1 #LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
5 % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
7 % I've designed this preamble to ensure that the User's Guide prints
8 % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble,
9 % parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. If you
10 % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact
11 % the documentation team
12 % email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
14 % provides missing characters,
15 % see note in chapter 'Character Tables'
18 \usepackage{ifpdf} % part of the hyperref bundle
19 \ifpdf % if pdflatex is used
21 % set fonts for nicer pdf view
22 \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}{%
23 \usepackage[scaled=0.92]{helvet}
25 \usepackage{courier} }
26 % the pages of the TOC are numbered roman
27 % and a pdf-bookmark for the TOC is added
29 \let\myTOC\tableofcontents
30 \renewcommand\tableofcontents{%
31 \pdfbookmark[1]{Contents}{}
34 \pagenumbering{arabic} }
35 % link all cross references and URLs in pdf output
36 \usepackage[colorlinks=true, bookmarks, bookmarksnumbered,
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38 pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true,
39 pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false, pdfpagelabels,
40 pdfauthor={LyX Team}, pdftex,
41 pdftitle={The LyX User's Guide},pdfsubject={LyX},
42 pdfkeywords={LyX}]{hyperref}
44 \else % if dvi or ps is produced
46 % link all cross references and URLs in dvi output
47 \usepackage[ps2pdf]{hyperref}
49 % the pages of the TOC are numbered roman
51 \let\myTOC\tableofcontents
52 \renewcommand\tableofcontents{%
53 \pdfbookmark[1]{Contents}{}
56 \pagenumbering{arabic} }
60 \options bibtotoc,BCOR7mm
72 \use_numerical_citations 0
73 \paperorientation portrait
76 \paragraph_separation indent
78 \quotes_language english
82 \paperpagestyle default
95 Principal maintainer of this file is
100 If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX
101 Documentation mailing list:
103 lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
115 To export this document as pdf, ps or dvi, the LaTeX-package
122 This package should be part of all popular LaTeX-distributions.
129 \begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{}
142 LyX is a document preparation system.
143 It is a tool for producing beautiful manuscripts, publishable books, business
144 letters and proposals, and even poetry.
145 It is unlike most other
146 \begin_inset Quotes eld
150 \begin_inset Quotes erd
153 in the sense that it uses the paradigm of a markup language as its core
155 That means that when you type a section header, you mark it as a
156 \begin_inset Quotes eld
160 \begin_inset Quotes erd
164 \begin_inset Quotes eld
167 Bold, 17 pt type, left justified, 5 mm space below
168 \begin_inset Quotes erd
172 LyX takes care of the typesetting for you, so you deal only with concepts,
176 This philosophy is explained in much greater detail in the
179 \begin_inset Quotes eld
183 \begin_inset Quotes erd
189 If you haven't read it yet, you need to.
194 \begin_inset Quotes eld
202 \begin_inset Quotes erd
205 describes several things in addition to LyX's philosophy: most importantly,
206 the format of all of the manuals.
207 If you don't read it, you'll have a bear of a time navigating this manual.
208 You might also be better served looking in one of the other manuals instead
211 \begin_inset Quotes eld
219 \begin_inset Quotes erd
231 Similar to other Linux [and other brands of Unix] programs, you start LyX
237 You can, of course, include several command-line options, including file
239 We're not going to repeat all of the command-line options here, since we've
240 already done that in the
245 Check there for more info.
248 There are one or two things we'd like to comment on:
251 Please note that if you include more than one file name on the command line,
252 LyX will load them all, though it won't display them all simultaneously.
253 More on that in a bit.
259 Like most applications, LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of
261 Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons.
262 There is, of course, a vertical scrollbar and a main work area for editing
264 Near the bottom of the window is a small window containing a single line
270 (a term which we've swiped, lock, stock, and barrel, from GNU Emacs), which
272 \begin_inset Quotes eld
276 \begin_inset Quotes erd
284 when you need to type a command in the minibuffer.
287 Note that there is no horizontal scroll bar.
288 This is not a bug or an oversight, but intentional.
289 When you read a book, you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the
291 Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for
292 only a vertical scrollbar.
295 There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar.
296 The first case is large figures, displayed WYSIWYG\SpecialChar \@.
297 This, however, is due
298 to a flaw in the routine that displays graphics on the LyX screen in a
299 WYSIWYG fashion; it should rescale the graphics to fit in the window, just
300 as you'd need to rescale graphics to fit on a page.
301 The second and third cases are tables and equations which are wider than
303 You can use the arrow keys to scroll horizontally through the table, but
304 this doesn't work for equations yet.
310 First, the bad news: the help system is not as thorough or idiot-proof as
311 in many commercial applications.
316 Now the good news: the help system consists of the LyX manuals.
321 of the manuals from inside LyX.
322 Just select the manual you want read from the
332 While we're at it, we'd like to make a comment about the manuals.
333 They're not idiot-proof, not in the least.
334 Here's what one of our authors,
338 , once said about manuals:
344 Yes, we've all dealt with the terse, poorly-translated, or cryptic manuals.
345 They are aggravating.
346 I find, however, that the overly simplified ones are even more aggravating.
347 First, they spend about half their time carefully explaining to the user
348 how to operate a mouse, what a menu is, et cetera, ad nauseum.
349 Please, if someone doesn't know how to use their own computer, or a GUI,
350 then they should sit down and learn
354 they start up a major piece of software.
357 Second, what information they do provide seems to assume that the user is
359 Utter nonsense! Most users, in my experience, are some combination of clueless
360 and intimidated, not stupid.
361 Besides, if someone is truly slow on the uptake, they need help that a
362 manual for a piece of computer software can't give.
367 Editor's Note: With this in mind, I've instructed all of the other authors
368 to avoid patronizing you, the reader, and to be more pedagogical than pedantic.
369 As for those who are too lazy to read and understand the manuals --- well,
370 as we say here in America, there's no such thing as a free lunch.
377 Basic File Operations
387 menu are the 9 basic operations for any word processor in addition to some
388 more advanced operations:
469 They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors, with
470 a few minor differences.
476 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
485 command not only prompts you for a name for the new file, but also prompts
486 you for a template to use.
487 Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for
488 the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually.
489 They can be of use for certain classes, especially those for writing letters
492 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:doc-classes}
500 \begin_inset Quotes eld
504 \begin_inset Quotes erd
508 \begin_inset Quotes eld
512 \begin_inset Quotes erd
516 \begin_inset Quotes eld
520 \begin_inset Quotes erd
523 Unless you tell LyX to open a file or create a new one, that big, blank
524 space is just that --- a big, blank space.
534 command is useful if more people work on the same document at the same
541 If you plan to do this, you should check out the Version Control feature
552 It will simply reload the document from disk.
553 You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document
554 and want to restore it to the last save.
557 The second matter of note concerns the commands
562 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
574 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
583 \begin_inset Quotes eld
587 \begin_inset Quotes erd
590 to save us all from our own stupidity.
591 That is, if you try to close a file with changes [or exit LyX], you'll
592 be informed that there are unsaved files.
595 Basic Editing Features
598 Like most modern word processors, LyX can perform cut and paste operations
599 on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or screenful of text, and
600 can delete whole words as well as individual characters.
601 The next four sections cover the basic LyX editing features and how to
603 We'll start with cut and paste.
606 As you might expect, the
613 menu has the cut and paste commands, along with various other editing features.
614 Some of these are special and covered in later sections.
640 Replace\SpecialChar \ldots{}
644 The first three are self-explanatory.
645 One thing to note: whenever you delete a block of text that you've selected,
646 it's automatically placed in the clipboard.
655 keys also functions as the
660 Also, if you've selected text, be careful.
661 If you hit a key, LyX will completely delete the selected text and replace
662 it with what you just typed.
670 to get back the lost text.
678 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
685 Replace\SpecialChar \ldots{}
695 The text you want to find goes in the
704 Once you've found a word or expression, LyX selects it.
712 button replaces the selected text with the contents of the
714 Replace\SpecialChar ~
722 You can click to search again to skip the current word.
733 to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically.
745 toggle button can be used if you want the search to consider the case of
747 If the toggle is set, searching for
748 \begin_inset Quotes eld
756 \begin_inset Quotes erd
759 will not match the word
760 \begin_inset Quotes eld
768 \begin_inset Quotes erd
782 toggle button can be used to force LyX to only find complete words.
785 \begin_inset Quotes eld
793 \begin_inset Quotes erd
797 \begin_inset Quotes eld
805 \begin_inset Quotes erd
809 \begin_inset Quotes eld
817 \begin_inset Quotes erd
826 If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it.
827 LyX has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer.
833 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
840 to undo some mistake.
841 If you accidently undo too much, use
846 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
854 \begin_inset Quotes eld
858 \begin_inset Quotes erd
861 The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100 steps to minimise memory
866 Notice that if you revert back all changes to arrive to the document as
867 it was last saved, the
868 \begin_inset Quotes eld
872 \begin_inset Quotes erd
875 status of the document is unfortunately not reset.
876 This is a consequence of the 100 step undo limit, above.
893 work on almost everything in LyX.
894 They have some quirks, too.
909 text character by character, but by blocks of text.
910 That can take some getting used to; you'll have to play with
924 to get a feel for just how much they'll undo/redo, and after time, you'll
925 hopefully appreciate how it works.
931 We're not going to go into all of the mouse bindings here.
932 Some of the other sections of this manual cover specific operations you
933 can do with the mouse.
934 Instead, we're going to cover the most basic mouse operations.
945 once anywhere in the edit window.
946 The cursor moves to the text under the mouse.
959 LyX marks the text between the old and new mouse positions.
965 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
968 to create a copy of the text in LyX's buffer.
971 Re-position the cursor and then paste the text back into LyX using
976 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
983 Footnotes, Margin Notes, Figure and Table Floats, etc.
995 left mouse button to open or close any of these.
996 Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details.
1008 the right mouse button
1012 to open a dialog that will allow you to manipulate the table.
1017 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: key bindings}
1024 Again, we're not going to cover all of the keybindings.
1025 Be aware that there are at least two different primary binding maps: CUA
1027 I guarantee you will cuss when you press Control-d to delete a character,
1028 and it starts up a DVI previewer instead (or vice versa).
1057 , do exactly what you expect them to do.
1060 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1066 There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX.
1067 If you don't understand this, go read Sections
1068 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro}
1073 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:par-environments}
1077 , especially Section\SpecialChar ~
1079 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvlists}
1085 If you're still confused, look in the
1091 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1098 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1102 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1105 It's used, generically, to cancel operations.
1106 Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this.
1108 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1120 These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line,
1121 unless you are using the Emacs bindings where they jump to the beginning
1124 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1140 you have your keyboard set up correctly under the X Windows System,
1144 works as expected and
1148 deletes the character under the cursor [if no text is selected].
1152 If you haven't set up your keyboard under X, or have no idea what we mean
1153 by that, go read section
1154 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:x-win-keys}
1159 You'll save yourself a lot of headaches.
1163 Then there are the modifier keys:
1165 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1171 This has a couple of different uses, depending on which keys it's used
1172 in combination with:
1184 , it deletes an entire word instead of a single character.
1195 , it moves by words instead of characters.
1206 , it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively.
1209 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1215 Use this with any of the motion keys to select the text between the old
1216 and new cursor positions.
1218 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1224 This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless your keyboard has a distinct
1226 Unfortunately, X sometimes has their functionality swapped, so if you have
1227 both keys, you will need to do a little trial and error to find out which
1228 one actually performs the
1233 This key does many different things, but it also activates the
1235 menu accelerator keys
1238 If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a
1239 menu or menu item, it selects that menu item.
1243 For example, the sequence
1244 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1253 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1258 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1266 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1279 There are also other things bound to the
1283 key, but you'll have to check in the
1295 Hopefully, you'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as
1296 you use LyX, because most mouse actions will prompt a small message in
1297 the minibuffer which describe the name of the action, you've just triggered,
1298 and any existing keybindings for that action.
1299 The notation for the keybindings is very similar to the notation used in
1300 this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding it.
1301 However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so
1304 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1310 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1317 followed by a capital
1323 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1331 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1341 Using LyX with Other Programs
1344 Importing ASCII files
1347 You can import text from an ASCII file using the
1352 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1357 mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1372 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1377 mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1395 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1400 mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1409 puts each line of the file into its own LyX paragraph.
1410 This is useful if you're importing a text file with a simple list in it.
1411 However, if your text file contains paragraphs in it, LyX will mangle the
1412 paragraphs if you use this form of import.
1420 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1425 mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1435 preserves paragraphs in text files.
1436 Often in a text file, you didn't put the contents of an entire paragraph
1442 to break up the paragraph into separate lines.
1448 , LyX won't mangle such paragraphs.
1449 Anything between two consecutive blank lines goes into its own LyX paragraph.
1450 Remember: you must make sure there is a
1454 line between each and every paragraph in your text file.
1455 If not, LyX might end up merging two paragraphs.
1458 Cut and Paste Between LyX and Other X Programs
1473 operations will transfer text to and from LyX.
1474 You can copy text from LyX to another window in this way: Select the text
1475 that you want to copy, then go to the destination window and paste the
1476 text with the middle mouse button.
1480 Pasting text into LyX also works much the same way as in X.
1481 Select the text with the mouse in another X window.
1482 Go to the Lyx window and paste the text with the middle mouse button.
1485 LyX Setup and Supporting Applications
1491 If you're using LyX on a system someone else has set up for you, then you
1492 can safely skip this chapter.
1493 It describes all of the things you need beyond the LyX binary and files
1494 distributed with it.
1497 If you're installing LyX on your system,
1499 you should read the README's that came with the LyX distribution and then
1506 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1519 This chapter does not describe installation or setup of the LyX binary
1520 [Well, not everything\SpecialChar \ldots{}
1522 It does describe all of the things you'll need to use LyX to its fullest.
1528 This is basically where we decided to document a bunch of info about running
1529 LyX, including what other programs you'll need to make LyX useful.
1536 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:setup}
1543 There are two ways to run LyX.
1544 The first way is to install LyX and all of its support files on your system.
1545 Of course, you need root privileges to do that.
1546 The second way to run LyX doesn't require root access, letting you
1547 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1551 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1554 LyX somewhere in your own account.
1555 LyX will automatically detect where it is as long as the supporting directories
1556 are put in the correct places.
1559 There are several features of LyX that can be configured from inside LyX,
1560 without resorting to configuration files.
1561 First, LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs, LaTeX document
1562 classes and LaTeX packages are available.
1563 It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults to several
1570 Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed
1571 on your system, you might have some items that you installed locally and
1572 which are not seen by LyX.
1573 To force LyX to re-inspect your system, you should use
1578 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1586 You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account.
1587 As far as LaTeX classes and packages are concerned, you will find information
1588 about what has been found under
1593 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1604 The second set of settings that you might want to change comprises all the
1605 document-level setting that you can change via the
1610 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1618 To do this, open a scrap document, set all these options according to your
1619 taste and save them with the
1626 Document\SpecialChar ~
1637 This will create a template named
1641 which is automatically loaded by LyX when you open a document without template
1642 such that the settings are automatically set-up as you defined them.
1645 There are many other user-configurable options that you can feed to LyX.
1646 Upon startup, LyX reads a global options file called
1651 It will then attempt to read a file called
1655 beneath your home directory.
1661 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1672 dialog can be used to change these options; the document
1676 contains more information about the preferences dialog and these configuration
1680 Setting Up the X Keyboard [obsolescent]
1681 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:x-win-keys}
1688 To use LyX properly, X
1692 be set up correctly.
1693 This is especially vital if you're using the international support features
1694 of LyX and want to use non-English keyboard mappings.
1695 On modern distributions, this likely has been taken care of, but if not,
1696 you must do this yourself.
1697 Administrators of large systems often neglect this, so don't assume that
1698 you're safe if you're using a large system.
1699 Also ordinary users can instruct X how to use his or her keyboard.
1702 xmodmap and xkeycaps
1705 First of all read the man pages for these two programs.
1706 They are your best friends when you are trying to set up X key mapping
1708 If you don't have them, install them.
1709 \layout Subsubsection
1714 This document contains no information on how to use
1728 To load the new X keyboard mappings, place the command
1730 xmodmap\SpecialChar ~
1733 somewhere in your startup scripts [e.g.
1751 \layout Subsubsection
1756 This program brings up a graphical version of your keyboard, allows you
1757 to make modifications, and then spits those modifications out to the standard
1758 output in a form readable by
1763 It is very useful when you're trying to design a new
1767 file, though it will require you to do a bit of cut-and-pasting.
1770 Modifiers and Mode_switch
1773 LyX supports three modifiers: Shift [
1786 Moreover, if one of the keys of your keyboard is configured as a
1790 key, then you can use it to enter some characters not available on your
1792 This compose key can be used either as a modifier (like
1800 ) or as a prefix key.
1801 Here are some examples of what you can do with a
1813 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
1824 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
1835 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
1846 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
1852 This input method is particularly handy when you use accented characters
1853 only from time to time.
1854 It works by default for latin1 characters, but other input methods will
1855 be used if you setup your locale correctly.
1858 Helpful Hints and Tips
1861 First, open up two xterminals.
1862 Use one to edit a new
1875 , remap your keyboard the way you want it.
1880 to output the new keymap.
1885 will spit a bunch of stuff on the xterm you executed it from.
1886 Just copy and paste all of that into your
1890 file, and you're done.
1896 You could also save yourself some typing by executing
1901 This will create a usable map file.
1907 Also, there are some things you can do to help you get oriented.
1908 Try executing the command
1913 This will show you all of the currently active modifiers.
1916 xmodmap -v -pke | more
1918 to see which keycode numbers are mapped to which symbolic names.
1919 It will also give you some idea of the syntax of the
1926 There's one thing you'll need to check.
1939 defined as the same key symbol by X! Note that giving these two keys unique
1940 symbol names will not necessarily alter the behavior of your programs.
1949 to the same operation.
1951 Other programs, however, use
1959 for different operations.
1960 LyX is one of these programs, and if you have
1968 labeled with the same key symbol name, you'll have trouble using LyX.
1974 If you want to do more with LyX than simply create documents and spit out
1979 files, you'll need LaTeX.
1982 In case you were wondering, LaTeX is a markup language front end for TeX,
1983 a document preparation system invented in 1984 by Donald Knuth.
1989 A note about pronunciation: TeX originated from the Greek letters,
1990 \begin_inset Formula $\tau\epsilon\chi$
1994 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1998 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2001 That's how you pronounce
2002 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2006 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2010 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2014 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2017 [If you're American, just pronounce the
2018 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2022 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2026 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2030 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2036 TeX takes a set of commands in an ASCII file and converts it to a
2037 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2041 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2044 format, or Dvi, for short.
2045 The Dvi file can then be sent to printers.
2046 TeX is programmable, and LaTeX is nothing but a [really huge] set of TeX
2048 LaTeX will typically come as part of a TeX distribution, so all you need
2052 Note that on some old systems you may find that only LaTeX 2.09 is installed
2053 (as opposed to the more current LaTeX2e).
