[features.git] / lib / doc / UserGuide.lyx

#LyX 2.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
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\pdf_title "The LyX User's Guide"
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\author -712698321 "Jürgen Spitzmüller"
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\begin_body

\begin_layout Title
The \SpecialChar LyX
 User's Guide
\end_layout

\begin_layout Author
by the \SpecialChar LyX
 Team
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
If you have comments on or error corrections to this documentation, please
 send them to the \SpecialChar LyX
 Documentation mailing list: 
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
type "mailto:"
literal "false"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Version 2.3.x
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
The latest PDF-version of this document can be found here:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\series bold
https://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/Manuals#UserGuide
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset CommandInset toc
LatexCommand tableofcontents

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Getting Started
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
What is \SpecialChar LyX
?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 is a document preparation system.
 It is a tool for producing beautiful manu\SpecialChar softhyphen
scripts, publishable books, business
 letters and proposals, and even poetry.
 It is unlike most other 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

word processors
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in the sense that it uses the paradigm of a markup language as its core
 editing style.
 That means that when you type a section header, you mark it as a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Section
\begin_inset Quotes erd
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, not as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Bold, 17
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

pt type, left justified, 5
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

mm space below
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 takes care of the typesetting for you; so you deal only with concepts,
 not with mechanics.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This philosophy is explained in greater detail in the 
\emph on
Introduction
\emph default
 manual.
 If you haven't read it yet, you need to.
 Yes, we mean now.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\emph on
Introduction
\emph default
 manual describes several things in addition to \SpecialChar LyX
's philosophy: most importantly,
 the format of all of the manuals.
 If you don't read it, you will have a bear of a time navigating this manual.
 You might also be better served looking in one of the other manuals instead
 of this one.
 The 
\emph on
Introduction
\emph default
 manual describes that, too.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
How \SpecialChar LyX
 Looks
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Like most applications, \SpecialChar LyX
 has the familiar menu bar across the top of its
 window.
 Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons.
 There is, of course, a vertical scrollbar and a main work area for editing
 documents.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that there is no horizontal scrollbar.
 This is not a bug or an oversight, but intentional.
 When you read a book, you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the
 next line.
 Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for
 only a vertical scrollbar.
 There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar.
 The first case is large images.
 To avoid them being displayed larger than your screen, left click on the
 image and use the option 
\family sans
Scale on Screen
\family default
 in the tab 
\family sans
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 and \SpecialChar LyX
 options
\family default
.
 The second and third cases are tables and equations which are wider than
 the \SpecialChar LyX
 window.
 You can use the arrow keys to scroll horizontally through the table, but
 this doesn't work for equations yet.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For a brief description of all \SpecialChar LyX
 menus and toolbar buttons, have a look at
 Appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:The-User-Interface"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
HELP
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The help system consists of the \SpecialChar LyX
 manuals.
 You can read all of the manuals from inside \SpecialChar LyX
.
 Just select the manual you want to read from the 
\family sans
Help
\family default
 menu.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Basic \SpecialChar LyX
 Setup
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Almost all features of \SpecialChar LyX
 can be configured via the menu 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences
\family default
.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Preferences
\end_layout

\end_inset

 \SpecialChar LyX
 is able to inspect your system to see what programs, \SpecialChar LaTeX
 document classes
 and \SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages are available.
 It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults for the preferences
 settings.
 Although this configuration has already been done when \SpecialChar LyX
 was installed on
 your system, you might have some items that you installed locally, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

new \SpecialChar LaTeX
 classes, and which are not seen by \SpecialChar LyX
.
 To force \SpecialChar LyX
 to re-inspect your system, you should use 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Reconfigure
\family default
.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Reconfiguration of \SpecialChar LyX

\end_layout

\end_inset

 You should then restart \SpecialChar LyX
 to ensure that the changes are taken into account.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 Setup
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:LaTeX-Setup"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can edit documents in \SpecialChar LyX
 without having \SpecialChar LaTeX
 installed, but you will not be
 able to create PDFs or print your documents unless you do have it installed.
 However, some \SpecialChar LyX
 documents use DocBook as the “backend” that can produce
 PDFs and the like, and every \SpecialChar LyX
 document can always be output as plain text
 or as XHTML.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Some document classes may depend upon specific \SpecialChar LaTeX
 or DocBook classes or packages.
 Such document classes can be used even if you do not have the required
 files installed, but you will not be able to produce certain kinds of output.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The \SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages that \SpecialChar LyX
 has found on your system are listed in a file you can
 view from the menu 
\family sans
Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Configuration
\family default
.
 If you are missing packages you need, then you must install them and then
 reconfigure \SpecialChar LyX
 (menu 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Reconfigure
\family default
).
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Reconfiguration of \SpecialChar LyX

\end_layout

\end_inset

 See section 
\emph on
Installing new \SpecialChar LaTeX
 files
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
 manual for more information on installing additional \SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
How to work with \SpecialChar LyX

\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Basic File Operations
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
File Operations
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Under the 
\family sans
File
\family default
 menu and in the standard toolbar are basic operations for any word processor
 in addition to some more advanced operations:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
New, 
\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "buffer-new"
\end_inset

 or
\family sans
 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "buffer-new"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
New
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

from
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Template, 
\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "buffer-new-template"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Open, 
\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "file-open"
\end_inset

 or
\family sans
 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "file-open"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Open
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Recent
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Close, 
\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "view-close"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Save, 
\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "buffer-write"
\end_inset

 or
\family sans
 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "buffer-write"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Save
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

As, 
\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "buffer-write-as"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Revert
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

to
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

saved
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Exit, 
\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "lyx-quit"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors, with
 a few minor differences.
 The 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
New
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

from
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Template
\family default
 command lists the available templates.
 Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for
 the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually.
 They can be of use for certain classes, especially those for writing letters
 (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Document-Classes"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 There is no 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

default file
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or document named 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Untitled
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

scratch.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 Unless you tell \SpecialChar LyX
 to open a file or create a new one, that big, blank space
 is just that — a big, blank space.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Revert
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

to
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

saved
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Version
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Control
\family default
 are useful if more people work on the same document at the same time.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
If you plan to do this, you should check out the Version Control feature
 in \SpecialChar LyX
 also.
 Read Additional Features\SpecialChar endofsentence

\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\family sans
Revert
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

to
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

saved
\family default
 will reload the document from disk.
 You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document
 and want to restore it to the last save.
 With
\family sans
 Version
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Control 
\family default
you can register the changes you made to a document so that others can identify
 them as your changes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Basic Editing Features
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Editing
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Basic-Editing-Features"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Like most modern word processors, \SpecialChar LyX
 can perform cut and paste operations
 on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or page of text, and can
 delete whole words as well as individual characters.
 The next four sections cover the basic \SpecialChar LyX
 editing features and how to access
 them.
 We will start with cut and paste.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As you might expect, the 
\family sans
Edit
\family default
 menu and the standard toolbar has the cut and paste commands, along with
 various other editing features.
 Some of these are special and covered in later sections.
 The basic ones are:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Cut
\family default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Cut
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
, 
\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "cut"
\end_inset

 or
\family sans
 
\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "cut"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Copy
\family default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Copy
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
, 
\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "copy"
\end_inset

 or
\family sans
 
\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "copy"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Paste
\family default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paste
\end_layout

\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paste"
\end_inset

 or
\family sans
 
\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "paste"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Paste
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Recent
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Paste
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Special
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Find
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

&
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Replace
\family default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Find
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Replace
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
, 
\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "dialog-show findreplaceadv"
\end_inset

 or
\family sans
 
\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show findreplace"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The first three are self-explanatory.
 You can also copy text between \SpecialChar LyX
 and other programs by 
\family sans
Cut
\family default
, 
\family sans
Copy
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Paste
\family default
.
 
\family sans
Cut
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Copy
\family default
 put text in two versions into the clipboard (formatted and unformatted),
 so that other programs can choose the most suitable form.
 
\family sans
Paste
\family default
 supports formatted and unformatted text as well, and additionally graphics.
 It tries to interpret the clipboard contents in an intelligent way.
 For example if the clipboard contains text in the format of comma separated
 values (CSV) and the cursor is inside a table, the text will be pasted
 into individual cells.
 The submenu of 
\family sans
Paste
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Recent
\family default
 shows you a list with the last strings you have pasted.
 You can insert one at the current cursor position by clicking on a list
 entry.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The submenu 
\family sans
Paste
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Special
\family default
 contains optional items for specific formats, depending on the clipboard
 contents.
 These include HTML, \SpecialChar LaTeX
, Linkback
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

PDF
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
OS X only
\end_layout

\end_inset

, PDF, PNG, JPEG and EMF.
 These menu items are useful if the clipboard contains the same contents
 in different formats, and you want to select one format explicitly.
 (E.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

some programs put an image into the clipboard as graphics and as a short
 text which is often meaningless.) The menu item 
\family sans
Paste
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Special\SpecialChar menuseparator
Plain
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Text,
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

Join
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Lines
\family default
 is equivalent to 
\family sans
Paste
\family default
, with the only difference that it acts on text only.
 It will insert the text in the clipboard so that the whole text is inserted
 as one paragraph.
 A new paragraph is only started when there is a blank line in the text.
 Without 
\family sans
Join
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Lines
\family default
 the text is inserted as paragraphs where the line breaks of the text will
 start a new paragraph.
 This is for example useful to copy contents of tables from webpages to
 a table in \SpecialChar LyX
.
 The items 
\family sans
Paste
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Special\SpecialChar menuseparator
Selection,
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

Join
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Lines
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Paste
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Special\SpecialChar menuseparator
Selection
\family default
 paste from the primary selection.
 This is normally the currently selected text.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Find
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

&
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Replace
\family default
 item opens the 
\family sans
Find
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Replace
\family default
 dialog.
 Once you have found a word or expression, \SpecialChar LyX
 selects it.
 Hitting the 
\family sans
Replace
\family default
 button replaces the selected text with the contents of the 
\family sans
Replace
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

with
\family default
 field.
 You can click the 
\family sans
Find
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Next
\family default
 button to skip the current word.
 Hit 
\family sans
Replace
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

All
\family default
 to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically.
 The 
\family sans
Case
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

sensitive
\family default
 option can be used if you want the search to consider the case of the search
 word.
 If the toggle is set, searching for 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
Test
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 will not match the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
test
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 The 
\family sans
Match whole words only
\family default
 option can be used to force \SpecialChar LyX
 to only find complete words, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g., searching for 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
star
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 will not match 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
starlet
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 offers also an advanced 
\family sans
Find
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

&
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Replace
\family default
 feature that is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Advanced-Find-and"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Things like notes, floats, etc.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

(the so called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

insets
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

) can be dissolved.
 This means that the inset is deleted and its content is left as normal
 text.
 Dissolving an inset is done by setting the cursor to the beginning of an
 inset and pressing 
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
 or by setting the cursor to the end and pressing 
\family sans
Delete
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Using the shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcuts"
arg   "inset-select-all"
\end_inset

 while the cursor is in normal text selects the whole document.
 When the cursor is inside an inset 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcuts"
arg   "inset-select-all"
\end_inset

 selects the content of the inset.
 Using 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcuts"
arg   "inset-select-all"
\end_inset

 consecutively will increase the selection to the whole inset and then to
 the whole document.
 The shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcuts"
arg   "command-sequence buffer-begin ; buffer-end-select"
\end_inset

 selects the whole document in every case and puts the cursor to the end
 of the document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Undo and Redo
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Redo
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Undo
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Undo-and-Redo"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer.
 Select 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Undo
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "undo"
\end_inset

 to undo some mistake.
 If you accidentally undo too much, use 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Redo
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "redo"
\end_inset

 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

undo the undo.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

steps to minimize memory overhead.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that if you revert back all changes to arrive at the document as it
 was last saved, the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

changed
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 status of the document is unfortunately not reset.
 This is a consequence of the 100
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

step undo limit mentioned above.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Undo
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Redo
\family default
 work on almost everything in \SpecialChar LyX
.
 But they will not undo or redo text character by character, but by blocks
 of text.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Mouse Operations
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Mouse Operations
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
These are the most basic mouse operations.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Motion
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Click the 
\emph on
left mouse button
\emph default
 once anywhere in the edit window.
 The cursor moves to the text under the mouse.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Selecting Text
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Hold down the 
\emph on
left mouse button
\emph default
 and drag the mouse.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 marks the text between the old and new mouse positions.
 Use 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Copy
\family default
 to create a copy of the text in \SpecialChar LyX
's buffer (and the clipboard).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Re-position the cursor and then paste the text back into \SpecialChar LyX
 using 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paste
\family default
.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Insets (Footnotes, Notes, Floats, etc.)
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Right-click on them to set their properties.
 Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Section
Navigating
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Navigating"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Navigating
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 offers you several ways to navigate in documents:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The 
\family sans
Navigate
\family default
 menu lists all sections of the document as submenu entries that you can
 click to jump to the corresponding document part.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The “Outline”, which is accessed either by the menu 
\family sans
View\SpecialChar menuseparator
Outline
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Pane
\family default
 or by the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-toggle toc"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
You can set bookmarks in your document under 
\family sans
Navigate\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bookmarks
\family default
 and use the same menu to return to them.
 Note that bookmarks are saved between sessions.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "bookmark-goto 0"
\end_inset

 (also 
\family sans
Navigate\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bookmarks\SpecialChar menuseparator
Navigate
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Back
\family default
) jumps to the position in the document where you recently changed something.
 This is useful when you have a large document and have navigated or scrolled
 to another document part to look for something, and want to go back to
 your last editing position.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By pressing the 
\family sans
F5
\family default
 key the cursor will be vertically centered in \SpecialChar LyX
's main window.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
The Outliner
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:The-Outliner"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Navigating ! Outline
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Outline
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the pull-down box at the top of the outline window, you can choose between
 several different lists, including other TOC-like objects, such as lists
 of tables and figures, but also lists of footnotes, or labels and cross-referen
ces (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"

