image size is printed.
15610 \begin_inset space ~
15614 \begin_inset space ~
15618 \begin_inset space ~
15623 is explained in the
15634 \begin_layout Standard
15635 The graphics dialog can be called at any time by clicking on an image.
15636 The image will appear in the output exactly at the position where it is
15638 This is an example image within a separate, horizontally centered paragraph:
15642 \begin_layout Standard
15644 \begin_inset Graphics
15645 filename clipart/mobius.eps
15647 rotateOrigin center
15654 \begin_layout Standard
15655 If you need image captions and want to reference images, you have to put
15656 the image into a float, see section
15657 \begin_inset space ~
15661 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
15663 reference "sec:Figure-Floats"
15670 \begin_layout Subsection
15672 \begin_inset Index idx
15675 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15682 \begin_inset CommandInset label
15684 name "sub:Image-Formats"
15691 \begin_layout Standard
15692 You can insert images in any known file format.
15693 But as we explained in section
15694 \begin_inset space ~
15698 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
15700 reference "sub:Output-file-formats"
15704 , every output document format allows only a few image formats.
15705 LyX uses therefore the program
15709 in the background to convert the images to the right format.
15710 To increase your workflow by avoiding these conversions in the background,
15711 you can use only the image formats listed in the subsections of section
15712 \begin_inset space ~
15716 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
15718 reference "sub:Output-file-formats"
15725 \begin_layout Standard
15726 Similar to fonts there are two types of image formats:
15729 \begin_layout Description
15731 \begin_inset space ~
15734 images consist of pixel values, often in a compressed form.
15735 They are therefore not fully scalable and look pixelated in large zooms.
15736 Well-known bitmap image formats are
15737 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15740 Graphics Interchange Format
15741 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15744 (GIF, file extension
15745 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15753 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15757 \begin_inset Index idx
15760 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15765 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15776 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15789 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15792 Portable Network Graphics
15793 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15796 (PNG, file extension
15797 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15805 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15809 \begin_inset Index idx
15812 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15817 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15828 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15841 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15844 Joint Photographic Experts Group
15845 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15848 (JPG, file extension
15849 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15857 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15861 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15869 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15873 \begin_inset Index idx
15876 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15881 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15892 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15907 \begin_layout Description
15909 \begin_inset space ~
15912 images consist of vectors and can therefore be scaled to any size without
15914 The scaling ability is necessary if you want to create presentations, because
15915 presentations are always scaled by the beamer.
15916 Scaling is also useful for online documents to let the user zoom into diagrams.
15917 \begin_inset Newline newline
15920 Scalable image formats can be
15921 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15924 Scalable Vector Graphics
15925 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15928 (SVG, file extension
15929 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15937 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15941 \begin_inset Index idx
15944 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15949 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15960 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15973 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15976 Encapsulated PostScript
15977 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15980 (EPS, file extension
15981 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15989 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15993 \begin_inset Index idx
15996 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16001 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16012 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16025 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16028 Portable Document Format
16029 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16032 (PDF, file extension
16033 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16041 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16045 \begin_inset Index idx
16048 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16055 We say it can be, because you can convert any bitmap image format to PDF
16056 or EPS and the result won't be scalable.
16057 In this cases only a header with the image properties is added to the original
16062 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16063 In the case of PDF, the original image is additionally compressed.
16071 \begin_layout Standard
16072 Normally one cannot convert a bitmap image into a scalable one, only vice
16076 \begin_layout Subsection
16077 Grouping of Image Settings
16078 \begin_inset Index idx
16081 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16082 Images ! Settings grouping
16090 \begin_layout Standard
16091 Each image can define a new group of image settings or join an existing
16093 Images within such a group share their settings, so adjusting one image
16094 of the group automatically also adjusts all other images of the group in
16096 So you can for example change the size for a bunch of images without the
16097 need to manually change each of them.
16101 \begin_layout Standard
16102 A new group can be set by entering a name in the
16105 \begin_inset space ~
16110 field in the Graphics dialog.
16111 Joining an existing group can be done using the context menu of the image
16112 by checking the name of the desired group.
16115 \begin_layout Section
16117 \begin_inset Index idx
16120 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16127 \begin_inset CommandInset label
16136 \begin_layout Standard
16137 You can insert a table using either the toolbar button
16138 \begin_inset Graphics
16139 filename ../images/tabular-insert.png
16146 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16150 A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns.
16151 The default table has lines around any cell and the first row appears separated
16152 from the rest of the table.
16153 This separation appears due to a double line: The cells of the first row
16154 have a line below them and the cells of the second row have a line above
16156 Here's an example table:
16159 \begin_layout Standard
16161 \begin_inset Tabular
16162 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="4">
16163 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
16164 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
16165 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
16166 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0in">
16167 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
16169 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16172 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16178 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16181 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16196 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16199 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16205 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16208 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16216 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16219 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16234 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16237 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16243 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16246 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16252 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16255 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16263 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16266 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16281 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16284 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16290 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16293 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16303 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16306 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16314 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16317 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16332 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16335 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16341 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16344 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16350 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16353 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16367 \begin_layout Subsection
16371 \begin_layout Standard
16372 You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button, which
16373 brings up the table dialog.
16374 Here you can adjust the settings of the cell and row/column respectively
16375 where the cursor is placed currently.
16376 Most of the dialog options also work on selections.
16377 This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is
16378 done on all of your selection.
16381 \begin_layout Standard
16382 Additionally to the table dialog, the
16385 \begin_inset space ~
16390 helps you in setting table properties.
16391 It appears when the cursor is inside a table.
16394 \begin_layout Standard
16398 \begin_inset space ~
16403 of the table dialog you can set the alignment for the current row.
16404 If you add a row or column, it will be inserted right beside or below the
16405 current cell respectively.
16406 The vertical alignment of a column can only be adjusted when a column width
16408 A given width will allow the cell to have line breaks and multiple paragraphs
16409 of text, see section
16410 \begin_inset space ~
16414 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
16416 reference "sub:Table-Cells"
16423 \begin_layout Standard
16424 You can mark multiple cells of one row as a multicolumn cell using the check
16430 This will merge the cells to
16434 cell, spread over more than one column.
16435 Multicolumn cells are treated as own rows, so that the alignment, width,
16436 and border settings affect only the multicolumn cell.
16437 Here's an example table with a multicolumn cell in the first row and one
16438 in the last row without the upper border:
16441 \begin_layout Standard
16443 \begin_inset Tabular
16444 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="4">
16445 <features firstHeadTopDL="true" firstHeadBottomDL="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
16446 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
16447 <column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="0">
16448 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0in">
16449 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
16451 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16454 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16460 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16463 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16469 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16472 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16478 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16481 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16489 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16492 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16507 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16510 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16516 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16519 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16525 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16528 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16536 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16539 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16545 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16548 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16554 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16557 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16563 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16566 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16580 \begin_layout Standard
16581 At the moment LyX doesn't support multirow cells.
16582 Adept users can declare special LaTeX-arguments for the table.
16583 They are necessary for special table formatting, like for multirow cells,
16584 explained in the tables section of the
16587 \begin_inset space ~
16593 You can also rotate the current cell or the whole table 90
16594 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
16597 degrees counterclockwise.
16598 These rotations are not visible in LyX but in the output.
16601 \begin_layout Standard
16602 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
16605 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16610 Most DVI-viewers are
16614 able to display rotations.
16622 \begin_layout Standard
16627 tab allows you to add and delete border lines for the current row/column.
16632 adds lines for all cell borders.
16635 \begin_layout Subsection
16637 \begin_inset Index idx
16640 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16641 Tables ! Longtables
16647 \begin_inset Index idx
16650 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16659 \begin_layout Standard
16660 If the table is too long to fit on one page, you can use the option
16663 \begin_inset space ~
16667 \begin_inset space ~
16676 of the table dialog to split the table automatically over more pages.
16677 Doing this enables some check boxes and you can now define:
16680 \begin_layout Description
16685 : The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options
16686 defined, are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable;
16687 except for the first page, if
16690 \begin_inset space ~
16698 \begin_layout Description
16702 \begin_inset space ~
16707 : The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options
16708 defined, are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable.
16711 \begin_layout Description
16716 : The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options
16717 defined, are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable;
16718 except for the last page, if
16721 \begin_inset space ~
16729 \begin_layout Description
16733 \begin_inset space ~
16738 : The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options
16739 defined, are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable.
16742 \begin_layout Description
16743 Caption: The first row is reset as a single column.
16744 You can now insert there the table caption via the menu
16746 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16750 More about longtable captions can be found in the
16753 \begin_inset space ~
16761 \begin_layout Standard
16762 You can also specify a row where the table is split.
16763 If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware
16764 of the fact that only the first one is used in the given table row.
16765 The others will then be defined as
16770 In this context, first means first in this order:
16773 \begin_inset space ~
16785 \begin_inset space ~
16791 See the following longtable to see how it works:
16794 \begin_layout Standard
16796 \begin_inset Tabular
16797 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="69" columns="3">
16798 <features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
16799 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" width="5cm">
16800 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
16801 <column alignment="right" valignment="top" width="0pt">
16802 <row endfirsthead="true">
16803 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16806 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16809 Example Phone List (ignore the names)
16814 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
16817 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16823 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16826 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16833 <row endfirsthead="true">
16834 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16837 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16845 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
16848 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16854 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16857 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16866 <row endhead="true">
16867 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16870 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16878 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
16881 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16887 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16890 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16897 <row endhead="true">
16898 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16901 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16909 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
16912 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16918 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16921 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16930 <row endfoot="true">
16931 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16934 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16942 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
16945 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16951 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16954 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16962 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16965 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16973 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
16976 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16982 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16985 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16993 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16996 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17004 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17007 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17013 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17016 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17024 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17027 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17035 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17038 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17044 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17047 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17055 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17058 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17066 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17069 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17075 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17078 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17086 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17089 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17097 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17100 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17106 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17109 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17117 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17120 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17128 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17131 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17137 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17140 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17148 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17151 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17159 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17162 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17168 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17171 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17179 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17182 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17190 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17193 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17199 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17202 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17210 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17213 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17221 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17224 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17230 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17233 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17241 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17244 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17252 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17255 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17261 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17264 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17272 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17275 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17283 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17286 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17292 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17295 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17303 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17306 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17314 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17317 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17323 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17326 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17334 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17337 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17345 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17348 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17354 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17357 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17365 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17368 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17376 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17379 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17385 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17388 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17396 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17399 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17407 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17410 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17416 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17419 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17427 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17430 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17438 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17441 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17447 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17450 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17458 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17461 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17469 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17472 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17478 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17481 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17489 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17492 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17500 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17503 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17509 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17512 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17520 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17523 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17531 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17534 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17540 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17543 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17551 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17554 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17562 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17565 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17571 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17574 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17582 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17585 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17593 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17596 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17602 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17605 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17613 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17616 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17624 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17627 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17633 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17636 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17644 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17647 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17655 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17658 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17664 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17667 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17675 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17678 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17686 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17689 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17695 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17698 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17706 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17709 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17717 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17720 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17726 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17729 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17737 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17740 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17748 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17751 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17757 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17760 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17768 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17771 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17779 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17782 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17788 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17791 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17799 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17802 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17810 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17813 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17819 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17822 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17830 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17833 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17841 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17844 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17850 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17853 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17861 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17864 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17872 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17875 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17881 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17884 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17892 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17895 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17903 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17906 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17912 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17915 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17923 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17926 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17932 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
17935 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17941 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17944 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17952 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17955 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17963 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17966 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17972 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17975 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17983 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17986 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17994 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17997 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18003 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18006 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18014 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18017 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18025 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18028 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18034 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18037 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18045 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18048 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18056 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18059 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18065 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18068 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18076 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18079 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18087 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18090 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18096 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18099 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18107 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18110 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18118 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18121 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18127 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18130 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18138 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18141 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18149 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18152 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18158 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18161 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18169 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18172 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18180 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18183 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18189 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18192 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18200 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18203 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18211 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18214 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18220 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18223 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18231 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18234 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18242 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18245 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18251 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18254 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18262 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18265 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18273 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18276 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18282 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18285 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18293 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18296 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18304 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18307 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18313 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18316 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18324 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18327 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18335 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18338 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18344 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18347 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18355 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18358 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18366 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18369 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18375 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18378 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18386 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18389 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18397 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18400 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18406 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18409 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18417 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18420 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18428 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18431 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18437 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18440 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18448 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18451 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18459 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18462 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18468 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18471 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18479 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18482 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18490 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18493 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18499 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18502 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18510 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18513 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18521 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18524 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18530 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18533 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18541 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18544 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18552 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18555 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18561 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18564 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18572 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18575 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18583 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18586 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18592 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18595 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18603 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18606 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18614 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18617 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18623 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18626 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18634 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18637 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18645 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18648 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18654 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18657 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18665 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18668 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18676 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18679 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18685 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18688 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18696 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18699 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18707 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18710 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18716 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18719 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18727 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18730 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18738 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18741 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18747 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18750 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18758 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18761 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18769 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18772 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18778 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18781 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18789 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18792 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18800 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18803 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18809 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18812 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18820 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18823 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18831 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18834 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18840 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18843 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18851 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18854 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18862 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18865 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18871 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18874 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18882 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18885 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18893 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18896 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18902 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18905 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18912 <row endlastfoot="true">
18913 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="block" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18916 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18924 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
18927 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18933 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18936 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18950 \begin_layout Subsection
18952 \begin_inset Index idx
18955 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18962 \begin_inset CommandInset label
18964 name "sub:Table-Cells"
18971 \begin_layout Standard
18972 A table cell can contain text, inline equations, a figure, or another table.
18973 All these kinds of objects can be placed in the same cell.
18974 Font sizes and shapes can also be altered.
18975 But you can't put a special environment in a cell (like
18979 , etc.), nor set spacing options etc.
18980 for the cell's paragraph.
18983 \begin_layout Standard
18984 To have multi-line entries in table cells, you have to declare a fixed width
18985 for the column in the table dialog.
18986 Your text is then automatically split into multiple lines and the cell
18987 is enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given width.
18991 \begin_layout Standard
18993 \begin_inset Tabular
18994 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
18995 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
18996 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
18997 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" width="3cm">
18998 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
19000 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19003 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19018 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19021 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19036 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19039 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19056 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19059 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19074 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19077 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19087 This is a multi-line entry in a table.
19092 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19095 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19112 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19115 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19130 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19133 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19143 This is longer now.
19148 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19151 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19168 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19171 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19186 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19189 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19199 This is a multi-line entry in a table.
19200 This is longer now.
19205 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19208 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19231 \begin_layout Standard
19232 Cutting and pasting between tables and table cells works reasonably well.
19233 You can cut and paste even more than one row.
19237 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19238 Note, that you cannot paste into a multicell selection because it would
19239 not be clear what to do when pasting a single word in a selected 2×3.
19245 Selection with the mouse or with
19249 plus the arrow keys works as usual.
19250 You can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit by starting
19251 the selection from outside the table.
19254 \begin_layout Section
19256 \begin_inset Index idx
19259 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19266 \begin_inset CommandInset label
19275 \begin_layout Standard
19276 A float is a block of text associated with some sort of label, which doesn't
19277 have a fixed location.
19279 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19283 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19286 forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best.
19294 \begin_inset space ~
19299 are also floats, because they can float to the next page when there are
19300 too many notes on the page.
19303 \begin_layout Standard
19304 Floats make it possible to get a high quality layout.
19305 Images and tables can be spread evenly over the pages to avoid whitespace
19306 and pages without text.
19307 As the floating often destroys the context between the text and the image/table
19308 , every float can be referenced in the text.
19309 Floats are therefore numbered.
19310 Referencing is described in section
19311 \begin_inset space ~
19315 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
19317 reference "sec:Cross-References"
19324 \begin_layout Standard
19325 To insert a float, use the menu
19327 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19331 A box with a caption that has e.
19332 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
19336 \begin_inset space \space{}
19340 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19344 \begin_inset space ~
19348 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19351 (# is the actual number) will be inserted into your document.
19352 The label will automatically be translated to the document language in
19354 After the label you can insert the caption text.
19355 \begin_inset Index idx
19358 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19364 The image or table is inserted above or below the caption in a separate
19365 paragraph within the float.
19366 To keep your LyX-document readable, you can open and close the float box
19367 by left-clicking on the box label.
19368 A closed float box looks like this:
19369 \begin_inset Graphics
19370 filename clipart/floatQt4.png
19375 – a gray button with a red label.
19378 \begin_layout Standard
19379 It is recommended to insert floats as a separate paragraph to avoid possible
19380 LaTeX-errors that can occur when the surrounding text is specially formatted.
19383 \begin_layout Subsection
19387 \begin_layout Subsubsection
19389 \begin_inset Index idx
19392 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19393 Floats ! Figure floats
19399 \begin_inset CommandInset label
19401 name "sec:Figure-Floats"
19408 \begin_layout Standard
19411 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19412 Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19415 inserts a float with the label
19416 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19422 \begin_inset space ~
19428 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19432 Set the cursor above this label (or before it and press enter) and insert
19433 the image as described above to get the caption printed below the image.
19434 This is what we did for Figure
19435 \begin_inset space ~
19439 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
19441 reference "cap:Platypus"
19446 If you want the caption to be above the image, set the cursor at the end
19447 of the caption, press enter and insert the image.
19448 This was done in Figure
19449 \begin_inset space ~
19453 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
19455 reference "cap:Escher"
19462 \begin_layout Standard
19463 \begin_inset Float figure
19468 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19470 \begin_inset Graphics
19471 filename clipart/platypus.eps
19473 rotateOrigin center
19480 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19481 \begin_inset Caption
19483 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19484 \begin_inset CommandInset label
19486 name "cap:Platypus"
19490 A severely distorted platypus in a float.
19503 \begin_layout Standard
19504 \begin_inset Float figure
19509 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19510 \begin_inset Caption
19512 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19513 \begin_inset CommandInset label
19528 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19530 \begin_inset Graphics
19531 filename clipart/escher-lsd.eps
19533 rotateOrigin center
19545 \begin_layout Standard
19546 This figure float also shows how to set a label and create a cross-reference
19548 As described in section
19549 \begin_inset space ~
19553 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
19555 reference "sec:Cross-References"
19559 , you can simply insert a label in the caption using the menu
19561 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19564 and refer to it using the menu
19566 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19570 It is important to use references to figure floats, rather than using vague
19572 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19576 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19579 , because, as LaTeX will reposition the floats in the final document, it
19581 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19585 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19591 \begin_layout Standard
19592 Normally only one image is inserted in a figure float, but sometimes you
19593 might want to use two images with separate subcaptions.
19594 This can be done by inserting image floats into existing image floats.
19595 Note that only the main caption of the float is added to the List of Figures.
19597 \begin_inset space ~
19601 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
19603 reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"
19607 is an example of a figure float with two images set side by side.
19608 You can also set the images one below the other.
19610 \begin_inset space ~
19614 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
19616 reference "fig:Undefinable"
19621 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
19623 reference "fig:Platypus"
19627 are the subfigures.
19630 \begin_layout Standard
19631 \begin_inset Float figure
19636 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19637 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
19641 \begin_inset Float figure
19646 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19647 \begin_inset Caption
19649 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19650 \begin_inset CommandInset label
19652 name "fig:Undefinable"
19664 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19665 \begin_inset Graphics
19666 filename clipart/escher-lsd.eps
19677 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
19681 \begin_inset Float figure
19686 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19687 \begin_inset Caption
19689 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19690 \begin_inset CommandInset label
19692 name "fig:Platypus"
19704 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19705 \begin_inset Graphics
19706 filename clipart/platypus.eps
19718 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
19724 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19725 \begin_inset Caption
19727 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19728 \begin_inset CommandInset label
19730 name "cap:Two-distorted-images"
19734 Two distorted images.
19747 \begin_layout Standard
19748 Note that the caption is added to the
19751 \begin_inset space ~
19755 \begin_inset space ~
19760 as described in section
19761 \begin_inset space ~
19765 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
19767 reference "sub:List-of-Figures"
19774 \begin_layout Subsubsection
19776 \begin_inset Index idx
19779 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19780 Floats ! Table floats
19788 \begin_layout Standard
19789 Table floats can be inserted using the menu
19791 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19792 Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19796 They have the same properties as figure floats except for the different
19799 \begin_inset space ~
19803 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
19805 reference "cap:Table-float"
19809 is an example of a table float.
19812 \begin_layout Standard
19813 \begin_inset Float table
19818 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19819 \begin_inset Caption
19821 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19822 \begin_inset CommandInset label
19824 name "cap:Table-float"
19836 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19838 \begin_inset Tabular
19839 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
19840 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
19841 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
19842 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
19843 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
19845 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19848 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19863 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19866 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19881 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19884 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19901 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19904 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19919 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19922 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19937 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19940 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19957 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19960 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19970 \begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$
19978 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19981 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19991 \begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
19994 \end{array}\right]$
20002 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20005 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20015 \begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$
20036 \begin_layout Subsubsection
20038 \begin_inset Index idx
20041 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20042 Floats ! Algorithm floats
20050 \begin_layout Standard
20051 This float type is inserted with the menu
20053 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20054 Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20058 It is used for program codes and descriptions of algorithms.
20059 A possible environment for algorithms is the
20063 , described in section
20064 \begin_inset space ~
20068 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
20070 reference "sub:LyX-Code"
20077 \begin_layout Standard
20078 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
20081 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20086 that the float label is not automatically translated into the document
20092 You have to do this manually by adding the following line
20095 \begin_layout Standard
20100 floatname{algorithm}{your
20101 \begin_inset space ~
20107 \begin_layout Standard
20108 to the document preamble (menu
20110 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20117 \begin_inset space ~
20123 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20131 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20137 \begin_layout Subsubsection
20139 \begin_inset Index idx
20142 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20143 Floats ! Text Wrap Floats
20151 \begin_layout Standard
20152 \begin_inset Wrap figure
20159 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20160 \begin_inset Graphics
20161 filename clipart/mobius.eps
20163 rotateOrigin center
20170 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20171 \begin_inset Caption
20173 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20174 \begin_inset CommandInset label
20176 name "cap:Wrapped-figure"
20180 This is a wrapped figure.
20181 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
20194 This float type is used if you want to
20195 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20199 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20202 text around a figure so that it only occupies some fraction of the column
20204 It can be inserted using the menu
20206 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20207 Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20209 \begin_inset space ~
20214 if the LaTeX-package
20219 \begin_inset Index idx
20222 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20223 LaTeX-packages ! wrapfig
20232 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20233 Installing a LaTeX-package is explained it in the
20236 \begin_inset space ~
20246 The width and placement of the float is adjusted by right-clicking on the
20249 \begin_inset space ~
20253 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
20255 reference "cap:Wrapped-figure"
20259 is for example a figure wrap float with a width of 40
20260 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
20267 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20268 Available units are explained in Appendix
20269 \begin_inset space ~
20273 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
20275 reference "cha:Units-available-in"
20284 Some space was added under the caption to separate it better from the surroundi
20288 \begin_layout Standard
20289 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
20292 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20297 Wrap floats might be fragile! E.
20298 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
20302 \begin_inset space \space{}
20305 having a figure too close to the bottom of the page can mess things up so
20306 that the float doesn't appear in the output or that it is placed over some
20315 \begin_layout Itemize
20316 Wrap floats should not be placed in paragraphs that run over a page break.
20317 That means that wrap floats should preferably be inserted in the exact
20318 place when the document is nearly ready and you are able to estimate where
20319 page breaks will appear.
20322 \begin_layout Itemize
20323 Wrap floats should either be placed in their own paragraph before the paragraph
20324 where they should wrap into, or within a paragraph.
20327 \begin_layout Itemize
20328 Wrap floats in consecutive paragraphs may cause trouble, so make sure that
20329 there is a text paragraph between them as separator.
20332 \begin_layout Itemize
20333 Wrap floats are not allowed in section headings or tables.
20336 \begin_layout Subsection
20338 \begin_inset CommandInset label
20340 name "sub:Rotated-Floats"
20345 \begin_inset Index idx
20348 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20357 \begin_layout Standard
20358 Especially for wide tables you might have floats rotated.
20359 To rotate a whole float including the caption, right-click on the float-box
20363 \begin_inset space ~
20371 \begin_layout Standard
20372 Rotated floats are always placed on their own pages (or columns, when you
20373 have a multicolumn document).
20374 You can let them span several columns using the float settings option
20377 \begin_inset space ~
20383 Floats are rotated so that you can read them from the outside margin.
20384 Forcing the rotation direction is explained in the
20391 \begin_layout Standard
20392 Referencing rotated floats is the same like for normal floats; the caption
20393 format is also the same: Table
20394 \begin_inset space ~
20398 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
20400 reference "cap:Rotated-table"
20404 is an example of a rotated table float.
20407 \begin_layout Standard
20408 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
20411 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20416 Not all DVI-viewers are able to display rotated floats.
20424 \begin_layout Standard
20425 \begin_inset Float table
20430 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20431 \begin_inset Caption
20433 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20434 \begin_inset CommandInset label
20436 name "cap:Rotated-table"
20448 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20450 \begin_inset Tabular
20451 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="1" columns="5">
20452 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
20453 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
20454 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
20455 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
20456 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
20457 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
20459 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20462 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20468 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20471 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20477 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20480 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20486 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20489 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20495 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20498 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20517 \begin_layout Subsection
20519 \begin_inset CommandInset label
20521 name "sub:Float-Placement"
20526 \begin_inset Index idx
20529 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20538 \begin_layout Standard
20539 Right-clicking on a float-box opens a dialog where you can alter the placement
20540 options that LaTeX uses for positioning the float.
20541 \begin_inset Newline newline
20547 \begin_inset space ~
20552 is only useful for two-column documents: If you select it, the float will
20553 span both columns on the page instead of being confined to just one.
20554 \begin_inset Newline newline
20560 \begin_inset space ~
20565 is used to rotate floats, see section
20566 \begin_inset space ~
20570 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
20572 reference "sub:Rotated-Floats"
20579 \begin_layout Standard
20580 You can use one ore more of the following options in the float dialog to
20581 set the placement for a particular float when you uncheck the option
20584 \begin_inset space ~
20588 \begin_inset space ~
20596 \begin_layout Description
20598 \begin_inset space ~
20602 \begin_inset space ~
20605 possible: try to place the float at the position where it is inserted
20608 \begin_layout Description
20610 \begin_inset space ~
20614 \begin_inset space ~
20617 page: try to place the float at the top of the current page
20620 \begin_layout Description
20622 \begin_inset space ~
20626 \begin_inset space ~
20629 page: try to place the float at the bottom of the current page
20632 \begin_layout Description
20634 \begin_inset space ~
20638 \begin_inset space ~
20641 floats: try to place the float at an own page
20644 \begin_layout Standard
20645 The order of the above option is
20650 That means, if you use the default placement, LaTeX will first try out
20654 \begin_inset space ~
20658 \begin_inset space ~
20666 \begin_inset space ~
20670 \begin_inset space ~
20675 , and then the others.