2054 LyX cannot be used with LaTeX 2.09.
2057 If you're using Linux, LaTeX2e should have come with your distribution.
2058 For other systems, you might need to install LaTeX yourself.You can obtain
2059 a LaTeX distribution (and anything and everything related to TeX and LaTeX)
2060 from a Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) mirror.
2061 A complete list of mirrors may be found at
2064 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ctan.org}
2069 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ctan}
2076 Dvips and Ghostscript
2082 There's one more step you need to take if you want to print your LyX documents.
2083 Obviously, you'll need to make sure your printer is configured [see next
2085 You'll also need to install these programs (or compatibles), if you don't
2109 The latter two programs are previewer for files in Dvi and PostScript®
2115 PostScript® is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated, and
2116 is the main page description language in the UN*X world.
2121 If you don't know what a DVI file is, you've probably also never worked
2122 with LaTeX and should read the
2126 document before proceeding further.
2131 converts DVI files into PostScript, which is the format most printers use
2133 For those of you using dot-matrix and inkjet printers, you'll want to filter
2134 the PostScript through
2138 , which is capable of creating output for a variety of printers.
2139 The following section on printer setup describes how to do this automatically
2140 every time you print.
2141 For now, we'll concentrate on
2149 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:dvipsconfig}
2156 Whether you'll be running LyX on a large system or a Linux box at home,
2157 you should configure
2167 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2171 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2174 into a file, or send output directly to the printer, depending on how it's
2176 If it is set up to print to a file, and if no filename is specified, it
2190 set up to send output to the default printer.
2191 For LyX, you'll want the flexibility to do both.
2194 If you are not a mood to configure
2198 to adapt its output to your printer, you can safely skip this section.
2199 Be warned however that the output will not match the quality that you could
2200 expect from your printer.
2201 At least, it will print.
2204 If you are using teTeX (a TeX distribution which is particularly popular
2205 on Linux), you should run the program
2210 To make the name of a new printer recognized by
2214 you should then select menu entry
2219 Enter the required parameters and, before exiting, remember to select the
2227 Let's turn now to manual configuration: in order to inform
2231 how to automagically convert a
2239 file adapted to printer
2243 , you need to have a config-file,
2244 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2252 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2255 lying around somewhere.
2266 /usr/lib/texmf/dvips
2268 in most TeX distributions.
2269 Your system will probably be different, of course, so just look under the
2270 main TeX directory for a subdirectory called
2271 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2279 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2282 It'll be there somewhere.
2285 Typically, there will be at least one config-file:
2290 This file is the default configuration file, which is
2300 In particular, this file is not necessarily connected to the existence of
2309 Read this file and see what options could need to be changed for your particula
2315 containing only the relevant lines.
2319 There's at least one thing you need to do to the config-file.
2320 There may exist a line that looks like,
2321 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2329 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2332 [without the quotes, of course\SpecialChar \ldots{}
2335 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2343 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2346 , so that the output is sent by default to printer
2351 However, you should probably investigate the entries
2352 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2360 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2364 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2372 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2375 , which define respectively the Metafont mode and the resolution of the
2377 If you do not know what a Metafont mode is, you can see it as a printer
2378 driver: it adapts the design of TeX fonts to ensure that they give the
2379 best possible result on your printer.
2380 Be warned however that, if you define different Metafont modes for different
2385 will generate several copies of your TeX fonts on disk, and these take
2389 Once you are satisfied that your printers are correctly configured, you
2390 should tell LyX to make use of this configuration.
2391 To do this, you should launch the
2400 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2407 ) and set the entries
2420 You can use as many configuration files as you like, one for each of your
2422 The default printer for LyX can be specified from the
2433 environment variable.
2434 You can also choose the desired printer from inside LyX, as described in
2436 Once you've done all that, you can print to either a PostScript printer
2441 If your printer doesn't understand PostScript®, you'll need to use
2445 as a filter for your print spooler.
2446 That's covered in numerous HOWTO's and manuals.
2447 We also have a section that covers a little bit of this.
2450 Some people don't seem to like using the
2459 As alternative, you can use a program that converts the DVI file directly
2460 into your printer language.
2461 You can specify this program in the
2466 There is a major disadvantage to this method.
2467 You can't include any PostScript files, such as graphics, in your documents,
2468 since the printer-specific conversion programs don't understand PostScript®.
2469 For that reason, the LyX team highly recommends using
2481 Ghostscript, Xdvi and Ghostview
2497 files, while the later interfaces with
2501 to allow you to view PostScript files.
2504 A quick note on both of these programs.
2505 Both automatically update themselves if the viewed file
2519 file, not the files used to make these.
2523 You can also force an update.
2524 So, once you've opened one of these two viewers, there's no reason to close
2526 Also, both programs are functionally the same, providing all of the same
2530 The LyX team recommends using
2534 for fine tuning documents.
2535 Why? It's faster; there's one less layer of processing you need to do before
2536 you can view the changes.
2544 to preview a document from LyX, and leave it running.
2547 Make changes to the document using LyX.
2550 To view those changes, just choose
2555 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2560 pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2568 When LaTeX's all done, click on the
2579 Now, this doesn't mean
2588 is better suited to those occasions where you
2592 view the PostScript version of the document.
2593 For repeated changes that aren't PostScript® dependent, you're better off
2599 There is an alternative to
2603 which sports a much better interface:
2608 LyX will automatically use it instead of ghostscript if it is available.
2616 Anyone working on a large system shouldn't have any problems here.
2617 Your sysadmin [or you, if you are the sysadmin] should already have the
2618 printers set up for your system.
2619 All you need to do is find out the name of the printer you want to use,
2624 as described in the last section.
2629 Those of you using Linux, however, will have a bit more work to do.
2630 Many people now receive a Linux distribution, such as Red Hat or Slackware,
2636 They follow the install instructions, get Linux up and running, but never
2637 realize that they need to set up their printer.
2640 If you find that you need to do this by hand, we've written a little something
2641 to help you out with that; check out the
2642 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2650 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2669 Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you
2674 of document you want to edit.
2675 Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings,
2676 numbering schemes, and so on.
2677 Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments,
2678 and format the title of your document differently.
2685 describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents.
2686 By setting the document class, you automagically select these properties,
2687 making it easier to create the type of document you want.
2688 If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default.
2689 So, it behooves you to change the class of your document.
2692 Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and
2693 how to fine-tune some of their properties.
2697 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:doc-classes}
2701 The Various Document Classes
2702 \layout Subsubsection
2707 There are five standard document classes in LyX.
2711 Article for basic articles
2714 Report for basic reports
2717 Book for writing a book
2720 Letter for US-style letters
2723 Slides is used to make transparencies
2726 There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have
2727 a LaTeX setup that supports them:
2730 Aapaper Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysic
2734 Amsart Journal articles in the style and format used by the AMS [American
2735 Mathematical Society].
2736 There are three amsart layouts available.
2737 The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems,
2741 , that prepends the section number to the number of the result.
2742 All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced
2743 together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence.
2745 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2748 sequential numbering
2749 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2752 scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers
2753 them throughout the article in a single sequence.
2754 Each type of result gets its own sequence.
2755 There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether.
2758 Amsbook Books in the style and format used by the AMS.
2759 Only the standard numbering scheme is provided, under the assumption that
2760 you would not want to number results consecutively throughout a book, and
2761 that you would need to number results.
2764 Dinbrief für Briefe nach deutscher Art
2767 Foils is used to make transparencies, but is better than
2772 Linuxdoc Used with the SGML-tools package (formerly known as LinuxDoc).
2773 It allows LyX to produce SGML output.
2774 SGML is a markup language and is the predecessor to HTML\SpecialChar \@.
2776 package allows you to convert SGML to HTML or to the format used by
2783 Paper for use with the
2787 LaTeX document class [not in all LaTeX distributions]
2790 Revtex is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical
2791 Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society
2793 This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features.
2796 We won't go into any detail about how to use these different document classes
2798 You can find all the details about the non-standard classes in the
2803 Here, we will settle with a list of some of the common properties of all
2804 of the document classes.
2805 \layout Subsubsection
2810 You can select a class using the
2817 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
2823 Select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options
2825 \layout Subsubsection
2830 Each class has a default set of options.
2831 Here's a quick table describing them:
2833 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
2835 \begin_inset Tabular
2836 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="5">
2838 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
2839 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
2840 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
2841 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
2842 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
2843 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
2844 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2851 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2868 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2885 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2902 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2920 <row topline="true">
2921 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2937 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2954 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2971 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2988 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3006 <row topline="true">
3007 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3023 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3040 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3057 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3074 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3092 <row topline="true">
3093 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3109 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3126 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3143 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3160 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3178 <row topline="true">
3179 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3195 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3212 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3229 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3246 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3263 <row topline="true">
3264 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3280 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3297 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3314 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3331 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3349 <row topline="true">
3350 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3366 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3383 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3400 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3417 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3435 <row topline="true">
3436 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3452 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3469 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3486 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3503 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3521 <row topline="true">
3522 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3538 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3555 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3572 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3589 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3606 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
3607 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3623 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3640 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3657 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3674 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3699 There is no default value of
3708 for any of these classes.
3712 You're probably also wondering what
3713 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3718 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3722 There are several paragraph environment used to create section headings.
3723 Different document classes allow different types of section headings.
3728 heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the
3733 Some document classes, such as the three for letters, don't use any section
3743 headings, there are also
3751 headings, and so on.
3752 We'll describe these headings fully in section
3753 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvheadings}
3760 Fine-tuning the Defaults
3763 Okay, we know we never told you what most of these
3764 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3768 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3779 That's what this section is for.
3781 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3790 This is another list, containing five options.
3791 It controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page:
3797 LaTeX does this part.
3803 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3809 Use default pagestyle of current class.
3811 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3817 No page numbers or headings.
3819 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3827 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3833 Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number.
3834 Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on
3835 which is the maximum sectioning level.
3837 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3843 This allows you to create fully customizable headers and footers if you
3849 At the moment, support in LyX is limited to this setting.
3850 To use the full power of this package, you have to resort to magic codes
3852 Check the documentation for the
3856 package for more details.
3859 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3865 No, LyX can't make your printer print on both sides of a sheet of paper!
3866 However, it can use a different format for odd-numbered pages than even-numbere
3872 have a printer that duplexes
3879 prints on both sides of a sheet of paper
3882 , your page number will always be in the upper right corner of the page
3883 and the left margin will have extra room for a binding.
3887 There are two radio buttons here:
3891 for single-sided documents,
3895 for double-sided documents.
3898 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3904 Yes, this does control how many columns each page has.
3905 You can choose, using the toggle buttons,
3913 for the number of columns.
3918 Note that LyX won't show two columns on screen.
3919 That's impractical, often unreadable, and not part of the WYSIWYM concept.
3924 be two columns in the generated output.
3927 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3944 takes several options.
3945 LyX sets some of these automatically for you.
3946 This text box allows you to enter in others.
3947 Just type in a comma-separated list of options.
3948 See a good LaTeX book to find out what kinds of additional options you
3951 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3957 This has its own section.
3960 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro}
3964 for a description of what this does.
3967 Paper Size, Orientation, and Margins
3970 There are several other options to set in the
3972 Document\SpecialChar ~
3976 All of them are global options, but they have special purposes and only
3977 affect certain features.
3978 We describe what these options do in the same section that describes the
3979 features they affect.
3982 There are two options that affect the overall layout of the document, so
3983 we'll describe them here.
3984 You'll find them in the
3994 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
4000 Two toggle buttons choose whether to print the output as
4017 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
4027 What size paper to print on.
4072 Some of these settings require you to have the
4077 This package will also allow you to set the margins in the
4087 If you change a document's class, LyX has to convert
4092 That includes the paragraph environments.
4093 Some paragraph environments are standard; all of the document classes have
4095 Some classes have special paragraph environments, however.
4096 If this is the case, and you change document classes, LyX sets the missing
4097 paragraph environments to
4101 and places an error box at the beginning of the paragraph.
4102 Just click on them and you'll get a message dialog that tells you about
4103 the conversion and why it failed.
4106 Paragraph Indentation and Separation
4110 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parindentintro}
4117 Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to
4118 say a word or two about paragraph indentation.
4121 Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs.
4122 Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph.
4123 Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs.
4124 LyX uses the same convention you find among typographer.
4129 paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list,
4135 Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented.
4136 Some people don't like this convention, but if you want to use indented
4137 paragraphs, you'll have to live with it.
4143 There is a way to force LaTeX to indent all paragraphs.
4144 LyX won't show this, of course, but LaTeX
4149 You'll need to get a special package and insert an appropriate command
4153 Editor's Note: I'll insert this info when I get the time.
4162 The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings
4163 and text --- in fact, all of the spacings for just about everything are
4165 As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what.
4166 LyX takes care of that.
4167 In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a
4169 That way, LyX can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure
4170 figures fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom
4171 of a page, and so on.
4177 Actually, LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file.
4180 However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them.
4181 LyX gives you the ability to globally change
4185 of these pre-coded spacings.
4186 We'll explain more later.
4189 Global Indentation Method
4192 To select the default method of separating paragraphs, select
4207 to indent paragraphs or add extra space between paragraphs, respectively.
4213 You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph.
4219 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4224 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
4227 dialog and toggle the
4234 button to change the state of the current paragraph.
4235 If paragraphs indent by default, this button will be inactive at first.
4236 If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this
4237 button will be completely ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph
4241 You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph
4242 if you need to do some fine-tuning.
4243 Typically, you'll select
4258 for the entire document and edit away.
4261 Changing Line Spacing
4269 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4276 dialog you can choose your line spacing provided you have the
4283 Paragraph Environments
4284 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:par-environments}
4294 The paragraph environments correspond to the various
4320 command sequences in an ordinary LaTeX file.
4321 If you don't know LaTeX, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally
4322 alien to you, we urge you to read the
4331 also contains many more examples than this section does.
4334 A paragraph environment is simply a
4335 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4339 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4342 for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties.
4343 This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering
4344 scheme, labels, and so on.
4345 Additionally, you can
4346 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4350 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4353 the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment
4354 to inherit some of the properties of another.
4355 The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy
4356 tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other hold-overs from the
4357 days of typewriters.
4358 There are several paragraph environments which are specific to a particular
4360 We'll only be covering the most common ones here.
4363 To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box on the left
4365 LyX will change the environment of the
4369 paragraph in which the cursor sits.
4370 You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if
4371 you select them before choosing the new environment.
4383 create a new paragraph using the
4387 paragraph environment.
4389 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4393 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4396 because this isn't always the case.
4402 If you are in one of these environments:
4513 LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you hit
4517 , rather than resetting it to
4522 LyX will still reset the nesting depth, however.
4525 Usually, starting a new paragraph resets both the paragraph environment
4526 and the nesting depth [more on nesting in section
4527 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
4532 At the moment, all this is context-specific; you're better off expecting
4537 to reset the paragraph environment and depth.
4538 If you want a new paragraph to keep the current environment and depth,
4549 The default paragraph environment is
4554 It creates a plain paragraph.
4555 If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses.
4556 In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now [and most of the ones in
4557 this manual] are in the
4564 You can nest a paragraph using the
4568 environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything
4579 A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name[s] of the
4581 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4585 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4588 for thanks or contact information.
4589 For certain types of documents, LaTeX places all of this on a separate
4590 page along with today's date.
4591 For other types of documents, the title
4592 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4596 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4599 goes at the top of the first page of the document.
4603 LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph
4617 Here's how you use them:
4620 Put the title of your document in the
4627 Put the author name in the
4634 If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date,
4635 or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in
4641 Note that using this environment is optional.
4642 If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date.
4645 Be sure to do this at the top of the document.
4646 You can use footnotes to insert
4647 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4651 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4654 or contact information.
4658 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvheadings}
4665 There are nine paragraph environments for producing section headings.
4666 LyX takes care of the numbering for you.
4667 All you need to do is decide what you're going to call section 3 of chapter
4669 \layout Subsubsection
4674 There are 6 numbered types of section headings.
4680 Why no mention of Part ?
4716 LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods.
4717 The numbers describe where in the document you are.
4718 These headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text.
4719 For example, suppose you're writing a book.
4720 You group the book into chapters.
4721 LyX does similar grouping:
4732 is the maximum sectioning level.
4794 not all document types use the
4798 heading as the maximum sectioning level.
4803 is the top-level heading.
4810 environment to label a new sub-subsection, LyX labels it with its number,
4811 along with the number of the subsection, section, and, if applicable, chapter
4813 For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the
4815 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4819 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4823 \layout Subsubsection
4828 There are 3 types of unnumbered section headings.
4848 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4852 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4855 after each name means that these headings are not numbered.
4856 They work the same as their numbered counterparts.
4857 \layout Subsubsection
4859 Changing the Numbering
4860 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:section-depth}
4867 You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear
4868 in the Table of Contents.
4869 Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document
4871 Certain classes start with
4885 Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels.
4895 This is something you can change.
4903 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4911 You should see a counter labelled
4913 Section\SpecialChar ~
4914 number\SpecialChar ~
4922 This counter controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers
4924 Unfortunately, the number you choose with the slider is really goofy, so
4925 here's a table of values and what they do:
4927 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
4929 \begin_inset Tabular
4930 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
4932 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
4933 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
4934 <row topline="true">
4935 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
4954 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
4971 <row bottomline="true">
4972 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
4988 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5005 <row topline="true">
5006 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5022 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5035 no numbering of any kind
5039 <row topline="true">
5040 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5056 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5075 <row topline="true">
5076 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5092 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5110 <row topline="true">
5111 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5127 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5145 <row topline="true">
5146 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5162 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5180 <row topline="true">
5181 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5197 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5216 <row topline="true">
5217 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5233 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5252 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
5253 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5269 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5295 The increasing numbers are cumulative: a setting of
5296 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5300 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5303 will number parts and chapters, while
5304 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5308 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5311 will number parts, chapters, sections, and subsections.
5312 Of course, if you're using a document class that doesn't use part or chapter
5318 the default article class), then the numbering begins at the
5323 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5327 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5331 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5335 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5341 There's another counter in the dialog, called
5345 contents\SpecialChar ~
5349 It works the same way as
5351 Section\SpecialChar ~
5352 numbering\SpecialChar ~
5355 , only it controls which sectioning levels appear in, you guessed it, the
5357 This is a great control to have.
5358 Suppose you wanted to number
5362 sectioning heading, but you only wanted
5374 s in the Table of Contents.
5377 Section\SpecialChar ~
5378 numbering\SpecialChar ~
5382 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5386 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5391 Table of contents\SpecialChar ~
5395 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5399 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5402 and voilà! You're all set.
5403 \layout Subsubsection
5408 The following information applies to
5447 You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments.
5450 You can only use inlined math in these environments.
5453 You cannot do any nesting with these environments.
5456 You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers.
5459 As for examples of these paragraph environments - look around you! We're
5460 using them everywhere in the manuals.
5461 \layout Subsubsection
5463 Creating an Appendix
5466 To create an appendix, simply start by adding a new chapter or section heading.
5467 Move the cursor back to the beginning of the heading and select
5472 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5480 ppendix\SpecialChar ~
5484 A red/brown box will be drawn around the remainder of the file to indicate
5485 there is something special about it, and the numerical chapter or section
5486 label(s) will be changed to a letter.