\end_inset

), or notes, or citations (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Bibliography"

\end_inset

).
 Clicking on any of these will take you to the corresponding object in your
 document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Right-clicking on elements in the Outline opens in many cases a context
 menu that will allow for direct modification of those elements.
 For example, with citations, the context menu allows you to open the citation
 dialog and to modify the citation.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Filter
\family default
 field at the top allows you to restrict which entries appear in the outline.
 For example, if you are displaying the list of 
\emph on
Labels and References
\emph default
 and wish to see only references to subsections, you can enter the text
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

sub
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in the filter, and only entries containing that text will be displayed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
At the bottom of the outline are several buttons and the like that allow
 you further to control the display.
 The 
\family sans
Sort
\family default
 option sorts the current list alphabetically.
 Otherwise, the elements appear in the order in which they occur in the
 document.
 The 
\family sans
Keep
\family default
 option keeps it in the current view state.
 Keeping means that when you have, for example, the subsections of sections
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2 and 4 displayed and click on section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

3, the subsections of sections
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2 and 4 will still be displayed.
 Without the 
\family sans
Keep
\family default
 option they will be hidden to highlight the clicked section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

3.
 Finally, the slider at the left can be used to open the Outline to a given
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

depth
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 It is best just to experiment with it to see how it works.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "reload"
\end_inset

 button refreshes the TOC (though this should not usually be necessary).
 Next to it are buttons that allow you to change the position of sections
 in your document.
 The 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "outline-down"
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "outline-up"
\end_inset

 buttons move sections up and down in the document.
 So, for example, you can move section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2.5 before section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2.4 or after section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2.6.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 will then automatically renumber the sections to the new order.
 With the buttons 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "outline-out"
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "outline-in"
\end_inset

 (or the corresponding key bindings 
\family sans
Tab
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Shift-Tab
\family default
) you can change the level of sections.
 So you can for example make section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2.5 chapter
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

3 or subsection
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2.4.1.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By right-clicking on a section in the outliner you can select the whole
 section to copy, cut or delete it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Horizontal Scrolling
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Navigating ! Horizontal Scrolling
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 does not have a horizontal scrollbar because the standard output page formats
 like e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

A4 are less wide than PC or laptop screens.
 Therefore you will get troubles in the output of your document if document
 parts exceed the width of the \SpecialChar LyX
 main screen.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are of course exceptions where horizontal scrolling is necessary.
 For example
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
\SpecialChar LyX
 is used on a small tablet computer
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Wide tables that are rotated 90° to fit a whole page
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
See section 
\emph on
Rotated Floats
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Math constructs with long command names
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For these cases \SpecialChar LyX
 has an mechanism that scrolls automatically when the cursor
 is moved.
 As example shrink the \SpecialChar LyX
 windows so that table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Horizontal-scrollong-test"

\end_inset

 is wider.
 You will now see a dotted red line at the right or the left side of the
 table.
 Put the cursor into the table and move it with the Tab or the arrow keys
 to see the horizontal scrolling of the table.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
placement h
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Horizontal-scrollong-test"

\end_inset

Horizontal scrolling test.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="1" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="4.7cm">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="4.7cm">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="4.7cm">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
a
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
b
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
c
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Input/Word Completion
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Input-Completion"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Input completion
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Word completion|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Input completion
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 provides completion of words by scanning all documents that are currently
 opened.
 Every word that appears in these documents is added to a database that
 is used to propose completions.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Input completion can be activated in the \SpecialChar LyX
 preferences (menu 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences
\family default
) in the section 
\family sans
Editing\SpecialChar menuseparator
Input Completion
\family default
.
 With the option 
\family sans
Automatic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

inline
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

completion
\family default
 the proposed completion is shown directly after the cursor.
 With the option 
\family sans
Automatic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

popup
\family default
 the completions are always shown in a popup.
 The cursor completion indicator can be turned off by deselecting the option
 
\family sans
Cursor
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

indicator
\family default
.
 With the general options you can define the delay time for the inline and
 popup completion, you can set the minimal number of characters a word must
 have that it will be taken into account for a completion and you can choose
 if long completions should be abbreviated.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 displays a small triangle after the cursor as an indicator that there are
 completions available.
 Press the 
\family sans
Tab
\family default
 key to accept a proposed completion.
 If several completions are possible, a popup is opened showing them.
 You can select a completion in the popup using the mouse or the arrow keys,
 and accept the chosen completion by pressing 
\family sans
Return
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The completion options for math in the preferences do the same as the correspond
ing options for text.
 The special math option 
\family sans
Autocorrection
\family default
 enables characters to be composed.
 If, for example, you want to insert the character 
\begin_inset Formula $\Rightarrow$
\end_inset

, you can then input the characters 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\series bold
=>
\series default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to a formula to get it.
 So this is a quick alternative to the insertion of commands or the use
 of the math toolbar.
 A list with supported character combinations can be found in the file 
\family typewriter
autocorrect
\family default
 that is in \SpecialChar LyX
's installation folder.
 Math autocorrection can at any time be turned on by pressing the exclamation
 mark key “!”.
 Pressing 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 turns it off.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Basic Key Bindings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Key Bindings
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Bindings|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Key Bindings
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Shortcuts|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Key Bindings
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are at least two different primary binding maps: 
\family typewriter
cua
\family default
 and 
\family typewriter
emacs
\family default
.
 \SpecialChar LyX
's default is 
\family typewriter
cua
\family default
, which can be changed in the \SpecialChar LyX
 preferences under 
\family sans
Editing\SpecialChar menuseparator
Shortcuts
\family default
.
 (You can list or change any key bindings as explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Editing-Shortcuts"

\end_inset

.)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Some keys, like 
\family sans
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Up
\family default
, 
\family sans
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Down
\family default
, 
\family sans
Left
\family default
, 
\family sans
Right
\family default
, 
\family sans
Up
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Down
\family default
, do exactly what you expect them to do.
 Other keys don't:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Tab
\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "Tab"
description "Tabulator key"
literal "false"

\end_inset


\family default
 There is no such thing as a tab stop in \SpecialChar LyX
.
 If you do not understand this, go read sections
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Par-indent-intro"

\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments"

\end_inset

, especially section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Lists"

\end_inset

, right now.
 Yes, right now.
 If you are still confused, look in the 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

In \SpecialChar LyX
 the 
\family sans
Tab
\family default
 key is only used to accept proposed input completions, to move the cursor
 in tables or math matrices or to change the nesting level in Itemize or
 Enumerate.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Esc
\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "Esc"
description "Escape key"
literal "false"

\end_inset


\family default
 This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

cancel key.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 It is used, generically, to cancel operations.
 Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Home
\family default

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\family sans
End
\family default
 These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line,
 unless you are using the Emacs bindings where they jump to the beginning
 or end of the file.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are three modifier keys:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Control
\family default
 (Denoted by 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
Ctrl
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "Ctrl"
description "Control key"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 in the documentation files) This has a couple of different uses, depending
 on which keys it is used in combination with:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Backspace
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Delete
\family default
, it deletes an entire word instead of a single character.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Left
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Right
\family default
, it moves by words instead of characters.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Home
\family default
 and 
\family sans
End
\family default
, it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Shift
\family default
 (Denoted by 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
Shift
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "Shift"
description "Shift key"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 in the documentation files) Use this with any of the arrow keys to select
 the text between the old and new cursor positions.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Alt
\family default
 (Denoted by 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
Alt
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "Alt"
description "Alt or Meta key"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 in the documentation files) This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless
 your keyboard has a distinct Meta key.
 If you have both keys, you will need to try out which one actually performs
 the 
\family sans
Alt+
\family default
 function.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

This key does many different things, but it also activates the 
\emph on
menu accelerator keys
\emph default
.
 If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a
 menu or menu item, it selects that menu item.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
For example, the sequence 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
Alt
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

e
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

s
\family default

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\family sans
c
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 brings up the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Text Style
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 dialog.
 Typing 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
Alt
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

f
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 opens the 
\family sans
File
\family default
 menu.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\emph on
Shortcuts
\emph default
 manual lists all other things bound to the 
\family sans
Alt
\family default
 key.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
You will learn more and more key bindings and short-cut keys as you use
 \SpecialChar LyX
, because most actions will prompt a small message in the status bar at
 the bottom of \SpecialChar LyX
's main window which describes the name of the action you
 have just triggered, and any existing key bindings for that action.
 The \SpecialChar LyX
 menus also list the defined key bindings.
 The notation for the key bindings is very similar to the notation used
 in this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding
 it.
 However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
Alt+P Shift+A
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 means 
\family sans
Alt+P
\family default
 followed by a capital 
\family sans
A
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
\SpecialChar LyX
 Basics
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LyX
 ! Basics
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Document Types
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Types
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Introduction
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you
 need to decide what type of document you want to edit.
 Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings,
 numbering schemes, and so on.
 Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments,
 and format the title of your document differently.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A 
\emph on
document class
\emph default
 describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents.
 By setting the document class, you automatically select these properties,
 making it easier to create the type of document you want.
 If you don't choose a document class, \SpecialChar LyX
 picks one for you by default.
 So it is up to you to change the class of your document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Document Classes
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Classes
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Document-Classes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can select a class using the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Document Class
\family default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset

 dialog.
 Select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options
 you may need.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Overview
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are four standard document classes in \SpecialChar LyX
.
 They are:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Article for basic articles
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Report for basic reports
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Book for writing a book
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Letter for US-style letters
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are also some non-standard classes, which \SpecialChar LyX
 only uses if you have installed
 the corresponding \SpecialChar LaTeX
 class files, though most \SpecialChar LaTeX
 distributions will include
 many of these.
 Here are some of the classes.
 The full list with detailed explanations can be found in chapter 
\emph on
Special Document Classes
\emph default
 in the 
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
 manual:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
A&A Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysics
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
ACS For submissions to the journals published by the American Chemistry
 Society
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
AGU For submissions to the journals published by the American Geophysical
 Union
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
AMS Layouts for articles and books in the style and format used by the American
 Mathematical Society (AMS).
 There are three article layouts available.
 The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems etc., that
 prepends the section number to the number of the result.
 All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced
 together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence.
 The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

sequential numbering
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers
 them throughout the article in a single sequence.
 Each type of result gets its own sequence.
 There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Beamer Layout for presentations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Broadway Layout for writing plays.
 It is not an existing \SpecialChar LaTeX
 document class, but a new one that is distributed
 with \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Chess Layout to write about chess games
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Curriculum
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

vitae classes to create curriculum vitae
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Elsarticle Layout for journals of the Elsevier publishing group
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Foils Used to make transparencies
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Hollywood Used to type spec scripts for the US film industry.
 It is not an existing \SpecialChar LaTeX
 document class, but a new one that is distributed
 with \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
IEEEtran Layout for the journals published by the Institute of Electrical
 and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
IOP Layout for journals of the Institute of Physics publishing group
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Kluwer Layout for journals of the Kluwer publishing group
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
KOMA-Script a replacement for the standard classes, offers many useful features
 like caption formatting, automatic print space calculation etc.
 (Is used by this document.)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Memoir another replacement for the standard classes
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Powerdot Layout for presentations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
REV
\family sans
TeX
\family default
 is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical
 Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society
 of America (OSA).
 This class is not completely compatible with all \SpecialChar LyX
 features.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Slides Used to make transparencies
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
SPIE
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Proceedings Layout for the journals published by The International Society
 for Optical Engineering (SPIE)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Springer Layouts for journals of the Springer publishing group
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We will not go into detail about how to use these different document classes
 here.
 You can find details about the non-standard classes in chapter 
\emph on
Special Document Classes
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
 manual.
 Here, we will settle for a list of some of the common properties of all
 of the document classes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Availability
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You will probably find that many of the document classes listed under 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Document Class
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\family default
are marked as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Unavailable
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 If you open a document that uses such a class, you will receive a warning
 saying that there are files that are required to produce output that are
 not installed.
 So it may seem that something is wrong.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Nothing is wrong.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 includes many more document classes than you will ever need to use, and
 some of them, like 
\family sans
IOP
\family default
, are highly specialized.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 tries to support as many different types of documents as possible, and
 it includes almost one hundred different layout files, with a growing number.
 No \SpecialChar LaTeX
 distribution will install by default all files that might be needed
 by some document class.
 There are just too many of them.
 That is why some of the document classes are unavailable.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If there is a document class you would like to use that is marked as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Unavailable
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, you just need to install the appropriate package files.
 The easiest way to find out which files you need to install is to use that
 document class for a new file.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 will display a dialog that will list the missing files.
 See section 
\emph on
Installing new \SpecialChar LaTeX
 files
\emph default
 in of the 
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
 manual for information on how to install them.
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Although \SpecialChar LyX
 provides support for many different sorts of documents, it does
 not include support for every document class people might want to use.
 For example, many universities provide \SpecialChar LaTeX
 class files to be used for dissertation
s submitted to those universities.
 The \SpecialChar LyX
 team cannot write layout files to support every one of these.
 There are too many.
 Fortunately, users can write their own layout files, and many users have
 done so.
 Chapter 
\emph on
Installing New Document Classes, Layouts, and Templates
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
 manual contains information on how to create layout files.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Modules
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Modules"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Modules
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Modules load additional features that are not by default available in the
 chosen document class.
 For example you might want to write Braille (embossed printing) in a document.
 This is not available in any document class, so you have to load the correspond
ing module in the 
\family sans
Modules
\family default
 section of the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset

 dialog.
 Highlighting a module in the dialog will bring up a description of what
 it does.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Some modules require \SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages or file format converters that are not always
 installed by default.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 will warn you if you do not have a required package or converter, and
 it will tell you what exactly you are missing.
 You can still use the module while editing your file, but you will not
 be able to export to PDF or print your document, since \SpecialChar LyX
 will not be able
 to compile the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 file without the missing prerequisites.
 If you want to be able to produce this kind of output, then you need to
 install the missing prerequisites and then reconfigure \SpecialChar LyX
 by selecting 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Reconfigure
\family default
.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Reconfiguration of \SpecialChar LyX