20676 If you don't use the default, LaTeX will try only the checked options but
20678 If none of the 4 placements are possible the procedure is internally repeated
20679 but it is tried to put the float on the following page.
20682 \begin_layout Standard
20683 By default, each option has its own rules:
20686 \begin_layout Standard
20690 \begin_inset space ~
20694 \begin_inset space ~
20699 only floats occupying less than 70
20700 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
20703 % of the page can be placed at the top of a page
20706 \begin_layout Standard
20710 \begin_inset space ~
20714 \begin_inset space ~
20719 : only floats occupying less than 30
20720 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
20723 % of the page can be placed at the bottom of a page.
20726 \begin_layout Standard
20730 \begin_inset space ~
20734 \begin_inset space ~
20739 : only if more than 50
20740 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
20743 % of the page are occupied by floats, several floats can be set together
20747 \begin_layout Standard
20748 If you don't like these rules, you can ignore them by using the additional
20752 \begin_inset space ~
20756 \begin_inset space ~
20764 \begin_layout Standard
20765 Sometimes you might need, under all circumstances, a float to be placed
20766 exactly at the position where it is inserted.
20767 For this case you can use the option
20770 \begin_inset space ~
20776 Use this option very rarely and only if the document is nearly ready to
20778 Because the float is then no longer able to
20779 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20783 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20786 when you change your document, this will often destroy the page layout.
20789 \begin_layout Standard
20790 There are no placement options for text wrap floats, because they are always
20791 surrounded by the text of a certain paragraph.
20794 \begin_layout Standard
20795 For more details about float placements, have a look at LaTeX books like
20797 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
20799 key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook"
20806 \begin_layout Section
20808 \begin_inset Index idx
20811 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20818 \begin_inset CommandInset label
20820 name "sec:Minipages"
20827 \begin_layout Standard
20828 LaTeX provides a mechanism to produce essentially a page within a page,
20830 Within a minipage, all the usual rules of indentation, line wrapping, etc.
20831 \begin_inset space ~
20838 \begin_layout Standard
20839 Minipages in LyX have their own collapsible box inserted via the menu
20841 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20845 Right-clicking on the box allows you to alter the width of the minipage
20846 and its alignment within the page.
20849 \begin_layout Standard
20851 \begin_inset Box Frameless
20861 height_special "totalheight"
20864 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20867 This is a minipage.
20868 The text is set in an italic style.
20871 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20874 Minipages are often used for text in another language or text that needs
20875 another formatting.
20883 \begin_layout Standard
20884 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
20887 If you place two minipages side-by-side, you can use
20891 as described in section
20892 \begin_inset space ~
20896 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
20898 reference "sub:Horizontal-Space"
20903 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
20909 \begin_layout Standard
20910 \begin_inset Box Frameless
20920 height_special "totalheight"
20923 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20924 This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text.
20925 This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage.
20931 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
20935 \begin_inset Box Frameless
20945 height_special "totalheight"
20948 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20949 This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text.
20950 This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage.
20958 \begin_layout Standard
20959 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
20965 \begin_layout Standard
20966 When you right-click on a minipage box, you can change the box from a minipage
20967 to other box types.
20968 All box types and their settings are explained in detail in chapter
20979 \begin_layout Chapter
20980 Mathematical Formulas
20981 \begin_inset Index idx
20984 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20991 \begin_inset Index idx
20994 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20999 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21010 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21023 \begin_inset CommandInset label
21025 name "cha:Mathematical-Formulas"
21032 \begin_layout Standard
21033 The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the
21038 There you'll also find tips and tricks for special cases.
21041 \begin_layout Section
21043 \begin_inset Index idx
21046 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21055 \begin_layout Standard
21056 To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon
21057 \begin_inset Graphics
21058 filename ../images/math-mode.png
21063 That will create a little blue rectangle, with purple markers around its
21065 That blue rectangle is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate
21066 what level of nesting within the formula you are at.
21067 You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the
21069 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
21075 \begin_layout Standard
21076 Editing the parameters of a formula and adding math constructs can be done
21080 \begin_inset space ~
21085 , that appears when the cursor is in a formula.
21088 \begin_layout Standard
21089 There are two main types of formulas: Inline formulas appear within a text
21090 line, like this one:
21093 \begin_layout Standard
21094 This is a line with an inline formula
21095 \begin_inset Formula $A=B$
21101 \begin_layout Standard
21102 Displayed formulas appear outside the text like if they were in an own paragraph
21104 \begin_inset Formula \[
21109 You can only number and reference displayed formulas.
21112 \begin_layout Standard
21113 LyX supports also many LaTeX math commands.
21115 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
21119 \begin_inset space \space{}
21123 \begin_inset Quotes eld
21133 \begin_inset Quotes erd
21136 , followed by a space, in a formula will create the Greek letter
21137 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
21141 So typing commands might sometimes be faster than using the
21144 \begin_inset space ~
21152 \begin_layout Subsection
21153 Navigating in Formulas
21154 \begin_inset Index idx
21157 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21166 \begin_layout Standard
21167 The best control over the cursor position within an existing formula is
21168 achieved with the arrow keys.
21169 LyX uses small rectangles to indicate places where something can be inserted.
21170 The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula.
21175 will leave a formula construct (a square root
21176 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$
21180 \begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$
21184 \begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
21187 \end{array}\right]$
21195 will leave the formula, placing the cursor after the formula.
21200 can be used to move horizontally in a formula; for example, through the
21201 cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi-line equation.
21204 \begin_layout Standard
21209 , printed in this document as
21210 \begin_inset Quotes eld
21217 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21227 \begin_inset Quotes erd
21231 \begin_inset Note Note
21234 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21235 This command will appear in the output as official character denoting the
21236 space character (visible space).
21241 , seems to do nothing in a formula, since it does not add a space between
21242 characters, but it does exit a nested structure.
21243 For this reason, you have to be careful about using
21248 For example, if you want
21249 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$
21260 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21279 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21292 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21303 , since in the latter case only the
21306 \begin_inset Formula $2x$
21311 will be under the square root sign:
21312 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$
21318 \begin_layout Standard
21319 You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled
21321 \begin_inset Formula \[
21322 \left(\begin{array}{ccc}
21326 \end{array}\right)\]
21330 If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing
21331 in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most constructs don't mind.
21334 \begin_layout Subsection
21338 \begin_layout Standard
21339 You can select text within a formula in two different ways.
21340 Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press
21344 and a cursor movement key to select text.
21345 It will be highlighted as with regular text selection.
21346 Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way.
21347 That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula,
21348 but not in a normal text region in LyX.
21351 \begin_layout Subsection
21352 Exponents and Subscripts
21353 \begin_inset Index idx
21356 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21363 \begin_inset Index idx
21366 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21375 \begin_layout Standard
21376 You can use the math panel to add super- or subscripts, but the much easier
21377 way is to use a command.
21379 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$
21382 , type in a formula
21388 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21404 puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression.
21410 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$
21414 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$
21423 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21435 If you use characters in the superscript, that could be accented with the
21437 \begin_inset Quotes eld
21441 \begin_inset Quotes erd
21444 , you have to use an extra
21448 to separate the hat and the character.
21450 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
21454 \begin_inset space \space{}
21458 \begin_inset Formula $x^{a}$
21467 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21479 Subscripts are similar: To get
21480 \begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$
21489 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21503 \begin_layout Subsection
21505 \begin_inset Index idx
21508 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21517 \begin_layout Standard
21518 Create a fraction with either the command
21525 \begin_inset Graphics
21526 filename ../images/math/frac.png
21534 \begin_inset space ~
21540 You will be presented with an empty fraction.
21541 The cursor is above the fraction line.
21542 To move it to the bottom, simply press
21547 To move back up, press
21552 Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows:
21553 \begin_inset Formula \[
21554 \left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc}
21557 \end{array}\right)}\right]\]
21564 \begin_layout Subsection
21566 \begin_inset Index idx
21569 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21578 \begin_layout Standard
21579 Roots can be created using the
21582 \begin_inset space ~
21588 \begin_inset Graphics
21589 filename ../images/math/sqrt.png
21612 you can produce roots of higher orders, like cube roots, while
21618 produces always a square root.
21621 \begin_layout Subsection
21622 Operators with Limits
21623 \begin_inset Index idx
21626 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21633 \begin_inset Index idx
21636 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21643 \begin_inset CommandInset label
21645 name "sub:Operators-with-Limits"
21652 \begin_layout Standard
21654 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
21658 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
21661 ) operators are very often decorated with limits.
21662 These limits can be entered in LyX by entering them as you would enter
21663 a super- or subscript, directly after the symbol.
21664 The sum operator will automatically place its
21665 \begin_inset Quotes eld
21669 \begin_inset Quotes erd
21672 over and under the symbol in displayed formulas, and on the side in inline
21675 \begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$
21679 \begin_inset Formula \[
21680 \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e\]
21684 Integral signs, however, will place the limits on the side in both formula
21688 \begin_layout Standard
21689 All operators with limits will be automatically re-sized when placed in
21691 The placement of the limits can be changed by placing the cursor directly
21692 behind the operator and hitting
21700 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
21701 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
21703 \begin_inset space ~
21707 \begin_inset space ~
21715 \begin_layout Standard
21716 Certain other mathematical expressions have this
21717 \begin_inset Quotes eld
21721 \begin_inset Quotes erd
21724 feature as addition, such as
21725 \begin_inset Index idx
21728 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21735 \begin_inset Formula \[
21736 \lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x),\]
21740 which will place the
21741 \begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$
21745 \begin_inset Quotes eld
21749 \begin_inset Quotes erd
21753 In inline formulas it looks like this:
21754 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$
21760 \begin_layout Standard
21761 Note that the lim-function was entered as the function macro
21768 Have a look at section
21769 \begin_inset space ~
21773 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
21775 reference "sub:Functions"
21779 for an explanation of function macros.
21782 \begin_layout Subsection
21784 \begin_inset Index idx
21787 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21796 \begin_layout Standard
21797 Most math symbols can be found in the
21800 \begin_inset space ~
21805 under one of several categories; including
21822 There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical
21826 \begin_layout Standard
21827 If you know the LaTeX-command for a construct or symbol you wish to use,
21828 you don't have to use the
21831 \begin_inset space ~
21836 , but can type the command directly into the formula.
21837 LyX will convert it to the corresponding symbol or construct.
21840 \begin_layout Subsection
21842 \begin_inset Index idx
21845 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21854 \begin_layout Standard
21855 You may want to create spaces that differ from the standard spacing that
21860 arg "space-insert protected"
21866 \begin_inset space ~
21872 \begin_inset Graphics
21873 filename ../images/math/space.png
21878 This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen.
21879 For example, the sequence
21884 \begin_inset Formula $a\, b$
21888 \begin_inset Graphics
21889 filename clipart/SpaceMarker.png
21894 You can change the space to different sizes when you set the cursor behind
21895 the space marker and hit space again several times.
21896 With every space hit the size will be changed.
21897 Some markers for the space size appear red in LyX, because they are negative
21899 Here are two examples:
21902 \begin_layout Standard
21912 \begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$
21918 \begin_layout Standard
21928 \begin_inset Formula $a\! b$
21934 \begin_layout Subsection
21936 \begin_inset Index idx
21939 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21946 \begin_inset CommandInset label
21948 name "sub:Functions"
21955 \begin_layout Standard
21959 \begin_inset space ~
21964 contains under the button
21965 \begin_inset Graphics
21966 filename ../images/math/functions.png
21970 a number of function macros, such as
21971 \begin_inset Formula $\sin$
21975 \begin_inset Formula $\lim$
21983 (you can also insert them in a formula by typing
21990 Standard mathematical practice is that functions are printed upright to
21991 avoid confusions, because
21992 \begin_inset Formula $sin$
21996 \begin_inset Formula $s\cdot i\cdot n$
22002 \begin_layout Standard
22003 Using the function macros will also produce correct spacing around the function:
22005 \begin_inset Formula $a\sin x$
22009 \begin_inset Formula $asinx$
22015 \begin_layout Standard
22016 For some mathematical objects, like the limes, the macro changes where subscript
22017 s are placed, as described in section
22018 \begin_inset space ~
22022 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
22024 reference "sub:Operators-with-Limits"
22031 \begin_layout Subsection
22033 \begin_inset Index idx
22036 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22045 \begin_layout Standard
22046 In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text
22048 This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use.
22049 You can also use LaTeX commands to e.
22050 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
22054 \begin_inset space \space{}
22058 \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
22061 even if your keyboard doesn't have hat-accents enabled.
22062 Our example is entered by typing
22070 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22083 \begin_inset space ~
22087 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
22089 reference "cap:Accent-names-and"
22093 shows the equivalences between the accent names and the commands.
22096 \begin_layout Standard
22097 \begin_inset Float table
22102 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22103 \begin_inset Caption
22105 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22106 \begin_inset CommandInset label
22108 name "cap:Accent-names-and"
22112 Accent names and the corresponding commands.
22120 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22122 \begin_inset Tabular
22123 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="3">
22124 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
22125 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
22126 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
22127 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
22129 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22132 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22138 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22141 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22147 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22150 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22167 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22170 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22185 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22188 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22198 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22201 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22211 \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
22221 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22224 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22239 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22242 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22252 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22255 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22265 \begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$
22275 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22278 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22293 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22296 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22306 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22309 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22319 \begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$
22329 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22332 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22347 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22350 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22360 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22363 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22373 \begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$
22383 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22386 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22401 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22404 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22414 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22417 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22427 \begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$
22437 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22440 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22455 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22458 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22468 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22471 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22481 \begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$
22491 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22494 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22509 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22512 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22522 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22525 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22535 \begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$
22545 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22548 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22563 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22566 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22576 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22579 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22589 \begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$
22599 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22602 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22617 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22620 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22630 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22633 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22643 \begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$
22653 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22656 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22662 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22665 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22675 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22678 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22688 \begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$
22709 \begin_layout Standard
22710 You can choose one of the accents by selecting an item from the
22713 \begin_inset space ~
22719 \begin_inset Graphics
22720 filename ../images/math/hat.png
22724 in the math panel ; this will apply to any selection you have made within
22728 \begin_layout Section
22729 Brackets and Delimiters
22730 \begin_inset Index idx
22733 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22740 \begin_inset Index idx
22743 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22750 \begin_inset CommandInset label
22752 name "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters"
22759 \begin_layout Standard
22760 There are several brackets available through LyX.
22761 For most purposes, using just the keys
22766 But if you want to surround a large structure, like a matrix or a fraction,
22767 or if you have several layers of brackets, it is better to use the math
22768 toolbar delimiter icon
22769 \begin_inset Graphics
22770 filename ../images/math/delim.png
22775 For example, that's how you would construct the brackets around a standard
22777 \begin_inset Formula \[
22778 \left[\begin{array}{cc}
22781 \end{array}\right]\]
22785 and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses as in:
22786 \begin_inset Formula \[
22787 \frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\]
22794 \begin_layout Standard
22795 The parentheses, and other brackets from that menu will automatically re-size
22796 to accommodate the size of what is inside.
22799 \begin_layout Standard
22800 To construct brackets click on the button for the bracket you want on the
22801 left side and right side.
22802 If you use the option
22805 \begin_inset space ~
22810 , the selected bracket type will be used for the left and the right side.
22811 The selection will be shown below the button field.
22812 If you want one side to not have a bracket, use the blank button.
22813 It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will be printed.
22816 \begin_layout Standard
22817 If you want to place brackets around math structures, like a square root,
22818 you can do that by highlighting (selecting) the structure that is to go
22819 inside the brackets.
22820 Then choose the appropriate brackets for left and right and click on
22825 The parentheses will be drawn around the selected structure.
22828 \begin_layout Section
22829 Arrays and Multi-line Equations
22830 \begin_inset Index idx
22833 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22840 \begin_inset Index idx
22843 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22850 \begin_inset Index idx
22853 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22854 Math ! Multi-line Equations
22862 \begin_layout Standard
22863 Matrices are entered in LyX using the
22866 \begin_inset space ~
22872 \begin_inset Graphics
22873 filename ../images/math/matrix.png
22878 It will open a dialog for you to choose the number of rows/columns.
22879 Here is an example:
22880 \begin_inset Formula \[
22881 \left(\begin{array}{ccc}
22885 \end{array}\right)\]
22889 The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as described in section
22890 \begin_inset space ~
22894 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
22896 reference "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters"
22901 When you construct the matrix, you can decide whether the column entries
22902 will be left-, right-, or center-justified.
22903 This alignment is set in the box
22908 \begin_inset Quotes eld
22916 \begin_inset Quotes erd
22920 \begin_inset Quotes eld
22928 \begin_inset Quotes erd
22932 \begin_inset Quotes eld
22940 \begin_inset Quotes erd
22945 \begin_inset Quotes eld
22953 \begin_inset Quotes erd
22956 for every column as default.
22957 For example, the sequence
22958 \begin_inset Quotes eld
22966 \begin_inset Quotes erd
22969 means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be
22970 centered, and the third column will be right-justified, because each letter
22971 corresponds to the relevant column.
22972 The result will look like this:
22973 \begin_inset Formula \[
22975 this & this\, column & this\, column\\
22976 column & has & has\, right\\
22977 has\, left\, alignment & center\, alignment & alignment
22985 \begin_layout Standard
22986 You can add more rows to an existing matrix by hitting
22989 arg "newline-insert newline"
22992 while the cursor is in the matrix.
22993 Adding or deleting columns can be done via the menu
22995 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
22998 or the math toolbar.
23001 \begin_layout Standard
23002 There are other arrays used in formulas, such as distinctions of cases.
23003 It can be created with the menu
23005 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23006 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23008 \begin_inset space ~
23020 Here is an example:
23021 \begin_inset Formula \[
23033 \begin_layout Standard
23034 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
23037 Multi-line formulas are created when you press
23040 arg "newline-insert newline"
23044 In an empty formula you can see that three blue boxes appear, one for each
23049 arg "newline-insert newline"
23052 in a non-empty formula, the part before the relation sign (equal sign
23053 \begin_inset Quotes eld
23057 \begin_inset Quotes erd
23060 etc.) will be inserted automatically in the first column, the relation sign
23061 is in the second column, and the rest in the third column.
23062 A new row is created by every further hit of
23065 arg "newline-insert newline"
23069 Multi-line formulas are always displayed formulas.
23070 Here is an example:
23071 \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
23072 a^{2} & = & (b^{2}+c^{2})(b^{2}-c^{2})\nonumber \\
23073 a & = & \sqrt{b^{4}-c^{4}}\label{eq:asquared}
23078 To change the column assignment of the formula parts, place the cursor
23079 where you want to start the shift and hit
23084 It shifts everything in the column which is right beside the current cursor
23085 position to the next column.
23086 Note that the middle column is designed for relation signs, structures
23087 within this column will be printed in a smaller size:
23088 \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
23089 \frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B}\end{eqnarray*}
23096 \begin_layout Standard
23097 The multi-line formula type described here is called
23104 There are other multi-line types being more suitable for certain situations,
23105 for example if you want a better inter-line spacing than in formula (
23106 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
23108 reference "eq:asquared"
23113 The other types are described in section
23114 \begin_inset space ~
23118 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
23120 reference "sub:AMS-Formula-Types"
23127 \begin_layout Section
23128 Formula Numbering and Referencing
23129 \begin_inset Index idx
23132 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23133 Math ! Formula numbering
23139 \begin_inset Index idx
23142 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23143 Math ! Referencing formulas
23149 \begin_inset CommandInset label
23151 name "sec:Formula-Numbering-and"
23158 \begin_layout Standard
23159 To number a formula, set the cursor in the formula and use the menu
23161 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23162 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23164 \begin_inset space ~
23172 arg "math-number-toggle"
23176 The formula number appears in LyX as
23177 \begin_inset Quotes eld
23181 \begin_inset Quotes erd
23184 within parentheses.
23186 \begin_inset Quotes eld
23190 \begin_inset Quotes erd
23193 denotes that the number will be calculated automatically when the output
23195 The placement and format of the formula number in the output depends on
23196 the document class.
23197 In this document the number is printed together with the chapter number,
23198 separated by a dot:
23199 \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
23200 1+1=2\end{equation}
23207 arg "math-number-toggle"
23210 in a numbered formula will switch off the numbering.
23211 You can only number displayed formulas.
23214 \begin_layout Standard
23215 Multi-line formulas can be numbered line by line: Using the menu
23217 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23218 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23220 \begin_inset space ~
23224 \begin_inset space ~
23228 \begin_inset space ~
23236 arg "math-number-line-toggle"
23239 will only toggle the numbering of the line where the cursor is:
23240 \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
23242 2 & = & 4-2\nonumber \\
23248 To number all lines use the shortcut
23251 arg "math-number-toggle"
23257 \begin_layout Standard
23258 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
23261 Every displayed formula can be referenced by its number using a label.
23262 A label is inserted with the menu
23264 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23267 when the cursor is in the formula.
23268 This opens a dialog to enter the label.
23269 It is recommended to use the proposed
23270 \begin_inset Quotes eld
23278 \begin_inset Quotes erd
23281 as first part of the label, because this helps later to identify the label
23282 type when you have many labels in your document.
23283 We inserted in the following example the label
23284 \begin_inset Quotes eld
23288 \begin_inset Quotes erd
23291 in the second line:
23292 \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
23293 \tanh(x) & = & \frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}\nonumber \\
23294 & = & \frac{\mathrm{e}^{2x}-1}{\mathrm{e}^{2x}+1}\label{eq:tanhExp}
23299 Every labeled line is automatically numbered.
23300 Therefore the label is shown in LyX at the place of the formula number
23302 \begin_inset Quotes eld
23306 \begin_inset Quotes erd
23310 You can reference a labeled formula using the menu
23312 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23314 \begin_inset space ~
23320 A dialog appears to choose a label you want refer to.
23321 The reference appears in LyX as a grey cross reference box and in the output
23322 as the formula number:
23325 \begin_layout Standard
23326 This is a cross-reference to equation (
23327 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
23329 reference "eq:tanhExp"
23336 \begin_layout Standard
23337 The properties of LyX's cross-reference box are described in section
23338 \begin_inset space ~
23342 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
23344 reference "sec:Cross-References"
23349 To delete a label, set the cursor in the labeled formula, use the menu
23352 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23355 and delete the label in the appearing dialog.
23359 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23360 This is a unintuitive and will be fixed in the next version of LyX.
23368 \begin_layout Section
23369 User defined math macros
23370 \begin_inset Index idx
23373 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23382 \begin_layout Standard
23383 LyX allows you to define macros for formulas which is very useful when you
23384 have equations of the same form in a document several times.
23385 Math macros are explained in section
23388 \begin_inset space ~
23400 \begin_layout Section
23404 \begin_layout Subsection
23406 \begin_inset Index idx
23409 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23418 \begin_layout Standard
23419 The standard font for text is italic, for numbers the standard is roman.
23420 To set a font in a formula, use the
23423 \begin_inset space ~
23429 \begin_inset Graphics
23430 filename ../images/math/font.png
23434 , or enter its command, listed in table
23435 \begin_inset space ~
23439 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
23441 reference "cap:Typefaces-and-the"
23448 \begin_layout Standard
23449 \begin_inset Float table
23454 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23455 \begin_inset Caption
23457 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23458 \begin_inset CommandInset label
23460 name "cap:Typefaces-and-the"
23464 Typefaces and the corresponding commands.
23472 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23474 \begin_inset Tabular
23475 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
23476 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
23477 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
23478 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
23480 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23483 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23489 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23492 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23500 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23503 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23510 \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$
23518 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23521 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23533 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23536 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23537 \begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbf{Bold}}$
23545 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23548 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23560 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23563 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23564 \begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italic}$
23572 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23575 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23587 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23590 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23597 \begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$
23605 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23608 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23620 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23623 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23624 \begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}}$
23632 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23635 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23647 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23650 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23651 \begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$
23659 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23662 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23674 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23677 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23685 \begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$
23693 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23696 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23708 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23711 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23712 \begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{SansSerif}$
23720 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23723 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23746 \begin_layout Standard
23747 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
23750 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23755 You can only print capital letters in the typefaces
23771 \begin_layout Standard
23772 When you use a typeface, a blue box is inserted in the formula.
23773 Every character in this box will be printed in this typeface.
23778 within the box will set the cursor outside, so that you have to use a protected
23779 space when you need a space in the box.
23780 Here an example where
23781 \begin_inset Quotes eld
23785 \begin_inset Quotes erd
23792 denotes the set of numbers:
23793 \begin_inset Formula \[
23794 f(x)=\sqrt{x}\:;\: x\in\mathbb{N}\]
23801 \begin_layout Standard
23802 The typefaces are nestable, which can cause confusion.
23804 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
23808 \begin_inset space \space{}
23820 \begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{abc\mathfrak{d}e}$
23824 \begin_inset Newline newline
23827 So it is better not to use this feature.
23830 \begin_layout Standard
23831 The typefaces have no effect on Greek letters:
23832 \begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{abc\delta e}$
23836 \begin_inset Newline newline
23839 You can only print them emboldened using the command
23845 , which works like the other typeface commands:
23846 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha\beta\gamma\boldsymbol{\alpha\beta\gamma}$
23852 \begin_layout Standard
23859 works for all symbols, letters, and numbers.
23862 \begin_layout Standard
23863 A number of other font options are available as well, in the menu
23865 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23866 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
23868 \begin_inset space ~
23876 \begin_layout Subsection
23878 \begin_inset Index idx
23881 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23890 \begin_layout Standard
23891 Typefaces are useful for entering some characters in some given font, but
23893 For typing longer pieces of text use the math text, which is obtained using
23897 \begin_inset space ~
23901 \begin_inset space ~
23909 \begin_inset space ~
23915 \begin_inset Graphics
23916 filename ../images/math/font.png
23927 Math text appears in LyX in black instead of blue.
23928 You can use spaces and accents in math text like in normal text.
23929 Here is an example:
23930 \begin_inset Formula \[
23932 x & \textrm{if I say so}\\
23933 -x & \textrm{unter Umständen}
23941 \begin_layout Subsection
23943 \begin_inset Index idx
23946 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23955 \begin_layout Standard
23956 There are four font styles (relative sizes) used in math-mode, which are
23957 automatically chosen in most situations.