5492 LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations.
5506 Forget the days of changing linespacing and twiddling with margins.
5507 These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in.
5508 They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below
5509 the text they contain.
5510 They also allow nesting, so you can put a
5518 , as well as in some other paragraph environments.
5521 There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do
5530 when you start a new paragraph.
5531 So, you can type in that poem and merrily hit
5535 without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you.
5536 Of course, that means that, once you're done typing in that poem, you have
5537 to change back to the
5541 environment yourself.
5542 \layout Subsubsection
5553 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quote}
5560 Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's
5561 time for the differences.
5570 are identical except for one difference:
5574 uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line.
5583 indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout.
5586 Here's an example of the
5598 I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it
5600 See - no indentation!
5603 Here's the second paragraph of this quote.
5604 Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and
5605 the other paragraph.
5608 That ends that example.
5609 Here's another example, this time in the
5621 If I keep writing, you'll see the indentation.
5622 If your country uses a writing style that shows off new paragraphs by indenting
5623 the first line, then
5627 is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it
5631 you were quoting other text.
5634 Here's a new paragraph.
5635 I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time.
5636 If I did that, though, you'd get bored.
5639 That was our other example.
5640 As the example notes,
5644 is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs.
5645 They should put quotes in the
5650 Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the
5654 paragraph environment for quoted text.
5655 \layout Subsubsection
5660 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:verse}
5671 is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on.
5677 Which I did not rehearse!
5680 It could be much worse.
5681 This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps
5683 It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are
5684 indented a bit more than the first.
5685 Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore.
5691 And make things look fine
5704 does not indent both margins.
5705 Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph.
5706 To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the
5718 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvlists}
5725 LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds
5735 environments, LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively.
5744 environments, LyX lets you provide your own label.
5745 We'll present the individual details of each type of list next after describing
5746 some general features of all four of them.
5747 \layout Subsubsection
5752 The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments
5754 First, LyX treats each paragraph as a list item.
5763 reset the environment to
5767 but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item.
5768 The nesting depth is typically reset, however.
5769 If you want to keep both the current nesting depth and paragraph environment,
5774 to break paragraphs.
5777 You can nest lists of any type inside one another.
5778 In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how its
5780 If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we suggest
5781 you read all of section
5782 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
5788 \layout Subsubsection
5795 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:itemize}
5802 The first type of list we'll describe in detail is the
5806 paragraph environment.
5807 It has the following properties:
5810 Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label.
5814 LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level.
5817 The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line.
5821 The items can be any length.
5822 LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item.
5823 The offset is always relative to whatever environment the
5834 environment inside another
5838 environment, the label changes to a new symbol.
5842 There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting.
5845 LyX always shows the same symbol, an asterisk, on screen.
5849 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
5853 for a full explanation of nesting.
5857 Of course, that explanation was also an example of an
5866 environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter.
5869 We said that different levels use different symbols as their label.
5870 Here's an example of all four possible symbols.
5871 Note that those of you reading this manual online won't see any difference.
5874 The label for the first level
5878 is a large black dot, or bullet.
5882 The label for the second level is a dash.
5886 The label for the third is an asterisk.
5890 The label for the fourth is a centered dot.
5894 Back out to the third level.
5898 Back to the second level.
5902 Back to the outermost level.
5905 These are the default labels for an
5910 You can customize these labels in the
5925 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5939 Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth.
5940 We'll explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths
5942 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
5948 \layout Subsubsection
5955 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:enumerate}
5966 environment is the tool to use to create numbered lists and outlines.
5967 It has these properties:
5970 Each item has a numeral as its label.
5974 The type of numeral depends on the nesting depth.
5978 LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate.
5985 environment resets the counter to one.
6000 Offsets the items relative to the left margin.
6001 Items can be any length.
6004 Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases.
6007 Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth.
6010 Allows up to a four-fold nesting.
6026 show the different labels for each item.
6027 Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an
6034 The first level of an
6038 uses Arabic numerals followed by a period.
6042 The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses.
6046 The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period.
6050 The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period.
6053 Again, notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth
6058 Back to the third level
6062 Back to the second level.
6066 Back to the outermost level.
6069 Once again, you can customize the type of numbering used in the
6074 It involves adding commands to the LaTeX preamble (see the
6079 As stated earlier, such customization only shows up in the printed version,
6080 not on the LyX screen.
6083 There is more to nesting
6087 environments than we've stated here.
6093 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
6097 to learn more about nesting.
6098 \layout Subsubsection
6105 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:descrlist}
6112 Unlike the previous two environments, the
6116 list has no fixed label.
6117 Instead, LyX uses the first
6118 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6122 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6125 of the first line as the label.
6129 Example: This is an example of the
6136 LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the
6140 Now, you're probably wondering what we mean by,
6141 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6144 uses the first 'word'.
6145 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6152 key does not add a whitespace character, but separates words from one another.
6161 key tells LyX to end the label if we're at the beginning of the first line
6165 However, what if you want or need to use more than one word in the label
6170 environment? Simple: use a
6184 pecial\SpecialChar ~
6185 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6186 Protected\SpecialChar ~
6203 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace}
6207 for more info.] Here's an example:
6210 Second\SpecialChar ~
6211 Example: This one shows how to use a
6213 Protected\SpecialChar ~
6223 Usage: You should use the
6227 environment for things like definitions and theorems.
6228 Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text
6230 It's not a good idea to use a
6234 environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe.
6235 You're better off using
6247 paragraphs into them.
6250 Nesting: You can, of course, nest
6254 environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
6258 Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting
6259 them from the first line.
6260 \layout Subsubsection
6267 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:lyxlist}
6278 environment is a LyX extension to LaTeX.
6282 Now, if you jumped here without reading sections
6283 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:itemize}
6288 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:descrlist}
6301 create numbered lists.
6306 does, and it's documented in section
6307 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:enumerate}
6323 environment has user-defined labels for each list item.
6324 There are some key differences between this list environment and the other
6327 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6330 labels LyX uses the first
6331 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6335 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6338 of each line as the item label.
6343 after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label.
6344 If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a protected
6345 blank as described above.
6347 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6349 margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and
6350 the body of the item text.
6351 The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default
6352 label width plus a little extra space.
6355 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6358 width LyX uses one of two things for the label width: the actual width
6359 of the label, or the default width, whichever is larger.
6360 If the actual width is larger, then the label
6361 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6365 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6368 into the first line.
6369 In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left
6370 margin of the rest of the item text.
6372 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6374 default\SpecialChar ~
6375 width You can very easily set this default width.
6376 It's quite painless, actually.
6377 So, you can easily ensure that the text of all items in a
6381 environment have the same left margin.
6383 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6385 uses You should use the
6389 environment the same way you'd use as
6393 list: when you need one word to stand out from the text that describes
6399 environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall
6402 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6404 nesting You can nest
6408 environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
6410 They work just like the other list paragraph environments.
6412 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
6416 to learn about nesting.
6419 As you can see, this is a feature-packed paragraph environment!
6422 To change the default width of the label, select the items in the list to
6424 You can also simply move the cursor into a
6428 item if you want to change only its label width.
6434 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6439 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
6453 box determines the default label width.
6454 If you really, really want to, you can use the text of your largest label
6455 here, but you don't need to.
6456 We recommend using the letter
6457 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6461 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6465 It's the widest character and is a standard unit of width in LaTeX.
6466 The default label width in the example
6471 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6475 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6480 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6484 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6487 as your unit of width in the
6492 box has one more advantage: you don't need to keep changing the contents
6498 every time you alter a label in a
6505 There's yet another feature of the
6509 environment we need to tell you about.
6510 As you can see in the examples, LyX left-justifies the item labels by default.
6511 You can use additional
6515 to change how LyX justifies the item label.
6521 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace}
6526 Here are some examples:
6528 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
6530 Left The default for
6536 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
6544 at the beginning of the label right justifies it.
6546 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
6556 at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it.
6559 Don't worry if you have no idea what
6564 Just remember that you can use them to customize the look of the
6571 That does it for the four paragraph environments for making lists.
6572 Oh - did we mention that you should read about nesting environments in
6574 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
6578 if you want to use any of these list environments?
6582 \layout Subsubsection
6596 Although LyX has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph
6607 To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments
6608 in a specific order, otherwise LaTeX gags on the document.
6609 In contrast, you can use the
6618 paragraph environments anywhere with no problem.
6619 You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest
6623 Of course, you're not limited to using
6638 , in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in
6639 some European academic papers.
6640 \layout Subsubsection
6643 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:adress_usage}
6654 environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used
6655 for the opening and signature in some countries.
6661 environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which
6662 is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries.
6663 Here's an example of each:
6664 \layout Right Address
6672 When is it? What is today?
6681 Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which LyX sets to
6682 fit the largest block of text on a single line.
6683 Here's an example of the
6692 Where do I send this
6694 Your post office and country
6697 As you can see, both
6706 add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph.
6707 Speaking of which, if you hit
6711 in either of these environments, LyX resets the nesting depth and sets
6717 This makes sense, however, since
6725 function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs.
6739 pecial\SpecialChar ~
6740 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6754 menu] to start a new line in an
6769 Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography
6770 or list of references.
6771 LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these.
6772 \layout Subsubsection
6783 environment is used for the abstract of an article.
6788 use this environment anywhere, but you really
6792 only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title.
6793 Also, don't bother trying to nest
6797 in anything else or vice versa.
6803 environment is only useful in the
6804 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6808 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6812 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6816 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6819 document classes [as well as
6820 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6824 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6827 which is just a specialized version of
6828 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6832 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6837 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6841 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6844 document class ignores the
6848 completely, and it's utterly silly to use
6853 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6857 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6867 environment does several things for you.
6868 First, it puts the centered label
6869 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6873 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6877 The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical
6879 Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect.
6880 Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and
6881 the subsequent text.
6882 Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen.
6883 If your document is in the
6884 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6888 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6891 class, the abstract actually appears on a separate page in the printed
6892 version of the file.
6895 Starting a new paragraph by hitting
6903 reset the paragraph environment.
6904 The new paragraph will still be in the
6909 So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you
6910 finish entering the abstract of your document.
6913 We'd love to give you an example of the
6917 environment, but we can't, since this document is in the
6918 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6922 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6926 If you've never heard of an
6927 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6931 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6934 before, you can safely ignore this environment.
6935 \layout Subsubsection
6942 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliography}
6953 environment is used to list references.
6958 use this environment anywhere, but you really
6962 only use it at the end of the document.
6963 Also, don't bother trying to nest
6967 in anything else or vice versa.
6971 When you first open a
6975 environment, LyX add a large vertical space, followed by the heading
6976 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6980 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6984 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6988 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6991 depending on the document class.
6992 The heading is in a large boldface font.
6993 Each paragraph of the
6997 environment is a bibliography entry.
7006 reset the paragraph environment.
7007 Each new paragraph is still in the
7022 of each paragraph, you will see a gray button showing a number.
7023 If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a
7032 The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography
7034 For example, suppose your first entry in the bibliography was a book about
7036 We could choose the key
7037 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7041 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7045 You can also give a label, which will be displayed in the gray inset box.
7052 field isn't useless.
7053 You can refer to your bibliography entries using the
7058 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
7063 itation\SpecialChar ~
7067 Just choose the key inside in the available keys list, then add a reference
7068 by clicking on the left arrow, which will add it to the selected keys list.
7069 Multiple references can be placed by selecting more than one key.
7074 appears at the end of this document.
7076 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7080 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide}
7085 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite[Chapter 3]{latexcompanion}
7090 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7093 is an example of how to cite two of the entries in it.
7094 In the second one, we used the
7103 field of the citation dialog to add the text
7104 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7108 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7113 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7117 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7121 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7125 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7128 that you see on screen will be replaced in print by the number or the label
7129 of the bibliography entry.
7132 The more advanced LaTeX bibliography package BibTeX is also supported by
7134 For a description of how to use it, please refer to the
7136 Extended LyX Features
7144 There are three standard paragraph environments that simply don't fit any
7145 category, as they are very specialized for a particular purpose.
7146 We'll point out the highlights and uses of each.
7147 \layout Subsubsection
7154 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:captionlayout}
7165 environment is the default paragraph environment for
7167 Figure\SpecialChar ~
7176 On the LyX screen, you'll see either the label
7177 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7181 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7185 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7189 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7192 , depending on which type of
7197 The actual reference number is substituted in this label in the printed
7201 You can't really nest things into a
7205 environment or vice versa.
7206 Additionally, hitting
7210 resets the paragraph environment to
7218 can only be a single paragraph.
7225 environment outside of a
7227 Figure\SpecialChar ~
7237 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}
7242 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}
7246 for more information on
7248 Figure\SpecialChar ~
7258 \layout Subsubsection
7269 environment is another LyX extension.
7270 It type-sets text in a typewriter-style font.
7275 key as a fixed whitespace;
7291 Protected\SpecialChar ~
7294 instead of an end-of-word marker.
7297 this is the only case in which you can type multiple whitespaces in LyX.
7298 If you need to insert blank lines, you'll still need to use
7320 reset the paragraph environment.
7321 So, when you finish using the
7325 environment, you'll need to change the paragraph environment yourself.
7334 environment inside of others.
7337 There are a few quirks with this environment:
7344 at the beginning of a new paragraph [i.e.
7372 to begin a new paragraph, then you can use a
7387 You can't have an empty paragraph or an empty line.
7388 You must put at least one
7392 in any line you want blank.
7393 Otherwise, LaTeX generates errors.
7396 You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing
7400 since that will insert
7405 You get the typewriter double quotes with
7413 if you use Emacs-like key bindings).
7442 This is just the standard
7443 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7447 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7458 has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts,
7459 rc-files, and so on.
7460 Use it only in those very, very special cases where you need to generate
7461 text as if you used a typewriter.
7462 \layout Subsubsection
7467 The comment paragraph environment can be used to write comments about your
7468 document that will not appear in the final output.
7469 In order to make this clear, LyX will present the comment environment in
7470 a different color than the rest of the text.
7473 Nesting Environments
7474 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:nest}
7484 Throughout the previous sections, we've been nagging you to
7485 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7488 go read Section\SpecialChar ~
7490 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
7495 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7498 So, you're probably wondering what the big deal is.
7501 The big deal is that LyX differs rather strongly from the traditional
7502 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7506 processor-as-overglorified-typewriter
7507 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7511 With a typewriter, text is merely ink on a page.
7512 Most word processors aren't much better, treating text as pixels on the
7513 screen and bytes in memory.
7514 In contrast, LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context
7515 and specific properties.
7516 However, what if you wanted one
7517 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7521 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7524 to inherit some of the properties of another
7525 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7529 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7535 Here's a more specific example: outlines.
7536 You have three main points in your outline, but point #2 also has two subpoints.
7537 In other words, you have a list
7541 of another list, with the inner list
7542 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7546 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7569 How do you put a list inside of a list? By now, the answer should be obvious:
7570 you nest one list inside the other.
7574 How to nest an environment is quite simple.
7580 ncrease\SpecialChar ~
7581 Environment\SpecialChar ~
7589 ecrease\SpecialChar ~
7590 Environment\SpecialChar ~
7600 menu to change the nesting depth of the current paragraph (the status bar
7601 will tell you how far you are nested).
7604 You can also use the convenient key bindings
7626 are alternatives, if you prefer those bindings
7631 to change the nesting level.
7632 The change will work on the current selection if you have made one (allowing
7633 you to change the nesting of several paragraphs at once), or the current
7637 Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can.
7638 If it's invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth.
7639 Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the
7640 depth of every paragraph nested inside of it.
7641 It's hard to describe what exactly LyX does in this case.
7642 That depends specifically on what your text looks like.
7643 Your best bet is to simply play with changing the nesting depth and see
7647 Nesting isn't just limited to lists.
7648 In LyX, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're
7650 This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments.
7653 What You Can and Can't Nest
7656 Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell
7657 you a little bit more about how nesting works.
7660 The question of nesting is a bit more complicated than a simple yes or no,
7661 can you or can't you.
7662 There's also the question of how.
7663 Can you nest this environment into anything else? Can you nest another
7664 environment into it? A
7665 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7669 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7672 to one of these doesn't guarantee a
7673 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7677 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7683 The paragraph environments in LyX can do one of three things when it comes
7685 First, an environment may be completely unnestable.
7686 Second, there are environments that are fully nestable.
7687 You can nest them inside of things and you can also nest other things inside
7689 There is one last type of environment.
7690 You can nest them into other environments, but that's it.
7691 You can't nest anything into them.
7694 Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph
7695 environments have them:
7701 For some odd reason, LyX allows you to fully nest both
7710 Also, LyX allows you to nest
7722 into other environments.
7724 LaTeX may barf if you try it.
7725 Then again, it may not.
7726 We don't know for certain.
7727 However, it makes no sense contextually to perform any nesting with these
7728 environments, so why would you ever want to?
7734 Unnestable Can't nest them.
7735 Can't nest into them.
7830 Nestable You can nest them.
7831 You can nest other things into them.
7876 Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside of other things.
7877 You can't nest anything into them.
7902 environment doesn't really fit anywhere, since it's only used inside of
7910 Figure\SpecialChar ~
7916 Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc.
7917 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table-and-fig-nesting}
7924 There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are
7925 affected by nesting anyhow.
7938 [Note: if you put a figure or a table in a
7942 , this is no longer true.
7943 See below or look in sections
7944 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}
7949 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}
7956 LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph.
7957 Well, you can't inline a table, but you can inline math and figures.
7958 If a figure or an equation is inlined, it goes wherever the paragraph it's
7962 On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a
7963 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7967 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7970 of its own, it behaves just like a
7971 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7975 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7978 paragraph environment.
7979 You can nest it into any environment, but you [obviously] can't nest anything
7983 Here's an example with a table:
7990 This is (a) and it's nested.
7993 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
7995 \begin_inset Tabular
7996 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
7998 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
7999 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
8000 <row topline="true">
8001 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8018 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8036 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
8037 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8054 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8081 The table is actually nested inside (a).
8088 If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this:
8095 This is (a) and it's nested.
8098 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
8100 \begin_inset Tabular
8101 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
8103 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
8104 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
8105 <row topline="true">
8106 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8123 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8141 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
8142 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8159 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8190 In fact, it's not nested at all.
8196 Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first
8200 There's another trap you can fall into: nesting the table, but not going
8202 LyX turns anything after the table into a new [sub]list.
8209 This is (a) and it's nested.
8211 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
8213 \begin_inset Tabular
8214 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
8216 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
8217 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
8218 <row topline="true">
8219 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8236 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8254 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
8255 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8272 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8298 The table is actually nested inside Item One, but
8309 As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a
8315 The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation.
8316 So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right
8320 Then there are the so-called
8329 is a block of text associated with some sort of label, but which doesn't
8330 have a fixed location.
8332 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8336 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8339 forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best.