\end_layout

\end_inset

 See section Installing new \SpecialChar LaTeX
 files of the 
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
 manual for more information on installing required packages.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 Some modules require other modules, and some pairs of modules are incompatible.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 will advise you about these things.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Local Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Local-Layout"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Local Layout
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Modules are to \SpecialChar LyX
 much as packages are to \SpecialChar LaTeX
: They are intended to be used in
 a variety of different documents.
 If you often find yourself needing the same sort of thing in different
 documents, you should consider writing a module for this purpose.
 Sometimes, however, a particular document has very special needs, but you
 need a specific inset or character style only that one time.
 You want something that is like a document's own \SpecialChar LaTeX
 preamble.
 What you want is \SpecialChar LyX
's 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Local Layout
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 See section 
\emph on
Local Layout
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
 manual for information on how to use it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Properties
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Each class has a default set of options.
 Here's a quick table describing them:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Page style
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Sides
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Columns
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Max.
 sectioning level
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
article
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Plain
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Section
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
report
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Plain
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Chapter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
book
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Headings
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Two
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Chapter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
letter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Plain
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
none
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You're probably also wondering what 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Max.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

sectioning level
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 means.
 There are several paragraph environments used to create section headings.
 Different document classes allow different types of section headings.
 Only two use the 
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
 heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the 
\family sans
Section
\family default
 heading.
 Some document classes, such as the ones for letters, don't use any section
 headings.
 In addition to 
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Section
\family default
 headings, there are also 
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
 headings, 
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
 headings, and so on.
 We will describe these headings fully in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Headings"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Document Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Document-Layout"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Layout
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The most important properties of document classes are set in the menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
.
 There in the 
\family sans
Class
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

options
\family default
 field under 
\family sans
Documents
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Class
\family default
, you can enter special options for your document class in a comma-separated
 list.
 This is only necessary if \SpecialChar LyX
 doesn't support special options you want to
 use for your document.
 To learn more about your favorite \SpecialChar LaTeX
-class and its options, you have to read
 its manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The drop box 
\family sans
Headings
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

style
\family default
 in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog under 
\family sans
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Layout
\family default
 controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page.
 You can choose between the following five options:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Default
\family default
 Use default page style of current class.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
empty
\family default
 No page numbers or headings.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
plain
\family default
 Page numbers only.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
headings
\family default
 Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number.
 Whether \SpecialChar LyX
 uses the current chapter or the current section depends on the
 maximum sectioning level of the class.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
fancy
\family default
 This allows you to define fully customizable headers and footers if you
 have the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
fancyhdr
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! fancyhdr
\end_layout

\end_inset

 installed.
 How they are defined is explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Customized-Page-Headers"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The separation of paragraphs is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Paragraph-Separation"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Paper Size and Orientation
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Paper size
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Paper-Size,-Orientation"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can find the following options in the menu 
\family sans
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Layout
\family default
 of the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog:
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Paper
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Format
\family default
 What size paper to print on.
 The choices are
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Default
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
A0 – A6
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
B0 – B6
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
C0 – C6
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
US letter, US legal, US executive
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
JIS B0 – JIS B6
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Custom
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Orientation
\family default
 To choose whether to output as 
\family sans
Landscape
\family default
 or as 
\family sans
Portrait
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Two-sided
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

document
\family default
 Adjusts the print space to print both sides of paper.
 That means that the print space for odd- and even-numbered pages is different.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Margins
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Margins"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Margins
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Margins
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Paper margins are set in the menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you use a KOMA-Script document class, you can use the default settings
 because KOMA-Script calculates the print space automatically by taking
 the paper format and the font size into account.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Important Note
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you change a document class, \SpecialChar LyX
 has to convert 
\emph on
everything
\emph default
 into the new class.
 That includes the paragraph environments.
 Some paragraph environments are standard, in so far as all of the document
 classes have them; but some classes have special paragraph environments.
 If this is the case, and you change the document class, \SpecialChar LyX
 will mark the
 paragraphs whose styles it no longer understands as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

unknown
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 The name of the style is retained, in case you should want to go back to
 the old class.
 But these paragraphs will be output with no special formatting, so you
 will either need to create a new style yourself or else convert these paragraph
s manually to a style present in your new document class.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Paragraph Indentation and Separation
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paragraph ! Indentation
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Introduction
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Par-indent-intro"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to
 say a word or two about paragraph indentation.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs.
 Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph.
 Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs.
 If you choose indentation for paragraphs the 
\emph on
first
\emph default
 paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list,
 etc., is 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 indented.
 Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented.
 Note that the indentation behavior is different when you use another document
 language than English.
 \SpecialChar LaTeX
 takes care that the indentation follows the rules of the language used.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings
 and text — in fact, all the spacing for just about everything —is pre-coded
 into \SpecialChar LyX
.
 As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 takes care of that.
 In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a
 range.
 That way, \SpecialChar LyX
 can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure figures
 fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom of
 a page, and so on.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 does this when \SpecialChar LyX
 goes to produce a printable file.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 gives you the ability globally to change 
\emph on
all
\emph default
 these pre-coded spacings.
 We will explain more later.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Paragraph Separation
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Paragraph-Separation"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paragraph ! Separation
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Select 
\family sans
Indentation
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Vertical
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

space
\family default
 in the submenu 
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Layout
\family default
 of the dialog 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset

 to indent paragraphs or to add extra space between paragraphs, respectively.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Fine-Tuning
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph.
 Open the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paragraph
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Settings
\family default
 dialog and toggle the 
\family sans
Indent
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Paragraph
\family default
 option to change the state of the current paragraph (shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-params \\indent-toggle"
\end_inset

).
 If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this
 button will be ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph by toggling
 this).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph
 if you need to do some fine-tuning.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Line Spacing
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paragraph ! Line spacing
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\noun on

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family default
\noun default
 dialog you can set the line spacing for the whole document in the submenu
 
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Layout
\family default
.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
You need to have the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
setspace
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! setspace
\end_layout

\end_inset

 installed to use this feature.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 You can set it for a single paragraph in the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paragraph
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Settings
\family default
 dialog but this should be used very exceptionally because vertical spacing
 is normally defined in the environment's style.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Paragraph Environments
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Paragraph-Environments"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paragraph ! Environments
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paragraph environments|(
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Overview
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Paragraph environments correspond to the
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
begin{
\emph on
environment
\emph default
} \SpecialChar ldots
 
\backslash
end{
\emph on
environment
\emph default
}
\series default

\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

command sequence in \SpecialChar LaTeX
 files.
 If you don't know \SpecialChar LaTeX
, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally
 alien to you, we urge you to read the 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
.
 The 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
 also contains many more examples than this section does.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A paragraph environment is simply a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

container
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties.
 This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering
 scheme, labels, and so on.
 Additionally, you can 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

nest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment
 to inherit some of the properties of another.
 The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy
 tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other hangovers from the days
 of typewriters.
 There are several paragraph environments that are specific to a particular
 document type.
 We will only be covering the most common ones here.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
        scale 70
        clip

\end_inset

 at the left end of the toolbar.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 will change the environment of the 
\emph on
entire
\emph default
 paragraph in which the cursor sits.
 You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if
 you select them before choosing the new environment.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that entering 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 will 
\emph on
typically
\emph default
 create a new paragraph using the 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 paragraph environment.
 We say 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

typically
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 because if you are in one of these environments:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Quote
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Quotation
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Verse
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Itemize
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Enumerate
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Description
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
List
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 keeps the old paragraph environment when you enter 
\family sans
Return
\family default
, rather than resetting it to 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
 Also the nesting depth is preserved (for more on nesting see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Standard
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The default paragraph environment is 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 for most classes.
 It creates a plain paragraph.
 If \SpecialChar LyX
 resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses.
 In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now (and most of the ones in
 this manual) are in the 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can nest a paragraph using the 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything
 in a 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Document Title
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Title
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A \SpecialChar LaTeX
 title page has three parts: the title itself, the name(s) of the author(s)
 and a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

footnote
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 for thanks or contact information.
 For certain types of documents, \SpecialChar LaTeX
 places all of this on a separate page
 along with today's date.
 For other types of documents, the title 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

page
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 goes at the top of the first page of the document.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph
 environments 
\family sans
Title
\family default
, 
\family sans
Author
\family default
, and 
\family sans
Date
\family default
.
 Here's how you use them:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Put the title of your document in the 
\family sans
Title
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Put the author name in the 
\family sans
Author
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date,
 or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in
 the 
\family sans
Date
\family default
 environment.
 Note that using this environment is optional.
 If you don't provide any, \SpecialChar LaTeX
 will automatically insert today's date.
 If you don't want a date, use the option 
\family sans
Suppress default date on front page
\family default
 in the menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Document
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

class
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can use footnotes to insert 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

thanks
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or contact information.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Headings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Section headings
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Headings"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are several paragraph environments for producing section headings.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 takes care of the numbering for you.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Numbered Headings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Section headings ! Numbered
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are 7 numbered types of section headings.
 They are:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Part
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Chapter
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Section
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Subsection
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Subsubsection
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Paragraph
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Subparagraph
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods.
 The numbers describe where in the document you are.
 Unlike the other headings, parts are numbered with Latin letters.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text.
 For example, suppose you're writing a book.
 You group the book into chapters.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 does a similar grouping:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Part
\family default
 is divided into either 
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
s or 
\family sans
Section
\family default
s
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Chapter
\family default
s are divided into 
\family sans
Section
\family default
s
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Section
\family default
s are divided into 
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
s
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Subsection
\family default
s are divided into 
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
s
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
s are divided into 
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
s
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
s are divided into 
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
s
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 Not all document types use the 
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
 heading as the maximum sectioning level.
 In that case the 
\family sans
Section
\family default
 is the top-level heading.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
So, if you use the 
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
 environment to label a new sub-subsection, \SpecialChar LyX
 labels it with its number,
 along with the number of the subsection, section and, if applicable, chapter
 that it's in.
 For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the
 label 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2.5
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Unnumbered Headings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Section headings ! Unnumbered
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The unnumbered section headings have a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

*
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 at the end of their name.
 They work the same as their numbered counterparts but will not appear in
 the table of contents, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:toc"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Changing the Numbering
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Numbering-depth"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear
 in the Table of Contents.
 Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document
 class.
 Just as certain classes start with 
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
 and go down to the 
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
 level.
 Others start at 
\family sans
Section
\family default
.
 Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels.
 Most don't number 
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
.
 This is something you can change.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Open the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Under 
\family sans
Numbering
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

&
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

TOC
\family default
 you will see two counters.
 The one named 
\family sans
Numbering
\family default
 controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy \SpecialChar LyX
 numbers a section heading.
 The other one controls the appearance of the section headings in the table
 of contents.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Short Titles of Headings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Section headings ! Short titles
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Short Titles
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Short-Titles"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long.
 This can cause trouble when there is limited horizontal space.
 For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section
 title, a long title will protrude over the page margins and look awful.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 allows you to specify a short title for section headings.
 This short title is used in the header and in the actual table of contents,
 avoiding the problem mentioned.
 To specify a short title, set the cursor behind the title and use the menu
 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Short
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Title
\family default
.
 This will insert a box labeled 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Short
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Title
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 which you can use to enter the short title text.
 This also works for captions inside floats.
 There can only be one short title per title.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The title of this section is a good example of using this feature.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Special Information
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The following information applies to all section headings:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot do any nesting with these environments.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
You can only use inline math in these environments.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Quotes and Poetry
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations.
 They are 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
, 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
, and 
\family sans
Verse
\family default
.
 Forget the days of changing line spacing and twiddling with margins.
 These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in.
 They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below
 the text they contain.
 They also allow nesting, so you can put a 
\family sans
Verse
\family default
 in a 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
, as well as in some other paragraph environments.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do
 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 reset to 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 when you start a new paragraph.
 So, you can type in that poem and merrily enter 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you.
 Of course, that means that, once you are done typing in that poem, you
 have to change back to the 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 environment yourself.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Quote and Quotation
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Quote"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Quotation
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's
 time for the differences.
 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
 are identical except for one difference: 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
 uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line.
 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
 
\emph on
always
\emph default
 indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here's an example of the 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
 environment:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
This is in the 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
 environment.
 I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it
 wraps.
 See – no indentation!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
Here's the second paragraph of this quote.
 Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and
 the other paragraph.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here's another example, this time in the 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
 environment:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quotation
This is in the 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
 environment.
 If I keep writing, you will see the indentation.
 If your country uses a writing style that indicates new paragraphs by indenting
 the first line, then 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
 is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it 
\emph on
if
\emph default
 you were quoting other text.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quotation
Here's a new paragraph.
 I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time.
 If I did that, though, you'd get bored.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As the examples show, 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
 is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs.
 They should put quotes in the 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
 environment.
 Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
 paragraph environment for quoted text.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Verse
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paragraph ! Verse
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Poetry
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Verse"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Verse
\family default
 is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on.
 Here's an example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Verse
This is in Verse
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Which I did not rehearse!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Verse
It could be much worse.
 This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps
 around.
 It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are
 indented a bit more than the first.
 Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore.
 So sue me.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Verse
To break a line
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