23975 For most characters,
23983 are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts,
23984 and certain other structures, are set larger in
23989 Except for some operators, which resize themselves to accommodate various
23990 situations, all text will be set in the styles that LaTeX thinks are appropriat
23992 These choices can be overridden by using the math panel button
23993 \begin_inset Graphics
23994 filename ../images/math/style.png
23999 A box for the size will be created in which you can insert the math structure.
24000 For example, you can set
24001 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
24004 , which is normally in
24013 \begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$
24017 The four styles are used in the following example:
24020 \begin_layout Standard
24021 \begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$
24025 \begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$
24029 \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$
24033 \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$
24039 \begin_layout Standard
24040 All these math-mode font sizes are relative, that means, if the whole math
24041 inset is set in a particular size with the menu
24043 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24045 \begin_inset space ~
24050 , all sizes in the formula will be adjusted relative to this size.
24051 Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts
24052 will be adjusted to correspond.
24053 As an example here is a formula in the font size
24054 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24058 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24064 \begin_layout Standard
24068 \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{e}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}$
24074 \begin_layout Section
24078 \begin_layout Standard
24079 As of LyX 1.6, support for theorem-like environments has been moved out of
24080 the document classes and into layout modules.
24081 \begin_inset Index idx
24084 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24090 As a result, theorem-like environments can now easily be used with classes
24091 other than the AMS classes.
24093 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
24095 reference "sub:Modules"
24099 for more on layout modules.
24102 \begin_layout Section
24104 \begin_inset Index idx
24107 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24114 \begin_inset Index idx
24117 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24126 \begin_layout Standard
24127 LyX supports the packages provided by the American Mathematical Society
24128 (AMS) that are in common use.
24131 \begin_layout Subsection
24132 Enabling AMS-Support
24135 \begin_layout Standard
24136 Selecting the checkbox
24139 \begin_inset space ~
24143 \begin_inset space ~
24147 \begin_inset space ~
24154 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24158 \begin_inset Index idx
24161 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24162 Document ! Settings
24170 \begin_inset space ~
24175 will include the AMS-packages in the document, and make the facilities
24177 AMS is needed for many math-constructs, so when you get LaTeX-errors in
24178 formulas, ensure that you have enabled AMS.
24181 \begin_layout Subsection
24183 \begin_inset CommandInset label
24185 name "sub:AMS-Formula-Types"
24190 \begin_inset Index idx
24193 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24194 Math ! Multi-line Equations
24202 \begin_layout Standard
24203 AMS-LaTeX provides a selection of different formula types.
24204 LyX allows you to choose between
24225 We refer to the AMS-documentation for an explanation of these formula types.
24228 \begin_layout Chapter
24232 \begin_layout Section
24234 \begin_inset Index idx
24237 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24244 \begin_inset CommandInset label
24246 name "sec:Cross-References"
24253 \begin_layout Standard
24254 One of LyX's strengths are cross-references.
24255 You can reference every section, float, footnote, formula, and list in
24257 To reference a document part, you have to insert a label into it.
24258 The label is used as anchor and name for the reference.
24259 We want for example to refer to the second item of the following list:
24262 \begin_layout Enumerate
24266 \begin_layout Enumerate
24267 \begin_inset CommandInset label
24269 name "enu:Second-item"
24276 \begin_layout Enumerate
24280 \begin_layout Standard
24281 First we insert a label into the second item with the menu
24283 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24286 or by pressing the toolbar button
24287 \begin_inset Graphics
24288 filename ../images/label-insert.png
24294 A grey label box like this:
24295 \begin_inset Graphics
24296 filename clipart/labelQt4.png
24301 is inserted and the label window pops up asking for the label text.
24302 LyX offers as text the first words of the item with a prefix, in our case
24304 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24312 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24317 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24325 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24329 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24333 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24337 The prefix depends on the document part where the label is inserted, e.
24338 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
24342 \begin_inset space \space{}
24345 if you insert a label into a section heading, the prefix will be
24346 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24354 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24360 \begin_layout Standard
24361 To reference the item, we refer to its label using the menu
24363 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24366 or the toolbar button
24367 \begin_inset Graphics
24368 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png
24374 A grey cross-reference box like this:
24375 \begin_inset Graphics
24376 filename clipart/referenceQt4.png
24381 is inserted and the cross-reference window appears showing all the labels
24383 We can now sort the labels alphabetically and then choose the entry
24384 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24392 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24396 At the position of the cross-reference box the item number will appear
24400 \begin_layout Standard
24403 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24406 , you can right-click on a label and use in the appearing context menu
24411 The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be copied
24412 to the actual cursor position via the menu
24414 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24420 \begin_layout Standard
24421 Here is our cross-reference: Item
24422 \begin_inset space ~
24426 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
24428 reference "enu:Second-item"
24435 \begin_layout Standard
24436 It is recommended to use a protected space
24440 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24441 described in section
24442 \begin_inset space ~
24446 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
24448 reference "sub:Protected-Space"
24457 between the cross-reference name and its number to avoid ugly line breaks
24461 \begin_layout Standard
24462 There are six varieties of cross-references:
24465 \begin_layout Description
24466 <reference>: prints the float number, this is the default:
24467 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
24469 reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"
24476 \begin_layout Description
24477 (<reference>): prints the float number within two parentheses, this is the
24478 style normally used to reference formulas, especially when the reference
24480 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24484 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24488 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
24490 reference "eq:tanhExp"
24497 \begin_layout Description
24498 <page>: prints the page number: Page
24499 \begin_inset space ~
24503 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
24504 LatexCommand pageref
24505 reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"
24512 \begin_layout Description
24514 \begin_inset space ~
24518 \begin_inset space ~
24521 <page>: prints the text "on page" and the page number:
24522 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
24523 LatexCommand vpageref
24524 reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"
24531 \begin_layout Description
24533 \begin_inset space ~
24537 \begin_inset space ~
24541 \begin_inset space ~
24544 <page>: prints the float number, the text "on page", and the page number:
24546 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
24548 reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"
24555 \begin_layout Description
24557 \begin_inset space ~
24560 reference: prints a self defined cross-reference format.
24561 \begin_inset Newline newline
24565 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
24568 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24573 This feature is only available when you have the LaTeX-package
24578 \begin_inset Index idx
24581 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24582 LaTeX-packages ! prettyref
24595 \begin_layout Standard
24600 will not print the page number if the label is on the previous, the same,
24603 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
24607 \begin_inset space \space{}
24611 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24619 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24625 <reference> on page <page>
24627 will not print anything about the page if the label is on the same page.
24630 \begin_layout Standard
24631 The number and current page of the referenced document part in the output
24632 is automatically calculated by LaTeX.
24633 The varieties are adjusted in the field
24637 of the cross-reference window, that appear when you click on the cross-referenc
24641 \begin_layout Standard
24642 You can only use the style
24646 to reference numbered document parts, while the reference style
24650 is always possible.
24653 \begin_layout Standard
24654 If you want to reference a section, put the label in the section heading;
24655 for floats put the label in the caption; for footnotes put the label in
24657 Referencing formulas is explained in section
24658 \begin_inset space ~
24662 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
24664 reference "sec:Formula-Numbering-and"
24671 \begin_layout Standard
24672 Right-clicking on a cross-reference opens a context menu.
24676 \begin_inset space ~
24680 \begin_inset space ~
24685 sets the cursor before the referenced label.
24686 This entry will be renamed in the context menu of the label to
24689 \begin_inset space ~
24694 so that you can use it to set the cursor back to the cross-reference.
24695 You can also go back with the toolbar button
24696 \begin_inset Graphics
24697 filename ../images/bookmark-goto_0.png
24698 rotateOrigin center
24705 \begin_layout Standard
24706 You can change labels at any time.
24707 References to the changed label will automatically be updated so that you
24708 do not need to take care about this.
24711 \begin_layout Standard
24712 If a cross-reference refers to a non-existent label, you will see two question
24713 marks in the output instead of the reference.
24716 \begin_layout Standard
24717 References are described in detail in the
24724 \begin_layout Section
24725 Table of Contents and other Listings
24726 \begin_inset Index idx
24729 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24736 \begin_inset Index idx
24739 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24746 \begin_inset CommandInset label
24755 \begin_layout Subsection
24757 \begin_inset CommandInset label
24759 name "sub:Table-of-Contents"
24766 \begin_layout Standard
24767 The Table of Contents (TOC) is inserted with the menu
24769 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24770 List/TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24772 \begin_inset space ~
24776 \begin_inset space ~
24782 Is is displayed in LyX as a gray box.
24783 If you click on it, the
24787 window appears, showing you the TOC entries as outline to move and rearrange
24788 sections in your documents.
24789 So this operation is an alternative to the menu
24791 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24794 that is described in sec.
24795 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
24799 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
24801 reference "sec:Navigating"
24808 \begin_layout Standard
24809 The TOC in the document output lists every numbered section automatically.
24810 If you have declared a short title for a section heading, as described
24812 \begin_inset space ~
24816 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
24818 reference "sec:Short-Titles"
24822 , it will be used in the TOC instead of the section heading.
24824 \begin_inset space ~
24828 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
24830 reference "sub:Numbering-depth"
24834 describes how the level is adjusted that defines which section types are
24836 Unnumbered sections are not listed in the TOC.
24839 \begin_layout Subsection
24840 List of Figures, Tables, and Algorithms
24841 \begin_inset CommandInset label
24843 name "sub:List-of-Figures"
24850 \begin_layout Standard
24851 Table, figure, and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents.
24852 You can insert them via the
24854 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24856 \begin_inset space ~
24860 \begin_inset space ~
24866 The list entries are the float captions and the float number.
24869 \begin_layout Section
24870 URLs and Hyperlinks
24871 \begin_inset Index idx
24874 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24881 \begin_inset Index idx
24884 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24893 \begin_layout Subsection
24895 \begin_inset CommandInset label
24904 \begin_layout Standard
24905 Links to web pages or email addresses can be inserted via the menu
24907 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24913 \begin_layout Standard
24914 Here is an example URL: LyX's homepage:
24915 \begin_inset Flex URL
24918 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24928 \begin_layout Standard
24929 You cannot change the style of the link text, the URL text will always be
24935 To be able to format the URL text, use hyperlinks as explained in the next
24939 \begin_layout Standard
24940 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
24943 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24948 URLs must not end with a backslash, otherwise you get LaTeX errors.
24956 \begin_layout Subsection
24958 \begin_inset CommandInset label
24960 name "sub:Hyperlinks"
24967 \begin_layout Standard
24968 Hyperlinks can be inserted with the menu
24970 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24973 or with the toolbar button
24974 \begin_inset Graphics
24975 filename ../images/href-insert.png
24980 The appearing dialog has two fields:
24989 The name is the printed text for the hyperlink.
24990 The hyperlink type can be a weblink like this:
24991 \begin_inset CommandInset href
24993 name "LyX's homepage"
24994 target "http://www.lyx.org"
24998 , an Email address like this:
24999 \begin_inset CommandInset href
25001 name "lyx-docs mailing list"
25002 target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyX's documentation"
25007 , or a link to a file.
25010 \begin_layout Standard
25011 You can start applications via a hyperlink when you insert a weblink, but
25013 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25021 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25024 to the link target.
25027 \begin_layout Standard
25028 Hyperlinks will automatically be hyphenated if necessary in the PDF output,
25029 and become clickable in the DVI and PDF-output.
25030 To set the format of the link text, highlight the hyperlink inset and use
25031 the text style dialog.
25032 This is for example a hyperlink with bold sans serif text:
25036 \begin_inset CommandInset href
25038 name "LyX's homepage"
25039 target "http://www.lyx.org"
25046 \begin_layout Standard
25047 The link text color can be changed, when the option
25051 is set in the PDF Properties dialog (menu
25053 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25054 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25058 The link text is for example set in this document to blue by adding the
25060 \begin_inset Newline newline
25068 \begin_inset Newline newline
25075 in the PDF Properties dialog.
25078 \begin_layout Section
25080 \begin_inset Index idx
25083 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25090 \begin_inset CommandInset label
25092 name "sec:Appendices"
25099 \begin_layout Standard
25100 Appendices are created with the menu
25102 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25104 \begin_inset space ~
25108 \begin_inset space ~
25114 This menu sets the document from the current cursor position to the end
25115 as the appendix region.
25116 The region is marked with a red borderline.
25119 \begin_layout Standard
25120 Every chapter (or section) within the appendix region is treated as an appendix,
25121 numbered with a capital Latin letter.
25122 The appendix subsections are numbered with this letter followed by a dot
25123 and the subsection number.
25124 All appendix sections can be referenced as if they were normal sections,
25128 \begin_layout Standard
25130 \begin_inset space ~
25134 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25136 reference "cha:Credits"
25141 \begin_inset space ~
25145 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25147 reference "sub:Export"
25154 \begin_layout Section
25156 \begin_inset Index idx
25159 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25166 \begin_inset CommandInset label
25168 name "sec:Bibliography"
25175 \begin_layout Standard
25176 There are two ways of generating the bibliography in a LyX-document.
25177 You can include a bibliography database,
25181 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25182 Known under the name
25183 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25187 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25195 which is explained in the next subsection, or you can insert the bibliography
25196 manually, using the paragraph environment
25200 , which was described in section
25201 \begin_inset space ~
25205 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25207 reference "sub:Biblio_environment"
25212 If you want anything other than numerical citations that are used in this
25213 document, like author-year citations, then you must
25217 use a bibliography database.
25220 \begin_layout Subsection
25221 The Bibliography Environment
25224 \begin_layout Standard
25229 environment, every paragraph begins with a gray bibliography box labeled
25231 If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a
25240 The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography
25242 For example, our second entry in the bibliography is a book about LaTeX
25244 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25248 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25251 , a short form of its title, as key.
25254 \begin_layout Standard
25255 You can refer to the key of a bibliography entry using the menu
25257 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25260 or the toolbar button
25261 \begin_inset Graphics
25262 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_citation.png
25267 A citation reference box is inserted and a citation window will appear
25268 in which you can select one or more keys in the available key list.
25269 The citation reference box will be labeled with the referenced key.
25270 When you click on the box, the citation window appears and you can change
25274 \begin_layout Standard
25275 Citation references appear in the output as the number of the bibliography
25276 entry with surrounding brackets.
25281 for the entry, the label will appear instead of the number.
25282 Here are two examples; the first without a label, the second with the label
25284 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25288 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25294 \begin_layout Standard
25297 LaTeX Companion Second Edition
25300 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
25302 key "latexcompanion"
25309 \begin_layout Standard
25310 The LyX-Team members are listed in the Credits:
25311 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
25320 \begin_layout Subsection
25321 Bibliography databases (BibTeX)
25322 \begin_inset Index idx
25325 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25326 Bibliography ! Databases
25332 \begin_inset Index idx
25335 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25336 Bibliography ! BibTeX
25342 \begin_inset CommandInset label
25344 name "sub:Bibliography-databases"
25351 \begin_layout Standard
25352 Bibliography databases are useful if you use the same bibliography in different
25357 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25358 They are also useful simply for keeping a database of articles and notes
25360 Most of the database programs mentioned below allow you to store annotations
25361 and reviews along with bibliographical information.
25366 It also makes it very easy to have a uniform layout for all bibliography
25368 You can collect the bibliography of all relevant books and articles of
25369 your working field in a database.
25370 This database can be used for different documents, and only the entries
25371 cited in a particular document will appear in the bibliography list for
25373 This relieves you of the need to keep track of which articles and books
25377 \begin_layout Standard
25378 The database is a text file with the file extension
25379 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25387 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25390 , containing the bibliography in a special format.
25391 The format is explained in
25392 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
25398 and in LaTeX books (
25399 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
25401 key "Mittelbach,Kopka,Lamport"
25406 The file can be created using any text editor, but normally one uses a
25407 special program to create and edit the entries in the database.
25408 A list of such programs is maintained on the LyX Wiki at
25409 \begin_inset Flex URL
25412 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25414 http://wiki.lyx.org/BibTeX/Programs
25422 \begin_layout Standard
25423 To use a database, use the menu
25425 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25430 TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25435 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25443 \begin_inset space ~
25449 A grey box will be inserted and a window appears.
25450 In this window you can load one or more databases and a style file.
25453 Add bibliography to TOC
25455 adds a table of contents entry for the bibliography.
25460 drop box you can select whether to include > all the entries in the database
25461 in the document or just the cited references.
25464 \begin_layout Standard
25465 The style file is a text file with the file extension
25466 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25474 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25477 that controls how the bibliography entries will appear.
25478 Your LaTeX distribution should provide several of these, and many publishers
25479 provide their own style files, so that you don't have to take care of the
25481 It is of course possible to write your own style file, but this is something
25486 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25487 For information how this is done, have a look at
25488 \begin_inset Newline newline
25492 \begin_inset CommandInset href
25494 target "http://www.ctan.org/get/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxhak.pdf"
25506 \begin_layout Standard
25507 Inserting a citation reference works as described in the previous section.
25510 \begin_layout Standard
25511 To generate the bibliography from a database, LyX uses the program BibTeX.
25512 This program can be controlled with options that you can add in LyX's preferenc
25515 Outputs\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25520 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25535 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25543 \begin_inset space ~
25549 Before adding options, it is strongly recommended to read the manual of
25555 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
25564 \begin_layout Standard
25565 When you select the option
25567 Sectioned bibliography
25571 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25574 dialog, it is possible to have multiple and sectioned bibliographies.
25575 This and other options are explained in detail in section
25577 Customizing Bibliographies
25585 Additional Features
25590 \begin_layout Standard
25591 We use two bibliographies in this document to show the difference between
25592 the two methods of creating them.
25593 As you can see, the bibliography that is created from a database lists
25594 only the database entries that are referenced in the document.
25595 We used the style file
25599 to get the complicated German reference key scheme in the bibliography.
25602 \begin_layout Subsection
25603 Bibliography layout
25604 \begin_inset Index idx
25607 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25608 Bibliography ! Layout
25616 \begin_layout Standard
25617 In the citation reference dialog you can set a special citation format.
25618 For this feature you need to enable the option
25624 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25628 \begin_inset Index idx
25631 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25632 Document ! Settings
25642 Setting a citation style for a reference will overwrite the default.
25643 For the global citation format use the BibTeX style files as explained
25644 in the previous section.
25647 \begin_layout Standard
25648 You can also set text, that should appear before or after a citation reference,
25649 in the citation reference window.
25650 Here an example where we set the text
25651 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25655 \begin_inset space ~
25659 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25662 to appear after the reference:
25665 \begin_layout Standard
25667 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
25670 key "latexcompanion"
25677 \begin_layout Section
25679 \begin_inset Index idx
25682 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25689 \begin_inset CommandInset label
25698 \begin_layout Standard
25699 An index entry is created if you use the menu
25701 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25703 \begin_inset space ~
25708 or the toolbar button
25709 \begin_inset Graphics
25710 filename ../images/index-insert.png
25716 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25724 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25727 is inserted containing the text that appears in the index.
25728 The word where the cursor is in or the currently highlighted text is proposed
25729 by LyX as the index entry.
25732 \begin_layout Standard
25733 We give a short overview of the index commands in the next subsections.
25734 For a detailed description of LaTeX's index mechanism, have a look at one
25736 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
25738 key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook"
25745 \begin_layout Standard
25746 The index list is inserted in the document with the menu
25748 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25750 \begin_inset space ~
25754 \begin_inset space ~
25757 TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
25759 \begin_inset space ~
25765 A light blue box labeled
25766 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25774 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25777 will show the place where the index is printed in the output.
25778 The index list box is not clickable like other LyX-boxes.
25781 \begin_layout Subsection
25782 Grouping Index Entries
25783 \begin_inset Index idx
25786 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25795 \begin_layout Standard
25796 Index entries are often grouped to offer the reader a fast search in the
25798 We want to group for example the index entries for itemized and enumerated
25799 lists under the entry
25800 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25804 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25808 First we create the entry
25809 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25813 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25817 \begin_inset space ~
25821 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25823 reference "sub:Lists"
25828 In the text field for the itemized list index entry in section
25829 \begin_inset space ~
25833 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25835 reference "sec:Itemize"
25839 , we insert the command
25842 \begin_layout Standard
25848 \begin_layout Standard
25852 \begin_layout Standard
25858 \begin_layout Standard
25859 for the enumerated list in section
25860 \begin_inset space ~
25864 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25866 reference "sec:Enumerate"
25873 \begin_layout Standard
25874 The exclamation mark
25875 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25879 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25882 marks the grouping levels.
25883 You can have three levels; every index level is indented a bit more.
25884 An index entry for the higher levels is not required.
25885 If we don't have an index entry for
25886 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25890 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25893 , it will be printed anyway, but without a page number.
25896 \begin_layout Subsection
25898 \begin_inset Index idx
25901 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25902 Index ! Page ranges
25910 \begin_layout Standard
25911 Normally an index entry will appear with the page number of the indexed
25913 But sometimes you want to index more pages under the same entry.
25914 E.g if we want to index the paragraph environments, we create an index entry
25916 \begin_inset space ~
25920 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25922 reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments"
25929 \begin_layout Standard
25932 Paragraph environments|(
25935 \begin_layout Standard
25936 and another entry at the end of section
25937 \begin_inset space ~
25941 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25943 reference "sub:LyX-Code"
25950 \begin_layout Standard
25953 Paragraph environments|)
25956 \begin_layout Standard
25958 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25966 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25970 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25978 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25981 respectively start and end the index range.
25982 You can also add the same index entry at different places in the document.
25983 They appear in the output under one entry with a comma separated list of
25984 the pages of the indexed document parts.
25985 An example is the index entry
25986 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25989 Document ! Settings
25990 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25996 \begin_layout Subsection
25998 \begin_inset Index idx
26001 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26002 Index ! Cross referencing
26010 \begin_layout Standard
26011 It is also possible to refer to another index entry.
26012 We referred for example in the index entry
26013 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26017 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26021 \begin_inset space ~
26025 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
26027 reference "sub:Image-Formats"
26031 ) to the index entry
26032 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26036 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26039 in the same section using the entry
26042 \begin_layout Standard
26045 GIF|see{Image formats}
26048 \begin_layout Standard
26049 where the braces have to be inserted as TeX Code.
26050 The text within the braces is the referenced entry.
26051 The reference will appear in the output without a page number.
26054 \begin_layout Subsection
26056 \begin_inset Index idx
26059 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26060 Index ! Entry order
26068 \begin_layout Standard
26069 You can use accented characters in the index entry, but the entries might
26070 then not follow the rules for the index order.
26071 The index entries are sorted alphabetically, but LaTeX
26075 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26076 The index generating is done in the background by an extra program, see
26078 \begin_inset space ~
26082 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
26084 reference "sub:Index-Program"
26093 doesn't know how to sort accents in different languages.
26094 We have created as an example the three dummy index entries
26095 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26099 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26103 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26107 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26111 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26115 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26119 \begin_inset Index idx
26122 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26123 Dummy entries ! maïs
26129 \begin_inset Index idx
26132 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26133 Dummy entries ! maître
26139 \begin_inset Index idx
26142 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26143 Dummy entries ! maïs@maison
26148 They will be sorted in the order maïs, maître, maison, but we want the
26149 order maïs, maison, maître.
26150 To achieve this, we use the command
26153 \begin_layout Standard
26156 previous entry@current entry
26159 \begin_layout Standard
26160 In our case we want to have
26161 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26165 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26169 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26173 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26176 and write therefore for the index entry of maison:
26179 \begin_layout Standard
26185 \begin_layout Standard
26186 The previous entry needn't to be a real existing entry, you can also use
26187 another word to tell LaTeX the entry order, see the next subsection for
26191 \begin_layout Standard
26192 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
26198 \begin_layout Standard
26199 In some cases the index entry order is not correct when you are using the
26204 to generate the index (see sec.
26205 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
26209 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
26211 reference "sub:Index-Program"
26220 would for example print the index entry for the LaTeX-package aeguill in
26222 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
26226 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
26228 reference "sub:Document-Font"
26232 after the index entries of the other LaTeX-packages although all these
26233 index commands start with
26234 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26242 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26246 The reason is that the index entry for aeguill is in a footnote.
26251 bug, add these commands to the preamble of your document:
26254 \begin_layout Standard
26266 \begin_layout Standard
26278 \begin_layout Subsection
26280 \begin_inset Index idx
26283 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26284 Index ! Entry layout
26292 \begin_layout Standard
26293 You can change the appearance of index entries via the text style dialog.
26294 \begin_inset Index idx
26297 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26300 This is an italic dummy entry
26305 You can also format the page number using the character
26306 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26310 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26313 followed by a LaTeX-command without a backslash.
26314 We can write for example
26317 \begin_layout Standard
26320 italic page number:|textit
26323 \begin_layout Standard
26324 to get the page number in italic.
26325 \begin_inset Index idx
26328 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26329 Dummy entries ! italic page number:|textit
26334 Normally all LaTeX-commands begin with a backslash, but in this special
26336 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26344 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26352 \begin_inset space ~
26358 Have a look at section
26359 \begin_inset space ~
26363 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
26365 reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax"
26369 to learn more about the LaTeX-syntax.
26372 \begin_layout Standard
26373 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
26376 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26381 Formatting single index entries only works when you use the program
26385 to generate the index, see sec.
26386 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
26390 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
26392 reference "sub:Index-Program"
26401 , however, this won't work for anything other than bold or italic text.
26402 This is because xindy requires you to define semantic elements before
26403 they can be used, see
26404 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
26407 key "latexcompanion"
26419 \begin_layout Standard
26420 In general, we encourage you to not format page numbers directly as shown
26422 Instead of this, you should define a macro in the preamble and use that.
26423 Consider why you want some page numbers to be bold.
26424 Maybe you want all page references italic that refer to a definition of
26425 the indexed term, so that users can easily find definitions.
26426 If so, put the following in the preamble
26429 \begin_layout Standard
26441 \begin_layout Standard
26445 \begin_layout Standard
26451 \begin_layout Standard
26452 in the index entry.
26453 \begin_inset Index idx
26456 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26457 Dummy entries ! my entry|IndexDef
26462 The advantage is that, if you change your mind later or if your publisher
26463 insists that definitions must not be italic but bold, you just need to
26464 change the macro in the preamble, not every single index entry.