8346 Margin\SpecialChar ~
8356 Figure\SpecialChar ~
8360 When you're editing a document in LyX, a closed
8364 looks like a gray button with a red label and goes wherever the paragraph
8370 has no fixed location in the final text, nesting has no effect on its actual
8371 location after you feed your document to LaTeX.
8374 Usage and General Features
8377 Speaking of levels, LyX can perform up to a six-fold nesting.
8379 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8383 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8386 is the innermost possible depth.
8387 Here's an example to display what we mean:
8390 level #1 - outermost
8418 Once again, LyX has a maximum of 6 levels, regardless of which specific
8419 paragraph environments you're using at a given level.
8425 Unfortunately, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation.
8426 If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go
8427 to produce output for your document.
8430 That means that you can perform a six-fold nesting of a
8438 environment, and so on.
8439 You can also mix environments, as we shall see later.
8442 There are two exceptions to the six-fold nesting limit, and you can see
8443 both of them in the example.
8444 Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a four-fold
8454 For example, if we tried to nest another
8459 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8463 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8472 Once again, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation.
8473 If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go
8474 to produce output for your document.
8483 The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration.
8484 We have several examples of nested environments.
8485 In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce
8487 \layout Subsubsection
8489 Example #1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting
8491 \labelwidthstring MMM
8493 #1-a This is the outermost level.
8501 \labelwidthstring MMM
8503 #2-a This is level #2.
8504 We created it by using
8516 \labelwidthstring MMM
8518 #3-a This is level #3.
8519 This time, we just hit
8529 We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level,
8547 environment, nested inside of
8548 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8552 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8556 So, it's at level #4.
8557 We did this by hitting
8566 , then changing the paragraph environment to
8571 Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph - it also works
8591 paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a
8597 \labelwidthstring MMM
8599 #4-a This is level #4.
8604 and changed the paragraph environment back to
8609 Remember - we can't nest anything inside of a
8613 environment, which is why we're still at level #4.
8618 keep nesting things inside of
8619 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8623 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8629 \labelwidthstring MMM
8631 #5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar \ldots{}
8635 \labelwidthstring MMM
8637 #6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8638 and this is level #6.
8639 By now, you should know how we made these two.
8642 \labelwidthstring MMM
8644 #5-b Back to level #5.
8657 \labelwidthstring MMM
8668 , we're back at level #4.
8671 \labelwidthstring MMM
8673 #3-b Back to level #3.
8674 By now it should be obvious how we did this.
8677 \labelwidthstring MMM
8679 #2-b Back to level #2.
8683 \labelwidthstring MMM
8685 #1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1.
8686 After this sentence, we'll hit
8690 and change the paragraph environment back to
8697 There you have it! Oh --- we could have also used the
8713 environment in place of the
8718 The example would have worked exactly the same.
8719 \layout Subsubsection
8721 Example #2: Inheritance
8724 This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost
8736 , after which, we'll change to the
8748 environment, at level #2.
8751 Notice how the nested
8755 not only inherits its margins from its parent environment [
8759 ], but also inherits its font and spacing!
8763 We ended this example by hitting
8768 After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to
8772 and resetting the nesting depth by using
8778 \layout Subsubsection
8780 Example #3: Labels, Levels, and the
8794 Example #3: Labels, Levels and other list environments
8800 This is level #1, in an
8804 paragraph environment.
8805 We're actually going to nest a bunch of these.
8820 Now, what happens if we nest an
8824 environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its
8825 label be? An asterisk?
8838 environment, even though it's at level #3.
8839 So, its label is a bullet.
8840 [Note: we got here by using
8849 , then changing the environment to
8857 Here's level #4, produced using
8867 We'll do that again\SpecialChar \ldots{}
8872 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8874 This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to
8879 Notice the type of numbering! It's
8911 change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What
8912 type of numbering does LyX use?
8915 Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using
8919 to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item.
8927 to decrease the depth after the next
8936 Look what type of label LyX is using!
8941 Even though we've changed levels, LyX is still using a lowercase Roman
8942 numeral as the label.
8946 Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is
8955 Notice, however, that LyX
8959 reset the counter for the label.
8972 sequence, and we're back to level #2.
8973 This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back
8974 into the twofold-nested
8982 The same thing happens if we do another
8991 sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level.
8994 Lastly, we reset the environment to
8999 As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labelling
9017 surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for an
9022 The same rule applies for the
9026 environment, as well.
9027 \layout Subsubsection
9029 Example #4: Going Bonkers
9032 We're going to go totally nuts now.
9033 We won't nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into the
9034 same detail with how we did it.
9045 Return, M-p\SpecialChar ~
9048 : level #2] We'll stick an encapsulated description of how we created the
9049 example in brackets someplace.
9050 For example, the two keybindings are how we changed the depth.
9051 The environment name is, obviously, the name of the current environment.
9052 Either before or after this, we'll put in the level.
9060 : level #1] This is the next item in the list.
9064 Now we'll add verse.
9066 It will get much worse.
9070 Return, M-p\SpecialChar ~
9076 Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo.
9078 Bippitey boppitey boo!
9087 Here comes a table for you:
9090 \added_space_top 0.3cm \align center
9092 \begin_inset Tabular
9093 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
9095 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
9096 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
9098 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9115 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
9133 <row topline="true">
9134 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9151 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
9179 M-Return, Table, M-p\SpecialChar ~
9184 M-Return, Verse, M-p\SpecialChar ~
9195 : level #1] This is another item.
9196 Note that selecting a
9200 resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth
9201 3 times to put the table inside the
9209 We're now ending the
9213 list and changing to
9218 We're still at level #1.
9219 We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments.
9220 The next set of paragraphs is a
9221 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9225 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9237 environments inside of this one, then use another nested
9241 for the letter body.
9246 to preserve the depth.
9247 Remember that you need to use
9251 to create multiple lines inside the
9263 \layout Right Address
9267 Moosegroin, MT 00100
9272 Dear Mr.\SpecialChar ~
9276 We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50L of compressed
9277 methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control.
9278 Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating
9279 a backlog in our orders for methane.
9280 We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order
9281 as soon as possible.
9282 In the meantime, we thank you for your patience.
9285 We do, however, now have a special on beef.
9286 If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form
9287 with your order, along with payment.
9290 We thank you again for your patience.
9299 That ends that example!
9302 As you can see, nesting environments in LyX gives you a lot of power with
9303 just a few keystrokes.
9304 We could have easily nested an
9325 You have a huge variety of options at your disposal.
9328 Fonts and Text Styles
9334 Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards
9335 specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font.
9336 For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current
9337 font to emphasize text, you use an
9338 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9342 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9346 This concept fits in perfectly with LyX.
9347 In LyX, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting
9351 Right now, LyX allows you to specify a global default font, and has two
9365 style corresponds to an italics font.
9370 style corresponds to a font in smallcaps, which some languages and writing
9371 styles use to typeset proper names.
9372 The LyX Team actually hopes to someday have a full set of character styles,
9373 and to also allow the user to customize which font changes correspond to
9375 At the moment, though, you'll have to be satisfied with what we've done
9382 You can set the default font from the
9387 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
9395 There are two options of interest here,
9412 The possible options under
9420 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9428 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9431 and a list of fonts available on your system.
9433 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9441 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9444 uses the standard TeX fonts, known as
9445 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9449 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9453 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9457 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9461 Most systems will typically have some version of a Times and Helvetica
9462 font, with other variants.
9463 You'll have to examine this for yourself.
9475 option, there are three possible values:
9488 Remember, this is the
9493 LyX actually scales all of the other possible font sizes (such as those
9494 used in footnotes, superscripts, and subscripts) by this value.
9495 You can always fine-tune the font size from within the document if you
9497 It's also rather silly to use an 8pt or 24pt font as the default font size,
9498 as this typically renders your document unreadable.
9501 Note that once you choose a new value for
9522 You'll only see a difference once you generate the final output.
9523 This is part of the WYSIWYM concept.
9524 Besides, you have certainly noticed that "Roman" text on the LyX screen
9525 corresponds to the default font.
9528 Using Different Character Styles
9531 As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for
9532 certain paragraph environments.
9533 We also mentioned two other character styles,
9542 You can activate both of these styles via keybindings, the menus, and the
9550 style, do one of the following:
9553 click on the toolbar button with the person-shaped icon
9562 These commands are all toggles.
9567 style is already active, they deactivate it.
9570 One typically uses the
9574 style for proper names.
9576 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9583 is the original author of LyX.
9584 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9590 A more widely used character style is the
9595 You can activate [or deactivate - it's also a toggle] the
9602 clicking on the toolbar button with the
9603 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9607 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9613 using the keybindings
9623 style is equivalent to an italicized font.
9624 We have plans to make that association more user-configurable in the future.
9627 We've been using the
9631 style all over the place in this document.
9632 Here's one more example:
9637 Don't overuse character styles!
9640 It's also a warning in addition to an example.
9641 One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation.
9642 Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid
9643 the common tendency to overuse character style.
9647 Oh --- one last note: You can always reset to the default font using the
9656 Fine-Tuning with the
9663 There are always occasions when you'll need to do some fine-tuning, so LyX
9664 gives you a way to create custom character style.
9665 For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet
9666 requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations.
9676 : There is, in fact, such a style sheet for the LyX Documentation, since
9677 manuals need a certain amount of consistency.
9680 Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts
9681 from ordinary dialogue.
9684 Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a
9685 warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles.
9686 Many modern word processors have a vast array of fonts available to them,
9687 providing you with the power of a printing press.
9688 Unfortunately, there is a tendency to overuse that power.
9690 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9693 Using a sledgehammer to swat a fly,
9694 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9698 And, as the old saying implies, documents that overuse different fonts
9699 and sizes tend to look like someone's knocked huge holes in them.
9705 To use custom fonts, open the
9710 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
9719 There are seven buttons on this dialog, each corresponding to a different
9720 font property which you can choose.
9721 You can choose an option for one of these seven properties, or select
9726 , which keeps the current state of that property.
9731 will reset the property to whatever is the default for the hosting paragraph
9733 You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph
9734 environments in a snap.
9737 The seven font properties, and their options [in addition to
9748 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
9758 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9762 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9766 The possible options are:
9769 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9775 This is the Roman font family.
9779 It's also the default family.
9788 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9797 This is the Sans Serif font family.
9809 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9817 This is the Typewriter font family.
9830 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
9839 This corresponds to the print weight.
9843 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9849 This is the Medium font series.
9853 It's also the default series.
9856 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9864 This is the Bold font series.
9868 You can toggle this series on or off with the keybinding
9877 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
9887 As the name implies.
9891 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9897 This is the Upright font shape.
9901 It's also the default shape.
9904 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9916 s the Italic font shape
9921 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9929 This is the Slanted font shape
9934 (although it might not be visible on screen, this is different from italic).
9936 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9945 This is the Small caps font shape
9951 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
9961 Alters the size of the font.
9962 You'll find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually proportio
9963 nal to the default font size.
9964 Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of
9965 what you want to do.
9969 The options [and their keybindings] are:
9971 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9980 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9984 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10004 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10012 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10016 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10031 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10039 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10043 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10063 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10072 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10076 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10096 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10103 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10107 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10114 It's also the default size.
10128 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10137 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10141 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10161 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10170 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10174 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10194 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10203 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10207 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10222 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10231 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10235 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10255 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10264 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10268 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10293 : don't go crazy with this feature.
10294 You should almost never need to change the font size.
10295 LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments
10296 - use that instead.
10297 This is here for fine-tuning
10302 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
10311 Here you can change a few other things at the character level.
10315 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10323 This is text with emphasize on
10329 This might seem like the same as
10333 , but it is actually a bit different.
10334 If you use emphasize on italicized text, it will make it upright.
10335 In future versions of LyX, we hope to let you customize the exact behavior
10343 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10351 This is text with Underbar on.
10363 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10371 This is text with Noun on.
10379 , this is a logical attribute.
10380 For the moment, it is equivalent to
10382 Small\SpecialChar ~
10385 , but that is bound to change some day.
10389 Avoid using underbar if you can! It's a holdover from the typewriter days,
10390 when you couldn't change fonts.
10391 We no longer need to resort to emphasizing text by overstriking it with
10392 an underscore character.
10393 It's only included in LyX because it's also in LaTeX, and because some
10398 need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions (and in
10399 fact we use it in these manuals to indicate keyboard shortcuts for menu
10403 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
10409 You can adjust the color of the text with this control.
10410 Of course, you need to have a color printer to exploit this, but you also
10415 LaTeX package installed.
10420 is not able to display these colors.
10431 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10435 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10438 , you can choose between
10472 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
10478 This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from
10479 the language of the document.
10480 Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change.
10483 You have a huge number of combinations to choose from.
10486 Once you've chosen a new character style via the
10491 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10499 dialog, you can activate it using the toolbar button labelled
10500 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10504 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10515 The toolbar button lets you toggle the state of your custom character style
10516 even when the dialog isn't visible.
10520 As we stated earlier, to completely reset the character style to the default,
10527 If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed
10528 (suppose you just sent the shape to
10529 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10533 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10537 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10541 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10546 Toggle on all these
10559 We conclude with the same warning we've been spewing: Don't overuse the
10561 They are, more often than not, a kludge and a horrible substitute for good
10563 Your writing should speak for itself --- and will.
10566 Printing and Previewing
10572 Now that we've covered some of the basic features of document preparation
10573 using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece.
10574 Before we tell you that, however, we want to give you a quickie explanation
10575 of what goes on behind-the-scenes.
10576 We cover this information in much greater detail in the
10583 LyX uses a program called
10584 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10588 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10592 (Actually, LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system,
10593 but to prevent confusion, we'll just refer to the whole magilla as
10594 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10598 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10601 ) Think of it this way: LyX is what you use to do your actual writing.
10602 Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output.
10603 This happens in a couple of stages:
10606 First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX,
10607 generating a file with the extension,
10608 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10616 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10623 Next, LaTeX uses the commands in the
10627 file to produce printable output.
10628 It doesn't know anything about your printer, however.
10629 Instead, LaTeX produces what's known as a
10633 file, or DVI for short.
10634 The actual output is in a file with the extension,
10635 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10643 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10647 DVI files are completely portable; you can move them from one machine to
10648 another without needing to do any sort of conversion.
10650 \layout Description
10652 NOTE: The DVI file only contains what was in the LaTeX file itself.
10653 If you have included PostScript pictures in your document, there will only
10654 be a link to these files.
10655 So don't forget these files if you move your
10659 file to another computer.
10668 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10672 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10675 Once you have it, you can view it, print it, or convert it to other formats.
10683 files using a program called
10690 Some printers and Unix systems understand DVI, and can print your
10697 Nowadays, most printers understand the PostScript format.
10698 LyX automatically converts the
10702 file to a PostScript file for you when you go to print out your document.
10703 LyX will also let you preview a PostScript version of your document using
10712 One advantage of using PostScript® is that the converter program [called
10717 ] takes any PostScript graphics you may have included in your document and
10718 puts it into the resulting PostScript version of your document.
10719 It also includes any special fonts you may have used.
10720 That makes the PostScript version much, much more portable than the DVI
10726 LyX does all of these steps automagically for you.
10729 As you have seen, a lot of things happen before you get a hardcopy or a
10730 preview of your document.
10731 So, don't worry if printing requires a bit more time than with other word
10733 The printed result is worth the wait.
10734 Quality always has its price.
10737 Quick Viewing with xdvi
10740 To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the pagebreaks
10741 in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, select
10746 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10757 When all of the behind-the-scenes action is done, LyX calls the program
10763 You can now look at the results.
10764 [If you want more info on the
10773 \layout Description
10775 Helpful-Tip: Keep the
10779 window open, maybe moving it to another desktop.
10780 Then, after you make changes to your document, just use
10785 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10790 pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10807 program will automatically reread the
10811 file and give you an updated view.
10814 Viewing the PostScript Version with ghostview
10821 to view your document is the easiest and fastest way.
10822 There may be times, however, when you want to look at the PostScript version.
10823 One reason is fonts.
10833 : Another reason is paranoia.
10834 I always like to look at the PostScript file before I print it, just so
10835 I see exactly what went to the printer\SpecialChar \ldots{}
10839 You can use PostScript fonts in a LaTeX document, but
10848 or some other PostScript file viewer to see the actual results.
10851 To view the PostScript version of your document, select
10867 When all of the magic behind-the-scenes is done, LyX calls the program
10872 You can now look at the results.
10875 You've guessed what the
10880 pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10894 menu does, haven't you? Remember to click once in the
10898 window after this command to update the view.
10904 To print a file, select
10918 menu, or click on the toolbar button with the printer on it.
10926 You can choose to only print even-numbered or odd-numbered pages - this
10927 is useful for printing on two sides: you can re-insert the pages after
10928 printing one set of pages, to print on the other side.
10929 Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down.
10930 By choosing a particular order to print in, you can take the entire stack
10931 of pages out of the printer without needing to reorder them.
10934 You can set the parameters in the
10940 \labelwidthstring MMMM
10949 This is the name of the printer to print to.
10955 Note that this printer name isn't for the
10968 has to be configured for this printer name.
10970 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:dvipsconfig}
10978 documentation for details.
10979 The default printer can also be set in
10986 The printer should understand PostScript files.
10988 \labelwidthstring MMMM
10997 The name of a file to print to.
10998 The output will be in Post\SpecialChar \-
11000 The file will generally be written in the current directory, unless you
11001 specify the full path.
11004 Note that printing may need little time, since LaTeX,
11008 and, if you don't have a PostScript printer,
11012 have to process your document.
11015 A Few Words about Typography
11018 Hyphens and Hyphenation
11019 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hyphens}
11027 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11035 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11038 character comes in three lengths, often called the
11058 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11066 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11077 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11095 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11106 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11134 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11143 \begin_inset Formula $-$
11149 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11157 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11163 You generate these by using the
11164 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11172 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11175 character multiple times in a row.
11176 LyX automatically converts them to the appropriate length dash in the final
11180 The three types of dash are distinct from the minus sign, which appears
11181 in math mode and has a length of its own.
11182 Here are some examples of the
11183 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11191 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11197 line- and page-breaks
11215 Oh --- there's a dash.
11225 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$
11237 Those of you reading this from within LyX will see no difference, though
11238 there is one in the printed version.
11241 One more note about hyphenation --- LyX automatically breaks up words and
11242 inserts hyphens in English text.
11243 The words won't be hyphenated until you generate the final output.
11246 Actually, it's LaTeX that does this, and it will also hyphenate words in
11252 To know whether (PDF)LaTeX hyphenates for
11256 language, look at any log file produced by a LaTeX run: it will say
11261 Babel <v3.7h> and hyphenation patterns for american, french, german, ngerman,
11262 nohyphenation, loaded.
11265 This tells you that, e.g., if you write in Finnish, you're out of luck.
11266 Study (for the teTeX distribution of LaTeX) the utilities
11274 in order to switch hyphenation on for your language by ''uncommenting''
11275 the relevant line in a file typically named
11280 Sorry for the inconvenience.
11283 If, for whatever reason, LaTeX
11287 can't break a word correctly (e.g., a compound word), you can set hyphenation
11289 This is done with the menu item
11291 Hyphenation\SpecialChar ~
11303 pecial\SpecialChar ~
11314 Note that these extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX.
11315 If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will totally ignore them.
11319 \layout Subsubsection
11321 Abbreviations and End of Sentence
11322 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:abbrev}
11329 When LyX calls LaTeX to generate the final version of your document, LaTeX
11330 automatically distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations.