And make things look fine
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Use 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As you can see, 
\family sans
Verse
\family default
 does not indent both margins.
 Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph.
 To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Lists
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Lists"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds
 of lists.
 In the 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environments, \SpecialChar LyX
 labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively.
 In the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 and 
\family sans
List
\family default
 environments, \SpecialChar LyX
 lets you provide your own label.
 We will present the individual details of each type of list next after
 describing some general features of all four of them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
General Features
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments
 in several ways.
 First, \SpecialChar LyX
 treats each paragraph as a list item.
 Hitting 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 does 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 reset the environment to 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item.
 The nesting depth is thereby kept.
 If you want to keep the paragraph environment but reset the current nesting
 depth, you can use 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset

.
 If you do this at the top level of a list, it returns you to the 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can nest lists of any type inside one another.
 In fact, \SpecialChar LyX
 changes the labels on some list items depending on how it is
 nested.
 If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we suggest
 you read all of section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Itemize
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists ! Itemize
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Itemize"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The first type of list we will describe in detail is the 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 paragraph environment.
 It has the following properties:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
\SpecialChar LyX
 uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
The items can have any length.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 automatically offsets the left margin of each item.
 The offset is always relative to whatever environment the 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 list may be in.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
If you nest an 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environment inside another 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environment, the label changes to a new symbol.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
\SpecialChar LyX
 always shows the same symbol on screen.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
See section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"

\end_inset

 for a full explanation of nesting.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Of course, that explanation was also an example of an 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 list.
 The 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We said that different levels use different symbols as their label.
 Here's an example of all four possible symbols.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The label for the first level 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 is a large black dot, or bullet.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
The label for the second level is a dash.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
The label for the third is an asterisk.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
The label for the fourth is a centered dot.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Back out to the third level.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Back to the second level.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Back to the outermost level.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
These are the default labels for an 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 list.
 You can customize how these labels are displayed in the output in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog in the submenu 
\family sans
Bullets
\family default
.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset

 These customizations are not displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth.
 We will explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths
 in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Enumerate
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists ! Enumerate
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Enumerate"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment is used to create numbered lists and outlines.
 It has these properties:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Each item has a numeral as its label.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The label type depends on the nesting depth.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\SpecialChar LyX
 automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Each new 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment resets the counter to one.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Like the 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environment, the 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Offsets the items relative to the left margin.
 Items can have any length.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Allows up to a four-fold nesting.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Unlike the 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environment, 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 shows the different labels for each item in \SpecialChar LyX
.
 Here is how \SpecialChar LyX
 labels the four different levels in an 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
The first level of an 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 uses Arabic numerals followed by a period.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Again, notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth
 increases.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back to the third level
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back to the second level.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back to the outermost level.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can customize the type of numbering used in the 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Customized-Lists"

\end_inset

.
 Such customization only shows up in the printed version, not in \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There is more to nesting 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environments than we've stated here.
 You should read section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"

\end_inset

 to learn more about nesting.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Description
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists ! Description
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Unlike the previous two environments, the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 list has no fixed label.
 Instead, \SpecialChar LyX
 uses the first 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

word
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 of the first line as the label.
 Here's an example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Example: This is an example of the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the
 rest of the line.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
With the first 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

word
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 it is meant that the first usage of the 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 key ends the label if you are at the beginning of the first line of an
 item.
 If you need to use more than one word in a label use a 
\family sans
Protected Space
\family default
.
 (Use either 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
\end_inset

 or the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Protected
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Space
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Protected-Space"

\end_inset

 for more information.) Here is an example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Second
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Example: This one shows how to use a 
\family sans
Protected
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Space
\family default
 in the label of a 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 list item.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Usage: You should use the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 environment for things like definitions and theorems.
 Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text
 that describes it.
 It's not a good idea to use a 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe.
 You're better off using 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 and nesting several 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 paragraphs into them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Nesting: You can nest 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
 so on.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Notice that after the first line, \SpecialChar LyX
 indents subsequent lines, offsetting
 them from the first line.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Labeling
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists ! Labeling
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Labeling
\family default
 environment is a \SpecialChar LyX
 extension to \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Like the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 list the 
\family sans
Labeling
\family default
 list has user-defined labels for each list item but it provides some additional
 features.
 Here are its properties:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
item
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

labels \SpecialChar LyX
 uses the first 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

word
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 of each line as the item label.
 The first 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label.
 If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a protected
 space as described above.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
margins As you can see, \SpecialChar LyX
 uses different margins for the item label and the
 body of the item text.
 The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default
 label width plus a little extra space.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
label
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

width \SpecialChar LyX
 uses the width of the label, or the default width, whatever is larger.
 If the label width is larger, the label 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

extends
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 into the first line.
 In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left
 margin of the rest of the item text.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

width You can set the default label width to ensure that the text of all
 items in a 
\family sans
Labeling
\family default
 environment has the same left margin.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

To change the default width, select all items in the list.
 Now open the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paragraph
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Settings
\family default
 dialog (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "layout-paragraph"
\end_inset

).
 The text in the box 
\family sans
Longest
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

label
\family default
 determines the default label width.
 You can use the text of your largest label here, but you can also use the
 letter 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 multiple times instead.
 M is the widest character and is a standard unit of widths in \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
 By using 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 as the unit of width you don't need to keep changing the contents of 
\family sans
Longest
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

label
\family default
 every time you alter a label in a 
\family sans
List
\family default
 environment.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

The predefined default width is the length of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

00.00.0000
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (equal to 6
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

M).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You should use the 
\family sans
Labeling
\family default
 list the same way as the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 list: When you need one word to stand out from the text that describes
 it.
 The 
\family sans
Labeling
\family default
 environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall
 layout.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can nest 
\family sans
Labeling
\family default
 lists inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and so on.
 They work just like the other list paragraph environments.
 Read section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"

\end_inset

 to learn about nesting.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There is yet another feature of the 
\family sans
Labeling
\family default
 list: As you can see in the examples, \SpecialChar LyX
 left-justifies the item labels by
 default.
 You can use additional 
\family sans
HFills
\family default
 to change how \SpecialChar LyX
 justifies the item label.
 
\family sans
Hfills
\family default
 are documented in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Horizontal-Space"

\end_inset

.
 Here are some examples:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
Left The default for 
\family sans
Labeling
\family default
 item labels.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset

Right One 
\family sans
HFill
\family default
 at the beginning of the label right justifies it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset

Center
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset

 One 
\family sans
HFill
\family default
 at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Customized Lists
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Customized-Lists"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists ! Customized
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The features described in this section require that the module 
\family sans
Customisable Lists (enumitem)
\family default
 is loaded in the document settings.
 The module uses the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
enumitem
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! enumitem
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Custom Enumerate Lists
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists ! Enumerate ! Custom
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
The default numbering of numbered lists can be changed by adding an optional
 argument (menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Enumerate Options
\family default
) to the first item of each level in the list.
 There you add the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
label=
\backslash
roman{enumi}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
in \SpecialChar TeX
 Code (shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "ert-insert"
\end_inset

).
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
For more about \SpecialChar TeX
 Code, look at section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:TeX-Code"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\emph on
 enumi
\emph default
 is hereby the first level counter of the enumeration.
 The command 
\series bold

\backslash
roman
\series default
 outputs the counter as a small Roman numeral.
 For capital Roman numerals replace 
\series bold

\backslash
roman
\series default
 with 
\series bold

\backslash
Roman
\series default
 in the command above.
 For Arabic numerals use 
\series bold

\backslash
arabic
\series default
.
 To 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

number
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 items with capital or small Latin letters use 
\series bold

\backslash
Alph
\series default
 or 
\series bold

\backslash
alph
\series default
, respectively.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 You can only number 26
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

items with Latin letters, because this numbering is limited to single letters.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To change the numbering for the list sublevels, replace the 'i' in the command
 by the small Roman numeral of the level (enumi, enumii, enumiii, enumiv).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is a list with custom numbering:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

label=
\backslash
#
\backslash
Alph{enumi}
\backslash
#
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

Level 1
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

label=
\backslash
Alph{enumi}.
\backslash
arabic{enumii}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

Level 2
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Level 2
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

label=
\backslash
bfseries{
\backslash
arabic{enumiii}}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

Level 3
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

label=
\backslash
emph{
\backslash
roman{enumiv})}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

Level 4
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
For this list these commands were used:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent

\series bold
label=
\backslash
#
\backslash
Alph{enumi}
\backslash
#
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

label=
\backslash
Alph{enumi}.
\backslash
arabic{enumii}
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

label=
\backslash
bfseries{
\backslash
arabic{enumiii}}
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

label=
\backslash
emph{
\backslash
roman{enumiv})}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
where the command 
\series bold

\backslash
emph{}
\series default
 makes the label emphasized and 
\series bold

\backslash
bfseries{}
\series default
 makes it bold.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 When you change the label of a list level, it will be used for all following
 lists until you change the definition.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Resumed Enumeration
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists ! Enumerate ! Resumed
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Enumerations can be resumed after intermediate paragraphs:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

label=
\backslash
arabic{enumi}.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

first
\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
goes back to default numbering
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
second
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
regular text
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate-Resume
resumed
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To resume an enumeration, use the style 
\family sans
Enumerate-Resume
\family default
.
 Its numbering appears in blue within \SpecialChar LyX
 to indicate that it is a resumed
 list and that the numbering will not be correct in \SpecialChar LyX
, but in the output.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 If there is no previous enumeration to resume, you will get a \SpecialChar LaTeX
 error.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Perhaps you might want to resume the list with a different number from the
 next one.
 Or you want to start a new enumeration with a defined number.
 This is possible by adding an optional argument to the first list item
 of a normal enumeration.
 There, insert the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
start=number
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
where 
\emph on
number
\emph default
 is the number with which you want to resume the list.
 An example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
first item
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
second item
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Enumeration starting at a given value:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

start=4
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

This enumeration starts at 4
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
List Spacing
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists ! Spacing
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In some cases you might want less or more vertical space between the items
 of a list.
 For example if the default space is too much in your opinion in this case:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
A bullet list
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
with standard spacing 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can decrease the space by adding an optional argument to the first item
 of the list.
 Add there the command 
\series bold
nolistsep
\series default
 to get no additional list space like in this example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

nolistsep
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

A bullet list
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
without additional
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
vertical space
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To add space you can use several other commands provided by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
 
\series bold
enumitem
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! enumitem
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 For more information see its documentation, 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "enumitem"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are also many commands available to change the horizontal spacing
 and indentation.
 Here is an example where the indentation was changed to that of the paragraphs
 in the document and the label separation was set to 2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

cm so that the number is in the page margin:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Argument 1
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

labelindent=
\backslash
parindent, labelsep=2cm
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

An enumeration
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
with negative indentation
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Further Customization
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lists ! Customization
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also change the style of description lists.
 The command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
font=definition
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
changes the description label font, the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
style=definition
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
sets the list style.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
An example where the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
font=
\backslash
itshape, style=nextline
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
is used:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Ionizing
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

radiation: 
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

labelindent=0pt, labelsep=1cm, font=
\backslash
itshape, style=nextline
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

Ionizing radiation consists of particles or electromagnetic waves that are
 energetic enough to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, therefore
 ionizing them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Reference
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

counting: In computer science, reference counting is a technique of storing
 the number of references, pointers, or handles to a resource such as an
 object, block of memory, disk space or other resource.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are many more commands and features provided by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
enumitem
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! enumitem
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 For more information see its documentation 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "enumitem"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Letters
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Letters
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Address and Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Address: An Overview
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Although \SpecialChar LyX
 has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph
 environments called 
\family sans
Address
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Address
\family default
.
 To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments
 in a specific order, otherwise \SpecialChar LaTeX
 gags on the document.
 In contrast, you can use the 
\family sans
Address
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Address
\family default
 paragraph environments anywhere with no problem.
 You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest
 anything in them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Of course, you're not limited to using 
\family sans
Address
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Address
\family default
 for letters only.
 