26467 \begin_layout Standard
26468 You can also change the layout for the whole index.
26470 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
26474 \begin_inset space \space{}
26477 we marked the index list box of this document as bold to get a bold font
26478 for all index entries.
26479 For more advanced tasks you have to set up a so-called
26491 documentation for details,
26492 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
26494 key "makeindex,xindy"
26501 \begin_layout Subsection
26503 \begin_inset Index idx
26506 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26513 \begin_inset CommandInset label
26515 name "sub:Index-Program"
26522 \begin_layout Standard
26523 If the index entry program
26527 is installed, LyX uses it for index generation; otherwise the program
26531 , that is part of every LaTeX distribution, is used.
26535 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26540 is very old, no longer under development and has many pitfalls, notably
26541 that it was developed with only the English language in mind.
26542 So it fails to sort anything other than a monolingual English text correctly.
26543 We have shown above how to fix this sorting.
26544 However, if you are writing in another than the English language, consider
26554 Both programs can be controlled by options that can be set in LyX's preferences
26555 dialog, see section
26556 \begin_inset space ~
26560 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
26562 reference "sub:LaTeX-settings"
26567 The available options are listed and explained in
26568 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
26570 key "makeindex,xindy"
26575 In this dialog, you can also specify an alternative program to generate
26579 \begin_layout Standard
26580 If you need specific options or an alternative index program only for a
26581 given document, you can define the program and\SpecialChar \slash{}
26584 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
26585 Settings\SpecialChar \ldots{}
26586 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
26590 This is especially useful if you need to pass language-specific options
26591 to the index program or if you need a specific layout style.
26594 \begin_layout Subsection
26598 \begin_layout Standard
26599 In many fields, it is common to have more than one index.
26600 For instance, you might need to set up a separate
26601 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26605 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26608 next to the standard index.
26609 LaTeX does not provide this possibility out of the box, but there are many
26610 packages that add this feature.
26616 \begin_inset Index idx
26619 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26620 LaTeX-packages ! splitidx
26625 package to generate multiple indexes.
26626 The package is included in all recent LaTeX distributions.
26627 If yours does not ship it, consult the TeX Catalogue,
26628 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
26635 Note that the package does not only consist of a LaTeX style, but it also
26636 includes specific preprocessor programs that need to be installed as well.
26637 Please consult the package's manual for details.
26640 \begin_layout Standard
26641 To set up LyX for the use of multiple indexes, go to
26643 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
26644 Settings\SpecialChar \ldots{}
26645 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
26649 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26652 Use multiple Indexes
26653 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26657 Note that the list of
26658 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26662 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26665 below already contains the standard index.
26666 To add further indexes, add the name of the index (in the form that should
26667 also appear as a heading) to the
26668 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26672 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26675 input field and press the
26676 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26680 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26684 The new index should now appear in the list as well.
26685 If you like, you can attribute an alternative label color to the new index
26686 by selecting the index in the list and hitting the
26687 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26690 Alter Color\SpecialChar \ldots{}
26692 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26696 The label color may help you to differentiate index entries of different
26697 indexes in the LyX work area.
26700 \begin_layout Standard
26701 Once the document changes have been applied, you can find the new index
26704 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
26706 \begin_inset space ~
26710 \begin_inset space ~
26719 menu has a separate index entry for each of the defined indexes.
26720 The workflow is basically the same as for the default index, but there
26721 are some additional features:
26724 \begin_layout Itemize
26725 If you want to change the attribution of a specific index entry, right-clicking
26726 on the entry will open a dialog where you can do that.
26729 \begin_layout Itemize
26730 By right-clicking on an index, you can change its type.
26731 Furthermore, you can specify an index list to be a
26732 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26736 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26740 If you do that, the heading of that list will be decreased by one level.
26742 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
26745 g., if you use a book class, where the standard index heading is defined
26746 as a chapter, subindexes will be defined as sections and can thus be nested
26747 to the non-subindexes.
26750 \begin_layout Section
26751 Nomenclature / Glossary
26752 \begin_inset Index idx
26755 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26762 \begin_inset Index idx
26765 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26770 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26781 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26794 \begin_inset CommandInset label
26796 name "sec:Nomenclature"
26803 \begin_layout Standard
26804 Sometimes you need to compile a list of symbols that are mentioned in your
26805 document with a brief explanation of them – a so called nomenclature or
26809 \begin_layout Standard
26810 To be able to create nomenclatures, you need the LaTeX package
26815 \begin_inset Index idx
26818 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26819 LaTeX-packages ! nomencl
26825 You find it in the TeX Catalogue,
26826 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
26832 or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system.
26835 \begin_layout Standard
26836 A nomenclature entry is created if you place the cursor after a symbol entry
26837 and then use the menu
26839 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
26845 \begin_inset space ~
26850 or the toolbar button
26851 \begin_inset Graphics
26852 filename ../images/nomencl-insert.png
26858 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26866 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26869 is inserted and a window pops up asking for the nomenclature entry.
26872 \begin_layout Standard
26873 A nomenclature entry consists of two main entries.
26874 The first is the symbol that you want to refer to.
26875 The second is the description of the symbol.
26878 \begin_layout Standard
26879 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
26882 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26887 You have to enter valid LaTeX-code for all fields of the nomenclature dialog.
26895 \begin_layout Subsection
26896 Nomenclature Definition and Layout
26897 \begin_inset Index idx
26900 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26901 Nomenclature ! Layout
26909 \begin_layout Standard
26910 When you have symbols in formulas, you have to define them in the
26914 field as LaTeX-formulas.
26916 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26920 \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
26924 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26928 \begin_inset Newline newline
26936 \begin_inset Newline newline
26942 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26946 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26949 character starts/ends the formula.
26950 The LaTeX-command for the Greek letter is the name of the letter beginning
26952 \begin_inset Quotes eld
26958 \begin_inset Quotes erd
26962 For capital Greek letters, start the command also with a capital letter,
26972 \begin_layout Standard
26973 (A short introduction to the LaTeX-syntax is given in section
26974 \begin_inset space ~
26978 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
26980 reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax"
26987 \begin_layout Standard
26991 \begin_inset space ~
26996 dialog to format the description text but have to use LaTeX-commands.
26997 For example the description of the nomenclature entry for the
26998 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27002 \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
27006 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27009 in this document is:
27010 \begin_inset Newline newline
27015 dummy entry for the character
27020 \begin_inset Newline newline
27032 \begin_inset space ~
27042 font use the command
27071 \begin_layout Subsection
27072 Sort Order of Nomenclature Entries
27073 \begin_inset Index idx
27076 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27077 Nomenclature ! Sort order
27085 \begin_layout Standard
27086 The nomenclature entries are sorted alphabetically by the LaTeX-code of
27087 the symbol definition.
27088 This leads to undesired results when you for example have symbols in formulas.
27089 Suppose you have nomenclature entries for the symbols
27092 \begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
27093 LatexCommand nomenclature
27095 description "dummy entry for the character \"a\""
27102 \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
27106 \begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
27107 LatexCommand nomenclature
27110 description "dummy entry for the character \\textsf{sigma}"
27115 They will be sorted by
27116 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27124 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27128 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27138 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27142 \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
27145 will be sorted before the
27149 since the character
27150 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27154 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27157 is considered in sorting.
27160 \begin_layout Standard
27161 To control the sort order, you can edit the
27164 \begin_inset space ~
27169 field of the nomenclature dialog.
27170 Then the nomenclature entry will be sorted by this entry and not the symbol
27172 For the example given, you can insert
27176 in this field for the
27177 \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
27184 will be located before
27185 \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
27191 \begin_layout Standard
27192 For subgrouping and tips for using sort entries see the
27197 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
27206 \begin_layout Subsection
27207 Nomenclature Options
27208 \begin_inset Index idx
27211 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27212 Nomenclature ! Options
27220 \begin_layout Standard
27225 package offers some options to adjust the appearance of the nomenclature.
27226 Here are some of its options, for more have a look at its documentation:
27229 \begin_layout Description
27230 refeq Appends the phrase
27231 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27243 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27246 to every nomenclature entry, where
27252 is the number of the last equation in front of the nomenclature entry
27255 \begin_layout Description
27256 refpage Appends the phrase
27257 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27269 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27272 to every nomenclature entry, where
27278 is the number of the page on which the nomenclature entry appeared
27281 \begin_layout Description
27282 intoc Inserts the nomenclature in the Table of Contents
27285 \begin_layout Standard
27286 There are furthermore the options
27330 to print the reference texts and the nomenclature title in the corresponding
27334 \begin_layout Standard
27335 To use one or more of the options, add them to the comma-separated document
27336 class options list in the
27338 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
27342 In this document the option
27349 \begin_layout Standard
27350 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
27356 \begin_layout Standard
27357 You can also use the first two options above only for certain nomenclature
27358 entries when you add one of the following commands as last entry to the
27363 field in the nomenclature dialog:
27366 \begin_layout Description
27376 \begin_layout Description
27379 nomrefpage Like the
27386 \begin_layout Description
27389 nomrefeqpage Short notation of
27398 \begin_layout Description
27402 \begin_inset space ~
27408 \begin_inset space ~
27413 nomnorefeqpage Turns off the corresponding options
27416 \begin_layout Subsection
27417 Printing the Nomenclature
27418 \begin_inset Index idx
27421 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27422 Nomenclature ! Printing
27430 \begin_layout Standard
27431 To print the nomenclature, use the menu
27433 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
27435 \begin_inset space ~
27439 \begin_inset space ~
27442 TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
27446 A light blue box labeled
27447 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27455 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27458 will show the place where the nomenclature is printed in the output.
27459 Like the index list box, the nomenclature list box is not clickable.
27462 \begin_layout Standard
27463 In the printed output the title of the nomenclature appears as
27464 \begin_inset Quotes eld
27468 \begin_inset Quotes erd
27472 If you are not happy with the name, you can change it by redefining the
27480 For example, in order to change the name to
27484 , add the following line to the preamble:
27487 \begin_layout Standard
27495 nomname}{List of Symbols}
27498 \begin_layout Standard
27499 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
27505 \begin_layout Standard
27506 If you are unhappy with the amount of space for symbols, you can alter it
27507 by adding the following line to the preamble:
27510 \begin_layout Standard
27518 nomlabelwidth}{width}
27521 \begin_layout Standard
27524 where the width is a value with one of the units listed in Appendix
27525 \begin_inset space ~
27529 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
27531 reference "cha:Units-available-in"
27536 The default value is 1
27537 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
27543 \begin_layout Subsection
27544 Nomenclature Program
27545 \begin_inset Index idx
27548 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27549 Nomenclature ! Program
27555 \begin_inset CommandInset label
27557 name "sub:Nomenclature-Program"
27564 \begin_layout Standard
27565 LyX uses the program
27569 , that is part of every LaTeX distribution, to generate the nomenclature.
27570 LyX's preferences dialog allows you to specify another program or to control
27575 by adding options, see section
27576 \begin_inset space ~
27580 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
27582 reference "sub:LaTeX-settings"
27587 The available options are listed and explained in
27588 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
27590 key "nomencl,makeindex"
27597 \begin_layout Section
27599 \begin_inset Index idx
27602 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27609 \begin_inset Index idx
27612 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27613 Document ! Branches
27619 \begin_inset CommandInset label
27621 name "sec:Branches"
27628 \begin_layout Standard
27629 Sometimes it is useful to hide some document parts in the output.
27630 For example a teacher who is setting an exam obviously doesn't want the
27631 pupils to see the answers, but having questions and answers in the same
27632 document will make the life of the markers of that exam much easier.
27635 \begin_layout Standard
27636 For these cases LyX allows you to put text into branches.
27637 The text will then only appear in the output when its branch is activated.
27638 To create a branch, go in the
27640 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
27648 The name of the branch, its activation state and the background color of
27649 the branches inside LyX can be specified in this dialog.
27652 \begin_layout Standard
27653 Text that should be in a branch is set into branch inset boxes.
27654 These boxes are inserted via the menu
27656 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
27659 where you can choose a branch.
27660 You can later change the branch of the boxes by right-clicking on them.
27663 \begin_layout Standard
27664 Here is an example, where only the question text appears, the answer branch
27665 is deactivated and does therefore not appear in the output:
27668 \begin_layout Standard
27669 \begin_inset Branch Question
27672 \begin_layout Standard
27673 Question: Who was the first physics Nobel prize winner?
27681 \begin_layout Standard
27682 \begin_inset Branch Answer
27685 \begin_layout Standard
27686 Answer: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
27694 \begin_layout Standard
27695 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
27701 \begin_layout Standard
27702 To use conditional output inside places where you cannot insert branch insets,
27703 like inside equations, you can code special LaTeX definitions for each
27705 For example you can define for the question branch
27709 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27710 For an introduction to the LaTeX-syntax, see section
27711 \begin_inset space ~
27715 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
27717 reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax"
27729 \begin_layout Standard
27739 \begin_layout Standard
27749 \begin_layout Standard
27750 and for the answer branch
27753 \begin_layout Standard
27763 \begin_layout Standard
27773 \begin_layout Standard
27774 \begin_inset Branch Question
27777 \begin_layout Standard
27781 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27790 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27809 \begin_layout Standard
27810 \begin_inset Branch Answer
27813 \begin_layout Standard
27817 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27826 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27845 \begin_layout Standard
27846 Now it is possible to use the commands
27850 question{\SpecialChar \ldots{}
27857 answer{\SpecialChar \ldots{}
27860 to obtain conditional output.
27861 Here is an example formula where only the
27868 \begin_inset Formula \[
27869 x^{2}-2x-2\Rightarrow\question{x_{1}}\answer{x_{2}}=1\question{+\sqrt{3}}\answer{-\sqrt{3}}.\]
27876 \begin_layout Standard
27877 Inside math, the same effect can be achieved using math macros, see the
27885 \begin_layout Section
27887 \begin_inset CommandInset label
27889 name "sec:PDF-Properties"
27894 \begin_inset Index idx
27897 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27906 \begin_layout Standard
27911 dialog allows you in the
27915 to set up special options for the PDF output of your document.
27916 All options there are provided by the LaTeX-package
27921 \begin_inset Index idx
27924 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27925 LaTeX-packages ! hyperref
27933 \begin_layout Standard
27938 will link all cross-references in the DVI- and PDF-output.
27939 This means that the reader of your document will be able to click on a
27940 table of contents entry or on a reference and he is shown the referenced
27942 You can specify in the dialog tab
27946 how the links will look like and if links for bibliographical backreferences
27948 The backreferences will appear in the bibliography behind the different
27949 entries, showing the number of the section, slide, or page where the entry
27953 \begin_layout Standard
27958 you can set if PDF-bookmarks should be created for every section of your
27959 document to make it easier for readers to navigate through the document.
27960 You can decide if the bookmarks should be numbered like your document sections
27962 With the open bookmarks level you can specify what sectioning level should
27963 be displayed in the bookmarks when opening the PDF.
27965 \begin_inset space ~
27968 2 will display all sections and subsections, while level
27969 \begin_inset space ~
27972 1 will only display the sections.
27975 \begin_layout Standard
27976 The header information in the dialog tab
27980 are saved together with the PDF as file properties.
27981 Many programs are able to extract this information to e.
27982 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
27986 \begin_inset space \space{}
27989 automatically recognize who the author is and what the PDF is about.
27990 This is very useful to sort, classify, or use PDFs for bibliography issues.
27993 Automatic fill header
27995 is set, LyX tries to extract the header information from your document
27996 title and author settings.
27999 \begin_layout Standard
28002 Load in fullscreen mode
28004 will open the PDF in fullscreen mode, which is useful for presentations.
28007 \begin_layout Standard
28008 PDF properties are also used in this document.
28009 When you look in its document settings, you can see that some additional
28015 For an explanation of them we refer you to the hyperref manual
28016 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
28025 \begin_layout Section
28026 TeX Code and the LaTeX Syntax
28027 \begin_inset CommandInset label
28029 name "sec:TeX-Code"
28036 \begin_layout Subsection
28038 \begin_inset Index idx
28041 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28048 \begin_inset CommandInset label
28050 name "sub:TeX-Code-Boxes"
28057 \begin_layout Standard
28058 As LyX uses LaTeX in the background, it supports many LaTeX commands and
28059 constructs, but not all.
28060 LaTeX contains of hundreds of packages which provide different commands.
28061 All the time packages are being updated and new ones added.
28062 This has the advantage that you can typeset nearly everything as there
28063 is for every problem a LaTeX-package.
28064 But LyX can of course not be up to date and support all packages and their
28068 \begin_layout Standard
28069 But don't worry, you can use any LaTeX-command directly in LyX inside the
28071 A TeX Code box is created by the menu
28073 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28075 \begin_inset space ~
28080 or by the toolbar button
28081 \begin_inset Graphics
28082 filename ../images/ert-insert.png
28087 The box can be opened by left-clicking and closed by right-clicking on
28091 \begin_layout Standard
28092 You can insert complete or incomplete commands as TeX Code.
28093 Incomplete means that the command argument can be Standard LyX text.
28094 For example, if you want to draw a frame around a word and are therefore
28095 using the LaTeX-command
28101 , you can write the command part
28107 in a TeX Code box before the word and the closing brace
28111 in a second TeX Code box behind the word.
28112 The word between the two TeX Code boxes is then the argument as it is in
28113 the following example:
28116 \begin_layout Standard
28117 \begin_inset Graphics
28118 filename clipart/ERT.png
28126 \begin_layout Standard
28130 \begin_layout Standard
28131 This is a line with a
28135 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28148 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28158 \begin_layout Standard
28159 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
28162 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28167 At the end of LaTeX-commands without parameters, you have to insert a space
28168 to let LaTeX know that the command is finished.
28176 \begin_layout Subsection
28177 Short Introduction to the LaTeX Syntax
28178 \begin_inset Argument
28181 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28188 \begin_inset Index idx
28191 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28198 \begin_inset CommandInset label
28200 name "sub:LaTeX-Syntax"
28207 \begin_layout Standard
28208 When you write larger documents or books, you will need to know something
28209 about the LaTeX-commands that LyX uses in the background.
28210 Because LaTeX is based on commands, you can
28211 \begin_inset Quotes eld
28215 \begin_inset Quotes erd
28219 This has the advantage that the layout of the document can be changed at
28220 any time if you know the right commands.
28222 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
28226 \begin_inset space \space{}
28229 imagine you have to write a manual for a product and the deadline is the
28231 Your boss just has complimented you for your good work but wants to have
28232 all caption labels bold.
28233 But you have over hundred figure and table captions with non-bold labels
28235 Of course it's impossible to change all caption labels manually in one
28239 \begin_layout Standard
28240 Now LaTeX comes into play.
28241 As mentioned above, for every problem there exists a LaTeX-package.
28242 First you have to find out which and therefore look in the LaTeX package
28244 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
28253 \begin_layout Standard
28254 As result you know that the package
28259 \begin_inset Index idx
28262 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28263 LaTeX-packages ! caption
28269 To use a package, you have to load it in the document preamble (menu
28271 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28277 \begin_layout Standard
28282 usepackage[options]{package name}
28285 \begin_layout Standard
28286 All LaTeX commands begin with a backslash, the command argument is set within
28287 two braces, and the options are set within two brackets.
28288 Note that not all commands have an argument and options.
28291 \begin_layout Standard
28292 In your case the package name is
28297 After a look in the documentation of the package, you know that the option
28302 will change the font of all caption labels to bold.
28303 So you add the command
28306 \begin_layout Standard
28311 usepackage[labelfont=bf]{caption}
28314 \begin_layout Standard
28315 to the preamble and the problem is solved.
28319 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28320 For more commands provided by the
28324 package, have a look at its documentation,
28325 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
28339 \begin_layout Standard
28340 Note that some document classes have built-in solutions for well known problems
28342 For example if you use a
28346 class, you don't need the package
28350 , you can instead write
28353 \begin_layout Standard
28358 setkomafont{captionlabel}{
28363 \begin_layout Standard
28364 in the preamble and the problem is solved.
28365 So if you plan to write a large document, you should have a look at the
28366 documentation of the document class you want to use.
28373 is an example of a command with more than one argument.)
28376 \begin_layout Standard
28377 Commands in the preamble affect the whole document, while commands in the
28378 text affect only the text after the command or only the text used as command
28380 To insert a LaTeX-command in text, use the TeX Code box as described in
28381 the previous section.
28384 \begin_layout Standard
28385 If you want to learn more about LaTeX and its syntax, have a look at the
28387 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
28389 key "latexcompanion,latexguide"
28397 \begin_layout Section
28398 Previewing Snippets of your Document
28399 \begin_inset CommandInset label
28401 name "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"
28406 \begin_inset Index idx
28409 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28416 \begin_inset Index idx
28419 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28428 \begin_layout Standard
28429 LyX allows you to generate previews of sections of your document on the
28430 fly so you can see how they'll look in the final document without having
28431 to break your train of thought with
28433 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28439 \begin_layout Standard
28440 If you would for example like to see in LyX your math formulas typeset by
28441 LaTeX, install the LaTeX-package
28446 \begin_inset Index idx
28449 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28450 LaTeX-packages ! preview-latex
28455 as explained below, and turn on
28458 \begin_inset space ~
28465 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28469 \begin_inset space ~
28473 \begin_inset space ~
28476 feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28481 \begin_inset space ~
28486 is the multiplication factor for the size.
28489 \begin_layout Standard
28490 Previews are generated when you load a document into LyX and when you finish
28492 Previews of an already loaded document are
28496 generated just by selecting the
28499 \begin_inset space ~
28504 check box, you have to reopen the documents to activate the previews.
28507 \begin_layout Standard
28508 LyX will generate previews of math insets.
28509 It will also generate previews of included insets if you select the
28512 \begin_inset space ~
28517 check box in the insert dialog.
28518 This is useful if you wish to generate a preview of a LaTeX figure, for
28522 \begin_layout Standard
28523 To get previews working, you need the LaTeX package
28527 (on some systems named simply
28532 If it is not already installed, you will find it in the TeX Catalogue,
28534 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
28540 or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system.
28541 You obtain prettier results if you install the program
28549 package; for LyX on Windows this program is automatically installed together
28553 \begin_layout Standard
28554 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
28560 \begin_layout Standard
28561 You can furthermore preview the LaTeX source of the whole document or parts
28565 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28567 \begin_inset space ~
28572 and a window will be shown where you can see the LaTeX-source code.
28573 The window shows the source of the whole paragraph where the cursor is
28575 You can also select document parts in LyX's main window, then only this
28576 selection (when it is more than one paragraph) is shown as source code.
28577 To view the whole document as source, enable the corresponding option in
28578 the source view window.
28581 \begin_layout Section
28583 \begin_inset CommandInset label
28585 name "sec:Spellchecking"
28590 \begin_inset Index idx
28593 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28602 \begin_layout Standard
28603 LyX itself has no built-in spell checker.
28604 Rather it uses one of the external programs
28621 This section assumes you have already installed and set up one of these
28627 can be seen as the successor to
28635 , it supports multiple languages in parallel, so it is recommended to use
28641 is a Hebrew spell-checker.
28642 The used spell checker and its settings are specified in LyX's preferences
28650 \begin_layout Standard
28651 For LyX on Windows, the selection box for the spell checking program is
28652 greyed out in the preferences dialog because only
28659 \begin_layout Standard
28662 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28665 or the toolbar button
28666 \begin_inset Graphics
28667 filename ../images/dialog-show_spellchecker.png
28671 starts the spell checking beginning from the current cursor position.
28672 A dialog window will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found,
28673 allowing you to edit and replace it in a second line.
28674 Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the text
28675 scrolled so that it is visible.
28680 dialog, there is also a box showing suggestions for a correction, if any
28682 Clicking on one of the corrections will copy to the
28686 field, double-click invokes directly the replacement.
28687 Unknown but correctly typed words can be added to the personal dictionary.
28690 \begin_layout Standard
28691 By default, the dictionary file used is determined by the document language
28694 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28698 If you do not have a dictionary for the document language, spell checking
28699 will bring an error message.
28700 In this case, you can specify another dictionary file in the dialog by
28701 specifying a different
28703 Alternative language
28705 in preferences dialog.
28708 \begin_layout Standard
28709 After a spell check you will be informed about the number of checked words.
28712 \begin_layout Subsubsection*
28716 \begin_layout Standard
28717 It is not possible to change the spelling of a particular word globally,
28718 rather than having to change the spelling separately for each occurrence
28720 But you can use the
28723 \begin_inset space ~
28727 \begin_inset space ~
28735 \begin_layout Standard
28736 LyX cannot correctly spell check documents containing multiple languages.
28737 This does work with
28741 , assuming you have marked the different languages appropriately.
28744 \begin_layout Subsubsection*
28748 \begin_layout Standard
28753 section in the preferences dialog has some additional options:
28756 \begin_layout Description
28758 \begin_inset space ~
28761 characters Allows you to add non-standard characters that the spell checker
28762 should consider, e.
28763 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
28767 \begin_inset space \space{}
28770 German umlauts although you are spell checking an English document.
28771 This should not normally be needed.
28774 \begin_layout Description
28776 \begin_inset space ~
28779 dictionary to use a different file as your personal dictionary instead of
28780 the spell checker's default choice
28783 \begin_layout Description
28785 \begin_inset space ~
28789 \begin_inset space ~
28792 words Prevent the spell checker from complaining about compounded words
28794 \begin_inset Quotes eld
28798 \begin_inset Quotes erd
28804 \begin_layout Description
28806 \begin_inset space ~
28810 \begin_inset space ~
28813 encoding Uses the document encoding that is set in the
28815 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28822 also for the spellchecker.
28826 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28827 The encodings are explained in section
28828 \begin_inset space ~
28832 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
28834 reference "cha:The-Document-Settings"
28843 Only enable this if you use
28847 and can't spell check words with international letters in them.
28848 There have been reports that this does not work with all dictionaries,
28849 so this is disabled by default.
28852 \begin_layout Section
28854 \begin_inset Index idx
28857 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28864 \begin_inset CommandInset label
28866 name "sec:Thesaurus"
28873 \begin_layout Standard
28874 LyX provides a multilingual thesaurus.
28875 It uses the same thesaurus framework as OpenOffice and Firefox (namely
28884 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28885 \begin_inset CommandInset href
28887 target "http://lingucomponent.openoffice.org/thesaurus.html"
28896 thesaurus library, which is included in LyX).
28897 Therefore, LyX can directly access OpenOffice thesaurus dictionaries, which
28898 are available for many languages.