11331 LaTeX then adds the
11332 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11335 appropriate amount of space
11336 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11339 : sentences get a little bit more space between the period and the next
11341 Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period as a word uses.
11344 Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation and
11345 what's the end of a sentence is really quite brain-dead.
11347 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11355 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11358 is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's
11359 at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation.
11362 Here are some examples of
11366 abbreviations and the end of a sentence:
11377 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
11378 and here's an example of the algorithm going wrong:
11383 this is too much space!
11390 You won't see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document.
11393 To fix this problem, use one of the following:
11398 Protected\SpecialChar ~
11405 after lowercase abbreviations (see section
11406 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline}
11417 sentence\SpecialChar ~
11425 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11430 pecial\SpecialChar ~
11433 menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing.
11434 This function is also bound to
11441 With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this:
11446 this is too much space!
11449 This is I\SpecialChar \@.
11453 Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences.
11454 If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry about all
11456 For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors:
11462 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11470 feature described in
11475 \layout Subsubsection
11478 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quotes}
11485 LyX usually sets quotes correctly.
11486 Specifically, it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text,
11487 and use a closing quote at the end.
11489 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11493 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11497 The keyboard character,
11501 , generates this automatically.
11504 You can change the behavior of the
11525 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11544 key produce the sequence:
11545 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11549 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11560 button, in contrast, makes the
11565 \begin_inset Quotes els
11571 You can also select quotes for different languages via the
11579 There are six choices:
11581 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11586 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11590 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11595 Use quotes like this
11596 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11600 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11604 \begin_inset Quotes els
11608 \begin_inset Quotes ers
11613 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11618 \begin_inset Quotes sld
11622 \begin_inset Quotes srd
11628 \begin_inset Quotes sld
11632 \begin_inset Quotes srd
11636 \begin_inset Quotes ers
11641 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11646 \begin_inset Quotes gld
11650 \begin_inset Quotes grd
11656 \begin_inset Quotes gld
11660 \begin_inset Quotes grd
11664 \begin_inset Quotes gls
11668 \begin_inset Quotes grs
11673 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11678 \begin_inset Quotes pld
11682 \begin_inset Quotes prd
11688 \begin_inset Quotes pld
11692 \begin_inset Quotes prd
11696 \begin_inset Quotes pls
11700 \begin_inset Quotes prs
11705 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11710 \begin_inset Quotes fld
11714 \begin_inset Quotes frd
11720 \begin_inset Quotes fld
11724 \begin_inset Quotes frd
11728 \begin_inset Quotes fls
11732 \begin_inset Quotes frs
11737 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11742 \begin_inset Quotes ald
11746 \begin_inset Quotes ard
11752 \begin_inset Quotes ald
11756 \begin_inset Quotes ard
11760 \begin_inset Quotes als
11764 \begin_inset Quotes ars
11770 Again, this affects what character the
11777 On the other hand, if you want to produce a bona-fide quote character, type
11791 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ligatures}
11798 It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and
11799 print them as single characters.
11800 These groups are known as
11805 Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your LyX documents will contain them,
11807 Here are the possible ligatures:
11825 Once in a while, though, you don't want a ligature in a word.
11826 While a ligature may be okay in the word,
11827 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11831 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11834 it looks really weird in compound words, such as
11835 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11839 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11843 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11847 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11850 To break a ligature, use
11855 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11860 pecial\SpecialChar ~
11863 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
11866 Ligature\SpecialChar ~
11871 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11875 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11879 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11882 cuff\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
11884 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11888 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11892 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11896 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11899 Dorf\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
11901 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11908 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:widows}
11915 In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page
11917 There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text.
11918 You may remember once printing out a document, only to find the heading
11919 for a new section printed at the very bottom of the page, the first line
11920 of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page, or the last line
11921 of a paragraph at the top of a new page.
11922 These dangly-bits of text became known as
11933 Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading.
11934 That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments.
11935 But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line
11936 of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules
11937 built into LaTeX governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there
11938 to specifically prevent widows and orphans.
11939 This is the advantage LyX has in using LaTeX as its backend.
11942 There's no way we can go into how TeX and LaTeX decide to break a page,
11943 or how you can tweak that behavior.
11944 Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography [such as\SpecialChar ~
11946 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexcompanion}
11952 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide}
11956 ] may have more information.
11957 You will almost never need to worry about this, however.
11960 Floats: Tables, Figures, Footnotes and Margin Notes
11961 \begin_inset OptArg
11966 Tables, Figures, and Notes
11975 Unlike other typesetting programs, LyX uses
11976 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11980 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11983 boxes instead of displaying its footnotes at the bottom of the screen or
11984 somewhere else in your text.
11985 When you insert a footnote with
11994 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
12018 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12022 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12025 appearing within your text.
12026 This box is LyX's representation of your footnote.
12027 You can enter your text into this box.
12029 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12037 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12048 label, the box will
12049 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12053 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12061 Clicking on the button again will
12066 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12070 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12079 To close this footnote, click on the red box at the top left.
12082 You will not see any numbers within LyX.
12083 You don't need to worry about those, anyhow, because LyX does the numbering
12084 for you, as well as putting the footnote at the bottom of the correct page,
12085 when it processes your file.
12086 If you want to turn already existing text into a footnote, simply mark
12087 it and click on the footnote button (a picture of text with an arrow pointing
12088 to stuff in the bottom margin).
12091 What LyX cannot do, yet, is take care of special needs like setting the
12092 footnote numbering back to 1 after each section in the
12093 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12101 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12106 document class or changing the counter
12111 You'll need to insert LaTeX commands like th
12119 Tricks for Footnotes and Marginpars
12122 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12134 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12138 \layout Description
12140 NOTE: A float in LaTeX and LyX isn't a simple paragraph as with usual word
12142 It is a complex text structure that may contain everything except floats.
12143 That means you can use all the layouts inside a float, even figures and
12145 You may not need this too often, but if you do occasionally need it, it's
12152 Margin notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX.
12153 When you insert a margin note via
12159 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12175 or the toolbar button (which contains a picture of text in a margin with
12176 an arrow pointing to it), you'll see
12192 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12196 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12199 appearing within your text.
12200 \begin_inset Marginal
12205 This is a margin note.
12208 This box is LyX's representation of your margin note.
12209 You can enter your text into this box.
12211 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12215 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12224 label, the box will
12225 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12229 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12233 You can access it at a later time by clicking on the
12240 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12244 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12250 As a default, LyX uses 1.9 cm (0.75 inches) as the margin width to allow room
12252 This might not be what you're looking for, but as with footnotes, LyX cannot
12253 yet do everything LaTeX has to offer.
12254 You might want to consult your LaTeX handbook for additional commands.
12258 Figures and Imported Graphics
12259 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figures}
12266 No document preparation system is complete without the ability to import
12267 graphics from other utilities into the document.
12268 In LyX, these are referred to as ``figures'' whether they are actually
12269 figures in the traditional sense or simply some kind of imported image.
12273 Note that figures referred to here are do not have captions and sit wherever
12274 in the document you place them.
12275 If you need one of these features, see sec.\SpecialChar ~
12277 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
12284 To place a figure in your document, click on the second right-most icon
12285 on the toolbar, or select
12290 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12301 A graphics inset will be added to your document and a dialog will appear
12302 for you to choose the file to load.
12303 You can also change any settings you need to in this dialog.
12307 \begin_inset Graphics
12308 filename mobius.eps
12311 rotateOrigin center
12318 This dialog has numerous parameters, though most should be self-explanatory.
12323 tab allows you to choose your image file (note that a wide variety of image
12324 formats are supported automatically).
12325 The figure can be transformed by setting a rotation angle, using a bounding
12327 Table\SpecialChar ~
12329 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cap:Units-for-image}
12333 describes all available units.
12334 It is possible to set a bounding box automatically for some image formats
12337 Bounding\SpecialChar ~
12341 Note that it is possible to control the display of the figure in LyX and
12342 the display in the final document separately, which can be very useful
12344 LaTeX wizards can specify additional LaTeX options in the
12349 You can also set the
12353 option here, for use in figure floats (see Section\SpecialChar ~
12355 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
12365 LyX has the ability to handle literally any graphics format in the known
12366 universe so long as a conversion path from this graphics format to the
12367 target output format can be created.
12368 If that sounds a little obtuse, consider how LyX handles Encapsulated PostScrip
12370 LaTeX provides native support for this format, so LyX needs do nothing
12377 LaTeX command to insert the figure in the final document.
12381 \begin_inset Float table
12387 \added_space_bottom medskip
12389 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cap:Units-for-image}
12393 Units for setting the image size
12397 \begin_inset Tabular
12398 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="20" columns="2">
12400 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
12401 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
12402 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
12403 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12411 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12420 <row topline="true">
12421 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12429 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12438 <row topline="true">
12439 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12447 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12456 <row topline="true">
12457 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12465 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12474 <row topline="true">
12475 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12483 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12488 point (72.27 pt = 1 in)
12492 <row topline="true">
12493 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12501 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12506 pica (1 pc = 12 pt)
12510 <row topline="true">
12511 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12519 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12524 scaled point (65536 sp = 1 pt)
12528 <row topline="true">
12529 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12537 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12542 big point (72 bp = 1 in)
12546 <row topline="true">
12547 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12555 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12561 \begin_inset Formula $\approx$
12565 \begin_inset Formula $\,$
12572 <row topline="true">
12573 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12581 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12586 cicero (1cc = 12 dd)
12590 <row topline="true">
12591 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12599 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12604 % of original image width
12608 <row topline="true">
12609 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12617 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12626 <row topline="true">
12627 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12635 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12644 <row topline="true">
12645 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12653 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12662 <row topline="true">
12663 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12671 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12680 <row topline="true">
12681 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12689 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12698 <row topline="true">
12699 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12707 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12716 <row topline="true">
12717 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12725 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12738 <row topline="true">
12739 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12747 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12760 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
12761 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12769 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12774 math unit (1 mu = 1/18 em)
12788 To view the figure on the LyX screen, however, some additional work is required
12789 because neither the XForms nor the Qt GUI libraries can load PostScript®
12790 figures themselves.
12791 The XForms library can load figures in the following, widely used graphics
12824 whilst the Qt library can also handle
12837 Thus, LyX must initiate a conversion from Encapsulated PostScript® to a
12838 loadable graphics format.
12841 It does this using the powerful, configurable converters mechanism exposed
12853 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
12862 If LyX cannot create a conversion path (which might have many steps) from
12863 Encapsulated PostScript® to one of the loadable formats listed above, then
12864 it defaults to the use of ImageMagick's
12869 If, after all that, LyX
12873 cannot load the figure, then it'll tell you so with a message
12874 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12877 Error converting to loadable format
12878 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12881 in place of an on-screen view of your figure.
12882 If you're presented with such a message, then you'll need to augment the
12883 list of known converters.
12886 This strategy is used both to generate on-screen views of your image and
12887 when generating the final document.
12888 In the latter case, the LaTeX compiler must be supplied with graphics files
12889 in PostScript® format.
12890 Similarly the PDFLaTeX compiler requires files in
12903 LyX will handle the necessary conversions behind the scenes.
12907 \layout Subsubsection
12909 Using Figure Floats
12910 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figurefloats}
12917 The problem with inserting figures straight into your text is that they
12918 might make the pagination of your document extremely awkward.
12919 To suit the LyX mentality of automating such processes, you might find
12920 it preferable to use
12922 Figure\SpecialChar ~
12925 , which LyX (actually, LaTeX) is free to move about your document as it
12926 deems necessary for a good fit.
12927 In return, LyX automates the listing of these figures and allows you to
12928 place a caption on them, using the
12932 environment explained in Section\SpecialChar ~
12934 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:captionlayout}
12943 Figure\SpecialChar ~
12951 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12956 t\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12960 You will get a float without a figure in it; use the toolbar icon described
12961 above to insert the actual figure.
12965 \begin_inset Float figure
12973 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:escher}
12982 \begin_inset Graphics
12983 filename escher-lsd.eps
12985 rotateOrigin center
12996 \begin_inset Float figure
13004 \begin_inset Graphics
13005 filename platypus.eps
13007 rotateOrigin center
13015 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:kill-plat}
13019 A severely distorted platypus in a float.
13025 It seems simple, but there is subtlety involved in the placement of the
13027 If you prefer your caption to appear below the figure, then you must press
13028 return when the cursor is at the very start of the caption, and insert
13029 the figure in the new paragraph created above the caption; or you can delete
13030 the caption and recreate it by selecting the
13034 environment after the figure has been inserted.
13035 This is what we did for figure
13036 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:kill-plat}
13041 If the cursor is in a paragraph after the caption when you insert the
13045 then it will be inserted after the caption, as was the case for
13046 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:escher}
13051 It is preferred to use one
13060 This allows LyX [actually LaTeX] to best position each figure.
13063 Right-clicking on a float opens a dialog where you can alter the placement
13064 options that LaTeX uses for positioning the float (see
13065 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn}
13075 is only useful for two-column documents: if you select it, the float will
13076 span across both columns on the page instead of being confined to just
13080 This figure also shows how we place a label and create a cross-reference
13081 to it; as you would expect from reading section
13082 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref}
13086 you can simply insert a
13093 in the caption and refer to it using a
13102 It is especially important to use these with figure floats, rather than
13103 using vague references to
13104 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13108 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13111 as LaTeX will reposition your floats for you in the final document; it
13113 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13117 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13121 If it is not possible to fit the floats neatly on the same page as the
13122 text which refers to it, the figures will be placed on a separate page
13124 Rest assured that the overall effect is usually quite nice.
13127 Note that the caption is used in a
13137 (as described in Section\SpecialChar ~
13139 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ListsOf}
13143 ) automatically, should you choose to include one in your document.
13144 \layout Subsubsection
13147 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:float-locn}
13154 Now, the whole idea behind
13156 Figure\SpecialChar ~
13161 Table\SpecialChar ~
13164 , which we introduce later] is to allow LyX to place a figure [or table]
13165 on a page in a consistent, sensible fashion.
13166 The rules LaTeX uses are rather arcane; refer to the LaTeX documentation
13167 for the exact details.
13168 You can use check boxes in the float dialog to set placement for a particular
13170 By default, each float uses the document's default placement rules.
13171 You can change these, if you wish, in the
13176 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13186 Float\SpecialChar ~
13189 box takes a LaTeX-style placement specification.
13190 You can place any combination of four letters in the
13192 Float\SpecialChar ~
13234 The letters correspond to the following behaviour:
13235 \layout Description
13237 Here: LyX tries to put the
13241 at the same point in the text where you put it.
13245 If there isn't enough room, LyX tries one of the other three location types.
13247 \layout Description
13249 Top: LyX tries to put the
13253 at the top of the current page.
13254 If the figure won't fit on the current page, it goes to the next page.
13255 \layout Description
13257 Bottom: LyX tries to put the
13261 at the bottom of the current page.
13262 If there isn't room, it goes to the next page.
13263 \layout Description
13265 Page: LyX tries to put the
13273 s) on a page of its own.
13276 There is some subtlety to how this all works.
13277 The order specifies what location LyX should try first.
13278 If that one fails, it tries the next one, and so on, though
13279 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13287 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13290 will always take precedence if it appears in the list.
13291 The default placement list is
13292 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13300 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13303 : try the top of a text page first, then the bottom of a text page, then
13304 on a page by itself.
13305 If you want LyX to try
13306 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13310 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13313 to place the figure where you command it, precede the list with an exclamation
13315 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13323 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13327 Here are some example entries and what they do:
13336 Try putting the figure/table at its actual position in the text.
13337 If that doesn't work, put it on the bottom of the page.
13338 If that fails, put it on a separate page.
13348 Try really hard to put the figure/table at its actual position in the text.
13349 Then the bottom of the page, then on a separate page.
13359 Put the figure/table at the top of each page.
13360 If it's too long, put it on a separate page.
13370 Always put figures and tables on their own page.
13377 One obvious question is
13378 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13381 how would I create the figures?
13382 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13385 Fortunately, the answer is included in most Linux and/or LaTeX distributions.
13390 is a powerful though slightly awkward drawing tool.
13391 If you want to include figures that you have created with
13395 there are several ways.
13396 We recommend the following:
13399 Export the figure as Encapsulated PostScript.
13400 This could be very easy included into LyX as described in the previous
13402 The great advantage of this way is, that you have the full power of PostScript®
13404 That means Bezier curves, colors, all line thicknesses and many more.
13405 If you have inserted text into your fig-document this will be printed with
13406 PostScript fonts, which is OK\SpecialChar \@.
13407 The figure can be manipulated like any other
13408 EPS figure, as described above.
13413 The only disadvantage is that you cannot create formulas as PostScript text
13415 If you also need formulas or simple exponents or indices in your figure,
13416 the next way is recommended.
13420 Export the figure as LaTeX.
13421 This is just as easy to include into LyX, with the advantage that you may
13422 use all LaTeX commands within the text inside XFig.
13423 Therefore you have to set the
13428 This is automatic if you invoke XFig with
13434 If this is done and you have also chosen a LaTeX font you may simply write
13436 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13440 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13445 XFig\SpecialChar \@.
13448 If you export this figure as LaTeX and include it in LyX with
13453 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13461 (see description in
13465 ) this text will appear as
13466 \begin_inset Formula $H_{2}$
13474 The disadvantage of this way is that the graphical power of LaTeX isn't
13475 as strong as PostScript®\SpecialChar \@.
13476 You cannot use all thicknesses of lines and, more
13477 annoyingly, not all slopes.
13478 This is why we recommend the third way for more complex figures.
13482 Export the figure as LaTeX/PostScript combined.
13491 , really] will generate two files:
13495 the PostScript part
13499 , that contains all painting.
13506 , that contains all text and a link to the PostScript part.
13510 Then you just have to include the LaTeX part as described above.
13511 This will automatically include the PostScript part, too.
13517 If you get an error like
13518 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13521 unknown graphics extension pstex
13522 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13525 you have to declare these graphic extensions.
13530 bug that occurs with LaTeX2e.
13531 Simply add a line like
13538 @namedef{Gin@rule@ps_tex}#1{{eps}{ps_tex}{#1}}
13543 /usr/lib/texmf/tex/latex/graphics/dvips.def
13557 Gin@extensions{eps, ps, pstex, eps.gz, ps.gz, eps=2EZ}
13560 This should fix the whole thing.
13561 Alternatively you may export the postscript part as
13565 and change the LaTeX part
13570 But this is annoying.
13574 This way you have the full PostScript® and LaTeX power combined except
13575 for the possibility to scale the figure after creating.
13576 So if you want scalable pictures, the PostScript format is your only choice.
13577 Another little advantage of letting LaTeX typeset the font is that the
13578 same font will appear in your figures as in your text, which looks a little
13583 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tables}
13590 LyX has powerful table support, but LaTeX can do many more things with tables
13591 than LyX is currently capable of, so you might want to look at a good LaTeX
13592 book if the features described here should turn out to be inadequate.