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Address
\family default
, in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in
 some European academic papers.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Usage
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Address-Usage"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Address
\family default
 environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used
 for the opening and signature in some countries.
 Similarly, the 
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Address
\family default
 environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which
 is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries.
 Here's an example of each:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Right Address
Right Address
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Who I am
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Where I am
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

When is it? What is today?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
That was 
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Address
\family default
.
 Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which \SpecialChar LyX
 sets to fit
 the largest block of text on a single line.
 Here's an example of the 
\family sans
Address
\family default
 environment:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Address
Who are you
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Where do I send this
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Your post office and country
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As you can see, both 
\family sans
Address
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Address
\family default
 add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph.
 If you enter 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 in either of these environments, \SpecialChar LyX
 resets the nesting depth and sets the
 environment to 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
 This makes sense, since 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 is the 
\family typewriter
paragraph-break
\family default
 function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs.
 Thus, you have to use 
\family typewriter
break-line
\family default
 (
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset

 or 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Ragged
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Line
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Break
\family default
) to start a new line in an 
\family sans
Address
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Address
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Academic Writing
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography
 or list of references.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 contains paragraph environments for both of these.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Abstract
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Abstracts
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 environment is used for the abstract of an article.
 Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should
 only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title.
 Also, don't bother trying to nest 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 in anything else or 
\emph on
vice versa
\emph default
.
 It will not work.
 The 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 environment is only useful in the article and report document classes.
 The book document classes ignores the 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 completely, and it's utterly silly to use 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 in a letter document class.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 environment does several things for you.
 First, it puts the centered label 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Abstract
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 above the text.
 The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical
 space.
 Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect.
 Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and
 the subsequent text.
 Well, that's how it will appear on the \SpecialChar LyX
 screen.
 The actual appearance in the output depends on the document class you are
 using.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Starting a new paragraph by entering 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 does not reset the paragraph environment.
 The new paragraph will still be in the 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 environment.
 So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you
 finish entering the abstract of your document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/Abstract.pdf

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Paragraph-in-the"

\end_inset

Paragraph in the 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 environment
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We would love to demonstrate the 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 environment, but since this document is in the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

book
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 class, we can't do this.
 We inserted it therefore as figure
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Paragraph-in-the"

\end_inset

.
 If you have never heard of an 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

abstract
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 before, you can safely ignore this environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Bibliography
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Bibliography
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Biblio_environment"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 environment is used to list references.
 Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should
 only use it at the end of the document.
 Nesting 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 in anything else or 
\emph on
vice versa
\emph default
 will not work.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When you first open a 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 environment, \SpecialChar LyX
 adds a large vertical space, followed by the heading 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Bibliography
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

References,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 depending on the document class.
 The heading is in a large boldface font.
 Each paragraph of the 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 environment is a bibliography entry.
 Thus, entering 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 does not reset the paragraph environment.
 Each new paragraph is still in the 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There is another, usually better way to include references in your document
 by using a Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 database.
 For more information on that, and for a detailed description of \SpecialChar LyX
's bibliography
 handling, have a look at section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Bibliography"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Special Environments
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 provides two environments that can be used to emulate the behavior of a
 computer console/terminal and a typewriter.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
\SpecialChar LyX

\family sans
-Code
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:LyX-Code"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\family default
 environment is a \SpecialChar LyX
 extension.
 It type-sets text in a typewriter-style font.
 It also treats the 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 key as a fixed whitespace.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
In the 
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\family default
 environment, the 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 key is treated as a 
\family sans
Protected
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Blank
\family default
 instead of an end-of-word marker.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\family default
, 
\family sans
Verbatim
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Verbatim
\family default
* are the only environments in which you can type multiple whitespaces in
 \SpecialChar LyX
.
 If you need to insert blank lines, you will still need to use 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset

 (the 
\family typewriter
break-line
\family default
 function).
 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 breaks paragraphs.
 Note, however, that 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 does not reset the paragraph environment.
 So, when you finish using the 
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\family default
 environment, you will need to change the paragraph environment yourself.
 Also, you can nest the 
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\family default
 environment inside of others.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are a few quirks with this environment:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot use 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset

 at the beginning of a new paragraph (i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

you can't follow 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 with a 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot follow a 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset

 with a 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 but with a 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot have an empty paragraph or an empty line.
 You must put at least one 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 in any line you want blank.
 Otherwise, \SpecialChar LaTeX
 generates errors.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing 
\family sans
"
\family default
 since that will insert 
\emph on
real
\emph default
 quotes.
 You get the typewriter double quotes with 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "self-insert \""
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is an example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
#include <stdio.h>
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
int main(void)
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
{
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
    printf("Hello World!
\backslash
n");
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
    return 0;
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This is just the standard 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Hello world!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 program.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\family default
 has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts
 and so on.
 Use it only in those very special cases where you need to generate text
 as if you used a typewriter.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paragraph environments|)
\end_layout

\end_inset

 For longer parts of programming code, use the listings inset that is described
 in the chapter 
\emph on
Program Code Listings
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Verbatim
\family sans

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Verbatim
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Verbatim
\family default
 environment is similar to the 
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\family default
 environment with the difference that its content will be treated like a
 computer console text.
 
\family sans
Verbatim
\family default
 does therefore not have paragraphs so that 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 breaks lines.
 Compared to 
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\family default
 the 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 key is treated like a normal space in text (not as a protected space) and
 you can have empty lines.
 In contrary to 
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code,
\family default
 
\family sans
Verbatim
\family default
 cannot
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
have a certain language and a text style
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
contain hyperlinks, boxes, foot- and margin notes, notes, math, citations,
 index- and nomenclature entries, labels, tables, graphics, listings, floats
 and \SpecialChar TeX
 Code
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Because of these properties 
\family sans
Verbatim
\family default
 works like a typewriter.
 Here is an example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Verbatim
This is Verbatim.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Verbatim
\noindent
\align block
The following 2 lines are empty:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Verbatim

\end_layout

\begin_layout Verbatim

\end_layout

\begin_layout Verbatim
Almost everything is allowed in Verbatim:"%&$§#~'`
\backslash
}][{|
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Verbatim*
\family default
 environment is identical to 
\family sans
Verbatim
\family default
 with the difference that spaces appear in the output as the character '
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset

'.
 An example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Verbatim*
This is Verbatim*.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Nesting Environments
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nesting ! Environments
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Nesting"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Introduction
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 treats text as a unified block with a particular context and specific propertie
s.
 This allows you to create blocks that inherit some of the properties of
 another block.
 For example you have three main points in an outline, but point #2 also
 has two subpoints.
 In other words, you have a list inside of another list, with the inner
 list 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

attached
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to item #2:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
one
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
two
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
sublist – item #1
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
sublist – item #2
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
three
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You put a list inside a list by nesting one list inside the other.
 Nesting an environment is quite simple: Select 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Increase
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

List
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Depth
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Decrease
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

List
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Depth
\family default
 to change the nesting depth (the status bar will tell you how far you are
 nested).
 Instead of the menu, you can also use the toolbar buttons 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "depth-increment"
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "depth-decrement"
\end_inset

 or the key bindings 
\family sans
Tab
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Shift+Tab
\family default
 or 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-increment"
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-decrement"
\end_inset

.
 The change will work on the current selection, if you have made one (allowing
 you to change the nesting of several paragraphs at once), or the current
 paragraph.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that \SpecialChar LyX
 only changes the nesting depth if it can.
 If it is invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth.
 Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the
 depth of every paragraph nested inside of it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Nesting isn't limited to lists.
 In \SpecialChar LyX
, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're about
 to find out.
 This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
What You Can and Can't Nest
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell
 you a little bit more about how nesting works.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The question of nesting a paragraph environment is a bit more complicated
 than a simple yes or no.
 There are three types of paragraph environments:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Completely unnestable
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Fully nestable, you can nest them inside things and you can also nest other
 things inside them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
A third type, you can nest them into other environments, but you can't nest
 anything into them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph
 environments have them:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Unnestable Can't nest them.
 Can't nest into them.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Bibliography
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Abstract
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Title
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Author
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Date
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description
Fully
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Nestable You can nest them.
 You can nest other things into them.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Verse
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Quote
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Quotation
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Itemize
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Enumerate
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Description
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
List
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
-Code
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Verbatim
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Verbatim*
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description
Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside other things.
 You can't nest anything into them.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Standard
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Part
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Chapter
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Section
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Subsection
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Subsubsection
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Paragraph
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Subparagraph
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Part*
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Chapter*
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Section*
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Subsection*
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Subsubsection*
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Address
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Address
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 Although it is possible, for example, to nest numbered section headings
 like 
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
, 
\family sans
Section
\family default
, etc.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

into lists, it is highly recommended not to do this because the aim is to
 create well-structured documents following typesetting guidelines whereas
 nested section headings violate this.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nesting ! Tables etc.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are
 affected by nesting anyhow.
 They are:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
equations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
tables
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
figures
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
(
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 Figures and tables in 
\family sans
Floats
\family default
 are not affected by this.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Have a look at section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Floats"

\end_inset

 for more information about 
\family sans
Floats
\family default
.)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph.
 If a figure, table, or an equation is inline, it goes wherever the paragraph
 it is in goes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

paragraph
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 of its own, it behaves just like a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

nestable-inside
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 paragraph environment.
 You can nest it into any environment, but you obviously can't nest anything
 into it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here's an example with a table:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Item One
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (a) and it's nested.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
a
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
b
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
c
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
d
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (b).
 The table is actually nested inside (a).
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back out again.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Item One
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (a) and it's nested.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
a
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
b
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
c
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
d
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (b).
 The table is 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 nested inside (a).
 In fact, it's not nested at all.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Back out again.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first
 item of a new list!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There's another trap you can fall into: Nesting the table, but not going
 deep enough.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 then turns anything after the table into a new sublist.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Item One
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (a) and it's nested.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
a
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
b
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
c
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
d
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (b).
 The table is actually nested inside Item One, but 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 inside (a).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Back out again.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a
 new list 
\emph on
inside
\emph default
 item 1.
 The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation.
 So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right
 depth!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Usage and General Features
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Speaking of levels, \SpecialChar LyX
 can perform up to a six-fold nesting.
 In other words, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

level #6
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is the innermost possible depth.
 Here's an example to illustrate what we mean:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
level #1 – outermost
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
level #2
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
level #3
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
level #4
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
level #5
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
level #6
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
There are two exceptions to the six-fold nesting limit, and you can see
 both of them in the example.
 Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a four-fold
 nesting with the 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environments.
 For example, if we tried to nest another 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 list inside item 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

A.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, we would get errors.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Some Examples
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nesting ! Examples
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration.
 We have several examples of nested environments.
 In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce
 them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Example 1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#1-a This is the outermost level.
 It's a 
\family sans
List
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#2-a This is level #2.
 We created it by using 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset

 followed by 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-increment"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#3-a This is level #3.
 This time, we just enter 
\family sans
Return
\family default
, then used 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-increment"
\end_inset

 twice in a row.
 We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level,
 by entering 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset

 followed by 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-increment"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
This is actually a 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 environment, nested inside of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

#3-a
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 So, it's at level #4.
 We did this by entering 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset

, then 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-increment"
\end_inset

, then changing the paragraph environment to 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
 Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph — it also works
 for the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
, 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
, and 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environments!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here's another 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#4-a This is level #4.
 We enter 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset

 and changed the paragraph environment back to 
\family sans
List
\family default
.
 Remember — we can't nest anything inside a 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 environment, which is why we're still at level #4.
 However, we 
\emph on
can
\emph default
 keep nesting things inside 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

#3-a
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar ldots

\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#6-a \SpecialChar ldots
and this is level #6.
 By now, you should know how we made these two.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#5-b Back to level #5.
 Just enter 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset

 followed by a 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-decrement"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#4-b After another 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset

 followed by a 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-decrement"
\end_inset

, we're back at level #4.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#3-b Back to level #3.
 By now it should be obvious how we did this.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#2-b Back to level #2.
 
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1.
 After this sentence, we will enter 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 and change the paragraph environment back to 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 to end the list.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We could have also used the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
, 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
, 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
, or even the 
\family sans
Verse
\family default
 environment in place of the 
\family sans
List
\family default
 environment.
 The example would have worked exactly the same.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Example 2: Inheritance
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
level.
  Now we will enter 
\family sans
Return
\family default
, then 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-increment"
\end_inset

, after
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

which, we will change to the 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is the 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment, at level #2.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Notice how the nested 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 not only inherits its margins from its parent environment (
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
), but also inherits its font and spacing!
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
We ended this example by entering 
\family sans
Return
\family default
.
 After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 and reset the nesting depth by using 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-decrement"
\end_inset

 once.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Example 3: Labels, Levels, and the 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 Environments
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Example #3: Labels, Levels and other list environments
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
This is level #1, in an 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 paragraph environment.
 We're actually going to nest a bunch of these.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is level #2.
 We used 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset

 followed by 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-increment"
\end_inset

.
 Now, what happens if we nest an 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its
 label be? An asterisk?
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
No! It's a bullet.
 This is the 
\emph on
first
\emph default
 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environment, even though it's at level #3.
 So, its label is a bullet.
 (We got here by using 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset

, then 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-increment"
\end_inset

, then changing the environment to 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
.)
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Here's level #4, produced using 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset

, then 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-increment"
\end_inset

.
 We will do that again\SpecialChar ldots

\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\SpecialChar ldots
to get to level #5.
 This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
.
 Notice the type of numbering, it is 
\emph on
lowercase Roman
\emph default
, because we are in the 
\emph on
thirdfold
\emph default
 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment (that is, it is an 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 inside an 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 inside an 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
What happens if we 
\emph on
don't
\emph default
 change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What
 type of numbering does \SpecialChar LyX
 use?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset

 to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Let's use 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-decrement"
\end_inset

 to decrease the depth after the next 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is level #4.
 Look what type of label \SpecialChar LyX
 is using!
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is level #3.
 Even though we've changed levels, \SpecialChar LyX
 is still using a lowercase Roman numeral
 as the label.Why?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is 
\emph on
still
\emph default
 a thirdfold 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment.
 Notice, however, that \SpecialChar LyX
 
\emph on
did
\emph default
 reset the counter for the label.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Another 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset

 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-decrement"
\end_inset

 sequence, and we're back to level #2.
 This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back
 into the twofold-nested 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The same thing happens if we do another 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset

 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-decrement"
\end_inset

 sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Lastly, we reset the environment to 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
 As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labeling
 \SpecialChar LyX
 uses for the 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environments.
 The number of other 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environments surrounding it determines what kind of label \SpecialChar LyX
 uses for an
 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 item.
 The same rule applies for the 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environment, as well.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Example 4: Going Bonkers
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
We're going to go totally nuts now.
 We will not nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into
 the same detail with how we did it.
 (level #1: 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
)
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
(
\family sans
Return, 
\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-increment"
\end_inset


\family sans
, Standard
\family default
: level #2) We will stick an encapsulated description of how we created
 the example in parentheses someplace.
 For example, the two key bindings are how we changed the depth.
 The environment name is the name of the current environment.
 Either before or after this, we will put in the level.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
(
\family sans
Return, Enumerate
\family default
: level #1) This is the next item in the list.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Verse
Now we will add verse.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

It will get much worse.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

(
\family sans
Return, 
\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-increment"
\end_inset