28901 \begin_layout Standard
28902 This section describes how new dictionaries are installed and set up for
28906 \begin_layout Subsection
28907 Setting up the thesaurus
28910 \begin_layout Standard
28915 OpenOffice thesauri consist of two files per language: A file with the suffix
28920 containing the data and an index file with the suffix
28925 The standardized file names include the language code for the given language
28927 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
28931 en_EN for English).
28932 For instance, the English files are named:
28935 \begin_layout Itemize
28939 \begin_layout Itemize
28943 \begin_layout Standard
28944 If you have OpenOffice and its thesaurus installed, these files should be
28945 already on your system.
28946 If not, you can get dictionaries from the site
28947 \begin_inset Flex URL
28950 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28952 http://extensions.services.openoffice.org
28958 Note that, as of OpenOffice 3.0, these files are usually packed in extension
28963 ) that contain other files such as spellchecker dictionaries besides the
28965 These archives are simple zip files, so you can unpack them as you would
28966 unpack a zip archive.
28969 \begin_layout Standard
28978 files of all languages you want to use into one directory (do not use subfolder
28979 s), and specify the path to this directory in
28981 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28982 Preferences\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28986 Now the thesaurus should be ready to use.
28989 \begin_layout Subsection
28990 Using the thesaurus
28993 \begin_layout Standard
28994 To start the thesaurus, use the menu
28996 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
28999 or the toolbar button
29000 \begin_inset Graphics
29001 filename ../images/thesaurus-entry.png
29002 rotateOrigin center
29006 while the cursor is at the word you want to look up or while a word is
29008 A dialog pops up showing you probably related words that you can use as
29010 The proposals are grouped into categories.
29011 Note that the thesaurus does not only show synonyms, but also hyperonyms
29012 and hyponyms (such as
29020 ), compounds (such as
29024 ) and antonyms (such as
29032 ), which are marked as such.
29035 \begin_layout Standard
29036 The language is automatically chosen from the language at the cursor, but
29037 you can also switch it in the dialog, as you can enter new words to look
29041 \begin_layout Standard
29042 Note that the thesaurus cannot handle phrases (only compounds that are in
29043 the dictionary, such as the above
29047 ), and you have to use the so called lemma form, i.
29048 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
29052 the form that is used in the dictionaries (for many languages: first person
29053 singular indicative active for nouns, infinitive for verbs).
29054 For example looking up the word forms
29062 yields no results, while results are shown for the word form
29067 Your best bet is to highlight only the relevant parts of such word (e.
29068 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
29080 s), then you get proposals without adjusting the query in the dialog, and
29081 also the replacement will probably be correct (as only the highlighted
29082 part will be replaced, thus the ending remains).
29085 \begin_layout Subsection
29086 License of the Thesaurus library
29089 \begin_layout Standard
29094 library, which is used by LyX for the thesaurus, was created by
29099 as a standalone program.
29100 Version 1.1 of the library is included in LyX.
29101 The library was released under the
29103 Berkeley Database License
29105 , which is compatible with LyX's license, the GPL.
29106 In order to meet the requirements of the Berkeley Database License, the
29107 MyThes license file is included in the LyX sources in the folder
29109 ~src/support/mythes/license.readme
29112 In LyX Windows installations it is additionally available in the file
29116 that is in the same folder as the file lyx.exe.
29119 \begin_layout Section
29121 \begin_inset Index idx
29124 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29131 \begin_inset Index idx
29134 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29135 Document ! Change Tracking
29141 \begin_inset CommandInset label
29143 name "sec:Change-Tracking"
29150 \begin_layout Standard
29151 When you work on a document collaboratively it is extremely useful to be
29152 able to see changes that others have made highlighted in the document.
29153 You can then decide if you want to accept a change or not.
29154 This can be achieved by turning on change tracking in the menu
29156 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29158 \begin_inset space ~
29161 Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29163 \begin_inset space ~
29171 \begin_layout Standard
29172 Changes made in the document will then be highlighted by strokes and colors:
29186 The color depends on the author that made the change.
29187 You can change the color in LyX's preferences dialog under
29190 \begin_inset space ~
29194 \begin_inset space ~
29204 \begin_inset Index idx
29207 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29208 Color ! Change tracking
29213 The author and the date of the change are shown in LyX's status bar when
29214 the cursor is in changed text.
29215 The same information is shown when you use the toolbar button
29216 \begin_inset Graphics
29217 filename ../images/changes-merge.png
29218 rotateOrigin center
29225 \begin_layout Standard
29226 When change tracking is activated, you will see the review toolbar in LyX:
29227 \begin_inset Index idx
29230 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29239 \begin_layout Standard
29240 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
29246 \begin_layout Standard
29247 \begin_inset Graphics
29248 filename clipart/ChangesToolbar.png
29255 \begin_layout Standard
29256 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
29262 \begin_layout Standard
29263 The review toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following
29267 \begin_layout Standard
29268 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
29274 \begin_layout Standard
29275 \begin_inset Tabular
29276 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
29277 <features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
29278 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
29279 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
29280 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
29281 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29284 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29285 \begin_inset Graphics
29286 filename ../images/changes-track.png
29287 rotateOrigin center
29296 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29299 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29302 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29304 \begin_inset space ~
29307 Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29309 \begin_inset space ~
29318 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
29319 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29322 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29323 \begin_inset Graphics
29324 filename ../images/changes-output.png
29325 rotateOrigin center
29334 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29337 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29340 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29342 \begin_inset space ~
29345 Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29347 \begin_inset space ~
29351 \begin_inset space ~
29355 \begin_inset space ~
29364 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
29365 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29368 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29369 \begin_inset Graphics
29370 filename ../images/change-next.png
29371 rotateOrigin center
29380 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29383 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29384 Jumps to the next change
29390 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
29391 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29394 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29395 \begin_inset Graphics
29396 filename ../images/change-accept.png
29397 rotateOrigin center
29406 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29409 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29412 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29414 \begin_inset space ~
29417 Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29419 \begin_inset space ~
29428 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
29429 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29432 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29433 \begin_inset Graphics
29434 filename ../images/change-reject.png
29435 rotateOrigin center
29444 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29447 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29450 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29452 \begin_inset space ~
29455 Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29457 \begin_inset space ~
29466 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
29467 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29470 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29471 \begin_inset Graphics
29472 filename ../images/changes-merge.png
29473 rotateOrigin center
29482 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29485 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29488 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29490 \begin_inset space ~
29493 Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29495 \begin_inset space ~
29504 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
29505 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29508 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29509 \begin_inset Graphics
29510 filename ../images/all-changes-accept.png
29511 rotateOrigin center
29520 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29523 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29526 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29528 \begin_inset space ~
29531 Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29533 \begin_inset space ~
29537 \begin_inset space ~
29546 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
29547 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29550 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29551 \begin_inset Graphics
29552 filename ../images/all-changes-reject.png
29553 rotateOrigin center
29562 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29565 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29568 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29570 \begin_inset space ~
29573 Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29575 \begin_inset space ~
29579 \begin_inset space ~
29588 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
29589 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29592 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29593 \begin_inset Graphics
29594 filename ../images/note-insert.png
29595 rotateOrigin center
29604 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29607 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29610 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29611 Note\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29613 \begin_inset space ~
29622 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
29623 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29626 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29627 \begin_inset Graphics
29628 filename ../images/note-next.png
29629 rotateOrigin center
29638 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
29641 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29644 Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29646 \begin_inset space ~
29662 \begin_layout Standard
29663 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
29669 \begin_layout Standard
29670 The review toolbar helps you to accept, reject, or merge changes – highlight
29671 the change and press one of the desired toolbar buttons.
29672 When you merge changes, a window pops up showing you information about
29673 the next change after the current cursor position.
29674 So you don't need to highlight a certain change.
29675 Within the merge window you can decide to accept or reject changes and
29676 step to the next change.
29677 This way you can jump through all the changes in the document.
29680 \begin_layout Standard
29681 The toolbar has two buttons to handle notes because notes are often important
29682 to describe a change.
29685 \begin_layout Standard
29686 To show made changes in the output you need the LaTeX package
29691 \begin_inset Index idx
29694 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29695 LaTeX-packages ! dvipost
29701 You will find it in the TeX Catalogue,
29702 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
29708 or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system.
29711 \begin_layout Section
29712 International Support
29713 \begin_inset Index idx
29716 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29717 International support
29725 \begin_layout Standard
29726 This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want.
29727 For some non-western languages there are special Wiki-pages that explain
29728 how to set up LyX to use them:
29729 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
29731 key "Arabic,Armenian,Farsi,Hebrew"
29738 \begin_layout Standard
29739 Besides languages, LyX also supports phonetic symbols, see section
29740 \begin_inset space ~
29744 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
29746 reference "sub:Special-Character"
29753 \begin_layout Subsection
29755 \begin_inset Index idx
29758 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29765 \begin_inset Index idx
29768 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29769 Document ! Settings
29775 \begin_inset Index idx
29778 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29779 Document ! Language
29787 \begin_layout Standard
29790 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29793 dialog lets you set
29795 the language and character encoding for your language.
29799 \begin_layout Standard
29800 Choose your language in the
29804 section of this dialog.
29812 \begin_layout Standard
29817 you can choose the character encoding map you want to use for LaTeX export.
29822 is the preferred choice and works well in most cases.
29823 For details about the different encoding options see section
29824 \begin_inset space ~
29828 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
29830 reference "cha:The-Document-Settings"
29837 \begin_layout Subsection
29838 Keyboard mapping configuration
29839 \begin_inset CommandInset label
29841 name "sub:Keyboard-mapping"
29848 \begin_layout Standard
29849 If you have for example a U.S.-style keyboard and want to write in a language
29850 other than English, you can use an alternate keymap.
29851 For example, if you have a U.S.-style keyboard but want to write in Italian,
29852 you can configure LyX to use an Italian keymap.
29853 The preferences dialog allows you to choose up to two keyboard mappings,
29855 \begin_inset space ~
29859 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
29861 reference "sub:Keyboard-Map"
29866 You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select
29867 which one you want to use.
29870 \begin_layout Standard
29871 Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely
29872 different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance).
29873 You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U.S.
29874 keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German.
29875 In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing
29876 one to support the characters you want.
29877 This and many other customizations are explained in the
29884 \begin_layout Subsection
29888 \begin_layout Standard
29890 \begin_inset space ~
29894 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
29896 reference "cap:The-latin1-character"
29905 You should be able to enter the characters in the first eight columns directly
29909 \begin_layout Standard
29910 There are a few things you need to know about this table.
29911 Here are some of the details you'll need to bear in mind when using characters
29919 \begin_layout Itemize
29920 Even if you have selected
29926 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
29929 dialog, users who have only the
29933 -fonts for LaTeX [or who have the
29937 -fonts but aren't using them] will still miss a few characters: D0, F0,
29938 DE, FE, AB, and BB – the uppercase and lowercase eth and thorn, and the
29939 french quotes won't show up.
29942 \begin_layout Standard
29943 \begin_inset Float table
29948 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29949 \begin_inset Caption
29951 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29952 \begin_inset CommandInset label
29954 name "cap:The-latin1-character"
29970 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29972 \begin_inset Tabular
29973 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="17">
29974 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
29975 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29976 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29977 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29978 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29979 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29980 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29981 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29982 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29983 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29984 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29985 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29986 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29987 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29988 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29989 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29990 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29991 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29993 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29996 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30002 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30005 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30020 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30023 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30038 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30041 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30056 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30059 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30074 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30077 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30092 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30095 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30110 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30113 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30128 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30131 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30146 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30149 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30164 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30167 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30182 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30185 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30200 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30203 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30218 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30221 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30236 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30239 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30254 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30257 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30272 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
30275 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30292 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
30295 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30310 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30313 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30319 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30322 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30328 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30331 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30337 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30340 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30354 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30357 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30371 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30374 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30388 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30391 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30405 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30408 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30422 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30425 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30431 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30434 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30440 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30443 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30449 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30452 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30466 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30469 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30483 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30486 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30500 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30503 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30517 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
30520 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30536 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
30539 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30554 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30557 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30563 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30566 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30572 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30575 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30589 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30592 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30606 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30609 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30623 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30626 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30640 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30643 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30657 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30660 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30674 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30677 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30683 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30686 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30692 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30695 \begin_layout Plain Layout
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33656 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33659 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33665 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33668 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33682 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33685 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33699 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33702 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33716 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33719 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33733 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33736 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33750 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33753 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33767 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33770 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33776 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33779 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33785 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33788 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33794 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33797 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33811 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33814 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33828 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33831 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33845 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33848 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33862 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
33865 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33881 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
33884 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33899 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33902 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33908 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33911 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33917 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33920 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33934 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33937 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33951 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33954 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33968 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33971 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33985 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
33988 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34002 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34005 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34019 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34022 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34028 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34031 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34037 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34040 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34054 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34057 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34071 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34074 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34088 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34091 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34105 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34108 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34122 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
34125 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34141 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
34144 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34159 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34162 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34168 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34171 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34177 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34180 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34194 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34197 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34211 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34214 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34228 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34231 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34245 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34248 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34262 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34265 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34271 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34274 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34280 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34283 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34289 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34292 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34306 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34309 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34323 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34326 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34340 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34343 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34357 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
34360 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34374 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
34377 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34404 \begin_layout Standard
34405 The following is a full list of all of the accented characters LyX can display
34407 It includes not only the accented characters from the previous table, but
34408 also the characters from
34420 \begin_layout Itemize
34429 \begin_layout Standard
34430 ¨ Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü ä ë ï ö ü ÿ
34431 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
34437 \begin_layout Standard
34438 ^ Â Ê Î Ô Û â ê î ô û
34439 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
34445 \begin_layout Standard
34446 ` À È Ì Ò Ù à è ì ò ù
34447 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
34453 \begin_layout Standard
34454 ´ Á É Í Ó Ú Ý á é í ó ú ý
34455 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
34461 \begin_layout Standard
34463 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
34469 \begin_layout Standard
34471 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
34477 \begin_layout Standard
34479 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
34486 \begin_layout Itemize
34499 \begin_layout Standard
34501 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
34507 \begin_layout Standard
34509 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
34515 \begin_layout Standard
34517 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
34523 \begin_layout Standard
34525 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
34531 \begin_layout Standard
34533 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
34539 \begin_layout Standard
34541 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
34548 \begin_layout Standard
34549 All the characters above are actively supported by TeX fonts.
34550 In addition TeX allows diacritical marks on almost all characters.
34551 Also make sure you're using the
34558 \begin_layout Chapter
34561 \begin_inset CommandInset label
34563 name "cha:The-User-Interface"
34570 \begin_layout Standard
34571 This appendix lists all the available menus and describes their functionality.
34572 It is designed as a quick reference if you are searching for a special
34573 topic inside the user's guide.
34576 \begin_layout Section
34578 \begin_inset Index idx
34581 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34590 \begin_layout Standard
34595 menu are the basic operations in addition to some more advanced operations.
34596 At the end of the menu the four last opened documents are listed.
34599 \begin_layout Subsection
34603 \begin_layout Standard
34604 Creates a new document.
34607 \begin_layout Subsection
34611 \begin_layout Standard
34612 This menu entry prompts you for a template to use.
34613 Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for
34614 the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually.
34617 \begin_layout Subsection
34621 \begin_layout Standard
34625 \begin_layout Subsection
34629 \begin_layout Standard
34630 The submenu shows a list of the recently opened files.
34631 Click there on a file to open it.
34634 \begin_layout Subsection
34638 \begin_layout Standard
34639 Closes the current document.
34642 \begin_layout Subsection
34646 \begin_layout Standard
34647 Closes all opened documents.
34650 \begin_layout Subsection
34654 \begin_layout Standard
34655 Saves the actual document.
34658 \begin_layout Subsection
34662 \begin_layout Standard
34663 Saves the actual document under a new name to create a copy.
34666 \begin_layout Subsection
34670 \begin_layout Standard
34671 Saves all opened documents.
34674 \begin_layout Subsection
34678 \begin_layout Standard
34679 Reloads the actual document from disk.
34682 \begin_layout Subsection
34686 \begin_layout Standard
34687 This is used when more people are working on the same document.
34688 It is described in the section
34690 Version Control in LyX
34694 Additional Features
34699 \begin_layout Subsection
34703 \begin_layout Standard
34704 You can import there files from older LyX-versions, HTML-files, LaTeX-files,
34705 NoWeb-files, plain text files, and comma separated, table like, text files
34706 (CSV) as a new LyX-document.
34707 The files will be imported as new LyX-document.
34710 \begin_layout Standard
34711 When using the menu entry
34714 \begin_inset space ~
34719 , line breaks in the text will start a new paragraph; when using the menu
34723 \begin_inset space ~
34727 \begin_inset space ~
34732 , consecutive lines of text will be imported to one big paragraph.
34733 A new paragraph will begin when there is a blank line in the file.
34736 \begin_layout Subsection
34738 \begin_inset CommandInset label
34747 \begin_layout Standard
34748 You can export your document to various file formats.
34749 The resulting files are placed in the directory of your LyX-file.
34750 The menu entries are not the same on all installations.
34751 They depend on the programs found by LyX while its configuration.
34754 \begin_layout Standard
34755 Here is a list of all available entries; some of them are explained in detail
34757 \begin_inset space ~
34761 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
34763 reference "sub:Output-file-formats"
34770 \begin_layout Description
34774 \begin_inset space ~
34779 format of the special LyX 1.4.x versions for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
34781 \begin_inset Newline newline
34784 Since LyX 1.5.0 CJK support is fully integrated to LyX.
34787 \begin_layout Description
34795 \begin_layout Description
34796 HTML HTML-format (the HTML-converter is a third-party product and may not
34800 \begin_layout Description
34802 \begin_inset space ~
34806 \begin_inset space ~
34809 Word) HTML-format specialized so that the result can be imported to
34813 ; as a consequence of this formulas will be embedded as bitmap fonts and
34821 \begin_layout Description
34828 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34836 \begin_inset space ~
34841 text file with the LaTeX source, additionally all images used in the document
34842 will be converted to a format that is readable by the
34846 program (GIF, JPG, PDF, PNG)
34849 \begin_layout Description
34856 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34864 \begin_inset space ~
34869 text file with the LaTeX source code, additionally all images used in the
34870 document will be converted to the EPS-format, only this format is readable
34878 \begin_layout Description
34880 \begin_inset space ~
34883 1.y.x LyX-document in a format readable by the LyX versions 1.y.x (
34884 \begin_inset Quotes eld
34888 \begin_inset Quotes erd
34891 is replaced by the version number)
34894 \begin_layout Description
34895 LyXHTML HTML-format, using LyX's internal XHTML engine
34898 \begin_layout Description
34899 OpenDocument OpenDocument-formatted text file, to be opened with
34912 (The OpenDocument-converter is a third-party product and may not work in
34916 \begin_layout Description
34920 \begin_inset space ~
34925 PDF-format using the program
34930 \begin_layout Description
34934 \begin_inset space ~
34939 PDF-format using the program
34944 \begin_layout Description
34948 \begin_inset space ~
34953 PDF-format using the program
34958 \begin_layout Description
34962 \begin_inset space ~
34970 \begin_layout Description
34974 \begin_inset space ~
34978 \begin_inset space ~
34983 text format, the document will first be converted to Postscript format
34984 and then exported as text using the program
34989 \begin_layout Description
34994 PostScript format using the program
34999 \begin_layout Description
35007 \begin_layout Standard
35012 produces internally a DVI-file which is then converted to a PDF-file.
35013 It is a bit out of date and therefore the output could look different from
35019 produces PDF-files directly and supports the latest PDF-file formats.
35022 \begin_layout Standard
35023 If one of the menu entries
35030 \begin_inset space ~
35039 is missing, you need to update your LaTeX installation.
35040 After updating you have to reconfigure LyX, see section
35041 \begin_inset space ~
35045 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35047 reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"
35052 \begin_inset Index idx
35055 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35056 Reconfiguration of LyX
35064 \begin_layout Standard
35069 allows you to export your file by using special command line options for
35070 the export program.
35073 \begin_layout Subsection
35077 \begin_layout Standard
35078 With this menu entry you can print your document to a file in PostScript
35079 format or send it to a printer.
35080 The printer will also use the document in PostScript format.
35081 The conversion to PostScript is done in the background by LyX using the
35087 For more information have a look at section
35088 \begin_inset space ~
35092 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35094 reference "sub:Printing-the-File"
35101 \begin_layout Subsection
35105 \begin_layout Standard
35106 This menu entry will only appear when you have a fax program installed (on
35107 Windows you additionally need to register its program path to LyX's PATH
35108 prefix, see section
35109 \begin_inset space ~
35113 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35115 reference "sec:Paths"
35120 With this menu entry you can send your document to a fax program like
35129 The default format of the sent file is PostScript.
35130 The format can be changed in LyX's preferences as described in section
35131 \begin_inset space ~
35135 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35137 reference "sub:Converters"
35144 \begin_layout Subsection
35145 New and Close Window
35148 \begin_layout Standard
35149 Opens or closes a new instance of LyX.
35152 \begin_layout Subsection
35156 \begin_layout Standard
35157 Prompts you to save all unsaved documents and then exits.
35160 \begin_layout Section
35162 \begin_inset Index idx
35165 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35174 \begin_layout Subsection
35178 \begin_layout Standard
35179 Described in section
35180 \begin_inset space ~
35184 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35186 reference "sec:Undo-and-Redo"
35193 \begin_layout Subsection
35194 Cut, Copy, Paste, Paste Recent, Paste Special
35197 \begin_layout Standard
35198 Described in section
35199 \begin_inset space ~
35203 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35205 reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features"
35212 \begin_layout Subsection
35216 \begin_layout Standard
35217 Selects the whole document.
35220 \begin_layout Subsection
35224 \begin_layout Standard
35225 Described in section
35226 \begin_inset space ~
35230 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35232 reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features"
35239 \begin_layout Subsection
35240 Move Paragraph Up/Down
35243 \begin_layout Standard
35244 This shifts the paragraph where the cursor is currently in one paragraph
35248 \begin_layout Subsection
35252 \begin_layout Standard
35253 Described in section
35254 \begin_inset space ~
35258 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35260 reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"
35267 \begin_layout Subsection
35269 \begin_inset Index idx
35272 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35273 Paragraph ! Settings
35281 \begin_layout Standard
35282 Enables you to set the paragraph alignment, line spacing and label width.
35283 These settings only affect the paragraph in which the cursor is currently.
35286 \begin_layout Standard
35287 You can also prevent the first line of the paragraph being indented if you
35288 have chosen to separate paragraphs with indents in the
35290 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
35296 \begin_inset space ~
35304 \begin_layout Subsection
35305 Table Settings and Math
35308 \begin_layout Standard
35309 These two menus are only fully active when the cursor is inside a table
35311 Here you can change the properties of tables and formulas.
35312 The properties of tables are described in section
35313 \begin_inset space ~
35317 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35319 reference "sec:Tables"
35323 , the properties of formulas in chapter
35324 \begin_inset space ~
35328 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35330 reference "cha:Mathematical-Formulas"
35337 \begin_layout Subsection
35338 Increase / Decrease List Depth
35341 \begin_layout Standard
35342 These menu entries are only active when the cursor is in an environment
35343 that can be nested.
35344 They increase/decrease the environment nesting level as explained in section
35345 \begin_inset space ~
35349 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35351 reference "sec:Nesting"
35356 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35358 reference "sub:Numbering-depth"
35365 \begin_layout Section
35367 \begin_inset Index idx
35370 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35379 \begin_layout Standard
35384 menu contains a list of available formats in which you can view the actual
35385 document with an external program.
35386 The menu entries for the viewing formats are not the same on all installations
35387 — it depends on the LaTeX programs that are found while LyX was configured.
35388 All possible formats are formats listed in section
35389 \begin_inset space ~
35393 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35395 reference "sub:Export"
35400 You should at least see the menu entries
35407 \begin_inset space ~
35413 If one of the two is missing, you need to update your LaTeX installation.
35414 After updating you have to reconfigure LyX, see section
35415 \begin_inset space ~
35419 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35421 reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"
35426 \begin_inset Index idx
35429 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35430 Reconfiguration of LyX
35438 \begin_layout Standard
35439 Invoking a menu will start a viewer program.
35440 The viewer can be set or changed in the preferences, see section
35441 \begin_inset space ~
35445 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35447 reference "sec:File-Formats"
35452 The default viewers are set by LyX when it is first configured.
35455 \begin_layout Standard
35456 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
35459 At the bottom of the
35463 menu the opened documents are listed.
35466 \begin_layout Subsection
35467 Open/Close all Insets
35470 \begin_layout Standard
35471 Opens/closes all insets in your document.
35474 \begin_layout Subsection
35475 Unfold/Fold Math Macros
35478 \begin_layout Standard
35479 Unfolds/folds the current math macro.
35482 \begin_layout Standard
35483 Math macros are described in the
35490 \begin_layout Subsection
35494 \begin_layout Standard
35495 Opens a window showing the source code of the actual document, as described
35497 \begin_inset space ~
35501 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35503 reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"
35510 \begin_layout Subsection
35514 \begin_layout Standard
35515 This menu entry allows you to update the view with your latest changes without
35516 opening a new view window.
35519 \begin_layout Subsection
35523 \begin_layout Standard
35524 This will split LyX's main window vertically or horizontally.
35525 This allows you to view documents the same time to compare them, or to
35526 view the same document, but at different positions.
35527 You can even split the main window several times to view for example 3
35528 or more documents at the same time.
35529 To return to an unsplit view, use the menu
35536 \begin_layout Subsection
35540 \begin_layout Standard
35541 Closes a split view.
35544 \begin_layout Subsection
35548 \begin_layout Standard
35549 Using this menu entry or pressing F11 removes the menu bar and all toolbars
35550 so that you will see nothing but your text.
35551 It furthermore displays LyX's main window fullscreen.
35552 To return from fullscreen to the normal view, press F11, or right-click
35553 and turn off the fullscreen mode in the context menu.
35556 \begin_layout Subsection
35558 \begin_inset CommandInset label
35560 name "sub:Toolbars"
35565 \begin_inset Index idx
35568 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35577 \begin_layout Standard
35578 In this menu entry you can set the appearance of the different toolbars.
35579 All toolbars and the
35582 \begin_inset space ~
35587 can be turned on and off.
35592 state is denoted in the menu with a checkmark.
35604 \begin_inset space ~
35613 toolbars can be additionally set to the state
35617 that is denoted in the menu with the suffix
35624 \begin_layout Standard
35629 state the toolbar is permanently shown, in the
35633 state the toolbar is only shown when the cursor is in a certain environment
35634 or when a certain feature is enabled.