13595 You can insert a table using either the table toolbar button or
13600 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13608 A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns.
13609 The default table has lines at the top and to the left of every cell, a
13610 line to the right of the rightmost column and a line at the bottom of the
13611 lowest row, forming a box around the table.
13612 Additionally, the topmost row also has a line at the bottom, which causes
13613 this row to appear separated from the rest of the table.
13618 \begin_inset Tabular
13619 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="4">
13621 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13622 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13623 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
13624 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
13625 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
13626 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13633 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13650 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13667 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13685 <row topline="true">
13686 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13703 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13710 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13717 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13725 <row topline="true">
13726 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13743 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13750 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13767 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13775 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
13776 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13793 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13800 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13807 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13825 You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button, which
13826 brings up a settings dialog.
13827 Among these options are:
13830 Adding/removing border lines from a row or column.
13831 If you remove the top line from one of the rows, you'll get a dotted line
13832 in LyX, but no line will appear in the printout.
13833 If you set the bottom line of one row and the top line of the row below,
13834 then the rows are separated by a small space, as you can see with the top
13835 row in the example above.
13836 You can do the same vertically if you set the right line of a column and
13837 the left line of the column to the right.
13840 Text alignment in a column
13843 Appending rows and columns
13846 Deleting rows, columns, or the entire table
13852 Setting a fixed width for a column
13855 Longtable options - this is useful if your table is higher than the paper.
13856 Then the table is split on the bottom of the page and continued on the
13857 next one, instead of running of the end of the page.
13860 Rotate the whole table or a single cell sideways, by 90 degrees
13863 You can also use the menu to perform these operations.
13869 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13878 when the cursor is inside a table.
13882 Most of these options also work on selections.
13883 This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is
13884 done on all of your selection.
13885 Note that there is a difference between selecting the
13889 of the cell, and the cell itself.
13890 If you can see a red border inside a cell, then a selection will select
13896 or click outside of the box, then the selection will select cells (whether
13897 you use the mouse or the normal cursor-movement keys).
13900 When you append a row, it is added
13904 the row containing the cursor.
13905 Similarly, columns are appended to the
13910 This makes it difficult to add columns on the left edge of a table without
13911 a lot of cutting and pasting.
13912 Deletion is always performed on the row or column containing the cursor.
13916 The multicolumn option merges two or more adjacent cells on a given row.
13917 For example, in the above table, row
13918 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13922 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13925 has had multicolumn applied to the columns labelled
13926 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13930 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13934 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13938 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13941 To use it, you must first select the cells, then choose
13946 This will not work vertically - see the Table Examples document for how
13954 if you need to have a special handling for a single table cell's top and
13955 bottom border lines and text alignment.
13956 Here an example of this special handling of a cell:
13960 \begin_inset Tabular
13961 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
13963 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
13964 <column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13965 <column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
13966 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
13967 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13984 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14001 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14019 <row topline="true">
14020 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14037 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14053 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14070 <row topline="true">
14071 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14088 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14104 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14121 <row topline="true">
14122 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14139 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14155 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14172 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
14173 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14190 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14206 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14230 You see here that the header line cells are aligned to the center, whereas
14231 the left column is aligned to the left, and the other columns are aligned
14233 Also the bottom and top line of two cells have been removed.
14239 I can make nothing of this explanation.
14240 An improvement would be nice :) - jbl
14246 If you want your column to have a fixed width, then you can insert a width
14259 This will then allow the cell to have multiple paragraphs of text.
14262 If your table becomes too large to fit on a portrait document layout, you
14265 Rotate\SpecialChar ~
14268 button, and the table will appear sideways (this means landscape in a portrait
14270 You might also like to rotate single table cells to give them more horizontal
14272 The example below demonstrates why it is useful to rotate single cells.
14281 Rotate\SpecialChar ~
14288 display on screen, and works
14292 for PostScript output.
14293 So, if you want to preview them, use
14298 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14312 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
14317 will not show the table properly.
14321 \begin_inset Tabular
14322 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="12">
14324 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
14325 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14326 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14327 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14328 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14329 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14330 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14331 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14332 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14333 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14334 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
14335 <column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
14336 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
14337 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14354 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14371 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14388 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14405 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14422 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14439 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14456 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14473 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14490 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14507 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14524 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14542 <row topline="true">
14543 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14557 Desc.\SpecialChar ~
14561 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14578 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14585 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14602 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14619 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14626 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14643 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14650 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14667 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14684 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14701 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14719 <row topline="true">
14720 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14734 Desc.\SpecialChar ~
14738 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14745 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14762 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14779 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14796 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14813 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14830 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14847 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14864 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14881 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14898 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14916 <row topline="true">
14917 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14931 Desc.\SpecialChar ~
14935 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14952 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14969 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14986 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14993 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15010 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15027 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15044 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15061 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15068 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15085 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15103 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15104 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15118 Desc.\SpecialChar ~
15122 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15139 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15146 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15163 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15180 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15187 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15194 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15211 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15228 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15245 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15252 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15270 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15271 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15288 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15305 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15312 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15319 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15326 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15333 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15340 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15347 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15354 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15361 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15368 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15393 What can be placed inside a table cell?
15396 Many objects can be placed inside a table cell.
15397 Any single line of text, an equation (not a displayed or multilined equation,
15398 though), or a figure can be in a cell; in fact, all three kinds of objects
15399 can be placed in the same cell.
15400 Font sizes and shapes can be altered, and the table will adjust to display
15402 However, you can't put a special environment in a cell (like
15406 , etc.), nor set spacing options etc.
15407 for the cell's paragraph.
15410 Cut & Paste in Tables
15413 Cutting and pasting between tables works reasonably well.
15414 You can cut and paste even more than one row.
15415 Selection with the mouse or with
15419 plus the arrow keys works as usual.
15420 The values in the second table below were cut and pasted from the first,
15421 using the mouse to select and paste.
15425 \begin_inset Tabular
15426 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
15428 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
15429 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
15430 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
15431 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15432 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15449 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15466 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15485 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15502 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15519 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15537 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15538 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15555 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15572 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15598 \begin_inset Tabular
15599 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
15601 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
15602 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
15603 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
15604 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15605 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15622 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15639 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15658 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15675 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15692 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15710 <row topline="true">
15711 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15728 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15735 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15743 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15744 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15751 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15758 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15773 Note that you can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit
15774 by starting the selection from outside the table.
15777 Multiple lines in cells
15780 It is possible to have multi-line entries in tables, but not in a completely
15782 Define a fixed length for the column in the
15787 After this, your text is automatically split into more lines and the cell
15788 enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given fixed
15794 \begin_inset Tabular
15795 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
15797 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
15798 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="3cm">
15799 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
15800 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15801 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15818 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15835 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15854 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15871 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15885 This is a multiline entry in a table.
15888 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15906 <row bottomline="true">
15907 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15924 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15938 This is longer now.
15941 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15959 <row bottomline="true">
15960 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15977 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15991 This is a multiline entry in a table.
15992 This is longer now.
15995 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16020 Text within a cell will not normally wrap to fit the page, so if a line
16021 of text in a table is too long, the table will extend beyond the right
16022 margin of the page.
16023 Similarly, tables will not split themselves at the bottom of a page, and
16024 so might extend below the bottom margin.
16025 You have these options to resolve this problem:
16028 Split it into two tables.
16040 This automatically splits the table over more pages, if it is too tall.
16041 After doing this, the list of
16045 buttons activate themselves and you may now define:
16051 First\SpecialChar ~
16054 : The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options
16055 defined are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable.
16062 : The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options
16063 defined are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable;
16064 except for the first page, if
16066 First\SpecialChar ~
16076 : The current row and all rows below that don't have any special options
16077 defined are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable;
16078 except for the last page, if
16091 : The current row and all rows below that don't have any special options
16092 defined are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable.
16095 If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware
16096 of the fact that only the first flag is used in the given table rows.
16097 The others will then be defined as
16102 In this context, first means first in this order:
16104 Footer, Last\SpecialChar ~
16113 First\SpecialChar ~
16124 example file to see how this works.
16130 The check box in the long table options can be used to specify specific
16131 rows to break the page on as well.
16135 A table can also be placed in a float, as described below, which will allow
16136 TeX to place it as well as it can within the page.
16140 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table float}
16147 Outside of a float, the table will be positioned exactly where it is placed
16166 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16176 menu will enable LaTeX to place the table where it fits best, rather than
16177 exactly where you insert it.
16178 Float placement for table floats is similar to that for figure floats
16179 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
16183 , and is described in section
16184 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn}
16189 Captions also work the same way as with figure floats, as described in
16191 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
16197 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table:a table float}
16201 is an example of a table float.
16202 \begin_inset Float table
16210 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:a table float}
16218 \begin_inset Tabular
16219 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
16221 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
16222 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
16223 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
16224 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
16225 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16242 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16259 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16277 <row topline="true">
16278 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16295 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16312 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16330 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
16331 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16346 \begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$
16352 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16367 \begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
16369 c & d\end{array}\right]$
16375 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16390 \begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$
16407 Table of Contents and other Listings
16408 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:toc}
16415 One of the really nice features of LaTeX is the ease with which it lets
16417 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16421 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16424 such as a Table of Contents.
16425 All you need to do is to use certain environments and insert a reference
16426 at the place where you want the list to appear.
16429 The Table of Contents
16432 In order to get a Table of Contents, you need to do four things:
16435 Use a document class that includes support (all but
16442 Set paragraph environments appropriately:
16452 (Sub...), Paragraph
16455 Note that styles with a
16467 appear in the Table of Contents.
16470 Make sure you set the
16475 ection\SpecialChar ~
16476 number\SpecialChar ~
16495 Document\SpecialChar ~
16498 dialog to the appropriate value as described in
16499 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:section-depth}
16506 Insert the ToC command at some place in the document.
16507 You'll find it under
16512 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16519 C\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16531 You can also bring up a dialog for navigating through your document with
16537 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16549 List of Figures, Tables and Algorithms
16550 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ListsOf}
16557 Table, figure, and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents.
16558 You can insert them from the
16563 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16573 If you want figures, tables, or algorithms to appear in the list, you must
16574 place them inside a float of the relevant type and add a caption.
16577 Mathematical Formulae
16583 To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon with
16584 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$
16588 That will open a little blue square, with purple markers around it, on
16590 That blue square is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate what
16591 level of nesting within the formula you are at.
16592 You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the
16599 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
16604 menu; or you can use a keyboard macro,
16618 (CUA binding only).
16621 If you simply need to type a single Greek letter, such as
16622 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
16625 , there is a special shortcut.
16633 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
16643 \begin_inset Formula $\beta$
16649 Editing the parameters of a formula may be done from the
16654 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16659 ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16671 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16679 The math panel is very useful, so you may want to open it and leave it
16680 somewhere on the screen.
16681 If you're not already in a formula, selecting anything from the math panel
16682 will insert a formula for you.
16685 Navigating a Formula
16688 The best control over cursor position within an existing formula is achieved
16689 with the arrow keys.
16690 Mathed uses small squares to indicate places where something can be inserted.
16691 The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula.
16696 will leave a fraction or other formula construct (a square root
16697 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$
16701 \begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$
16705 \begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
16707 3 & 4\end{array}\right]$
16715 will leave the formula, placing the cursor after the formula.
16720 can be used to move horizontally in a formula; for example, through the
16721 cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi-line equation.
16728 seems to do nothing in Mathed, since it does not in fact add a space between
16729 characters, but it does exit a nested structure.
16730 For this reason, you have to be careful about using
16735 For example, if you want
16736 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$
16766 Space\SpecialChar ~
16772 Space\SpecialChar ~
16778 Space\SpecialChar ~
16783 , since in the latter case only the
16786 \begin_inset Formula $2x$
16791 will be under the square root sign,
16792 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$
16796 For those who learned to space out expressions in this way, it takes a
16800 You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled
16802 \begin_inset Formula \[
16803 \left(\begin{array}{ccc}
16806 & & \lambda_{n}\end{array}\right).\]
16810 If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing
16811 in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most constructs don't mind.
16817 You can select text within a formula in two different ways.
16818 Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press
16822 and a cursor movement key to select text.
16823 It will be highlighted as with regular text selection.
16824 Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way.
16825 That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula
16826 (not in a plain text region in LyX, though).
16829 Exponents and Subscripts
16832 You can use the math panel to add superscripts or subscripts, but the much
16833 easier way is to use the standard TeX method.
16835 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$
16851 puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression, instead of
16852 in the superscript.
16858 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$
16862 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$
16883 Subscripts are similar, to get
16884 \begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$
16899 Note that by default, the superscript or subscript is only for the single
16900 symbol to the left, which changes the spacing and alignment; you should
16902 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Grouping}
16906 if you need to alter this.
16912 Create a fraction with either
16920 (in Mathed) or using the fraction icon in the
16940 You will be presented with an empty fraction, with two Mathed insertion
16941 squares top and bottom.
16942 The cursor moves immediately to the top of the fraction.
16943 To move to the bottom, simply press
16948 To move back up, press
16953 Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows:
16954 \begin_inset Formula \[
16955 \left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc}
16957 4 & 5\end{array}\right)}\right]\]
16968 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
16972 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
16975 ) signs are very often decorated with one or more sets of
16976 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16980 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16984 These limits can be entered in LyX by entering them as you would enter
16985 a superscript or subscript, directly after the symbol.
16986 Sum will automatically place its
16987 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16991 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16994 over and under the symbol in display style, but will move them to the side
16995 when inlined, such as
16996 \begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$
17005 We haven't yet explained what display vs.
17010 \begin_inset Formula \[
17011 \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{x^{n}}{n}=\ln\left(\frac{1}{1-x}\right).\]
17015 Integral signs, however, will not by default move the limits to directly
17016 over and under the integral sign in display style, as in
17017 \begin_inset Formula $\int_{a}^{x}f(t)dt:=F(x)$
17021 \begin_inset Formula \[
17022 \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{dx}{1+x^{2}}=\pi.\]
17026 Both symbols will be automatically re-sized when placed in display mode.
17027 In display mode, the placement of the limits (directly above and below,
17028 or offset to the right from the sign) can be changed by placing the cursor
17029 in front of the sign and hitting
17034 Exactly what change occurs depends on the sign.
17038 Certain other mathematical expressions have this
17039 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17043 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17046 feature as addition, such as
17047 \begin_inset Formula \[
17048 \lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x),\]
17052 which will place the
17053 \begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$
17057 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17061 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17064 in display mode, but not in inlined mode,
17065 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$
17070 \begin_inset Formula $\lim$
17073 was entered as a function - you get it in LyX by typing
17079 in math-mode, or choosing from the
17080 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17084 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17087 menu in the math panel; see
17088 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-functions}
17096 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-panel}
17112 dialog (accessible via
17117 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
17124 ) has a more extensive list of symbols and structures.
17125 As stated earlier, you can keep the math panel open when writing mathematics.
17126 The use of the panel should be fairly obvious; we'll describe some of the
17127 details in later sections.
17130 Note that right-clicking on a formula opens the panel as well.
17136 Most math symbols can be found in the math panel under one of several categories
17142 \begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\epsilon\epsilon\kappa$
17150 \begin_inset Formula $\pm\times$
17158 \begin_inset Formula $\leq\cong$
17166 \begin_inset Formula $\uparrow\Leftrightarrow$
17171 large\SpecialChar ~
17175 \begin_inset Formula $\sum\int$
17183 There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical
17185 If you know the standard LaTeX macro for a particular symbol you which
17186 to use, you do not have to use these dialogs, but they will help for those
17187 symbols whose LaTeX name you do not know.
17188 Note that the AMS symbols will not be displayed as symbols in LyX unless
17189 you install the right fonts as described in the relevant manual.
17192 It is possible to get an nth root symbol.
17193 In the minibuffer, type
17198 This generates a root symbol with an extra box above the root sign.
17207 to move between the two boxes.
17208 You can also use the key binding
17218 You may want to create blank spaces that differs from the standard spacing
17219 that LaTeX provides.
17220 We don't recommend this as a matter of course, since the whole idea of
17221 WYSIWYM is that you don't think about the typesetting, but the content.
17222 However, there are situations where you will want to add spaces.
17223 The first thing to do is to type
17228 This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen within
17230 \begin_inset Formula $a\, b$
17234 The next trick is to change that space to different sizes.
17239 you move the cursor, after typing
17247 again, you will change the size of the space, through a number of variable
17249 The last ones in the list are red, and are a negative space.
17251 \begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$
17255 \begin_inset Formula $a\! b$
17259 You can also insert these spaces via the math panel.
17263 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-functions}
17270 The math panel contains a number of
17271 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17275 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17279 \begin_inset Formula $\sin$
17283 \begin_inset Formula $\lim$
17291 (you can type them in a formula by typing
17298 Standard mathematical practice is that functions which are names, like
17300 \begin_inset Formula $\sin$
17303 , should not be italicized.
17304 Entering just the letters
17305 \begin_inset Formula $sin$
17308 within Mathed will give italics, of course, so these special macros are
17310 They do more to the final output than just change the typeface, however.
17311 For example, the expression
17312 \begin_inset Formula $\sin t$
17315 will typeset with a little extra space between the n and the t.
17316 For words which are more sophisticated mathematical objects, like
17317 \begin_inset Formula $\lim$
17320 , the macro changes the way that subscripts are placed, depending on whether
17321 the math-inset is inlined or displayed:
17322 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L$
17326 \begin_inset Formula \[
17327 \lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L.\]
17331 These two expressions were typed the same way, but using the macro
17337 alters the appearance (actually, it is the inlined version that is altered,
17338 to improve linespacing).
17344 In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text
17346 This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use.
17347 You can also use TeX macro equivalents, as macros.
17348 That is, you can enter
17349 \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
17352 to get the same effect if your keyboard does not have accents enabled.
17353 This is entered by typing
17354 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17364 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17368 These are the equivalences between the text names and the macro names for
17369 the various accents:
17373 \begin_inset Tabular
17374 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="3">
17376 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
17377 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
17378 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
17379 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
17380 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17397 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17414 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17432 <row topline="true">
17433 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17450 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17467 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17482 \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
17489 <row topline="true">
17490 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17507 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17524 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17539 \begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$
17546 <row topline="true">
17547 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17564 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17581 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17596 \begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$
17603 <row topline="true">
17604 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17621 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17638 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17653 \begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$
17660 <row topline="true">
17661 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17678 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17695 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17710 \begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$
17717 <row topline="true">
17718 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17735 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17752 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17767 \begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$
17774 <row topline="true">
17775 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17792 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17809 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17824 \begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$
17831 <row topline="true">
17832 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17849 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17866 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17881 \begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$
17888 <row topline="true">
17889 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17906 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17923 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17938 \begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$
17945 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
17946 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17963 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17980 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17995 \begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$
18009 Finally, you can choose one of these accents by selecting an item from the
18014 symbol set in the math panel; this will apply to any selection you have
18015 made within a formula too.