\family sans
, Verse
\family default
: level #2)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Verse
Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Bippitey boppitey boo!
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

(
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset


\family sans
)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Verse
Here comes a table:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
one-fish
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
two-fish
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
red-fish
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
blue-fish
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Verse
(
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset


\family sans
, Table, 
\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-increment"
\end_inset

 3 times, 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset


\family sans
, Verse,
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "depth-decrement"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
(
\family sans
Return, Enumerate
\family default
: level #1) This is another item.
 Note that selecting a 
\family sans
Table
\family default
 resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth
 3 times to put the table inside the 
\family sans
Verse
\family default
 environment.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quotation
We're now ending the 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 list and changing to 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
.
 We're still at level #1.
 We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments.
 The next set of paragraphs is a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

quoted letter.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 We will nest both the 
\family sans
Address
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Address
\family default
 environments inside of this one, then use another nested 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
 for the letter body.
 We will use 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break inverse"
\end_inset

 to preserve the depth.
 Remember that you need to use 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset

 to create multiple lines inside the 
\family sans
Address
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Address
\family default
 environments.
 Here it goes:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Right Address
1234 Nowhere Rd.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Moosegroin, MT 00100
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

9-6-96
\end_layout

\begin_layout Address
Dear Mr.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Fizlewitz:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quotation
We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

L of compressed methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control.
 Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating
 a backlog in our orders for methane.
 We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order
 as soon as possible.
 In the meantime, we thank you for your patience.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quotation
We do, however, now have a special on beef.
 If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form
 with your order, along with payment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quotation
We thank you again for your patience.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Address
Sincerely,
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Bill Hick
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Quotation
That ends that example!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As you can see, nesting environments in \SpecialChar LyX
 gives you a lot of power with just
 a few keystrokes.
 We could have easily nested an 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 list inside of a 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
, or put a 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
 inside of an 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 list.
 You have a huge variety of options at your disposal.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Separate Nestings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nesting ! Separation
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Separate-Nestings"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It is sometimes necessary to have two consecutive environments of the same
 type.
 For example you need two different enumerations:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Hello
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
this is an
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
enumeration
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Separator plain
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
itemize list
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Separator parbreak
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Hi
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
this is another
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
enumeration
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To split an existing list into two lists, set the cursor at the end of a
 list item and use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Separated <Name> Above
\family default
 or
\family sans
 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Separated <Name> Below
\family default
.
 This inserts a plain separator (red line in \SpecialChar LyX
) and before or behind it the
 new list.
 Inside nested environments, it is also possible to split the outer environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By right-clicking on a separator one can change it into a paragraph separator
 (red arrow in LyX).
 The difference between both separator types is that the plain separator
 only splits the list and not the current paragraph.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In general, you get an environment separator when you press 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break"
\end_inset

 in a 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 environment immediately after a non-Standard one.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Spacing, pagination and line breaks
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spacing
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
What is a space? While you might be used to pressing the space key anytime
 you want to separate two words in ordinary word processors, \SpecialChar LyX
 offers you
 more spaces: spaces of different widths and spaces which can or cannot
 be broken at the end of a line.
 The following sections will show you some examples where those spaces are
 useful.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Protected Space
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Protected-Space"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spaces ! Protected
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The protected space: It is used to tell \SpecialChar LyX
 (and \SpecialChar LaTeX
) not to break the line at
 that point.
 This may be necessary to avoid unlucky line breaks, like in: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
Further documentation is given in section
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Bibliography"

\end_inset

.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected space between 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

section
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Bibliography"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 A protected space is set with 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Protected
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Space
\family default
 (shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Horizontal Space
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Horizontal-Space"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spacing ! Horizontal
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
All horizontal spaces can be inserted with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Horizontal Space
\family default
.
 The length units are listed in Appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:Units-available-in"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Inter-word Space
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Inter-word-Space"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spaces ! Inter-word
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
With the introduction of typewriters, it became conventional in some countries
 to type two spaces after a period to mimic the wider spaces used by typesetters
 at the ends of sentences.
 There is no need to do this as \SpecialChar LyX
 automatically takes care about this.
 However, you do not want an end of sentence space after an abbreviation
 followed by a period; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Abbreviations"

\end_inset

 for examples.
 To insert a normal space, select 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Interword
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Space
\family default
 (shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "space-insert normal"
\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Thin Space
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Thin-Space"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spaces ! Thin
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

thin space
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is a blank which has half the size of a normal space (and it is also 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

protected
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

).
 The typographical conventions in a lot of languages propose the use of
 thin spaces in cases where normal spaces would be too wide, for instance,
 inside abbreviations:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
D.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

E.
 Knuth has developed our beloved typesetting program.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
or between values and units.
 Compare for example this:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

10
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

kg (thin space)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

10 kg (normal space
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can insert thin spaces with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Thin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Space
\family default
 (shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcuts"
arg   "space-insert thin"
\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
More Spaces
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also insert the following space types:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Negative
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

thin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

space A line with a 
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\begin_inset space \negthinspace{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset

 negative thin space between the arrows.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Negative
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

medium
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

space A line with a 
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\begin_inset space \negmedspace{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset

 negative medium space between the arrows.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Negative
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

thick
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

space A line with a 
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\begin_inset space \negthickspace{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset

 negative thick space between the arrows.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Enspace
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(0.5
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

em) A line with an 
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\begin_inset space \enskip{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset

 enspace
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(0.5
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

em) space between the arrows.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Quad
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(1
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

em) A line with a 
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\begin_inset space \quad{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset

 Quad
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(1
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

em) space between the arrows.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
QQuad
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

em) A line with a 
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\begin_inset space \qquad{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset

 QQuad
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

em) space between the arrows.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Custom
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

space A line with 
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hspace{}
\length 2cm
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset

 2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

cm space between the arrows.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Width-of-the"

\end_inset

 lists the different space sizes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Width-of-the"

\end_inset

Width of the different horizontal spaces.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Space
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Width
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Normal
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1/3
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

em
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Protected
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1/3
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

em
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Thin
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1/6
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

em
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Negative thin
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
-1/6
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

em
\begin_inset Formula $\thinspace=\thinspace$
\end_inset

-3
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

mu
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Negative medium
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
-4
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

mu
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Negative thick
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
-5
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

mu
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Enspace (0.5
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

em)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.5
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

em
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Quad (1
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

em)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

em
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
QQuad (2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

em)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

em
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Horizontal Fills
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spacing ! Fills
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Horizontal fills (HFills) are a special \SpecialChar LyX
 feature for adding extra space
 in a uniform fashion.
 An HFill is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals
 the remaining space between the left and right margins.
 If there is more than one HFill on a line, they divide the available space
 equally between themselves.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here are a few examples of what you can do with them:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
\noindent
This is on the left side
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset

This is on the right
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
\noindent
Left
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset

Middle
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset

Right
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
\noindent
Left
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset

1/3 Left
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset

Right
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
That was an example in the 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
 environment.
 Here
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset

is one in a standard paragraph.
 It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it 
\emph on
is
\emph default
 sitting in-between the two arrows.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
HFills can be made visible when you choose one of the 
\family sans
Fill
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Pattern
\family default
s in the space dialog: The following patterns are available:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Dots: 
\begin_inset space \dotfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Rule: 
\begin_inset space \hrulefill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Left arrow: 
\begin_inset space \leftarrowfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Right arrow: 
\begin_inset space \rightarrowfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Up brace: 
\begin_inset space \downbracefill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Down brace: 
\begin_inset space \upbracefill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 If an HFill is at the beginning of a line, and 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 in the first line in a paragraph, \SpecialChar LyX
 ignores it.
 This prevents HFills from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line.
 If you need space in this case anyway, set the 
\family sans
Protect
\family default
 option in the space dialog.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Phantom Space
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Phantom-Space"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spacing ! Phantom
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes you want to insert space with exactly the length of a phrase.
 For example, you want to create the following multiple choice question:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset

What is correct English?:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Mr.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Edge would have been jumps the gun.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Mr.
 Edge 
\end_layout

\end_inset

has to be jumped
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Mr.
 Edge 
\end_layout

\end_inset

jumps
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
so that the choices appear exactly after the phrase 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Mr.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Edge
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 To get this, you can use the phantom insets available via the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Phantom
\family default
.
 In our case insert a horizontal phantom at the beginning of the last two
 lines and insert 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Mr.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Edge
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 into the phantom inset (note the space after 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Edge
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

).
 A phantom insets prints only the space of its content (like a placeholder).
 That is why it is named 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

phantom
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 The normal phantom outputs the width and height of the content as space,
 while the horizontal and vertical variant only outputs the corresponding
 dimension.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Vertical Space
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Vertical-Space"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spacing ! Vertical
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use the 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Vertical
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Space
\family default
 dialog.
 There you find the following sizes:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
SmallSkip
\family default
, 
\family sans
MedSkip
\family default
 and 
\family sans
BigSkip
\family default
 are \SpecialChar LaTeX
 sizes which depend on the font size of the document.
 
\family sans
DefSkip
\family default
 is the skip adjusted in the dialog 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Layout
\family default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset

 for the paragraph separation.
 If you use indentation to separate paragraphs 
\family sans
DefSkip
\family default
 is equal to 
\family sans
MedSkip
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
VFill
\family default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spacing ! Fills
\end_layout

\end_inset

 is a variable space, set so that the space is maximal within one page.
 An example: you have only two short paragraphs on one page with a 
\family sans
Vfill
\family default
 between them.
 Then the first paragraph is placed at the top of the page and the second
 one at the bottom, because the space between them is then maximal.
 
\family sans
VFill
\family default
s work like 
\family sans
HFill
\family default
s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
HFill
\family default
s are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Horizontal-Space"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 If there are several 
\family sans
VFill
\family default
s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves.
 You can therefore use 
\family sans
VFill
\family default
s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Custom
\family default
 are custom spaces in units explained in Appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:Units-available-in"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 
\series medium
If the extra vertical space would be in the output at the top/bottom of
 a page, the space is only added if you have also checked the option 
\family sans
Protect
\family default
.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Paragraph Alignment
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paragraph ! Alignment
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can change the paragraph alignment with the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paragraph Settings
\family default
 dialog (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "layout-paragraph"
\end_inset

).
 There are five possibilities: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Justified
\family default
 (shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-params \\align block"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Left
\family default
 (
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-params \\align left"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Right
\family default
 (
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-params \\align right"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Center
\family default
 (
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-params \\align center"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Default
\family default
 (
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-params \\align default"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word
 spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between
 the left and right margins.
 The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align right
This paragraph is right aligned,
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
this one is centered,
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align left
this one is left aligned.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Forced Page Breaks
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Page breaks ! Forced
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Forced-Page-Breaks"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you don't like the way \SpecialChar LaTeX
 does the page breaks in your document, you can
 force a page break where you want one.
 Normally this will not be necessary, because \SpecialChar LaTeX
 is good at page breaking.
 Only if you use a lot of 
\family sans
Floats
\family default
, \SpecialChar LaTeX
's page breaking algorithm can fail.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We recommend you not to use forced page breaks until the text is finished
 and you have checked in the preview to see if you 
\emph on
really
\emph default
 have to change the page breaking.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are two types of page breaks: One that ends the page without any special
 action.
 This can be inserted above or below a paragraph via the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
New
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Page
\family default
.
 The second type, that is inserted via the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Break
\family default
, ends a page but stretches the content of the page, so that it fills out
 the complete page.
 This type is useful to avoid whitespace when a page break produces a page
 on which only the last few lines are absent.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You might try to use a page break to ensure that a figure or table appears
 at the top of a page.
 This is, of course, the wrong way to do it.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables
 appear at the top of a page (or the bottom, or on their own page) without
 having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table.
 See chapter 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:Floats-and-Notes"

\end_inset

 to learn more about 
\family sans
Floats
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Clear Page Breaks
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Clear-Page-Breaks"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Page breaks ! Clear
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Rather than forced page breaks where the content behind the break is placed
 directly on the next page, you can also clear pages while breaking them.
 That means that the current paragraph is terminated and everything, including
 unprocessed floats, from the earlier part of the document are placed after
 it, if necessary by adding pages.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can insert a clear page break with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Clear
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Page
\family default
.
 When you have a two-sided document like a book, you can use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Clear
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Double
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Page
\family default
 to insert a clear page break that assures that the next page is a right-hand
 page (odd-numbered), if necessary by adding a page.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Forced Line Breaks
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Line breaks
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Forced-Line-Breaks"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Similar to page breaks there are two types of line breaks: one simply breaks
 the line.
 You can force this line break within a paragraph by selecting 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Ragged
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Line
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Break
\family default
 or with 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset

.
 Another type that is inserted via the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Justified
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Line
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Break
\family default
 or with 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "newline-insert linebreak"
\end_inset

 breaks the line and stretches it so that it fills out the whole space between
 the page margins.
 This is useful to avoid 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

fringes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in justified paragraphs due to possible whitespace introduced by line breaks.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You shouldn't use forced line breaks to correct \SpecialChar LaTeX
's line breaking, as \SpecialChar LaTeX
 is
 very good at line breaking.
 There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to set
 a line break actively, for example, in a poem or for an address (see sections
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Quote"

\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Verse"

\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Address-Usage"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Horizontal Lines
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Horizontal-Lines"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Horizontal lines
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\begin_inset CommandInset line
LatexCommand rule
offset "0.5ex"
width "100line%"
height "1pt"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
In the dialog 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Horizontal
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Line
\family default
 you can insert horizontal lines.
 The line offset is the vertical distance between the line and the baseline
 of the current text line or the paragraph.
 The line settings can be changed by left-clicking on the line.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\begin_inset CommandInset line
LatexCommand rule
offset "0.5ex"
width "100line%"
height "1pt"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Characters and Symbols
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can directly enter all characters that are available on your keyboard.
 You can also use special keyboard maps to be able to enter, for example,
 characters needed for French with an English keyboard.
 See section
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Keyboard-mapping"