35635 That means that the review toolbar will only be shown when change tracking
35636 is activated, the math and table toolbars are only shown when the cursor
35637 is inside a formula or table, respectively.
35640 \begin_layout Standard
35641 LyX's toolbars and their buttons are explained in section
35642 \begin_inset space ~
35646 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35648 reference "sec:Toolbars"
35655 \begin_layout Section
35657 \begin_inset Index idx
35660 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35669 \begin_layout Subsection
35673 \begin_layout Standard
35674 Inserts math constructs that are explained in chapter
35675 \begin_inset space ~
35679 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35681 reference "cha:Mathematical-Formulas"
35692 \begin_layout Subsection
35694 \begin_inset CommandInset label
35696 name "sub:Special-Character"
35703 \begin_layout Standard
35704 Here you can insert the following characters:
35707 \begin_layout Description
35708 Symbols Inserts any character that can be output by your LaTeX system.
35709 Therefore the number of character categories in this dialog and the available
35710 characters depend on the LaTeX-packages you have installed.
35711 \begin_inset Newline newline
35715 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
35718 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35723 Not all characters will be visible in the
35727 dialog because none of the screen fonts that you can set in the preferences
35729 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
35733 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35735 reference "sub:Screen-Fonts"
35739 ) can display every character.
35747 \begin_layout Description
35748 Ellipsis Inserts an ellipsis: \SpecialChar \ldots{}
35752 \begin_layout Description
35754 \begin_inset space ~
35758 \begin_inset space ~
35761 Sentence Inserts an end of sentence dot as described in section
35762 \begin_inset space ~
35766 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35768 reference "sub:Abbreviations"
35775 \begin_layout Description
35777 \begin_inset space ~
35780 Quote Inserts this quote:
35781 \begin_inset Quotes erd
35784 , no matter what quote type you selected in the
35786 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
35796 \begin_layout Description
35798 \begin_inset space ~
35801 Quote Inserts this quote:
35802 \begin_inset Quotes els
35808 \begin_layout Description
35810 \begin_inset space ~
35813 Hyphen Inserts a hyphen that is protected from line breaks: \SpecialChar \nobreakdash-
35817 \begin_layout Description
35819 \begin_inset space ~
35822 Slash Inserts a slash where also a line break can occur: \SpecialChar \slash{}
35826 \begin_layout Description
35828 \begin_inset space ~
35831 Separator Inserts the menu separator sign: \SpecialChar \menuseparator
35835 \begin_layout Description
35837 \begin_inset space ~
35841 \begin_inset Index idx
35844 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35851 \begin_inset Index idx
35854 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35855 Language ! Phonetic symbols
35860 Creates a formula with a so called tipa inset.
35861 Here you can insert commands to create IPA phonetic symbols.
35862 For this feature you must have the LaTeX-package
35867 \begin_inset Index idx
35870 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35871 LaTeX-packages ! tipa
35877 \begin_inset Newline newline
35880 For more information about this feature we refer to the documentation of
35884 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
35892 and this Wiki-page:
35893 \begin_inset Newline newline
35897 \begin_inset Flex URL
35900 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35902 http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LinguistLyX
35910 \begin_layout Subsection
35914 \begin_layout Standard
35915 Here you can insert the following format constructs:
35918 \begin_layout Description
35919 Superscript Inserts a superscript: test
35920 \begin_inset Formula $^{\text{a,b}}$
35926 \begin_layout Description
35927 Subscript Inserts a subscript: test
35928 \begin_inset Formula $_{\text{3x}}$
35934 \begin_layout Description
35936 \begin_inset space ~
35939 Space Inserts a protected space that is described in section
35940 \begin_inset space ~
35944 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35946 reference "sub:Protected-Space"
35953 \begin_layout Description
35955 \begin_inset space ~
35958 Space Inserts an inter-word space that is described in section
35959 \begin_inset space ~
35963 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35965 reference "sub:Inter-word-Space"
35972 \begin_layout Description
35974 \begin_inset space ~
35977 Space Inserts a thin space that is described in section
35978 \begin_inset space ~
35982 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35984 reference "sub:Thin-Space"
35991 \begin_layout Description
35993 \begin_inset space ~
35996 Space Inserts horizontal space, see section
35997 \begin_inset space ~
36001 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36003 reference "sub:Horizontal-Space"
36010 \begin_layout Description
36012 \begin_inset space ~
36015 Line Inserts a horizontal line, see section
36016 \begin_inset space ~
36020 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36022 reference "sub:Horizontal-Lines"
36029 \begin_layout Description
36031 \begin_inset space ~
36034 Space Inserts vertical space, see section
36035 \begin_inset space ~
36039 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36041 reference "sub:Vertical-Space"
36048 \begin_layout Description
36050 \begin_inset space ~
36053 Point Inserts a hyphenation point, see section
36054 \begin_inset space ~
36058 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36060 reference "sub:Hyphenation"
36067 \begin_layout Description
36069 \begin_inset space ~
36072 Break Inserts a ligature break, see section
36073 \begin_inset space ~
36077 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36079 reference "sub:Ligatures"
36086 \begin_layout Description
36088 \begin_inset space ~
36092 \begin_inset space ~
36095 Break Inserts a forced line break, see section
36096 \begin_inset space ~
36100 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36102 reference "sub:Forced-Line-Breaks"
36109 \begin_layout Description
36111 \begin_inset space ~
36114 Break Inserts a forced line break that furthermore stretches the broken
36115 text line to the page border, see section
36116 \begin_inset space ~
36120 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36122 reference "sub:Forced-Line-Breaks"
36129 \begin_layout Description
36131 \begin_inset space ~
36134 Page Inserts a forced page break, described in section
36135 \begin_inset space ~
36139 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36141 reference "sub:Forced-Page-Breaks"
36148 \begin_layout Description
36150 \begin_inset space ~
36153 Break Inserts a forced page break that furthermore stretches the broken
36154 text page to the page border, described in section
36155 \begin_inset space ~
36159 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36161 reference "sub:Forced-Page-Breaks"
36168 \begin_layout Description
36170 \begin_inset space ~
36173 Page Inserts a clear page break, described in section
36174 \begin_inset space ~
36178 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36180 reference "sub:Clear-Page-Breaks"
36187 \begin_layout Description
36189 \begin_inset space ~
36193 \begin_inset space ~
36196 Page Inserts a clear doublepage break, described in section
36197 \begin_inset space ~
36201 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36203 reference "sub:Clear-Page-Breaks"
36210 \begin_layout Subsection
36214 \begin_layout Standard
36215 Various lists can be inserted with this menu entry.
36216 The table of contents, the algorithm, figures, and tables list are described
36218 \begin_inset space ~
36222 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36224 reference "sec:toc"
36229 The index list is described in section
36230 \begin_inset space ~
36234 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36236 reference "sec:Index"
36240 , the nomenclature in section
36241 \begin_inset space ~
36245 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36247 reference "sec:Nomenclature"
36251 , and the BibTeX bibliography in section
36252 \begin_inset space ~
36256 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36258 reference "sub:Bibliography-databases"
36265 \begin_layout Subsection
36269 \begin_layout Standard
36270 To insert floats, described in section
36271 \begin_inset space ~
36275 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36277 reference "sec:Floats"
36284 \begin_layout Subsection
36288 \begin_layout Standard
36289 To insert notes, described in section
36290 \begin_inset space ~
36294 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36296 reference "sec:Notes"
36303 \begin_layout Subsection
36307 \begin_layout Standard
36308 Inserts branch insets as described in section
36309 \begin_inset space ~
36313 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36315 reference "sec:Branches"
36322 \begin_layout Subsection
36326 \begin_layout Standard
36327 Inserts document class-specific insets.
36328 Such insets only exist when they are defined in the layout file for a certain
36330 An example is the document class
36331 \begin_inset Quotes eld
36335 \begin_inset Quotes erd
36338 with three custom insets.
36341 Flex insets and InsetLayout
36347 manual explains how custom insets are defined.
36350 \begin_layout Subsection
36352 \begin_inset Index idx
36355 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36364 \begin_layout Standard
36365 This menu entry allows you to insert or include the contents of other LyX
36366 files in your document.
36367 How you can do this is explained in detail in the chapter
36378 \begin_layout Subsection
36380 \begin_inset Index idx
36383 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36392 \begin_layout Standard
36393 Inserts a minipage box that is described section
36394 \begin_inset space ~
36398 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36400 reference "sec:Minipages"
36405 All box types supported by LyX are explained in detail in the chapter
36416 \begin_layout Subsection
36420 \begin_layout Standard
36421 Inserts a citation as described in section
36422 \begin_inset space ~
36426 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36428 reference "sec:Bibliography"
36435 \begin_layout Subsection
36439 \begin_layout Standard
36440 Inserts a cross-reference as described in section
36441 \begin_inset space ~
36445 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36447 reference "sec:Cross-References"
36454 \begin_layout Subsection
36458 \begin_layout Standard
36459 Inserts a label as described in section
36460 \begin_inset space ~
36464 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36466 reference "sec:Cross-References"
36473 \begin_layout Subsection
36475 \begin_inset Index idx
36478 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36485 \begin_inset Index idx
36488 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36489 Longtables ! Caption
36497 \begin_layout Standard
36498 Inserts a caption in a float or longtable.
36499 Floats are described in section
36500 \begin_inset space ~
36504 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36506 reference "sec:Floats"
36510 , captions in longtables are described in the section
36521 \begin_layout Subsection
36525 \begin_layout Standard
36526 Inserts an index entry as described in section
36527 \begin_inset space ~
36531 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36533 reference "sec:Index"
36540 \begin_layout Subsection
36544 \begin_layout Standard
36545 Inserts a nomenclature entry as described in section
36546 \begin_inset space ~
36550 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36552 reference "sec:Nomenclature"
36559 \begin_layout Subsection
36563 \begin_layout Standard
36565 Tables are described in section
36566 \begin_inset space ~
36570 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36572 reference "sec:Tables"
36579 \begin_layout Subsection
36583 \begin_layout Standard
36585 Graphics are described in section
36586 \begin_inset space ~
36590 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36592 reference "sec:Graphics"
36599 \begin_layout Subsection
36603 \begin_layout Standard
36604 Inserts an URL as described in section
36605 \begin_inset space ~
36609 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36611 reference "sub:URLs"
36618 \begin_layout Subsection
36622 \begin_layout Standard
36623 Inserts a hyperlink as described in section
36624 \begin_inset space ~
36628 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36630 reference "sub:Hyperlinks"
36637 \begin_layout Subsection
36641 \begin_layout Standard
36642 Inserts a footnote, see section
36643 \begin_inset space ~
36647 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36649 reference "sec:Footnotes"
36656 \begin_layout Subsection
36660 \begin_layout Standard
36661 Inserts a marginal note, see section
36662 \begin_inset space ~
36666 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36668 reference "sec:Marginal-Notes"
36675 \begin_layout Subsection
36679 \begin_layout Standard
36680 Inserts a short title, see section
36681 \begin_inset space ~
36685 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36687 reference "sec:Short-Titles"
36694 \begin_layout Subsection
36698 \begin_layout Standard
36699 Inserts a TeX Code box, see section
36700 \begin_inset space ~
36704 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36706 reference "sub:TeX-Code-Boxes"
36713 \begin_layout Subsection
36715 \begin_inset Index idx
36718 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36727 \begin_layout Standard
36728 Inserts a program listings box.
36729 Program listings are explained in the chapter
36731 Program Code Listings
36740 \begin_layout Subsection
36744 \begin_layout Standard
36745 Inserts the actual date.
36746 The format depends on the date format of the language that is used for
36748 LyX offers various ways to insert a date which are explained and also compared
36760 \begin_layout Section
36762 \begin_inset Index idx
36765 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36774 \begin_layout Standard
36775 This menu lists the existing chapters, sections, figures, tables, etc.
36776 \begin_inset space ~
36779 of the current document.
36780 This allows you to navigate easily through you document.
36783 \begin_layout Subsection
36787 \begin_layout Standard
36788 With this menu entry you are able to define your own bookmarks.
36789 This is useful when you are working on a large document and often have
36791 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
36795 \begin_inset space \space{}
36799 \begin_inset space ~
36803 To create bookmarks for this example, go to section
36804 \begin_inset space ~
36807 2.5 and use the menu
36810 \begin_inset space ~
36814 \begin_inset space ~
36821 \begin_inset space ~
36827 \begin_inset space ~
36831 \begin_inset space ~
36837 Now you can jump easily between these sections by using the menu or by
36841 arg "bookmark-goto 1"
36847 arg "bookmark-goto 2"
36853 \begin_layout Standard
36854 You can also use bookmarks to jump between several opened documents.
36855 The saved bookmarks are valid till the document is closed.
36858 \begin_layout Subsection
36859 Next Note, Change, Cross-reference
36862 \begin_layout Standard
36863 Jump to the next note, change, or cross-reference following the current
36867 \begin_layout Subsection
36871 \begin_layout Standard
36872 Only active when the cursor is in front of a cross-reference.
36873 Sets the cursor before the referenced label, the same as if you right-click
36874 on a cross-reference box.
36877 \begin_layout Section
36879 \begin_inset Index idx
36882 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36891 \begin_layout Subsection
36895 \begin_layout Standard
36896 Change Tracking is described in section
36897 \begin_inset space ~
36901 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36903 reference "sec:Change-Tracking"
36910 \begin_layout Subsection
36915 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36925 \begin_layout Standard
36926 After running LaTeX by viewing or exporting a document, this menu will be
36928 It shows the logfile of the used LaTeX-program.
36931 \begin_layout Standard
36932 Here you can see how LaTeX works in the background.
36937 will find in it reasons for LaTeX-errors.
36940 \begin_layout Subsection
36944 \begin_layout Standard
36945 Opens the TOC/Outline window as described in section
36946 \begin_inset space ~
36950 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36952 reference "sec:Navigating"
36957 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36959 reference "sub:Table-of-Contents"
36966 \begin_layout Subsection
36967 Start Appendix Here
36970 \begin_layout Standard
36971 This menu will start the appendix of the document at the current cursor
36972 position as described in section
36973 \begin_inset space ~
36977 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36979 reference "sec:Appendices"
36986 \begin_layout Subsection
36990 \begin_layout Standard
36991 Un/compresses the current document.
36994 \begin_layout Subsection
36998 \begin_layout Standard
36999 The document settings are described in appendix
37000 \begin_inset space ~
37004 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37006 reference "cha:The-Document-Settings"
37013 \begin_layout Section
37015 \begin_inset Index idx
37018 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37027 \begin_layout Subsection
37031 \begin_layout Standard
37032 Spell checking is explained in section
37033 \begin_inset space ~
37037 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37039 reference "sec:Spellchecking"
37046 \begin_layout Subsection
37050 \begin_layout Standard
37051 The thesaurus is described in section
37052 \begin_inset space ~
37056 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37058 reference "sec:Thesaurus"
37065 \begin_layout Subsection
37067 \begin_inset Index idx
37070 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37077 \begin_inset Index idx
37080 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37089 \begin_layout Standard
37090 Counts the number of words and characters in the actual document or the
37091 highlighted document part.
37094 \begin_layout Subsection
37096 \begin_inset Index idx
37099 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37108 \begin_layout Standard
37109 Shows you a list of the classes and styles installed in your LaTeX-system.
37112 \begin_layout Subsection
37114 \begin_inset Index idx
37117 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37118 LyX ! Reconfigure|see
37122 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37129 Reconfiguration of LyX
37133 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37146 \begin_inset Index idx
37149 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37150 Reconfiguration of LyX
37158 \begin_layout Standard
37159 This menu entry reconfigures LyX; that is, LyX looks for LaTeX-packages
37160 and needed programs it needs; see also section
37161 \begin_inset space ~
37165 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37167 reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"
37174 \begin_layout Subsection
37178 \begin_layout Standard
37179 The preferences dialog is described in detail in appendix
37180 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
37184 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37186 reference "cha:The-Preferences-dialog"
37193 \begin_layout Section
37195 \begin_inset Index idx
37198 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37207 \begin_layout Standard
37208 This menu opens the documentation files of LyX in the language of LyX's
37212 \begin_layout Standard
37216 \begin_inset space ~
37221 shows a LyX-document with information about the LaTeX-packages and classes
37222 found by LyX (see also section
37223 \begin_inset space ~
37227 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37229 reference "sec:LaTeX-Setup"
37236 \begin_layout Section
37238 \begin_inset CommandInset label
37240 name "sec:Toolbars"
37247 \begin_layout Standard
37248 How to show or hide toolbars is explained in section
37249 \begin_inset space ~
37253 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37255 reference "sub:Toolbars"
37262 \begin_layout Standard
37263 It is also possible to define custom toolbars.
37264 This is described in the
37266 Additional Features
37271 \begin_layout Subsection
37273 \begin_inset Index idx
37276 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37285 \begin_layout Standard
37286 \begin_inset Graphics
37287 filename clipart/StandardToolbar.png
37295 \begin_layout Standard
37296 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
37302 \begin_layout Standard
37303 The standard toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following
37308 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37320 \begin_inset Note Note
37323 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37324 This is necessary to left align the following longtables.
37329 manual for more information.
37337 \begin_layout Standard
37338 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
37344 \begin_layout Standard
37345 \begin_inset Tabular
37346 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="1" columns="2">
37347 <features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
37348 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
37349 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
37351 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37354 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37355 \begin_inset Graphics
37356 filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
37366 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37369 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37370 pull-down box for the paragraph environments
37383 \begin_layout Standard
37384 \begin_inset VSpace -10mm
37390 \begin_layout Standard
37392 \begin_inset Tabular
37393 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="21" columns="2">
37394 <features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
37395 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
37396 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
37397 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37398 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37401 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37404 \begin_inset Graphics
37405 filename ../images/buffer-new.png
37414 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37417 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37420 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37427 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37428 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37431 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37432 \begin_inset Graphics
37433 filename ../images/file-open.png
37442 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37445 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37448 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37455 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37456 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37459 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37460 \begin_inset Graphics
37461 filename ../images/buffer-write.png
37470 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37473 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37476 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37483 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37484 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37487 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37488 \begin_inset Graphics
37489 filename ../images/dialog-show_print.png
37498 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37501 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37504 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37511 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37512 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37515 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37516 \begin_inset Graphics
37517 filename ../images/dialog-show_spellchecker.png
37526 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37529 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37532 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37539 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37540 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37543 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37544 \begin_inset Graphics
37545 filename ../images/undo.png
37554 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37557 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37560 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37567 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37568 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37571 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37572 \begin_inset Graphics
37573 filename ../images/redo.png
37582 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37585 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37588 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37595 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37596 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37599 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37600 \begin_inset Graphics
37601 filename ../images/cut.png
37610 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37613 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37616 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37623 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37624 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37627 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37628 \begin_inset Graphics
37629 filename ../images/copy.png
37638 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37641 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37644 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37651 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37652 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37655 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37656 \begin_inset Graphics
37657 filename ../images/paste.png
37666 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37669 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37672 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37679 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37680 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37683 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37684 \begin_inset Graphics
37685 filename ../images/dialog-show_findreplace.png
37686 rotateOrigin center
37695 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37698 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37701 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37703 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
37707 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
37716 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37717 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37720 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37721 \begin_inset Graphics
37722 filename ../images/bookmark-goto_0.png
37723 rotateOrigin center
37732 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37735 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37738 Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37739 Bookmarks\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37746 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37747 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37750 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37751 \begin_inset Graphics
37752 filename ../images/font-emph.png
37761 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37764 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37765 Emphasize text, function of the Edit
37767 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
37769 \begin_inset space ~
37780 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37781 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37784 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37785 \begin_inset Graphics
37786 filename ../images/font-noun.png
37795 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37798 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37799 Set text to noun style, function of the Edit
37801 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
37803 \begin_inset space ~
37814 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37815 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37818 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37819 \begin_inset Graphics
37820 filename ../images/textstyle-apply.png
37829 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37832 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37833 Formats text using the current settings in the
37835 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37837 \begin_inset space ~
37848 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37849 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37852 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37853 \begin_inset Graphics
37854 filename ../images/math-mode.png
37863 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37866 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37869 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37870 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37872 \begin_inset space ~
37881 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37882 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37885 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37886 \begin_inset Graphics
37887 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_graphics.png
37888 rotateOrigin center
37897 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37900 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37903 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37910 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37911 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37914 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37915 \begin_inset Graphics
37916 filename ../images/tabular-insert.png
37917 rotateOrigin center
37926 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37929 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37932 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37939 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37940 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37943 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37944 \begin_inset Graphics
37945 filename ../images/dialog-toggle_toc.png
37946 rotateOrigin center
37955 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37958 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37959 Toggle outline window on/off,
37961 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
37968 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37969 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37972 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37973 \begin_inset Graphics
37974 filename ../images/toolbar-toggle_math.png
37975 rotateOrigin center
37984 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37987 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37988 Toggle math toolbar on/off
37994 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
37995 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37998 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37999 \begin_inset Graphics
38000 filename ../images/toolbar-toggle_table.png
38001 rotateOrigin center
38010 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38013 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38014 Toggle table toolbar on/off
38027 \begin_layout Subsection
38029 \begin_inset Index idx
38032 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38041 \begin_layout Standard
38042 \begin_inset Graphics
38043 filename clipart/ExtraToolbar.png
38051 \begin_layout Standard
38052 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
38058 \begin_layout Standard
38059 The extra toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following
38063 \begin_layout Standard
38064 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
38070 \begin_layout Standard
38071 \begin_inset Tabular
38072 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="25" columns="2">
38073 <features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
38074 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
38075 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
38076 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38077 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38080 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38081 \begin_inset Graphics
38082 filename ../images/layout.png
38083 rotateOrigin center
38092 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38095 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38102 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38103 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38106 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38107 \begin_inset Graphics
38108 filename ../images/layout_Enumerate.png
38109 rotateOrigin center
38118 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38121 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38128 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38129 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38132 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38133 \begin_inset Graphics
38134 filename ../images/layout_Itemize.png
38135 rotateOrigin center
38144 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38147 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38154 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38155 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38158 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38159 \begin_inset Graphics
38160 filename ../images/layout_List.png
38161 rotateOrigin center
38170 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38173 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38180 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38181 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38184 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38185 \begin_inset Graphics
38186 filename ../images/layout_Description.png
38187 rotateOrigin center
38196 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38199 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38206 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38207 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38210 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38211 \begin_inset Graphics
38212 filename ../images/depth-increment.png
38213 rotateOrigin center
38222 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38225 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38228 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38230 \begin_inset space ~
38234 \begin_inset space ~
38243 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38244 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38247 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38248 \begin_inset Graphics
38249 filename ../images/depth-decrement.png
38250 rotateOrigin center
38259 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38262 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38265 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38267 \begin_inset space ~
38271 \begin_inset space ~
38280 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38281 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38284 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38285 \begin_inset Graphics
38286 filename ../images/float-insert_figure.png
38295 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38298 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38301 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38302 Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38309 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38310 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38313 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38314 \begin_inset Graphics
38315 filename ../images/float-insert_table.png
38324 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38327 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38330 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38331 Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38338 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38339 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38342 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38343 \begin_inset Graphics
38344 filename ../images/label-insert.png
38353 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38356 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38359 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38366 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38367 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38370 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38371 \begin_inset Graphics
38372 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png
38381 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38384 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38387 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38394 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38395 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38398 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38399 \begin_inset Graphics
38400 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_citation.png
38409 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38412 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38415 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38422 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38423 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38426 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38427 \begin_inset Graphics
38428 filename ../images/index-insert.png
38437 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38440 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38443 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38445 \begin_inset space ~
38454 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38455 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38458 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38459 \begin_inset Graphics
38460 filename ../images/nomencl-insert.png
38469 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38472 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38475 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38477 \begin_inset space ~
38486 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38487 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38490 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38491 \begin_inset Graphics
38492 filename ../images/footnote-insert.png
38501 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38504 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38507 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38514 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38515 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38518 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38519 \begin_inset Graphics
38520 filename ../images/marginalnote-insert.png
38521 rotateOrigin center
38530 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38533 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38536 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38538 \begin_inset space ~
38547 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38548 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38551 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38552 \begin_inset Graphics
38553 filename ../images/note-insert.png
38562 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38565 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38568 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38569 Note\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38571 \begin_inset space ~
38580 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38581 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38584 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38585 \begin_inset Graphics
38586 filename ../images/box-insert.png
38595 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38598 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38601 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38608 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38609 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38612 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38613 \begin_inset Graphics
38614 filename ../images/url-insert.png
38623 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38626 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38629 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38636 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38637 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38640 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38641 \begin_inset Graphics
38642 filename ../images/ert-insert.png
38651 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38654 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38657 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38664 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38679 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38680 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38683 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38684 \begin_inset Graphics
38685 filename ../images/math-macro_newmacroname_newcommand.png
38694 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38697 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38700 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38701 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38708 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38709 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38712 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38713 \begin_inset Graphics
38714 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_include.png
38723 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38726 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38729 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38730 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38732 \begin_inset space ~
38741 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38742 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38745 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38746 \begin_inset Graphics
38747 filename ../images/dialog-show_character.png
38748 rotateOrigin center
38757 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38760 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38763 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38765 \begin_inset space ~
38774 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38775 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38778 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38779 \begin_inset Graphics
38780 filename ../images/layout-paragraph.png
38781 rotateOrigin center
38790 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38793 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38796 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38798 \begin_inset space ~
38807 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38808 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38811 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38812 \begin_inset Graphics
38813 filename ../images/thesaurus-entry.png
38814 rotateOrigin center
38823 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38826 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38829 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38843 \begin_layout Subsection
38844 View / Update Toolbar
38845 \begin_inset Index idx
38848 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38849 Toolbar ! View / Update
38857 \begin_layout Standard
38858 \begin_inset Graphics
38859 filename clipart/ViewToolbar.png
38866 \begin_layout Standard
38867 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
38873 \begin_layout Standard
38874 The view / update toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the
38878 \begin_layout Standard
38879 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
38885 \begin_layout Standard
38886 \begin_inset Tabular
38887 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
38888 <features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
38889 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
38890 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
38891 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38892 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38895 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38896 \begin_inset Graphics
38897 filename ../images/buffer-view_dvi.png
38898 rotateOrigin center
38907 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38910 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38913 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38920 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38921 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38924 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38925 \begin_inset Graphics
38926 filename ../images/buffer-update_dvi.png
38927 rotateOrigin center
38936 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38939 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38942 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38943 Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38950 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38951 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38954 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38955 \begin_inset Graphics
38956 filename ../images/buffer-view_pdf2.png
38957 rotateOrigin center
38966 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38969 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38972 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
38979 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38980 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38983 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38984 \begin_inset Graphics
38985 filename ../images/buffer-update_pdf2.png
38986 rotateOrigin center
38995 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38998 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39001 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
39002 Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator
39009 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
39010 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39013 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39014 \begin_inset Graphics
39015 filename ../images/buffer-view_ps.png
39016 rotateOrigin center
39025 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39028 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39031 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
39038 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
39039 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39042 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39043 \begin_inset Graphics
39044 filename ../images/buffer-update_ps.png
39045 rotateOrigin center
39054 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39057 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39060 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
39061 Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator
39075 \begin_layout Subsection
39079 \begin_layout Standard
39080 The change tracking toolbar is explained in section
39081 \begin_inset space ~
39085 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39087 reference "sec:Change-Tracking"
39091 , the table toolbar
39092 \begin_inset Index idx
39095 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39105 manual, the math macro toolbar
39106 \begin_inset Index idx
39109 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39122 \begin_layout Chapter
39123 The Document Settings
39124 \begin_inset CommandInset label
39126 name "cha:The-Document-Settings"
39131 \begin_inset Index idx
39134 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39135 Document ! Settings
39143 \begin_layout Standard
39144 The document settings dialog contains submenus to set properties for the
39145 whole document and is called with the menu
39147 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
39151 You can save your document settings as default with th
39153 e Save as Document Defaults
39155 button in the dialog.