18018 The math editor for LaTeX users
18021 Editing mathematical expressions in LyX can be done in one of two ways.
18022 You can use the native LyX support for rendering the formulae in a WYSIWYM
18024 LaTeX users might like to be able to use the keyboard to enter things like
18031 (this gets, in ordinary TeX, an
18032 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
18035 in the final document), believing that it is faster than chasing around
18036 menus for a symbol.
18037 Here's a testimonial of one of those old LaTeX users,
18042 I was finally convinced that the math editor was the way to go when I found
18043 that, with a few modifications, I could use it the same way I was accustomed
18045 As an example, I created this
18046 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
18049 by typing the following keys: First type
18079 As soon as I typed that
18084 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
18087 was right there on the screen.
18096 sequence inserts a formula (you may also use
18111 is of course the standard TeX command for a Greek alpha letter, and the
18116 leaves the formula.
18117 Some of the advantages of this approach are:
18120 You have immediate visual feedback to be sure your TeX was correct
18123 You have the real mathematical expression on the screen, correctly displayed,
18124 to make sure your mathematics is correct (correctly written, at least)
18127 All the new LaTeX fuss with special environments and such are taken care
18131 You won't have to chase through the code trying to find that missing
18142 If you don't remember the LaTeX name of a particular symbol, like
18143 \begin_inset Formula $\wp$
18146 , you can find it in the dialogs
18149 Brackets and decorations
18152 There are several brackets available through LyX.
18153 For most purposes, using just the keys
18159 should suffice, but the effect, especially if you want to surround a large
18160 structure, such as a matrix or a fraction, or if you have several layers
18161 of brackets, is better using the math panel's
18167 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-panel}
18172 For example, that's how you would construct the brackets around a standard
18174 \begin_inset Formula \[
18175 \left[\begin{array}{cc}
18177 3 & 4\end{array}\right],\]
18181 and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses of an abomination
18183 \begin_inset Formula \[
18184 \frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\]
18189 \begin_inset Formula \[
18190 f\left(g\left(h\left(k\left(l\left(x\right)\right)\right)\right)\right).\]
18194 The parentheses, and other brackets, from that menu will automatically re-size
18195 to accommodate the size of what is inside (This is done in straight LaTeX
18208 It is very easy to construct the braces you want to use.
18209 Click on the brace you want on the left side with the left mouse button,
18210 the right side with the right button, and place them in the document by
18211 clicking on the button.
18212 If you want one side to not have a bracket, use the blank button.
18213 It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will print.
18216 If you decide after the fact to place parentheses (or other math structure,
18217 like a square root, or other decoration) around some math structure, you
18218 can do that by highlighting (selecting) the structure that is to go inside
18219 the parentheses (that is done by holding the
18223 key down and moving the cursor with the arrow keys, or selecting with the
18225 Then, choose the appropriate brackets for left and right, and click on
18231 The parentheses will be drawn around the selected structure.
18234 If you're trying to enter a LaTeX
18238 for grouping, you should read
18239 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Grouping}
18247 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Grouping}
18254 You may need to group a set of symbols.
18255 In LaTeX, for example, the typesetting of
18267 \begin_inset Formula \[
18268 {x^{y}}^{z}\quad\mathrm{differs\; from}\quad x^{{y^{z}}}\]
18275 However, trying to type the
18279 in LyX gives an actual closing brace in the output.
18280 To create this grouping, you need to use the key sequence
18287 Inside LyX, you will see red braces indicating the grouping.
18288 The example directly above shows how this works.
18291 Arrays and Multi-line Equations
18294 Arrays, such as matrices, are easily entered in LyX.
18300 there is a matrix button, which will open a dialog for you to choose the
18301 number of rows/columns.
18302 Here is an example:
18303 \begin_inset Formula \[
18304 \left(\begin{array}{ccc}
18307 7 & 8 & 9\end{array}\right).\]
18311 The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as usual.
18312 Remember that you can add this after the fact, by highlighting the matrix
18313 inside Mathed (Position the mouse on one side of the matrix, hold the
18317 key down, and hit the appropriate arrow key to move the cursor across the
18319 You can, when you construct the matrix, decide whether the columns (or
18320 some of them) will be left-, right-, or center-justified.
18321 The specification is
18326 Each letter corresponds to the relevant column.
18331 means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be
18332 centered, and the third column will be right-justified..
18333 It will look like this:
18334 \begin_inset Formula \[
18336 this & this\, column & this\, column\\
18337 column & has & has\, right\\
18338 has\, left\, alignment & center\, alignment & alignment\end{array}.\]
18345 You can add more rows to an existing matrix by hitting
18349 while in the matrix, and you can add columns, or delete either, via the
18355 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18365 There are numerous other arrays used in LaTeX math-mode, particularly with
18366 the AMS-LaTeX packages included, such as
18372 and commutative diagrams.
18373 Not all of these are supported in LyX.
18374 However, it is possible to build these structures from a matrix.
18377 Multi-line equations are very easy to construct in LyX.
18378 A formula will automatically switch to an
18384 format (LaTeX's multi-line displayed equation format) if you hit
18392 The best way to do this, if you decide you want a multi-line displayed
18393 equation, is to insert a new line (with
18400 Each line then has three regions, left, center, and right, which you can
18401 move through using either the arrow keys, the mouse, or the
18408 Here is an example:
18409 \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
18411 4+5 & = & 9.\end{eqnarray*}
18415 You can also turn an existing displayed formula into a multi-line formula
18422 while the cursor is anywhere on the original formula.
18427 try to decide where to break the formula up into three parts, but places
18428 everything in the left side of the line.
18429 To change the alignment points of the equation, place the cursor where
18430 you want to start the middle part of the line, and hit
18435 It then puts everything to the right of the cursor in the middle region
18436 of the equation (which, by the way, is not typeset by LaTeX in display-math
18437 size, so you should not put large expressions like fractions there).
18438 Move to where you want the right side of the line to begin, and hit
18444 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18448 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18451 insertion points in the line will disappear.
18454 Equation Numbering and Labels
18455 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-label}
18462 Equation numbering is very easy in LyX.
18463 All it takes to change a displayed equation like:
18464 \begin_inset Formula \[
18469 into the numbered equation :
18470 \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
18471 1+2=3\label{mathed:first-eqn}\end{equation}
18482 menu, and select the
18491 This opens a dialog in which you must enter some string as the label.
18492 There is no need to call it by a specific number, since LaTeX will take
18493 care of re-numbering the equation.
18494 Labels will not appear as such on the final output.
18495 LaTeX will insert appropriate numbers for the equations.
18496 The labels are used internally for cross-referencing.
18497 You can turn on numbering without a specific label with the menu option
18503 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18508 ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18509 Toggle\SpecialChar ~
18516 while the cursor is in the equation, such as:
18520 \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
18521 1+1=2.\end{equation}
18525 You can toggle it on or off with this menu item.
18526 You can reference a labelled (not just numbered) equation, (cf.
18528 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:first-eqn}
18536 dialog, which you open using
18541 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18552 For numbered (or labelled) multi-line formulas, the default is that all
18553 lines are numbered separately.
18554 Once you attach a label to make the equation numbered, all subsequent lines
18555 receive a label of #.
18556 That label can be changed to another so that you can refer to that line,
18558 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:third-eqn}
18563 \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
18564 1 & = & 3-2\label{mathed:second-equation}\\
18565 2 & = & 4-2\label{mathed:third-eqn}\\
18566 4 & \leq & 7.\end{eqnarray}
18570 You can turn off numbering of a specific line with
18575 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18580 ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18581 Toggle\SpecialChar ~
18586 umbering\SpecialChar ~
18590 while the cursor is on that line of a multi-line numbered equation.
18593 \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
18594 1 & = & 4-3\label{mathed:fourth-eqn}\\
18596 1 & = & e^{2\pi i}\nonumber \\
18597 16 & \equiv & 2\,(mod\,7)\label{mathed:fifth-eqn}\end{eqnarray}
18601 Note that the first equation in this set (
18602 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fourth-eqn}
18606 ) is labelled, the next is numbered but unlabelled, the third is unnumbered,
18608 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fifth-eqn}
18612 ) is again labelled.
18616 User defined macros in math mode
18619 LyX allows the user to define macros for use in math mode.
18620 A macro definition box appears on screen as purple box with the name of
18621 the macro in blue (math color).
18622 It contains two cells initially marked empty by blue rectangles that can
18623 be edited as if it were ordinary math.
18625 \begin_inset FormulaMacro
18626 \newcommand{\macro}{a+b}
18629 The contents of the first cell will be used when the macro definition is
18630 written during export as LaTeX.
18631 The contents of the second cell, however, will be used for drawing the
18632 macro's expansion on screen.
18633 In the common case where both export and drawing use the same representation,
18634 the second cell can be left empty and LyX will use the contents of the
18635 first cell will be used for export and drawing automatically.
18638 Now, to use this macro in other math boxes just type the name in TeX mode,
18645 , and it will be automatically expanded:
18646 \begin_inset Formula $c=\macro$
18650 As you can verify, the cursor can't go inside the macro, the whole macro
18651 is like a single character, and the TeX generated code of this expression
18659 However the cursor could go inside of some kind of macros, those that have
18665 In a macro definition box an argument looks like a
18669 followed by the argument number:
18670 \begin_inset FormulaMacro
18671 \newcommand{\macrowarg}[1]{2+\sqrt{#1}}
18677 Once expanded, this macro includes the usual empty rectangle to indicate
18678 that you can insert there whatever you want:
18683 \begin_inset Formula $\macrowarg{}$
18690 \begin_inset Formula $b=\macrowarg{x-2}$
18697 When exported to LaTeX, a macro definition will produce the command
18710 How to create macros
18713 To create a macro definition box use this syntax in the minibuffer:
18719 Macro names mustn't contain numbers!
18727 math-macro <macro name> [number of arguments]
18737 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18745 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18755 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18760 math-macro macrowarg 1
18763 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18769 To insert an argument mark (only inside a macro definition box) simply type
18777 math-macro-arg <number>
18780 The argument mark in
18786 was introduced with
18787 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18795 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18801 You can use no more than 9 arguments, numbered from 1 to 9.
18802 An argument can be repeated inside the macro definition box, but of course
18803 can be edited only once.
18806 How to navigate in macros
18807 \layout Description
18811 arrow\SpecialChar ~
18812 keys: Opening a macro from the left side will put the cursor
18813 in the first argument, to move to the second argument use the TAB key.
18814 Remember that pressing the Space bar will get the cursor out and at the
18815 right side of the macro.
18816 \layout Description
18820 mouse: As usual, click on the desired argument box.
18821 Sometimes this fails if the box is empty or too small.
18824 Currently it is only possible to define command macros, but not environment
18834 You can use various typefaces in a formula.
18835 The standard font for text is italic,
18836 \begin_inset Formula $text$
18839 , but for numbers the standard is Roman.
18840 To set a font in a formula, choose it from the math panel, or by entering
18841 the LaTeX command for it directly, as follows:
18845 \begin_inset Tabular
18846 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
18848 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
18849 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" width="0pt">
18850 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
18851 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18859 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18868 <row topline="true">
18869 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18881 \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$
18887 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18900 <row topline="true">
18901 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18907 \begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbf{Bold}}$
18913 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18926 <row topline="true">
18927 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18933 \begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italic}$
18939 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18952 <row topline="true">
18953 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18965 \begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$
18971 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18984 <row topline="true">
18985 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18991 \begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}}$
18997 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19010 <row topline="true">
19011 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19017 \begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$
19023 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19036 <row topline="true">
19037 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19050 \begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$
19056 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19069 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
19070 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19076 \begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{SansSerif}$
19082 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19102 LaTeX's math mode does not support all characters in all fonts, and only
19103 letters will be supported with these font styles; some only support capital
19107 For any of these fonts, you have to be careful how you enter the text.
19108 If there is text to the right of the entry point, the font reverts to that
19109 style after one character.
19110 To be able to type a string in a particular font, make sure there is a
19111 protected-space to the right of the cursor.
19112 Also, entering a protected-space will revert subsequent text to standard
19114 The font styles are nestable, as LaTeX does.
19115 This can be a little confusing, as selecting a different font on a selection
19120 change the selection, but insert a new nested level with the new typeface.
19123 It is possible (in AMS-LaTeX) to embolden (not italicize) numbers and special
19125 However, LyX does not yet support this in WYSIWYM manner\SpecialChar \@.
19128 To get emboldened symbols, for example a bold
19129 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
19141 The closing brace appears (in red) automatically when you type the opening
19143 This works for all symbols, as well as numbers.
19146 A number of other options are available as well, via
19151 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19156 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
19166 Typefaces are useful for entering variable names in some given font, but
19167 certainly not for anything else, and in particular not text.
19168 For typing longer pieces of text, use math text mode, which is obtained
19173 while already in math mode.
19174 (The same command will get out of math text mode, too.) Math text mode appears
19175 on the screen in black instead of blue.
19176 You cannot enter punctuation or font changes in your text
19182 Moreover, math text mode outputs its contents inside a
19200 ) might have been a better choice
19203 , but it works for simple text.
19205 \begin_inset Formula \[
19206 f(x)=\begin{array}{cc}
19207 x & \textrm{if I say so}\\
19208 -x & \textrm{otherwise}\end{array}\]
19218 There are four (relative) font sizes (or
19219 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19223 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19226 ) used in math-mode, which are automatically chosen in most situations.
19244 For most characters,
19252 are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts,
19253 and certain other effects, are set larger or placed differently in
19258 Except for some operators, which re-size themselves to accommodate various
19259 situations, all text will be set in these various sizes as LaTeX thinks
19261 These choices can be over-ridden by using the
19265 function in the minibuffer.
19266 For example, you can set
19267 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
19274 ), or you can make it larger, which also changes the line-spacing, by entering
19277 math-size displaystyle
19279 in the minibuffer while the cursor is in the main line of the math-inset,
19281 \begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$
19285 Careful, though, if the cursor is on the denominator of that fraction,
19286 only the numerator will be enlarged, e.g.
19288 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
19291 ! This reflects a LaTeX
19292 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19296 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19309 These font-size changes are not as apparent in LyX as they are in the output.
19310 Here are some text in the various styles:
19311 \begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$
19315 \begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$
19319 \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$
19323 \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$
19329 All these math-mode font sizes are relative, that is, if the whole math
19330 inset and surrounding text are set in a particular size, all these sizes
19332 Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts
19333 will be adjusted to correspond.
19340 Here is a paragraph in
19341 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19345 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19348 font, with symbols:
19349 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
19355 This applies to math fonts in titles, etc.
19362 The American Mathematical Society (AMS) provide a LaTeX packages that are
19364 LyX includes some support for these packages.
19367 Enabling AMS-Support
19375 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19382 dialog there is a checkbox,
19389 If selected, this will include the AMS-package in the document, and make
19390 the facilities available.
19396 The AMS-LaTeX packages add support for some mathematical symbols that are
19397 not accessible from plain LaTeX (or LyX), but are fairly common in mathematical
19398 typesetting, such as the old-German Fraktur font and the stylized
19399 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19403 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19406 fonts commonly used to denote the real or complex numbers, or the integers.
19407 Once activated, all AMS-LaTeX symbols and environments are available.
19408 You will run into trouble if you include these packages from the preamble,
19409 since LyX now defines a few of the macros used in these packages on its
19411 The AMS-layouts include these packages automatically.
19417 AMS-LaTeX provides a selection of different formula types.
19418 LyX allows you to choose between
19439 Refer to the AMS-documenta\SpecialChar \-
19440 tion for the differences between these formula
19448 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:crossref}
19455 Those of you reading this manual online will see a grey box with text in
19456 it, right before the beginning of this sentence.
19462 Properly speaking, it is one half of a cross-reference.
19463 The other half is the
19467 proper, and it looks like this:
19468 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref}
19473 Again, those of you reading the manual online will see a gray box with
19475 Those reading printed versions, however, will see a number --- in this
19476 case, the number of this section.
19477 There are also other varieties of cross-reference: for example,
19478 \begin_inset LatexCommand \pageref{sec:crossref}
19483 This is the page number containing the location of the label.
19484 That's what cross-references do: they let you reference other parts of
19486 You don't need to remember which section number was what anymore --- LyX
19487 will do that for you! All you need to do is use a
19491 to mark a section, figure, table, formula, etc., and then refer to it via
19499 To insert a label, use
19506 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
19512 A box will appear where you can enter your label.
19513 You can change the name of the label at a later time by simply clicking
19514 on the gray box and reopening the label dialog.
19517 To insert a reference, select
19524 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
19533 Insert\SpecialChar ~
19536 dialog appears with a list of labels.
19537 Selecting a list item, then clicking
19541 inserts a reference into the text; changing the
19548 allows you to insert a page number or other reference variant instead.
19551 Note that if you cut & paste text from another document that contains a
19560 , or if you delete a label in your text, LaTeX will complain:
19569 Reference `X' on page Y undefined on input line Z
19575 There were undefined references
19578 You'll also see two question marks in the output instead of the reference.
19581 There are a few more comments we need to make about the
19586 They always print the number of the section heading closest to them.
19587 So --- if you want to put a label on a
19595 heading immediately follows it, you need to put the
19608 It doesn't matter where, and it will look weird on the LyX screen.
19609 However, you need to do this if you want to label the
19613 separately from the
19618 The same goes for all other section headings.
19633 section headings and table and figure floats.
19634 Bare figures and tables aren't numbered, so, like unnumbered section headings,
19635 you can't really use a
19649 , but only if you use the
19659 --- the one that refers to a section/table/figure number --- won't work,
19660 because there's no numbered thingy to refer to! You could also use bare
19665 s as page markers, then refer back to them using the
19671 Once again, the regular
19675 won't work very well.
19676 It will refer to something, but that something will typically be the number
19677 of the previous numbered section heading.
19681 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
19686 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:table float}
19691 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-label}
19695 for details on using a
19699 with figures, tables, and equations, respectively.
19703 URLs (Uniform Resource Locators)
19706 It is often desirable to include long
19707 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19711 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19714 items in a document such as Web site URLs, e-mail addresses, etc.; these
19715 things typically do not contain any spaces and are thus difficult to typeset
19717 Such items will often fall on a line boundary if they cannot be split,
19718 resulting in an overfull or underfull line depending on the circumstances.
19721 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19728 within LyX to enter a long URL and have it split gracefully (if necessary)
19729 along automatically determined boundaries.
19732 At the point in the document where you want to enter the URL (or other address-l
19733 ike entity) simply select
19735 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19742 ; a dialog will appear where you can enter the full URL (in the
19750 In its simplest usage, that's all you need to do.
19751 Click on the following gray box to see how LyX's homepage would be entered:
19753 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org}
19767 : When you use the following characters: "%", "#", "^", you have to write
19768 them with a backslash before, e.g.
19770 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19776 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19780 URLs mustn't end with a backslash!