\end_inset

 for information on how this is done.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For the case where you need a character that is not on your keyboard, you
 can use the 
\family sans
Symbols
\family default
 dialog via the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special Character\SpecialChar menuseparator
Symbols
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 Maybe not all symbols inserted with the symbols dialog can be displayed
 when you are using a special screen font in \SpecialChar LyX
's preferences.
 But the inserted symbols will in every case be displayed in the output.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Fonts and Text Styles
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Fonts-and-Text"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Font Types
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Font ! Types
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are two types of fonts:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Vector
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

fonts
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Fonts ! Vector-
\end_layout

\end_inset

 are built from outlines of the single glyphs (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
 characters) in the font.
 This means that each glyph is defined using mathematical curves that are
 well suited for scaling to any requested size.
 This mathematical definition is interpreted by the font renderer and the
 curve is filled out with pixels according to the size and glyph.
 This means that vector fonts will look pretty good in all sizes.
 Only at very small sizes where each pixel has to be very carefully computed
 to provide a good image might it be hard to provide a good rendering.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

That could mean that one only needs to define one font size and scale them.
 But to achieve a better quality, many fonts define several font sizes.
 That improves the appearance because you need more details at large font
 sizes than at small ones.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

The font types 
\family typewriter
TrueType
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
OpenType
\family default
, and 
\family typewriter
Type
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

1
\family default
 are vector fonts.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Bitmap
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

fonts
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Fonts ! Bitmap-
\end_layout

\end_inset

 on the other hand, are defined by bitmap graphics from the start; so they
 will look good at all the sizes they are meant for.
 However, they don't scale well, because in order to scale a glyph, each
 pixel is enlarged into several pixels.
 It is the same effect that happens if you try to enlarge a picture in an
 image manipulation program.
 In order to mitigate this effect, bitmap fonts are typically provided in
 several fixed sizes typically from around 8
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

pixels high up to 34
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

pixels or so high in steps according to what is believed to be useful.
 The advantage of bitmap fonts is that no complicated computations are necessary
 to display each glyph; so bitmap fonts display therefore more quickly than
 scalable fonts.
 The disadvantage is that sizes that don't exist as fixed versions have
 to be scaled by doubling pixels, and thus look bad.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Bitmap fonts are named 
\family typewriter
Type
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

3
\family default
 in PostScript- and PDF-documents.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The result of all this is that bitmap fonts are best for the size they are
 designed for, while scalable fonts are good for nearly all sizes.
 So one needs fewer font size definitions for scalable fonts.
 That's the reason why nearly all text rendering and typesetting programs
 use scalable fonts.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To see which fonts are used in a PDF-document, look at its document properties.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards
 specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font.
 For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current
 font to emphasize text, you use an 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

emphasized style
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 instead.
 This concept fits in perfectly with \SpecialChar LyX
.
 In \SpecialChar LyX
, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting
 details.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 font support
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:LaTeX-font-support"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Traditionally, \SpecialChar LaTeX
 used its own fonts.
 That is to say, you cannot directly access the fonts installed on your
 operating system, but you have to use specific fonts provided by your \SpecialChar LaTeX

 distribution.
 The reason is that \SpecialChar LaTeX
 needs some extra information about the fonts, which
 have to be provided by additional files and packages.
 The downside of this is that your font choice is somewhat limited compared
 to a word processor.
 On the other hand this comes with the advantage that the provided fonts
 are generally of very good quality, and that \SpecialChar LaTeX
 files are very portable across
 different machines.
 Also, the range of fonts supported by traditional \SpecialChar LaTeX
 has increased a lot
 in the meantime; so you can find packages for many free and commercial
 fonts.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 supports the fonts that are under a free license via the user interface
 (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Document-Font"

\end_inset

 for details).
 Other fonts are available if you enter the relevant \SpecialChar LaTeX
 code in the document
 preamble (please refer to the documentation of your desired font).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Recent developments brought some new \SpecialChar LaTeX
 engines that are also able directly
 to access fonts that are installed for your operating system, namely Xe\SpecialChar TeX

 and Lua\SpecialChar TeX
.
 Both engines are supported by \SpecialChar LyX
.
 By using them, you can theoretically use any OpenType or TrueType font
 that is installed on your system.
 The next section describes how to use these fonts.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 In practice, some fonts might fail due to a legacy (non Unicode) font encoding,
 bad metrics, or other font deficiencies; so you might have to experiment.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Document Font and Font size
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Document-Font"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Font ! Size
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Font
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can set the document fonts in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset

 dialog.
 In the 
\family sans
Fonts
\family default
 section of the dialog, you can specify which font should be used for the
 three different font shapes — roman (serif), 
\family sans
sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

serif
\family default
 and 
\family typewriter
typewriter
\family default
 (monospaced) — and you can specify the base font size and scaling factors
 for (some) sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

serif and typewriter fonts if this is necessary to fit with the roman font.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you select 
\family sans
Use non-TeX fonts
\family default
, you will have access to the fonts installed on your operating system.
 This requires that you use 
\family sans
PDF (XeTeX)
\family default
, 
\family sans
PDF (LuaTeX)
\family default
 or 
\family sans
DVI (LuaTeX)
\family default
 as the output format, i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

you will have to have either Xe\SpecialChar TeX
 or Lua\SpecialChar TeX
 installed (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-font-support"

\end_inset

).
 You will then not have access to \SpecialChar TeX
's own fonts.
 Note that \SpecialChar LyX
 then lists all available fonts in each of the three lists (roman,
 sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

serif, and typewriter), since \SpecialChar LyX
 cannot determine the family.
 Also note that the output might fail with some of the listed fonts, due
 to the encoding of the fonts and\SpecialChar breakableslash
or font failures.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 cannot determine this in advance, so you might need to experiment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you use \SpecialChar TeX
 fonts (which is the default), the possible options for the font
 include 
\family sans
Default
\family default
 and a list of fonts available with your \SpecialChar LaTeX
 distribution.
 If you select 
\family sans
Default,
\family default
 the font that is preset by the current document class is used.
 With LyX's 
\change_deleted -712698321 1524413696
default
\change_inserted -712698321 1524413700
automatic
\change_unchanged
 font encoding, this is
\change_inserted -712698321 1524413733
, depending on the document language,
\change_unchanged
 
\change_inserted -712698321 1524413747
either the the standard \SpecialChar TeX
 font 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
Computer
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Modern
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (
\family typewriter
cm
\family default
) or 
\change_unchanged
a look-alike of
\change_deleted -712698321 1524413754
 the standard \SpecialChar TeX
 font 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
Computer
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Modern
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (
\family typewriter
cm
\family default
)
\change_inserted -712698321 1524413756
 this font
\change_unchanged
: either 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
cm-super
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or the bitmap font 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
European Computer Modern
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (
\family typewriter
ec
\family default
).
 However, some classes set different default fonts.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As 
\family typewriter
ec
\family default
 is a bitmap font, it looks pixelated in PDF output, especially when you
 read the PDF in a zoomed size.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
This problem is less severe if you read PDFs in 
\family typewriter
Adobe
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Reader
\family default
 version 6 or later, because this program includes a special bitmap font
 renderer.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 To get rid of pixelated fonts, you have to use a vector font.
 Depending on how your document should look, you can either:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
select the 
\family sans
Latin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Modern
\family default
 fonts, which is the recommended choice if you want to keep the look of
 
\family typewriter
cm
\family default
/
\family typewriter
ec
\family default
.
 
\family sans
Latin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Modern
\family default
 was developed for the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 community in order to replace 
\family typewriter
cm
\family default
 as the default font.
 It covers a huge range of glyphs and several font shapes.
 Except for some details, where the appearance was improved, 
\family sans
Latin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Modern
\family default
 looks identical to 
\family typewriter
cm
\family default
.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
One difference is improved kerning.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
If you do not like the look of 
\family typewriter
cm
\family default
/
\family typewriter
ec
\family default
, you can of course select one of the other vector fonts provided, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\family typewriter
Times
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Roman
\family default
 or
\family typewriter
 Palatino
\family default
.
 Most roman vector fonts will automatically select matching sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

serif and typewriter fonts,
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
These are sometimes just matching other fonts (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g., 
\family sans
Times
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Roman
\family default
 selects 
\family sans
Helvetica
\family default
 for sans serif text), or different shapes of the same font, i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

a real font 
\emph on
family
\emph default
 (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

in case of 
\family sans
Latin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Modern
\family default
 oder 
\family sans
Computer
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Modern
\family default
).
\end_layout

\end_inset

 but you can also select your own.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

The differences between roman, 
\family sans
sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

serif
\family default
 and 
\family typewriter
typewriter
\family default
 fonts are explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Fine-Tuning-with-the"

\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

The font 
\family sans
Times
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Roman
\family default
 was originally designed for newspapers.
 Its glyphs are thus smaller than glyphs from other fonts in order to fit
 into the small newspaper columns.
 Therefore 
\family sans
Times
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Roman
\family default
 is not the optimal choice for larger documents like books.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For the font size there are generally four possible values: 
\family sans
Default, 10
\family default
, 
\family sans
11
\family default
 and 
\family sans
12
\family default
.
 Some classes provide additional sizes.
 The size of 
\family sans
Default
\family default
 depends on the class you are using.
 In the standard classes it is equal to the font size 10.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that the font size is the 
\emph on
base size
\emph default
.
 That means that \SpecialChar LyX
 scales all other possible font sizes (such as those used
 in footnotes, super-, and subscripts) by this value.
 You can fine-tune the font size of text parts via the 
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Style
\family default
 dialog if needed.
 The possible font sizes for text parts are explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Fine-Tuning-with-the"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Family
\family default
 selection lets you specify whether the base font of your document should
 be roman, sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

serif or typewriter.
 The 
\family sans
Default
\family default
 selection uses what is preset by the class, the other selections override
 this.
 In most cases, 
\family sans
Default
\family default
 is equal to 
\family sans
roman
\family default
, but some classes (such as presentation classes) use other defaults.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The
\family typewriter
 
\family sans
LaTeX font encoding
\family default
 selection is an expert setting which lets you change the value passed to
 the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
fontenc
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! fontenc
\end_layout

\end_inset


\change_deleted -712698321 1524413571
 (see also section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-settings"

\end_inset

)
\change_unchanged
.
 Normally, you do not need to change (or even understand) this.
 Unless you have specific reasons, use 
\change_deleted -712698321 1524413471

\family sans
Default
\change_inserted -712698321 1524413474
Automatic
\change_unchanged

\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
With some fonts, the checkboxes 
\family sans
Use Old Style Figures
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Use True Small Caps
\family default
 are available.
 These are extra features some fonts provide.
 If 
\family sans
Use Old Style Figures
\family default
 is checked, old style figures (also known as medieval or text figures)
 are used.
 Old style figures are the numerals (0
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

–
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

9) with ascenders and descenders, which makes them fit nicely with lowercase
 letters.
 
\family sans
Use True Small Caps
\family default
 determines that real small caps are used instead of faked small caps made
 of scaled capitals.
 Real small caps are often part of expert font sets; they generally look
 better than faked small caps but might have to be purchased separately.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The field 
\family sans
CJK
\family default
 allows users of the languages Chinese, Japanese, Korean (CJK) to specify
 a font to display the script characters.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
The font will be the argument for the commands of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
CJK
\series default
.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! CJK
\end_layout

\end_inset

 So this has no effect for the document language 
\family sans
Japanese
\family default
 that does not use 
\series bold
CJK
\series default
.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The option 
\family sans
Enable micro-typographic extensions
\family default
 activates extensions such as character protrusion and font expansion via
 the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
microtype
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! microtype
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The option 
\family sans
Disallow line breaks after dashes
\family default
 outputs en- and em-dashes as literal characters
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Or \SpecialChar LaTeX
 macro, if the literal character is not supported by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 input encoding.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 instead of ligatures (--, ---) (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Dashes-and-line-breaks"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 When you choose a new font or font size, \SpecialChar LyX
 does 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 change the screen font! You will only see a difference in the printed output;
 this is part of the WYSIWYM concept.
 \SpecialChar LyX
's screen fonts can be adjusted in the 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences
\family default
 dialog, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Screen-Fonts"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Math Fonts
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In \SpecialChar LaTeX
 the font used for characters in equations is different from the document
 font.
 For the case that you use \SpecialChar TeX
 fonts for your document, you can explicitly
 choose a math font in the dialog 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 The default setting is that \SpecialChar LyX
 automatically selects a math font.
 For most cases this will be \SpecialChar LaTeX
's default – the math variant of \SpecialChar LaTeX
's default
 font family 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
Computer
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Modern
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 will automatically only load another math font if a math variant of the
 document font is available.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that the math font will not be used for 
\emph on
mathematical text
\emph default
 (which is inserted with the shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "font-default"
\end_inset

 or by the insertion of the command 
\series bold

\backslash
text
\series default
 into a formula).
 Also note that some math fonts are sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

serif.
 Your document might therefore look strange when the document text has serifs
 while the math characters do not.
 Sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

serif math fonts make therefore in most cases only sense if you select 
\family sans
Sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Serif
\family default
 for the 
\family sans
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

family
\family default
 in the document font settings.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you use non-\SpecialChar TeX
 fonts for the document, you can only choose for math to
 use either the document's class default \SpecialChar TeX
 font (in most cases 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
Computer
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Modern
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

) or to use the non-\SpecialChar TeX
 variant of the document's class default font (in most
 cases 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
Latin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Modern
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Using Different Character Styles
\change_inserted -712698321 1525595783

\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:charstyles"

\end_inset


\change_unchanged

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Character Styles
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Text Style
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As we've already seen, \SpecialChar LyX
 automatically changes the 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525601052
character 
\change_unchanged
style for certain paragraph environments.