39156 This will create a template name
39164 which is automatically loaded by LyX when you create a new document without
39168 \begin_layout Standard
39169 The different submenus of the dialog are explained in the following.
39172 \begin_layout Section
39176 \begin_layout Standard
39177 Here you set the document class, class options, a graphics driver, and a
39179 Document classes are described in section
39180 \begin_inset space ~
39184 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39186 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
39191 Some classes use some class options by default.
39192 If this is the case, they are listed in the field
39196 and you can decide to use them or not.
39197 If you don't exactly know what the default class options are for, it is
39198 recommended not to touch them.
39199 The graphics driver is used for LaTeX's graphics, color and page layout
39205 , the default driver for the LaTeX-packages is used.
39206 It is recommended that you use the default unless you know what you are
39211 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39212 When you want one of the following drivers
39213 \begin_inset Newline newline
39216 dvi2ps, dvialw, dvilaser, dvitops, psprint, pubps, ln
39217 \begin_inset Newline newline
39220 you first have to activate them in your LaTeX distribution, see sec.
39221 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
39225 \begin_inset CommandInset href
39227 target "http://tug.ctan.org/get/macros/latex/required/graphics/grfguide.pdf"
39239 \begin_layout Standard
39240 Specifying a master document is necessary when the current document is a
39241 child or subdocument.
39242 This master document will be used by LyX when the child document is opened
39243 without its master.
39244 This way child documents are always compilable.
39245 More about master and child documents is explained in the section
39256 \begin_layout Section
39260 \begin_layout Standard
39261 Modules are explained in section
39262 \begin_inset space ~
39266 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39268 reference "sub:Modules"
39275 \begin_layout Section
39279 \begin_layout Standard
39280 The document font settings are described in section
39281 \begin_inset space ~
39285 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39287 reference "sec:Fonts-and-Text"
39294 \begin_layout Section
39298 \begin_layout Standard
39299 You can specify if paragraphs should be separated by indentations or vertical
39301 The line spacing and the number of text columns can here also be specified.
39305 \begin_layout Standard
39306 Note that LyX won't show two columns or the set up line spacing on screen.
39307 That's impractical, often unreadable, and not part of the WYSIWYM concept.
39308 However, it will be as you specified it in the output.
39311 \begin_layout Standard
39312 The listings settings are explained in the corresponding section in the
39320 \begin_layout Section
39324 \begin_layout Standard
39325 A description of this menu is given in section
39326 \begin_inset space ~
39330 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39332 reference "sub:Paper-Size,-Orientation,"
39337 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39339 reference "sub:Document-Layout"
39346 \begin_layout Section
39350 \begin_layout Standard
39351 Here you can adjust the paper margins, see section
39352 \begin_inset space ~
39356 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39358 reference "sub:Margins"
39365 \begin_layout Section
39367 \begin_inset Index idx
39370 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39371 Language ! Encoding
39379 \begin_layout Standard
39380 The document language and quote styles are set here.
39381 The encoding specifies how the document content is exported to LaTeX (the
39382 LyX file is always encoded in utf8).
39383 All characters that cannot be encoded using the specified encoding will
39384 be exported as LaTeX-commands (this can fail if a LaTeX-command is not
39385 known for a particular character).
39389 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39390 The known commands are defined in a text file.
39391 You can add commands for unknown symbols to that file yourself, see the
39396 manual for details.
39404 \begin_layout Standard
39405 If you use the option
39409 , LyX determines the encoding of a text part from the language of this text.
39410 If the document contains text in more than one language you may get more
39411 than one encoding in the LaTeX file.
39412 If you do not use this option then the complete document will always use
39413 exactly one encoding.
39414 Checking this option is the preferred setting unless you use
39422 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39423 XeTeX is a TeX typesetting engine, an alternative for LaTeX.
39424 It natively supports Unicode while its input file is assumed to be in UTF-8
39426 More about using LyX with XeTeX can be found in
39427 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
39441 \begin_layout Standard
39442 LyX also supports Unicode output, which is particularly useful if you need
39443 lots of special symbols or non-alphabetic scripts, respectively.
39444 If you want to use this (and your LaTeX installation supports Unicode,
39445 for that matter), choose one of the four utf8 variants from the list below.
39446 Unfortunately the Unicode support of standard LaTeX is quite incomplete,
39447 so it is not uncommon that a file with lots of Unicode symbols works fine
39452 (when LyX uses its list of known LaTeX-commands), but does not work with
39453 a fixed utf8 encoding (when the list of known LaTeX-commands is not used,
39454 because all Unicode symbols can be encoded in utf8).
39457 \begin_layout Standard
39458 Here is a list with the important encodings:
39461 \begin_layout Description
39463 \begin_inset space ~
39467 \begin_inset space ~
39471 \begin_inset space ~
39478 , but the LaTeX-package
39483 \begin_inset Index idx
39486 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39487 LaTeX-packages ! inputenc
39493 When using this, you probably need to load some additional packages manually
39494 in the preamble and specify the used encoding for text parts in foreign
39495 languages in TeX code.
39498 \begin_layout Description
39499 ASCII the ASCII encoding, covers only plain English (7-bit ASCII).
39500 LyX converts all other characters into LaTeX commands, which may result
39501 in a big file when lots of LaTeX-commands are needed.
39504 \begin_layout Description
39506 \begin_inset space ~
39510 \begin_inset space ~
39513 1256) MS Windows code page for Arabic and Farsi
39516 \begin_layout Description
39518 \begin_inset space ~
39522 \begin_inset space ~
39525 8859-6) for Arabic and Farsi
39528 \begin_layout Description
39530 \begin_inset space ~
39533 (ArmSCII8) for Armenian
39536 \begin_layout Description
39538 \begin_inset space ~
39542 \begin_inset space ~
39545 1257) MS Windows code page for Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian, the same
39546 as the ISO-8859-13 encoding
39549 \begin_layout Description
39551 \begin_inset space ~
39555 \begin_inset space ~
39558 8859-13) for Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian, a superset of the ISO-8859-4
39562 \begin_layout Description
39564 \begin_inset space ~
39568 \begin_inset space ~
39571 8859-4) (latin 4) for Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian, a subset of the
39572 ISO-8859-13 encoding
39575 \begin_layout Description
39577 \begin_inset space ~
39581 \begin_inset space ~
39585 \begin_inset space ~
39588 1250) MS Windows code page for ISO
39589 \begin_inset space ~
39595 \begin_layout Description
39597 \begin_inset space ~
39601 \begin_inset space ~
39605 \begin_inset space ~
39608 8859-2) (latin 2) covers Albanian, Croatian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Polish,
39609 Romanian, Slovak, and Slovenian
39612 \begin_layout Description
39614 \begin_inset space ~
39618 \begin_inset space ~
39621 (EUC-CN) for simplified Chinese, used especially on UNIX OSes, since 2001
39622 this encoding is officially replaced by the encoding GB18030, as GB18030
39623 is not available for LaTeX you should try to use the encoding Unicode
39624 \begin_inset space ~
39628 \begin_inset space ~
39634 \begin_layout Description
39636 \begin_inset space ~
39640 \begin_inset space ~
39643 (GBK) for simplified Chinese, is the same as the Windows code page CP 936
39644 except for the Euro currency sign, since 2001 this encoding is officially
39645 replaced by the encoding GB18030, as GB18030 is not available for LaTeX
39646 you should try to use the encoding Unicode
39647 \begin_inset space ~
39651 \begin_inset space ~
39657 \begin_layout Description
39659 \begin_inset space ~
39663 \begin_inset space ~
39666 (EUC-TW) for traditional Chinese
39669 \begin_layout Description
39671 \begin_inset space ~
39675 \begin_inset space ~
39678 1251) MS Windows code page for Cyrillic
39681 \begin_layout Description
39683 \begin_inset space ~
39687 \begin_inset space ~
39690 8859-5) covers Belorussian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, and Ukrainian
39693 \begin_layout Description
39695 \begin_inset space ~
39698 (KOI8-R) standard Cyrillic especially for Russian
39701 \begin_layout Description
39703 \begin_inset space ~
39706 (KOI8-U) Cyrillic for Ukrainian
39709 \begin_layout Description
39711 \begin_inset space ~
39715 \begin_inset space ~
39718 154) Cyrillic for Kazakh
39721 \begin_layout Description
39723 \begin_inset space ~
39727 \begin_inset space ~
39733 \begin_layout Description
39735 \begin_inset space ~
39739 \begin_inset space ~
39742 1255) MS Windows code page for Hebrew, a superset of the ISO-8859-8 encoding
39745 \begin_layout Description
39747 \begin_inset space ~
39751 \begin_inset space ~
39757 \begin_layout Description
39759 \begin_inset space ~
39763 \begin_inset space ~
39766 (EUC-JP) EUC-JP encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package
39771 \begin_inset Index idx
39774 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39775 LaTeX-packages ! CJK
39780 , when using this, set the document language to
39785 \begin_layout Description
39787 \begin_inset space ~
39791 \begin_inset space ~
39794 (JIS) JIS encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package
39798 , when using this, set the document language to
39803 \begin_layout Description
39805 \begin_inset space ~
39809 \begin_inset space ~
39812 (EUC-JP) EUC-JP encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package
39817 \begin_inset Index idx
39820 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39821 LaTeX-packages ! japanese
39826 , when using this, set the document language to
39831 \begin_layout Description
39833 \begin_inset space ~
39837 \begin_inset space ~
39840 (JIS) JIS encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package
39844 , when using this, set the document language to
39849 \begin_layout Description
39851 \begin_inset space ~
39855 \begin_inset space ~
39858 (SJIS) SJIS encoding for Japanese, uses the LaTeX-package
39862 , when using this, set the document language to
39867 \begin_layout Description
39869 \begin_inset space ~
39872 (EUC-KR) for Korean
39875 \begin_layout Description
39877 \begin_inset space ~
39881 \begin_inset space ~
39885 \begin_inset space ~
39888 8859-3) (latin 3) covers Esperanto, Galician, Maltese, and Turkish
39891 \begin_layout Description
39893 \begin_inset space ~
39897 \begin_inset space ~
39901 \begin_inset space ~
39904 8859-16) (latin 10) covers Albanian, Croatian, Finnish, French, German,
39905 Hungarian, Irish Gaelic, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Slovenian, is designed
39906 to cover many languages and characters with diacritics
39909 \begin_layout Description
39911 \begin_inset space ~
39915 \begin_inset space ~
39921 \begin_layout Description
39923 \begin_inset space ~
39927 \begin_inset space ~
39930 8859-9) (latin 5) for Turkish, is like the ISO-8859-1 encoding where the
39931 Icelandic letters are replaced by Turkish ones
39934 \begin_layout Description
39936 \begin_inset space ~
39940 \begin_inset space ~
39943 (utf8) Unicode utf8 with the LaTeX-package
39948 \begin_inset Index idx
39951 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39952 LaTeX-packages ! CJK
39957 (for the languages Chinese, Japanese and Korean)
39960 \begin_layout Description
39962 \begin_inset space ~
39966 \begin_inset space ~
39969 (utf8) Unicode utf8 to be used with
39973 , which uses Unicode directly, without the help of the LaTeX-package
39981 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39982 More about using LyX with XeTeX can be found in
39983 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
39997 \begin_layout Description
39999 \begin_inset space ~
40003 \begin_inset space ~
40006 (utf8x) Unicode utf8 based on the LaTeX package
40011 \begin_inset Index idx
40014 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40015 LaTeX-packages ! ucs
40020 (comprehensive, including Latin, Greek, Cyrillic and CJK scripts).
40023 \begin_layout Description
40025 \begin_inset space ~
40028 (utf8) Unicode utf8 based on the LaTeX-package
40033 \begin_inset Index idx
40036 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40037 LaTeX-packages ! inputenc
40043 Currently only a limited range of characters (mainly for Latin scripts)
40047 \begin_layout Description
40049 \begin_inset space ~
40053 \begin_inset space ~
40057 \begin_inset space ~
40060 1252) MS Windows code page for ISO
40061 \begin_inset space ~
40067 \begin_layout Description
40069 \begin_inset space ~
40073 \begin_inset space ~
40077 \begin_inset space ~
40080 8859-1) (latin 1) covers the languages Albanian, Catalan, Danish, Dutch,
40081 English, Faroese, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Icelandic, Irish,
40082 Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish; better use the ISO-8859-1
40086 \begin_layout Description
40088 \begin_inset space ~
40092 \begin_inset space ~
40096 \begin_inset space ~
40099 8859-15) (latin 9) like the ISO-8859-1 encoding, but with the Euro currency
40100 sign, the œ-ligature and some characters used for French and Finnish
40103 \begin_layout Section
40107 \begin_layout Standard
40108 You can adjust here the numbering depth of section headings and the section
40109 depth in the table of contents as described in section
40110 \begin_inset space ~
40114 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40116 reference "sub:Numbering-depth"
40123 \begin_layout Section
40127 \begin_layout Standard
40128 You can specify here a citation style using the LaTeX packages
40133 \begin_inset Index idx
40136 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40137 LaTeX-packages ! natbib
40147 \begin_inset Index idx
40150 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40151 LaTeX-packages ! jurabib
40156 , you can enable subdivided bibliographies using the LaTeX package
40161 \begin_inset Index idx
40164 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40165 LaTeX-packages ! bibtopic
40170 and you can customize how the bibliography of the given document is being
40172 For a further description see section
40173 \begin_inset space ~
40177 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40179 reference "sec:Bibliography"
40186 \begin_layout Section
40190 \begin_layout Standard
40191 Here, you can customize how the index of your document is being generated
40192 and you can define additional indexes.
40193 Please refer to section
40194 \begin_inset space ~
40198 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40200 reference "sec:Index"
40207 \begin_layout Section
40211 \begin_layout Standard
40212 The PDF properties are explained in section
40213 \begin_inset space ~
40217 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40219 reference "sec:PDF-Properties"
40226 \begin_layout Section
40230 \begin_layout Standard
40231 These options will force LyX to use the LaTeX-packages
40236 \begin_inset Index idx
40239 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40240 LaTeX-packages ! amsmath
40250 \begin_inset Index idx
40253 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40254 LaTeX-packages ! esint
40259 or to use them automatically when they are needed.
40262 \begin_layout Standard
40267 is needed for many constructs, so when you get LaTeX-errors in formulas,
40268 ensure that you have enabled AMS.
40271 \begin_layout Standard
40276 is used for special integral characters.
40279 \begin_layout Section
40283 \begin_layout Standard
40284 The float placement options are described in section
40285 \begin_inset space ~
40289 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40291 reference "sub:Float-Placement"
40298 \begin_layout Section
40302 \begin_layout Standard
40303 Here you can adjust the characters for the itemize levels.
40304 The itemize environment is described in section
40305 \begin_inset space ~
40309 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40311 reference "sec:Itemize"
40318 \begin_layout Section
40322 \begin_layout Standard
40323 Branches are described in section
40324 \begin_inset space ~
40328 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40330 reference "sec:Branches"
40337 \begin_layout Section
40342 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40352 \begin_layout Standard
40353 In this text field are entered commands to load special LaTeX-packages or
40354 to define LaTeX-commands.
40355 The preamble is a thing for LaTeX-experts.
40356 You should not enter commands here until you exactly know what you are
40360 \begin_layout Standard
40361 An introduction to the LaTeX-syntax is given in section
40362 \begin_inset space ~
40366 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40368 reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax"
40375 \begin_layout Chapter
40381 \begin_inset CommandInset label
40383 name "cha:The-Preferences-dialog"
40388 \begin_inset Index idx
40391 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40400 \begin_layout Standard
40401 The preferences dialog is called with the menu
40403 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40407 It has the following submenus.
40410 \begin_layout Section
40414 \begin_layout Subsection
40418 \begin_layout Subsubsection
40419 User Interface File
40420 \begin_inset Index idx
40423 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40424 Customization ! of toolbars
40430 \begin_inset Index idx
40433 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40434 Customization ! of menus
40442 \begin_layout Standard
40443 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
40446 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40451 You have to restart LyX before the change of the user interface file take
40460 \begin_layout Standard
40461 The appearance of the menus and toolbars can be changed by choosing a user
40462 interface (ui) file.
40463 An ui-file is a text file where the toolbars and menus are listed.
40464 The toolbar buttons and menu entries are specified in the files
40473 Both files are loaded by the
40478 To create your own menu and toolbar layout, start with a copy of these
40479 files and edit the entries.
40482 \begin_layout Standard
40483 The syntax of the .inc-files is straightforward: The
40495 entries must be ended with an explicit
40520 and in the case of the
40521 \begin_inset Quotes eld
40525 \begin_inset Quotes erd
40533 The syntax for the entries is:
40536 \begin_layout Standard
40537 \begin_inset VSpace smallskip*
40543 \begin_inset Quotes eld
40551 \begin_inset Quotes erd
40555 \begin_inset Quotes eld
40559 \begin_inset Quotes erd
40565 \begin_layout Standard
40567 \begin_inset VSpace smallskip*
40570 All LyX-functions are listed in
40571 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
40580 \begin_layout Standard
40581 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
40587 \begin_layout Standard
40588 An example: Assuming you use the menu
40590 Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40593 quite often and therefore want six available bookmarks, you can add the
40597 \begin_layout Standard
40598 \begin_inset VSpace smallskip*
40604 \begin_inset Quotes eld
40608 \begin_inset Quotes erd
40612 \begin_inset Quotes eld
40616 \begin_inset Quotes erd
40622 \begin_layout Standard
40624 \begin_inset VSpace smallskip*
40627 to the navigate menu section in the .inc-file to have the sixth bookmark.
40630 \begin_layout Subsubsection
40634 \begin_layout Standard
40637 Enable tool tips in main work area
40639 enables tool tips showing the content of closed insets like index entries
40643 \begin_layout Subsubsection
40647 \begin_layout Standard
40651 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
40655 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
40658 restoring of window layout and geometries
40660 LyX's main window will be opened with the size and layout that was used
40661 in the last LyX session.
40664 \begin_layout Standard
40667 Restore cursor positions
40669 sets the cursor to the position in the file where it has been the last
40673 \begin_layout Standard
40676 Load opened files from last session
40678 opens all files that were opened in the last LyX session.
40681 \begin_layout Subsubsection
40683 \begin_inset CommandInset label
40685 name "sub:Backup documents"
40690 \begin_inset Index idx
40693 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40702 \begin_layout Standard
40707 is set, you can specify the time between backup saves.
40710 \begin_layout Standard
40715 is the number of last opened files that LyX should display in the menu
40718 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40720 \begin_inset space ~
40728 \begin_layout Standard
40731 Open documents in tabs
40733 is not used, then every file will be opened in its own new instance of
40737 \begin_layout Subsection
40739 \begin_inset Index idx
40742 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40749 \begin_inset CommandInset label
40751 name "sub:Screen-Fonts"
40758 \begin_layout Standard
40759 These fonts are used to display your documents on the screen.
40762 \begin_layout Standard
40763 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
40766 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40771 This section only deals with the fonts
40776 The fonts that appear on the output are independent from these fonts, and
40779 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40780 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
40791 \begin_layout Standard
40792 By default, LyX uses
40796 as roman (serif) font,
40804 (depends on the system) as
40807 \begin_inset space ~
40823 \begin_layout Standard
40824 You can change the font size with the
40829 You can also change the font zoom outside the preferences dialog for the
40830 current LyX session by pressing Ctrl and scrolling the mouse wheel.
40833 \begin_layout Standard
40838 is the screen resolution in dpi (dots per inch).
40839 The Font Sizes are calculated as letter height in units of points.
40841 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
40844 points have the size of 1
40845 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
40849 \begin_inset space ~
40853 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40855 reference "cha:Units-available-in"
40862 \begin_layout Standard
40867 are the same as if a document font size of 10
40868 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
40872 The sizes are explained in detail in section
40873 \begin_inset space ~
40877 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40879 reference "sub:Document-Font"
40886 \begin_layout Standard
40889 Use Pixmap Cache to speed up font rendering
40891 enabled, LyX needs to redraw the screen less often.
40892 This results in better performance, especially on slow systems.
40893 On the other hand, the characters might look more fuzzy on screen.
40894 So whether you enable this or not depends on whether you prefer speed over
40896 Note that the Pixmap Cache is only available and useful under Mac
40897 \begin_inset space ~
40903 \begin_layout Subsection
40905 \begin_inset Index idx
40908 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40915 \begin_inset Index idx
40918 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40927 \begin_layout Standard
40928 You can here change all the colors used by LyX.
40929 Choose an item in the list and use the
40936 \begin_layout Subsection
40938 \begin_inset Index idx
40941 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40950 \begin_layout Standard
40951 Here you can specify if graphics inside LyX are displayed.
40954 \begin_layout Standard
40959 enables previewing snippets of your document.
40960 This feature is described in section
40961 \begin_inset space ~
40965 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40967 reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"
40974 \begin_layout Standard
40978 \begin_inset space ~
40982 \begin_inset space ~
40986 \begin_inset space ~
40991 displays a pilcrow (¶) at the end of every paragraph.
40994 \begin_layout Section
40996 \begin_inset Index idx
40999 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41008 \begin_layout Subsection
41012 \begin_layout Subsubsection
41016 \begin_layout Standard
41019 Cursor follows scrollbar
41021 sets the cursor to the top of the currently displayed document part when
41025 \begin_layout Standard
41028 Sort environments alphabetically
41030 sorts the entries in the pull-down box for the paragraph environments.
41033 \begin_layout Standard
41036 Group environments by their category
41038 groups the entries in the pull-down box for the paragraph environments.
41041 \begin_layout Standard
41042 The math macro editing option determines the editing style, see the section
41054 \begin_layout Subsubsection
41058 \begin_layout Standard
41059 Here you can specify what is hidden in the fullscreen mode.
41064 specifies the width of the text in fullscreen mode.
41065 This way you can display the text smaller than the screen, the text appears
41069 \begin_layout Subsection
41071 \begin_inset Index idx
41074 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41081 \begin_inset Index idx
41084 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41085 Settings ! Shortcuts
41093 \begin_layout Subsubsection
41097 \begin_layout Standard
41098 Bindings are used to bind a LyX-function to a key.
41099 Several binding files are available:
41102 \begin_layout Description
41103 cua.bind typical set of PC keyboard shortcuts
41106 \begin_layout Description
41107 (x)emacs.bind set of bindings like they are used in the editor programs
41118 \begin_layout Description
41119 mac.bind set of bindings for
41122 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
41130 \begin_layout Standard
41131 There are also bind-files designed for special document classes, like
41135 , and bind files for special languages.
41136 The name of language bind-files begin with a language code, e.
41137 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
41141 \begin_inset space \space{}
41145 \begin_inset Quotes eld
41149 \begin_inset Quotes erd
41153 If you use LyX in a certain language, LyX will try to use the appropriate
41157 \begin_layout Standard
41158 Some bind-files, like
41162 , have only a small scope.
41163 When looking at the end of the file
41167 , you can see that they are included to keep the overview in the bind-file.
41170 \begin_layout Subsubsection
41172 \begin_inset CommandInset label
41174 name "sub:Editing-Shortcuts"
41179 \begin_inset Index idx
41182 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41183 Key Bindings ! Editing
41191 \begin_layout Standard
41192 To add new or modify existing keybindings to your own taste you can use
41193 the table in the dialog that lists all LyX-functions and the bound shortcuts.
41194 To find functions easily, they are grouped by categories and the dialog
41197 Show key-bindings containing
41200 In this field you can insert a keyword for a function you want to edit.
41201 Insert there for example as keyword
41202 \begin_inset Quotes eld
41206 \begin_inset Quotes erd
41209 and you get the 4 different existing shortcuts for the 3 different functions
41211 \begin_inset Quotes eld
41215 \begin_inset Quotes erd
41219 As you can see, one function can have more than one shortcut.
41220 All LyX-functions are also listed in the file
41224 that you will find in the
41231 \begin_layout Standard
41233 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
41237 \begin_inset space \space{}
41248 , select the function and press the
41253 A dialog pops up where you can add the shortcut by using it.
41254 So press Alt+Q to define the shortcut.
41255 Modifying an existing shortcut is done the same way.
41256 You can also bind multiple functions to one shortcut by modifying an existing
41257 binding and adding the different function names as a semicolon separated
41259 LyX will then use the first function that is enabled in the current document
41261 The binding for the function
41265 is an example of this.
41268 \begin_layout Standard
41269 Alternatively you can also edit shortcuts by modifying bind-files with a
41271 The syntax of the entries is:
41274 \begin_layout Standard
41280 \begin_inset Quotes eld
41284 \begin_inset Quotes erd
41288 \begin_inset Quotes eld
41292 \begin_inset Quotes erd
41298 \begin_layout Subsection
41300 \begin_inset CommandInset label
41302 name "sub:Keyboard-Map"
41307 \begin_inset Index idx
41310 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41317 \begin_inset Index idx
41320 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41321 Settings ! Keyboard Map
41329 \begin_layout Standard
41330 Normally keyboard settings have to be done in a menu of your operating system.
41331 For the case that this is not possible, LyX provides keyboard maps.
41333 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
41337 \begin_inset space \space{}
41340 a Czech keyboard but want to write with it like with a Romanian one, you
41341 can use the keyboard map file named
41348 \begin_layout Standard
41349 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
41352 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41357 Keyboard maps are only provided as makeshift and don't work on all systems.