19786 If you would like to associate some definite phrase with the URL, enter
19794 field of the dialog; it will be typeset as plain text immediately before
19796 For example, I might say that you can find all things related to LaTeX
19800 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[CTAN]{http://ctan.tug.org}
19805 On the printed page, the last sentence ends as
19806 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19809 all things related to LaTeX at CTAN
19811 http://ctan.tug.org
19814 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19822 Author's Note: somebody needs to document the
19836 Specifying Short Titles with Optional Arguments
19837 \begin_inset OptArg
19848 Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long.
19849 This can cause over-runs when there is limited horizontal space.
19850 For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section
19851 title, a long title will over-run past the edges, and look awful.
19854 LaTeX allows you to specify an optional argument to the section commands
19855 that specifies a shorter version of the title
19861 For those who don't know LaTeX, commands look like this:
19865 command[optionalargument]{the content}
19869 This shorter version is used in the header and in the actual Table of Contents,
19870 avoiding the problem mentioned.
19871 LyX allows you to specify this optional argument by selecting
19876 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19877 Short\SpecialChar ~
19881 This will insert a box (labelled
19882 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19886 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19890 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19894 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19897 ) which you can use to enter the short title text.
19898 This also works for captions inside floats.
19901 The title of this section is a good example of using this feature.
19907 Sometimes you wish to be able to output to paper multiple versions of the
19909 The most extreme version of this is, when you want to prepare a single
19910 document in two or more different languages, but as a single document file,
19911 with corresponding pieces of text adjacent in the file and on-screen.
19912 This can be achieved with
19923 the branches available within a particular document.
19924 This is done in the
19926 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19927 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19931 You can also associate a background colour with each branch, e.g., red for
19932 the English language, blue for the German language branch.
19933 Then, you create a branch inset from the
19935 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19939 The inset will contain the text that you want to be output when this branch
19951 of a branch is done from the document settings menu.
19952 All insets belonging to deactivated branches will be automatically closed,
19953 those belonging to activated branched automatically opened.
19956 Other possible applications of the Branches paradisgm include a
19957 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19961 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19964 of a textbook containing the answers tro questions, etc.
19970 Once this doc is updated to 1.4, include branch examples here!
19976 Previewing snippets of your document
19979 LyX allows you to generate previews of sections of your document on the
19980 fly so you can see how they'll look in the final document without having
19981 to break your train of thought with
19986 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19994 If you'd like to see your math formulae typeset by LaTeX then install the
19995 necessary software (see below) and select the
20009 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20017 (It can be found in the
20021 feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20024 pane in the Qt frontend and the
20028 Feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20031 tab in the XForms frontend.) Previews are generated when you load a document
20032 into LyX and when you finish editing an inset.
20033 Previews of an already loaded document are
20037 generated just by selecting the
20048 LyX will generate previews of math insets.
20049 It will also generate previews of include insets if you select the
20057 check box in the inset's dialog.
20058 This latter is useful if you wish to generate a preview of a LaTeX figure,
20060 Coming in version 1.4 are previews of the external inset also.
20063 To get previews working, you'll need some additional software.
20064 First, you'll need the preview.sty LaTeX package.
20065 Find it on your local CTAN mirror at
20069 CTAN/support/preview-latex/
20072 Thereafter, you'll need the usual tools:
20084 .Finally, you'll obtain prettier results if you install
20095 Spacing, pagination and line breaks
20098 Extra Horizontal Space
20099 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hspace}
20110 s are a special LyX feature for adding extra space in a uniform fashion.
20115 is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals the remaining
20116 space between the left and right margins.
20117 If there is more than one
20121 on a line, they divide the available space equally between themselves.
20129 is at the beginning of a line, and it's
20133 the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it.
20138 s from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line.
20147 can be inserted with
20153 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20158 pecial\SpecialChar ~
20159 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20164 orizontal\SpecialChar ~
20168 Here a few examples what you can do with them:
20171 This is on the left side
20173 This is on the right
20192 That was an example in the
20199 :is one in a standard paragraph.
20200 It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it
20204 sitting in-between the two
20205 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20209 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20215 Remember that we said that an
20219 always fills the remaining space between the margins? There may be more
20220 than one set of margins on a line.
20221 Here's an example with the
20227 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
20241 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20245 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20248 marks the beginning of the item.
20249 (There is actually a
20250 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20254 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20261 inside of the label of the
20265 environment; it's put at the end of the label automatically.)
20269 s work similarly in other
20270 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20274 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20277 situations, like two-column mode.
20280 Extra Vertical Space
20281 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:vertspace}
20288 To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use
20293 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20298 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
20303 Paragraph\SpecialChar ~
20309 We will not provide an example of a
20313 , as it would waste paper.
20314 They work the same as any other type of filler, including
20318 s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space.
20319 If there are several
20323 s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves.
20324 You can therefore use
20328 s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page, or 1/4,
20332 Note that for paragraphs at the top/bottom of a page, the extra space is
20333 only added if you have also checked the option
20338 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20343 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
20344 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20349 pacing\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20360 Changing Paragraph Alignment
20363 You can also change the paragraph alignment with the
20368 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20373 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
20377 There are four possibilities:
20412 The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word
20413 spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between
20414 the left and right margins.
20415 The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this:
20418 This paragraph is right aligned,
20421 this one is centered,
20424 this one is left aligned.
20427 In some paragraph environments, the default is something other than justified
20432 Forcing Page Breaks
20433 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:pagebreak}
20440 If you don't like the way LaTeX does the page breaks in your document, you
20441 can force a pagebreak where you want one.
20442 In general, this will
20446 be necessary because LaTeX is good at pagebreaking, as was already mentioned
20448 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:widows}
20455 So in general there is no need to use the option described below, and we
20456 recommend not using it until the text is
20460 finished, and until you have checked in the preview to see if you
20464 have to change the pagebreaking.You can force a pagebreak above or below
20470 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20475 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
20478 dialog by selecting the checkboxes to add a pagebreak above or below the
20482 You might try to use a pagebreak to ensure that a figure or table appears
20483 at the top of a page.
20484 This is, of course, the wrong way to do it.
20485 LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables
20486 appear at the top of a page [or the bottom, or on their own page] without
20487 having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table.
20489 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}
20494 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}
20506 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline}
20513 The protected blank: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the
20514 line at that point.
20515 This may be necessary to avoid unlucky linebreaks, like in:
20518 A good documentation should weight no more than 1
20524 Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected blank between
20525 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20529 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20533 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20537 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20541 A protected blank is set with
20546 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20551 pecial\SpecialChar ~
20552 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20568 You can force line breaks within a paragraph by selecting
20573 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20578 pecial\SpecialChar ~
20579 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20591 You should, however, not use this to correct LaTeX's linebreaking, as LaTeX
20596 good at linebreaking\SpecialChar \ldots{}
20598 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:pagebreak}
20603 There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to actively
20604 set a linebreak, e.g.
20605 in a poem or for an Address (see sections
20606 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quote}
20611 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:verse}
20616 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:adress_usage}
20624 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spellchecking}
20631 LyX itself has no built-in spell checker.
20632 Rather it uses the external
20636 program as a backend or the newer and generally better
20641 This section assumes you have already installed and set up one of these
20646 The spellchecker can be started with the menu entry
20653 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
20662 Checking will start just after the current cursor position.
20663 A dialog window will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found,
20664 allowing you to edit and replace it in a second line.
20665 Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the view
20666 in your text buffer is updated to make the word visible.
20671 dialog, there is also a box showing suggestions for a correction, if any
20673 Clicking on one of the corrections will copy the near miss into the replace
20674 input field (double-click to invoke replace).
20677 Spellchecker Options
20678 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spell_opt}
20685 The following options can be set in the
20690 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20698 \layout Subsubsection
20703 By default, the dictionary file to use is determined by the language of
20704 the text you're checking, which is set in the
20712 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20720 If you do not have a dictionary for the document language, the spellchecker
20722 In this case, you can specify another dictionary file in the dialog by
20723 specifying a different
20724 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20727 alternative language
20728 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20738 , you may need to make a link from say
20746 or whatever applies for your language.
20747 This is because these
20751 files normally have the native language name (
20752 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20756 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20763 , when started from LyX, searches for the English version of the name used
20764 with the LaTeX babel package (
20765 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20769 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20775 You may also have problems the font encoding is not correct for that dictionary.
20776 If you use a language with
20780 encoding and set the
20792 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20807 ), you must have this option in your language dictionary as well.
20808 If your dictionary doesn't support the
20812 you chose, you'll have an error like this on stderr:
20817 ispell: unrecognized formatter type 'latin1'
20820 The spellchecker gives you an error that it couldn't start the
20824 process and that you probably have some problems with your dictionary file.
20828 There are four solutions to this problem.
20829 The easiest is to try the
20832 Input\SpecialChar ~
20836 If that does not help, you can set
20847 when calling the spellchecker (which is probably annoying).
20848 The third is to add the
20852 option to your dictionary
20863 file and recompile the dictionary (which probably isn't easy if you installed
20864 the whole stuff with some distribution and don't have the language directory
20874 documentation for this task! The fourth is to send a message to your package-ma
20875 intainer, or better yet to the maintainer of the dictionary file in question
20876 and ask him to solve your problem.
20877 \layout Subsubsection
20879 Personal dictionary
20882 If you want to use a different file from the spellchecker's default choice
20883 as your personal dictionary, you can set this in the dialog.
20884 Specifying a filename which does not already exist will result in an error
20885 message on stderr which you can ignore (
20889 will create the file at the end of your spell checking).
20890 \layout Subsubsection
20900 pellchecker\SpecialChar ~
20903 dialog has some additional options which are self-explanatory:
20911 ccept compound words
20915 Prevent the spellchecker from complaining about compounded words like
20918 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20922 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20937 Allows you to add nonstandard characters to what the spellchecker considers
20940 This should not normally be needed.
20946 Some users have expressed a wish to be able to globally change the spelling
20947 of a particular word, rather than having to change the spelling separately
20948 for each occurrence of the word.
20949 Per-document word lists would also be useful.
20950 Neither of these features are present as of this writing.
20953 Unless you're using the
20957 spellchecker, LyX cannot correctly spellcheck documents containing multiple
20959 This, does, however, work with
20963 , assuming you have marked the different languages appropriately.
20966 International Support
20969 This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want.
20970 LyX comes with a default configuration which supports the English language
20971 on a U.S.-style keyboard, with a standard U.S.
20972 paper size and the spell checker set to U.S.
20974 You can change any or all of these settings as desired, and you can make
20975 the changes apply to the current session only, or use them as your new
20976 default configuration.
20979 If you have a keyboard suited to the language you are using (for example,
20980 a German keyboard for writing in German), and you have correctly configured
20981 your X environment, all you need to do for LyX is tell it your language,
20982 the character encoding, and desired paper size.
20984 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:langlay}
20988 for more information.
20991 If, however, you have a U.S.-style keyboard and want to write in a different
20992 language than English, you can use an alternate keymap.
20993 For example, if you have a U.S.-style keyboard but want to write in Italian,
20994 you can configure LyX to use an Italian keymap.
20996 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:optkey}
21004 Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely
21005 different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance).
21006 You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U.S.
21007 keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German.
21008 In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing
21009 one to support the characters you want.
21013 The details of how to customize LyX to your own language are
21017 beyond the scope of this manual.
21018 You can not only alter the keyboard layout, you can also change the names
21019 of the menus buttons, etc., to reflect your language.
21020 If you want to learn more about writing keymap files and tailoring LyX
21021 to your native tongue, please see the
21025 manual for details.
21029 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:langlay}
21041 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
21048 dialog lets you set
21050 the language and character encoding for your language.
21054 Choose your language by clicking on the arrow in t
21071 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
21079 The default is U.S.
21081 Scroll to find the language you want and then click on your choice.
21082 The language name appears in the window.
21088 In LaTeX terms, selecting a language other than default adds Babel support.
21089 If you do not have Babel installed, refer to the different LaTeX distributions
21104 box lets you choose the character encoding map you want to use.
21109 encoding, which includes the characters required by the various Western
21110 European languages.
21113 Keyboard mapping configuration
21114 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:optkey}
21121 The preferences dialog allows you to choose up to two keyboard mappings.
21122 This allows you to choose the keymap of your choice for your U.S.-style keyboard.
21123 You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select
21124 which one you want to use.
21128 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:keytab}
21135 Table\SpecialChar ~
21137 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cap:The-latin1-character}
21146 You should be able to enter the characters in the first eight columns directly
21150 There are a few things you need to know about this table.
21151 This manual is set up --- by hand, mind you --- to print all of these character
21153 That ain't the default.
21154 Nowhere near, in fact.
21155 Here are some of the details you'll need to bear in mind when using characters
21163 The characters at entries A2, A4, A5, A6 and AD -- the cent, the yen, the
21164 generic-currency-symbol, the broken vertical bar and the short dash are
21165 just plain missing in the default encodings.
21166 We don't know where they are or why this is the case.
21169 Even if you've selected
21178 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
21185 dialog, users who have only the
21189 -fonts for LaTeX [or who have the
21193 -fonts but aren't using them] will still miss a few characters: D0, F0,
21194 DE, FE, AB, and BB -- the uppercase and lowercase eth and thorn, and the
21195 french quotes won't show up.
21202 -fonts can, however, get the french quotes [characters AB and BB] if they
21203 include the either the package
21211 in their documents.
21217 This only holds when you want to input these quotes by yourself.
21218 The automatic quote feature described in Section
21219 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quotes}
21223 , will generate automatically LaTeX code adapted to available fonts and
21233 The characters of the following table, which are inserted as commands, could
21234 not be inserted directly with the keyboard, because the standard encoding
21236 \begin_inset Quotes eld
21240 \begin_inset Quotes erd
21244 To let LaTeX understand the commands, the package
21248 needs to be loaded in the peamble with the line
21255 usepackage{textcomp}
21262 is available on every LaTeX system.
21269 \begin_inset Float table
21276 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cap:The-latin1-character}
21288 \begin_inset Tabular
21289 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="17">
21291 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
21292 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21293 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21294 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21295 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21296 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21297 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21298 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21299 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21300 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21301 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21302 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21303 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21304 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21305 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21306 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21307 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
21308 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
21309 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21316 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21333 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21350 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21367 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21384 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21401 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21418 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21435 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21452 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21469 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21486 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21503 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21520 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21537 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21554 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21571 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21589 <row topline="true">
21590 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21607 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21614 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21621 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21628 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21644 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21660 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21676 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21692 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21708 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21715 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21722 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21729 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21745 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21761 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21777 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21793 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21810 <row topline="true">
21811 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21828 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21835 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21842 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21858 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21874 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21890 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21906 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21922 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21938 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21945 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21952 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21968 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21984 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22000 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22016 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22032 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22049 <row topline="true">
22050 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22067 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22074 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22081 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22095 \begin_inset Quotes eld
22101 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22117 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22133 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22149 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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23531 <row topline="true">
23532 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23549 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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23627 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23643 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23659 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23666 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23673 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23689 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23705 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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23753 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23770 <row topline="true">
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23788 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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23818 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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23850 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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23992 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24009 <row topline="true">
24010 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24027 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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24089 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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24137 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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24151 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24167 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24183 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24199 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24215 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24231 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24248 <row topline="true">
24249 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24266 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24273 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24280 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24296 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24312 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24328 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24344 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24360 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24376 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24383 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24390 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24406 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24422 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24438 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24454 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24470 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24487 <row topline="true">
24488 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24505 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24512 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24519 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24535 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24551 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24567 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24585 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24601 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24617 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24624 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24631 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24647 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24663 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24679 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24695 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24711 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24728 <row topline="true">
24729 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24746 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24753 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24760 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24776 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24792 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24808 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24824 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24840 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24856 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24863 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24870 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24897 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24913 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24929 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24945 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24961 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24978 <row topline="true">
24979 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24996 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25003 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25010 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25026 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25042 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25058 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25074 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25090 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25106 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25113 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25120 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25136 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25152 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25168 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25184 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25200 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25217 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
25218 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25235 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25242 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25249 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25265 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25281 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25297 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25313 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25329 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25336 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25343 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25350 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25366 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25382 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25398 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25414 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25430 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25457 The following is a full list of all of the accented characters LyX can display
25459 It includes not only the accented characters from the previous table, but
25460 also the characters from
25480 ¨ Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü ä ë ï ö ü ÿ
25485 ^ Â Ê Î Ô Û â ê î ô û
25490 ` À È Ì Ò Ù à è ì ò ù
25495 ´ Á É Í Ó Ú Ý á é í ó ú ý
25518 The dead macron in usually not needed, as you will use a non--dead key for
25520 For example, S-M-minus, or if
25526 is correct, S-M-macron.
25608 These characters might not look very nice on screen, but they will be just
25609 fine when run through LaTeX and printed.
25640 All the characters above are actively supported by TeX fonts.
25641 In addition TeX allows diacritical marks on almost all characters .
25642 Also make sure you're using the
25646 font-encoding and have the package
25650 with the definition file
25660 The documentation is a collaborative effort between many different people
25661 (and we would encourage people to contribute !).
25664 First, we need to give due credit to those who came before us.
25665 They gave us the base upon which the new manuals are built, and some continue
25666 to provide information:
25673 wrote the original documentation, from which this manual is built, as well
25674 as the introduction to this manual [or the
25675 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25679 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25682 as some of us call it].
25687 Lars Gullik Bjønnes
25689 wrote several minidocs, including some of the information about international
25697 also wrote a minidoc about international support, specifically about internatio
25698 nal keyboard maps and customization.
25705 originally documented the LinuxDoc SGML interface.
25710 Alejandro Aguilar Sierra
25712 originally documented math mode and provided the entries for the math functions
25718 Special thanks to the LyX Team\SpecialChar ~
25720 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{lyxcredit}
25724 for help and answers to questions.
25727 Next, it's time to give credit to the
25728 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25731 LyX Documentation Team,
25732 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25735 all of the people who helped rewrite the old documentation into the form
25736 it had after LyX version 0.10:
25747 Contributor to the FAQ and the old
25748 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25756 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25762 General editing assistance.
25788 Primary contributor to
25793 Documentation of the basic LyX interface in
25807 Former maintainer of the FAQ and the old
25808 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25816 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25822 Documentation of LinuxDoc in
25834 Documentation of figures and imported graphics in
25848 Documentation of internationalization features in
25884 Primary contributor to
25903 using LaTeX from within LyX
25916 General organization and format of the documents.
25926 paragraph environments, document layout, nesting, typography notes, fonts
25930 Also responsible for Introduction in
25935 Editor of the documents.
25936 [from 6/96-fall 1997]
25940 After fall of 1997, the LyX Team as a whole took over maintenance of the
25942 \layout Bibliography
25943 \bibitem {lyxcredit}
25952 href{http://www.lyx.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/lyx-devel/lib/CREDITS?rev=HEAD&content-type=text/plain}{
25968 \layout Bibliography
25969 \bibitem {latexbook}
25973 LaTeX: A Document Preparation System.
25976 Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994
25977 \layout Bibliography
25978 \bibitem {latexcompanion}
25980 Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin:
25982 The LaTeX Companion.
25985 Addison-Wesley, 1994
25986 \layout Bibliography
25987 \bibitem {latexguide}
25992 \layout Bibliography