41365 \begin_layout Standard
41366 Besides this, you can specify here the
41368 Wheel scrolling speed
41371 The standard value is 1.0, higher values speed up the scrolling, lower ones
41375 \begin_layout Subsection
41377 \begin_inset CommandInset label
41379 name "sub:Input-Completion-Appendix"
41384 \begin_inset Index idx
41387 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41396 \begin_layout Standard
41397 Input completion is described in sec.
41398 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
41402 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
41404 reference "sec:Input-Completion"
41409 The completion options for math do the same as the corresponding options
41411 With the general options you can define the delay time for the inline and
41412 popup completion and choose if long completions should be abbreviated or
41416 \begin_layout Section
41418 \begin_inset CommandInset label
41425 \begin_inset Index idx
41428 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41435 \begin_inset Index idx
41438 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41447 \begin_layout Description
41449 \begin_inset space ~
41452 directory This is LyX's working directory.
41453 It is the default when you
41464 \begin_inset space ~
41472 \begin_layout Description
41474 \begin_inset space ~
41477 templates This directory will be opened when you use the menu
41479 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41481 \begin_inset space ~
41485 \begin_inset space ~
41493 \begin_layout Description
41495 \begin_inset space ~
41498 files This directory will be opened when you use the button
41504 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
41508 \begin_inset Newline newline
41512 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
41515 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41524 button does not exist when using LyX on MacOS and Windows systems.
41532 \begin_layout Description
41534 \begin_inset space ~
41538 \begin_inset Index idx
41541 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41547 Backup copies will be saved to this directory.
41548 When no directory is given but backups are enabled as described in section
41549 \begin_inset space ~
41553 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
41555 reference "sub:Backup documents"
41563 will be used to save the backups.
41564 \begin_inset Newline newline
41567 The backup files have the ending
41568 \begin_inset Quotes eld
41572 \begin_inset Quotes erd
41578 \begin_layout Description
41583 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41590 XServer-Pipe Here you can enter the name of a Unix-pipe.
41591 This pipe is used to send data from external programs to LyX.
41592 \begin_inset Newline newline
41596 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
41599 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41604 This feature doesn't work on Windows systems.
41612 \begin_layout Description
41614 \begin_inset space ~
41617 directory Temporary files will be saved in this directory.
41620 \begin_layout Description
41622 \begin_inset space ~
41625 prefix This field contains a list of paths to external programs.
41626 When LyX needs to use an external program, it looks in this list where
41627 to find it on the system.
41628 The path list is automatically set up on Windows and Mac systems when LyX
41629 is configured, so that you normally don't have to modify it.
41631 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
41635 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
41638 Linux systems, the path list will need to be set only if there are external
41639 programs you wish to use that are not in your normal system path ($PATH).
41643 \begin_layout Section
41647 \begin_layout Standard
41648 Here you can insert your name and email address.
41649 The identity will be used when you have enabled change tracking as described
41651 \begin_inset space ~
41655 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
41657 reference "sec:Change-Tracking"
41661 , to mark changes you make as yours.
41664 \begin_layout Section
41666 \begin_inset Index idx
41669 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41670 Language ! Settings
41676 \begin_inset Index idx
41679 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41680 Settings ! Language
41688 \begin_layout Subsection
41692 \begin_layout Description
41694 \begin_inset space ~
41698 \begin_inset space ~
41701 language Here you can select the language of LyX's menus.
41702 Unfortunately this doesn't work on Mac and Windows.
41703 It works on Linux for the languages into LyX's menus and dialogs are translated.
41704 You find the actual translation status here:
41705 \begin_inset CommandInset href
41707 name "http://www.lyx.org/I18n"
41708 target "http://www.lyx.org/I18n"
41715 \begin_layout Description
41717 \begin_inset space ~
41720 language is the language used in new documents
41723 \begin_layout Description
41725 \begin_inset space ~
41728 package is a LaTeX-command to load a LaTeX-package that handles language
41730 The default is the LaTeX-command
41736 that loads the package
41744 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41745 For an introduction to the LaTeX-Syntax, have a look at section
41746 \begin_inset space ~
41750 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
41752 reference "sec:TeX-Code"
41762 \begin_inset Newline newline
41769 automatically translates in the background the text labels of documents
41770 to the document language.
41771 A text label is, for instance, the word
41772 \begin_inset Quotes eld
41776 \begin_inset Quotes erd
41779 at the beginning of every table caption.
41782 \begin_layout Description
41784 \begin_inset space ~
41787 start When a special LaTeX-package is needed to write in a certain document
41788 language, you can here specify the command to start the package.
41789 An example is the start command
41795 that is needed to write Arabic using the package
41800 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
41815 selectlanguage{$$lang}
41820 \begin_layout Description
41822 \begin_inset space ~
41830 Some packages, like the default, don't have an end command since the start
41831 command toggles the package on and off.
41834 \begin_layout Description
41836 \begin_inset space ~
41846 \begin_layout Description
41847 Global When this option is set, the languages used in the document will
41848 be added as options to the document class options, so that they can be
41849 used by all LaTeX-packages.
41850 Otherwise they will only be used as options for the
41857 \begin_layout Description
41859 \begin_inset space ~
41862 begin When this option is set, the documents starts with the chosen document
41864 When this option is not set, the
41867 \begin_inset space ~
41872 is explicitly set to the beginning of the document in the LaTeX-output.
41873 This assures that the correct language is used when you use another
41876 \begin_inset space ~
41884 \begin_layout Description
41886 \begin_inset space ~
41892 \begin_inset space ~
41898 When it is not set, the
41901 \begin_inset space ~
41906 is set to the end of the document.
41909 \begin_layout Description
41911 \begin_inset space ~
41915 \begin_inset space ~
41918 languages Text marked formatted in a language different from the document
41919 language will be underlined blue.
41922 \begin_layout Description
41924 \begin_inset space ~
41928 \begin_inset space ~
41931 support Enables the use of languages, written from right to left (RTL),
41932 like Arabic, Hebrew, Farsi.
41935 \begin_layout Description
41937 \begin_inset space ~
41940 movement When writing RTL, you can define if the left and right arrow keys
41941 move the cursor visually to the left or right, respectively, or logically.
41942 Logical means that the cursor is moved to the left when pressing the right
41943 arrow key and the cursor is inside text in an RTL language.
41946 \begin_layout Subsection
41950 \begin_layout Standard
41951 The spellchecker settings are explained in section
41952 \begin_inset space ~
41956 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
41958 reference "sec:Spellchecking"
41965 \begin_layout Section
41969 \begin_layout Subsection
41971 \begin_inset CommandInset label
41978 \begin_inset Index idx
41981 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41988 \begin_inset Index idx
41991 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42000 \begin_layout Description
42002 \begin_inset space ~
42005 printer Here you can specify the name of your default printer.
42006 The name will be used when the
42011 \begin_inset Newline newline
42015 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
42018 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42023 You can leave this field empty on Windows systems because it has no effect.
42031 \begin_layout Description
42033 \begin_inset space ~
42037 \begin_inset space ~
42041 \begin_inset space ~
42044 printer This option works only for the
42049 \begin_inset Quotes eld
42057 \begin_inset Quotes erd
42061 It activates a configuration file for dvips.
42062 This is an option only for dvips experts.
42065 \begin_layout Description
42067 \begin_inset space ~
42070 command is the command LyX
42071 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
42075 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
42078 LaTeX uses for printing.
42079 The default is on most systems
42086 \begin_layout Description
42088 \begin_inset space ~
42092 \begin_inset space ~
42095 Options Here you can specify printer options.
42096 A list of printer options with explanations can be found in the documentation
42097 of the program that provides the
42104 \begin_layout Subsection
42106 \begin_inset Index idx
42109 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42116 \begin_inset Index idx
42119 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42120 Settings ! Date format
42128 \begin_layout Standard
42129 The date format can be one or a mixture of the formats listed here:
42130 \begin_inset Newline newline
42134 \begin_inset Flex URL
42137 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42139 http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?date
42145 \begin_inset Newline newline
42148 For example the format
42149 \begin_inset Newline newline
42153 \begin_inset Newline newline
42156 prints the date as day/month/year.
42159 \begin_layout Subsection
42163 \begin_layout Description
42165 \begin_inset space ~
42169 \begin_inset space ~
42172 length sets the maximum number of characters printed in one line when using
42175 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
42176 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
42178 \begin_inset space ~
42184 Setting the line line length to 0 means all text is printed in one endless
42188 \begin_layout Description
42190 \begin_inset space ~
42193 command defines an additional command used to produce better ASCII tables
42198 UNIX-commands (refer to their manuals for more information about them).
42199 Setting this as empty tells LyX to use the internal formatter.
42202 \begin_layout Subsection
42207 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42215 \begin_inset CommandInset label
42217 name "sub:LaTeX-settings"
42222 \begin_inset Index idx
42225 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42234 \begin_layout Description
42239 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42247 \begin_inset space ~
42250 encoding This is the default encoding of the document font.
42255 is the default and covers western languages and symbols.
42277 Combinations of the encodings are possible, like
42278 \begin_inset Quotes erd
42286 \begin_inset Quotes erd
42290 The font encoding is normally automatically loaded by the language packages
42291 LyX sets up in the background.
42292 So there is no need to change the default encoding.
42295 \begin_layout Description
42297 \begin_inset space ~
42301 \begin_inset space ~
42304 size This is the paper size that is used for new documents.
42309 value depends on your LaTeX-system setup.
42312 \begin_layout Standard
42313 You can also specify here commands with parameters for the listed applications.
42314 But before you change something, it is strongly recommended to read the
42315 manuals of the applications.
42316 Currently the following commands can be set:
42319 \begin_layout Description
42324 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42332 \begin_inset space ~
42335 command Command for the program
42339 that is described in the section
42345 Additional Features
42350 \begin_layout Description
42355 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42363 \begin_inset space ~
42366 command Command for the program
42370 that generates the bibliography, see section
42371 \begin_inset space ~
42375 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
42377 reference "sub:Bibliography-databases"
42384 \begin_layout Description
42386 \begin_inset space ~
42389 command Command for the program that generates the index, see section
42390 \begin_inset space ~
42394 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
42396 reference "sub:Index-Program"
42403 \begin_layout Description
42405 \begin_inset space ~
42408 command Command for the program that generates the nomenclature, see section
42409 \begin_inset space ~
42413 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
42415 reference "sub:Nomenclature-Program"
42422 \begin_layout Description
42424 \begin_inset space ~
42428 \begin_inset space ~
42432 \begin_inset space ~
42436 \begin_inset space ~
42439 options They only have an effect when the program
42443 is used as DVI-viewer.
42446 \begin_layout Standard
42447 There are additionally the following options:
42450 \begin_layout Description
42452 \begin_inset space ~
42456 \begin_inset space ~
42460 \begin_inset space ~
42464 \begin_inset space ~
42468 \begin_inset space ~
42471 files Uses paths in the notation of Windows, that means that
42472 \begin_inset Quotes eld
42478 \begin_inset Quotes erd
42482 \begin_inset Quotes eld
42486 \begin_inset Quotes erd
42489 to separate folders.
42490 This option is enabled by default when you use LyX on Windows.
42491 \begin_inset Index idx
42494 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42501 \begin_inset Index idx
42504 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42513 \begin_layout Description
42515 \begin_inset space ~
42519 \begin_inset space ~
42523 \begin_inset space ~
42527 \begin_inset space ~
42531 \begin_inset space ~
42535 \begin_inset space ~
42538 changes Removes all manually set document class options in the
42540 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
42543 dialog when changing the document class.
42546 \begin_layout Section
42548 \begin_inset space ~
42552 \begin_inset Index idx
42555 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42564 \begin_layout Subsection
42566 \begin_inset CommandInset label
42568 name "sub:Converters"
42573 \begin_inset Index idx
42576 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42585 \begin_layout Standard
42586 Here you find the list of defined converter commands to convert material
42587 from one format to another.
42588 You can modify them or create new ones.
42589 To modify a converter, select it, change the entry of the field
42596 \begin_inset space ~
42606 To create a new converter, select an existing one, select a different format
42610 \begin_inset space ~
42615 drop-down list, modify the
42619 field, and press the
42626 \begin_layout Standard
42629 Converter File Cache
42631 is enabled, conversions will be cached as long as specified in the field
42634 Maximum Age (in days
42637 This means that images don't need to be converted again when you reopen
42638 a document; the converted images from the cache will be used instead.
42641 \begin_layout Standard
42642 More about converters, like the variables and flags that can be used in
42643 the converter definition, is described in the section
42654 \begin_layout Subsection
42656 \begin_inset CommandInset label
42658 name "sec:File-Formats"
42663 \begin_inset Index idx
42666 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42673 \begin_inset Index idx
42676 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42685 \begin_layout Standard
42686 Here you find the list of defined file formats that LyX can handle.
42687 You can modify the viewer and editor program that should be used for certain
42691 \begin_layout Standard
42692 More about formats, like the options that can be used in the format definition,
42693 is described in the section
42704 \begin_layout Standard
42705 Since all conversions from one format to another take place in LyX's temporary
42706 directory, it is sometimes necessary to modify a file before copying it
42707 to the temporary directory in order that the conversion may be performed.
42708 This is done by specifying a
42713 More about this is described in the section
42724 \begin_layout Chapter
42725 Units available in LyX
42726 \begin_inset Index idx
42729 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42736 \begin_inset CommandInset label
42738 name "cha:Units-available-in"
42745 \begin_layout Standard
42746 To understand the units described in this documentation,
42747 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
42749 reference "cap:Units"
42753 explains all units available in LyX.
42756 \begin_layout Standard
42757 \begin_inset Float table
42763 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42764 \begin_inset Caption
42766 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42767 \begin_inset CommandInset label
42781 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42782 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
42788 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42790 \begin_inset Tabular
42791 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="20" columns="2">
42792 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
42793 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
42794 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
42796 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
42799 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42805 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
42808 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42816 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
42819 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42825 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
42828 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42836 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
42839 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42845 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
42848 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42856 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
42859 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42865 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
42868 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42876 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
42879 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42885 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
42888 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42890 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
42894 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
42904 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
42907 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42913 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
42916 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42918 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
42922 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
42932 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
42935 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42941 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
42944 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42945 scaled point (65536
42946 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
42950 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
42960 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
42963 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42969 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
42972 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42974 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
42978 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
42988 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
42991 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42997 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
43000 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43002 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
43006 \begin_inset Formula $\approx$
43010 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
43020 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
43023 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43029 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
43032 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43034 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
43038 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
43048 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
43051 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43057 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
43060 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43061 % of original image width
43068 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
43071 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43077 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
43080 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43088 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
43091 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43097 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
43100 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43108 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
43111 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43117 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
43120 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43128 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
43131 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43137 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
43140 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43148 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
43151 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43157 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
43160 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43168 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
43171 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43177 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
43180 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43188 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
43191 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43197 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
43200 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43212 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
43215 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43221 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
43224 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43236 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
43239 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43245 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
43248 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43250 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
43254 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
43275 \begin_layout Chapter
43277 \begin_inset CommandInset label
43286 \begin_layout Standard
43287 The documentation is a collaborative effort between many different people
43288 (and we would encourage people to contribute!).
43291 \begin_layout Itemize
43294 Alejandro Aguilar Sierra
43297 \begin_layout Itemize
43303 \begin_layout Itemize
43309 \begin_layout Itemize
43315 \begin_layout Itemize
43321 \begin_layout Itemize
43327 \begin_layout Itemize
43333 \begin_layout Itemize
43339 \begin_layout Itemize
43342 Lars Gullik Bjønnes
43345 \begin_layout Itemize
43351 \begin_layout Itemize
43357 \begin_layout Itemize
43363 \begin_layout Itemize
43369 \begin_layout Itemize
43375 \begin_layout Itemize
43381 \begin_layout Itemize
43387 \begin_layout Itemize
43393 \begin_layout Itemize
43395 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
43404 \begin_layout Standard
43405 \begin_inset Newpage newpage
43408 The bibliography on the following page was created with the
43415 \begin_layout Bibliography
43416 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
43417 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
43418 LatexCommand bibitem
43425 \begin_inset CommandInset href
43428 target "http://www.lyx.org/trac/browser/lyx-devel/trunk/lib/CREDITS"
43433 \begin_inset Newline newline
43437 \begin_inset Flex URL
43440 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43442 http://www.lyx.org/trac/browser/lyx-devel/trunk/lib/CREDITS
43450 \begin_layout Bibliography
43451 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
43452 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
43453 LatexCommand bibitem
43454 key "latexcompanion"
43458 Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens:
43460 The LaTeX Companion Second Edition.
43463 Addison-Wesley, 2004
43466 \begin_layout Bibliography
43467 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
43468 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
43469 LatexCommand bibitem
43474 Helmut Kopka and Patrick W.
43477 A Guide to LaTeX Fourth Edition.
43480 Addison-Wesley, 2003
43483 \begin_layout Bibliography
43484 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
43485 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
43486 LatexCommand bibitem
43493 LaTeX: A Document Preparation System.
43496 Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994
43499 \begin_layout Bibliography
43500 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
43501 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
43502 LatexCommand bibitem
43514 Addison-Wesley, 1984
43517 \begin_layout Bibliography
43518 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
43519 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
43520 LatexCommand bibitem
43526 \begin_inset Newline newline
43530 \begin_inset Flex URL
43533 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43535 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/bytopic.html
43543 \begin_layout Bibliography
43544 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
43545 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
43546 LatexCommand bibitem
43552 \begin_inset Newline newline
43556 \begin_inset Flex URL
43559 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43561 http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html
43569 \begin_layout Bibliography
43570 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
43571 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
43572 LatexCommand bibitem
43578 \begin_inset CommandInset href
43580 name "Documentation"
43581 target "http://www.ctan.org/get/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxdoc.pdf"
43590 \begin_inset Newline newline
43594 \begin_inset Flex URL
43597 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43599 http://www.ctan.org/get/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxdoc.pdf
43607 \begin_layout Bibliography
43608 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
43609 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
43610 LatexCommand bibitem
43616 \begin_inset CommandInset href
43618 name "Documentation"
43619 target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/bibtex/tamethebeast/ttb_en.pdf"
43623 how to use the program
43628 \begin_inset Newline newline
43632 \begin_inset Flex URL
43635 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43637 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/bibtex/tamethebeast/ttb_en.pdf
43645 \begin_layout Bibliography
43646 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
43647 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
43648 LatexCommand bibitem
43654 \begin_inset CommandInset href
43656 name "Documentation"
43657 target "http://tug.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex/doc/manpages.dvi"
43666 \begin_inset Newline newline
43670 \begin_inset Flex URL
43673 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43675 http://tug.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex/doc/manpages.dvi
43683 \begin_layout Bibliography
43684 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
43685 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
43686 LatexCommand bibitem
43692 \begin_inset CommandInset href
43694 name "Documentation"
43695 target "http://www.xindy.org/documentation.html"
43704 \begin_inset Newline newline
43708 \begin_inset Flex URL
43711 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43713 http://www.xindy.org/documentation.html
43721 \begin_layout Bibliography
43722 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
43723 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
43724 LatexCommand bibitem
43730 \begin_inset CommandInset href
43732 name "Documentation"
43733 target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/caption/caption.pdf"
43737 of the LaTeX-package
43742 \begin_inset Index idx
43745 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43746 LaTeX-packages ! caption
43752 \begin_inset Newline newline
43756 \begin_inset Flex URL
43759 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43761 ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/caption/caption.pdf
43769 \begin_layout Bibliography
43770 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
43771 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
43772 LatexCommand bibitem
43778 \begin_inset CommandInset href
43780 name "Documentation"
43781 target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.pdf"
43785 of the LaTeX-package
43790 \begin_inset Index idx
43793 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43794 LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr
43800 \begin_inset Newline newline
43804 \begin_inset Flex URL
43807 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43809 ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.pdf
43817 \begin_layout Bibliography
43818 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
43819 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
43820 LatexCommand bibitem
43828 \begin_inset CommandInset href
43830 name "Documentation"
43831 target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/hyperref.pdf"
43837 of the LaTeX-package
43842 \begin_inset Index idx
43845 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43846 LaTeX-packages ! hyperref
43852 \begin_inset Newline newline
43856 \begin_inset Flex URL
43859 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43861 ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/hyperref.pdf
43869 \begin_layout Bibliography
43870 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
43871 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
43872 LatexCommand bibitem
43878 \begin_inset CommandInset href
43880 name "Documentation"
43881 target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/nomencl/nomencl.pdf"
43885 of the LaTeX-package
43890 \begin_inset Index idx
43893 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43894 LaTeX-packages ! nomencl
43900 \begin_inset Newline newline
43904 \begin_inset Flex URL
43907 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43909 ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/nomencl/nomencl.pdf
43917 \begin_layout Bibliography
43918 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
43919 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
43920 LatexCommand bibitem
43926 \begin_inset CommandInset href
43928 name "Documentation"
43929 target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/tipaman.pdf"
43933 of the LaTeX-package
43938 \begin_inset Index idx
43941 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43942 LaTeX-packages ! tipa
43948 \begin_inset Newline newline
43952 \begin_inset Flex URL
43955 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43957 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/tipaman.pdf
43965 \begin_layout Bibliography
43966 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
43967 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
43968 LatexCommand bibitem
43974 \begin_inset CommandInset href
43976 name "Documentation"
43977 target "ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/wrapfig/wrapfig.sty"
43981 of the LaTeX-package
43986 \begin_inset Index idx
43989 \begin_layout Plain Layout
43990 LaTeX-packages ! wrapfig
43996 \begin_inset Newline newline
44000 \begin_inset Flex URL
44003 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44005 ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/wrapfig/wrapfig.sty
44013 \begin_layout Bibliography
44014 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
44015 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
44016 LatexCommand bibitem
44022 \begin_inset CommandInset href
44025 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/XeTeX"
44029 how to use LyX with XeTeX:
44030 \begin_inset Newline newline
44034 \begin_inset Flex URL
44037 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44039 http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/XeTeX
44047 \begin_layout Bibliography
44048 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
44049 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
44050 LatexCommand bibitem
44056 \begin_inset CommandInset href
44059 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Arabic"
44063 how to set up LyX for Arabic:
44064 \begin_inset Newline newline
44068 \begin_inset Flex URL
44071 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44073 http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Arabic
44081 \begin_layout Bibliography
44082 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
44083 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
44084 LatexCommand bibitem
44090 \begin_inset CommandInset href
44093 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Armenian"
44097 how to set up LyX for Armenian:
44098 \begin_inset Newline newline
44102 \begin_inset Flex URL
44105 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44107 http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Armenian
44115 \begin_layout Bibliography
44116 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
44117 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
44118 LatexCommand bibitem
44124 \begin_inset CommandInset href
44127 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Farsi"
44131 how to set up LyX for Farsi:
44132 \begin_inset Newline newline
44136 \begin_inset Flex URL
44139 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44141 http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Farsi
44149 \begin_layout Bibliography
44150 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
44151 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
44152 LatexCommand bibitem
44158 \begin_inset CommandInset href
44161 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Hebrew"
44165 how to set up LyX for Hebrew:
44166 \begin_inset Newline newline
44170 \begin_inset Flex URL
44173 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44175 http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Hebrew
44183 \begin_layout Bibliography
44184 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
44185 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
44186 LatexCommand bibitem
44192 \begin_inset CommandInset href
44195 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Japanese"
44199 how to set up LyX for Japanese:
44200 \begin_inset Newline newline
44204 \begin_inset Flex URL
44207 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44209 http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Japanese
44217 \begin_layout Bibliography
44218 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
44219 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
44220 LatexCommand bibitem
44226 \begin_inset CommandInset href
44229 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Latvian"
44233 how to set up LyX for Latvian:
44234 \begin_inset Newline newline
44238 \begin_inset Flex URL
44241 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44243 http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Latvian
44251 \begin_layout Bibliography
44252 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
44253 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
44254 LatexCommand bibitem
44260 \begin_inset CommandInset href
44263 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Lithuanian"
44267 how to set up LyX for Lithuanian:
44268 \begin_inset Newline newline
44272 \begin_inset Flex URL
44275 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44277 http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Lithuanian
44285 \begin_layout Bibliography
44286 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
44287 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
44288 LatexCommand bibitem
44294 \begin_inset CommandInset href
44297 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Mongolian"
44301 how to set up LyX for Mongolian:
44302 \begin_inset Newline newline
44306 \begin_inset Flex URL
44309 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44311 http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Mongolian
44319 \begin_layout Bibliography
44320 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
44321 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
44322 LatexCommand bibitem
44328 \begin_inset CommandInset href
44331 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Vietnamese"
44335 how to set up LyX for Vietnamese:
44336 \begin_inset Newline newline
44340 \begin_inset Flex URL
44343 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44345 http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Vietnamese
44353 \begin_layout Bibliography
44354 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
44355 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
44356 LatexCommand bibitem
44362 \begin_inset CommandInset href
44365 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LyxFunctionList"
44369 with a list of all available LyX-functions:
44370 \begin_inset Newline newline
44374 \begin_inset Flex URL
44377 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44379 http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LyxFunctionList
44387 \begin_layout Bibliography
44388 \labelwidthstring Literaturverzeichnis
44389 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
44390 LatexCommand bibitem
44396 \begin_inset CommandInset href
44399 target "http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/NewInLyX16"
44403 about new features in
44408 \begin_inset Newline newline
44412 \begin_inset Flex URL
44415 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44417 http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/NewInLyX16
44425 \begin_layout Standard
44426 \begin_inset Newpage newpage
44433 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44444 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44460 \begin_inset Note Note
44463 \begin_layout Plain Layout
44470 is the name of the bibliography in the current document language.
44471 It is redefined here with the number 2 at the end to state that the following
44472 bibliography is the second one:
44480 \begin_layout Standard
44481 \begin_inset CommandInset bibtex
44482 LatexCommand bibtex
44483 bibfiles "biblio/LyXDocs"
44484 options "biblio/alphadin"
44491 \begin_layout Standard
44492 The above bibliography is created from a BibTeX-database.
44495 \begin_layout Standard
44496 \begin_inset CommandInset nomencl_print
44497 LatexCommand printnomenclature
44503 \begin_inset CommandInset index_print
44504 LatexCommand printindex