\change_inserted -712698321 1525601107
 In this section, we will explain how the style of selected text passages
 can by changed.
 This is where we meet the concept of 
\emph on
character styles
\emph default
.

\change_deleted -712698321 1525601099
 
\change_inserted -712698321 1525601099

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\change_inserted -712698321 1525595930
By default, 
\change_unchanged
\SpecialChar LyX
 supports two character styles, 
\emph on
Emphasized
\emph default
 and 
\noun on
Noun
\noun default
.
 
\change_inserted -712698321 1525601215
These are 
\emph on
builtin
\emph default
, i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e., available with all document classes.
 On top of that, some document classes and modules provide 
\emph on
custom character styles
\emph default
 for specific purposes.
 We describe both types of characters styles in a minute.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\change_inserted -712698321 1525601474
Before we do that, though, allow us just a few words of what we mean by
 
\emph on
character styles
\emph default
 in contrast to 
\emph on
text properties
\emph default
.
 Traditional word processors used to focus on so-called 
\emph on
formal markup
\emph default
: if you wanted to emphasize a word, you selected it and chose e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

bold style
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 — you customized the 
\emph on
text properties
\emph default
.
 Modern processors, \SpecialChar LyX
 among them, encourage the use of 
\emph on
semantic 
\emph default
(or 
\emph on
logical
\emph default
) 
\emph on
markup
\emph default
 instead (although formal markup is still possible; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Fine-Tuning-with-the"

\end_inset

).
 Rather than fiddling with 
\emph on
text properties
\emph default
, they encourage the use of 
\emph on
character 
\emph default
(or 
\emph on
text
\emph default
)
\emph on
 styles
\emph default
, who are defined with regard to their function (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g., 
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset

emphasize
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset

), not their form (
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset

bold
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset

).
 There are many advantages of the semantic approach.
 To begin with, using functional categories keeps you thinking about why
 you are actually marking up, if your markup is consistent and systematic,
 and whether this particular markup makes sense.
 On a more practical level, it is easy to change the appearance if needed.
 Consider the case when you are writing a paper and set all proper names
 in 
\shape smallcaps
small caps
\shape default
 via formal markup.
 Now if the publisher requests to have names appear differently (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g., in normal font, or ALL-CAPS), you would have to change any single occurrence.
 With a semantic markup (such as 
\noun on
noun
\noun default
; see below), you'd just need to change the definition of 
\family sans
Noun
\family default
 once and for all.
 It's a ten second change (if you know how to change the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 definition).
 Moreover, semantic markup even allows you to produce different versions
 of a document, using different markup semantics.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\change_inserted -712698321 1525597858
With that in mind, we now turn to the semantic character styles that are
 provided by \SpecialChar LyX
.
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection

\change_inserted -712698321 1525600514
Builtin Character Styles
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Builtin-Character-Styles"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\change_inserted -712698321 1525596484
The two builtin character styles can be 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525596489
You can 
\change_unchanged
activate
\change_inserted -712698321 1525596491
d
\change_unchanged
 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525596494
both of these styles 
\change_unchanged
via 
\change_inserted -712698321 1525596436
the 
\family sans
Text Style
\family default
 dialog, 
\change_unchanged
key bindings
\change_deleted -712698321 1525596045
, the menus
\change_unchanged
, and the toolbar.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To activate the 
\family sans
Noun
\family default
 style, do one of the following:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
click on the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "font-noun"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
use the key binding 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "font-noun"
\end_inset


\change_inserted -712698321 1525596051

\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\change_inserted -712698321 1525596318
use the 
\family sans
Text Style
\family default
 dialog (
\begin_inset Info
type  "menu"
arg   "dialog-show character"
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show character"
\end_inset

) as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Fine-Tuning-with-the"

\end_inset


\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
These commands are all toggles.
 That is, if 
\family sans
Noun
\family default
 style is already active, they deactivate it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
One typically uses the 
\family sans
Noun
\family default
 style for proper names.
 For example: 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\noun on
Matthias Ettrich
\noun default
 is the original author of \SpecialChar LyX
.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\change_inserted -712698321 1525598183

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\change_inserted -712698321 1525598323
By default, 
\family sans
Noun
\family default
 is producing text in 
\shape smallcaps
Small Caps
\shape default
, but the definition can be changed.
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A more widely used character style is the 
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
 style.
 You can activate (or deactivate — it's also a toggle) the 
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
 style by:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
clicking on the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "font-emph"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
using the keybindings 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "font-emph"
\end_inset


\change_inserted -712698321 1525596078

\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\change_inserted -712698321 1525596340
use the 
\family sans
Text Style
\family default
 dialog (
\begin_inset Info
type  "menu"
arg   "dialog-show character"
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show character"
\end_inset

) as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Fine-Tuning-with-the"

\end_inset


\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Normally the 
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
 style is equivalent to an italic font but some document classes or \SpecialChar LaTeX

\change_inserted -712698321 1525598370
 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525598370
-
\change_unchanged
packages use a different font
\change_inserted -712698321 1525598396
, and you can also customize it yourself by changing the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 definition
\change_unchanged
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We've been using the 
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
 style all over the place in this document.
 Here's one more example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quotation

\emph on
Do not overuse character styles!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It's also a warning in addition to an example.
 One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation.
 Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid
 the common tendency to overuse character styles.
 
\change_inserted -712698321 1525598419

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\change_inserted -712698321 1525598505
In contrast to the custom character styles, the builtin styles are represented
 only as font changes and integrated in the 
\family sans
Text Style
\family default
 dialog.
 
\change_unchanged
You can 
\change_inserted -712698321 1525598525
therefore 
\change_unchanged
always reset to the default font using the key binding 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "font-default"
\end_inset

 or th
\change_deleted -712698321 1525598540
e
\change_inserted -712698321 1525598540
at
\change_unchanged
 dialog 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525596565

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
Customized
\change_inserted -712698321 1525598544

\family default
(
\begin_inset Info
type  "menu"
arg   "dialog-show character"
\end_inset


\change_unchanged
 
\change_inserted -712698321 1525598549
or 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525598549
(
\change_unchanged

\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show character"
\end_inset

).
\change_inserted -712698321 1525596575

\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection

\change_inserted -712698321 1525599406
Custom Character Styles
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Custom-Character-Styles"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\change_inserted -712698321 1525598904
Custom character styles can be provided by the document class, a module
 (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Modules"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"

\end_inset

), or local layout settings (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Local-Layout"

\end_inset

).
 As the two builtin styles, they provide 
\emph on
semantic
\emph default
 markup for specific functions.
 For instance, \SpecialChar LyX
 ships a 
\emph on
Linguistics
\emph default
 module that provides, among other things, some custom character styles
 to markup linguistic levels: 
\emph on
expressions
\emph default
, 
\noun on
concepts
\noun default
, and 
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset

meanings
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\change_inserted -712698321 1525598951
These styles can be found, if available, in the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text Style
\family default
 menu.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\change_inserted -712698321 1525599380
For the purpose of demonstration, we have loaded in this document the optional
 module 
\family sans
Logical Markup
\family default
 that replicates and extends the two builtin styles.
 By example of the emphasized style, we can see the differences in look
 and feel (although the result in the typeset output is the same): while
 the builtin 
\emph on
emphasized style
\emph default
 appears as normal font change, the custom character style 
\begin_inset Flex Emph
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\change_inserted -712698321 1525599318
Emph
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\end_inset

 appears as an inset, with a label below that identifies its semantics.
 This is the way all custom character styles look and feel like.
 For instance, the three others from the module we have loaded are: 
\begin_inset Flex Code
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\change_inserted -712698321 1525599387
Code
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Flex Strong
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\change_inserted -712698321 1525599390
Strong
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\end_inset

, and 
\begin_inset Flex Noun
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\change_inserted -712698321 1525599392
Noun
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 Note that custom character styles might (as in the example) or might not
 emulate on screen their formal appearance.
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection

\change_deleted -712698321 1525599470
Fine-Tuning
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599472
Tweaking
\change_unchanged
 
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599462
Text Properties 
\change_unchanged
with the 
\family sans
Text Style
\family default
 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599485
d
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599485
D
\change_unchanged
ialog
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Fine-Tuning-with-the"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Text Style
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are always occasions when you will need to do some 
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599505
formal 
\change_unchanged
fine-tuning; so \SpecialChar LyX
 gives you a way to 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525595143
create a custom
\change_inserted -712698321 1525595144
customize
\change_unchanged
 
\change_inserted -712698321 1525601741
the properties of text passages
\change_deleted -712698321 1525595163
character style
\change_unchanged
.
 For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet
 requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations.
 Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts
 from ordinary dialog.
\change_inserted -712698321 1525595231

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\change_inserted -712698321 1525601791
If there are no custom character styles provided by the document class or
 a module for this purpose (which is, as written above, generally the better
 way of handling such issues), you often find yourself wanting to quickly
 tweak the properties of the respective text passages.
 That's where 
\emph on
formal markup
\emph default
 comes in as a last resort.
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Before we document how to 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599696
use custom character style
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599700
tweak the text properties
\change_unchanged
, we want to issue a warning yet again: Don't overuse 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599715
character styles
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599716
that
\change_unchanged
! 
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Documents that overuse different fonts and sizes are not easy to read and
 tend to look as if someone has knocked huge holes in them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599736
use custom character styles
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599739
tweak text properties
\change_unchanged
, open the 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599762

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
Customized
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599762

\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "menu"
arg   "dialog-show character"
\end_inset


\change_unchanged
 dialog or press the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show character"
\end_inset

.
 There are several 
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599782
combo 
\change_unchanged
boxes in this dialog, each corresponding to a different 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599798
font
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599796
text
\change_unchanged
 property that you can choose.
 You can choose an option for one of these properties, or select 
\family sans
No
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

change
\family default
, which keeps the current state of that property.
 The item 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525677079

\family sans
R
\change_inserted -712698321 1525677076
Default
\change_deleted -712698321 1525677077
eset
\change_unchanged

\family default
 will reset the property to whatever is the default.
 You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph
 environments all at once.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599868
font
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599869
text
\change_unchanged
 properties, and their options (in addition to 
\family sans
No
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

change
\family default
 and 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525677094

\family sans
Reset
\change_inserted -712698321 1525677096
Default
\change_unchanged

\family default
) are:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Family
\family default
 The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

overall look
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 of the font.
 The possible options are:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Roman
\family default
 This is the Roman font family.
 Normally a serif font.
 It's also the default family.
 (key binding 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "font-roman"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Serif
\family default
 
\family sans
This is the Sans Serif font family.

\family default
 (key binding 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "font-sans"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Typewriter
\family default
 
\family typewriter
This is the Typewriter font family.

\family default
 (key binding 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "font-typewriter"
\end_inset


\family sans
)
\change_inserted -712698321 1525607448

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\change_inserted -712698321 1525607495
The general differences of these families are:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\change_inserted -712698321 1525607451

\family sans
Serif
\family default
 fonts use characters with serifs.
 These are the small 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

appendices
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 at the ends of the strokes that form the character.
 The following example shows the difference:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

text with serifs
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\family sans
text without serifs
\family default

\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Serifs facilitate quick and easy reading.
 These fonts are therefore used as default (named 
\family sans
roman
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\change_inserted -712698321 1525607513

\family sans
Sans serif
\family default
 is not recommended for use as a base type.
 This font type is therefore often only used for headings and short texts.
 We use it in this document to highlight menu names.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\change_inserted -712698321 1525607513

\family sans
Typewriter
\family default
 is a so called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

monospaced
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font, which means every character has the same width; the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

i
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is as wide as the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

m
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Here is an example
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\change_inserted -712698321 1525607513
no 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family typewriter
typewriter text
\family default

\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\change_inserted -712698321 1525607513
For more on phantoms see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Phantom-Space"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

no typewriter text
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Series
\family default
 This corresponds to the print weight.
 Options are:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Medium
\family default
 This is the Medium font series.
 It's also the default series.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Bold
\family default
 
\series bold
This is the Bold font series.

\series default
 (key binding 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "font-bold"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Shape
\family default
 As the name implies.
 Options are:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Upright
\family default
 This is the Upright font shape.
 It's also the default shape.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Italic
\family default
 
\shape italic
This
\shape default
 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599902

\family sans
\shape italic
i
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599902

\family default
i
\change_unchanged
s the Italic font shape
\shape default
\emph on
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Slanted
\family default
 
\shape slanted
This is the Slanted font shape
\shape default
 (although it might not be visible in \SpecialChar LyX
, this is different from italic).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Small
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Caps
\family default
 
\shape smallcaps
This is the Small caps font shape
\shape default
\noun on
.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Color
\family default
 Alters the text color.
 Note that not all DVI
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599925
 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599925
-
\change_unchanged
viewers are able to display colors.
 Besides 
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599934

\family sans
(Without)
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599939
No
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

color
\change_unchanged

\family default
, which means that the document default color set in 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Color
\family default
 for 
\family sans
Main
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

text
\family default
 is used, you can 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599960
choose
\change_inserted -712698321 1525599960
select
\change_unchanged
 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525599974
between 
\change_unchanged

\family sans
Black
\family default
, 
\family sans
White
\family default
, 
\family sans
Red
\family default
, 
\family sans
Green
\family default
, 
\family sans
Blue
\family default
, 
\family sans
Cyan
\family default
, 
\family sans
Magenta
\family default
, 
\family sans
Yellow
\family default
, 
\family sans
Brown
\family default
, 
\family sans
Darkgray
\family default
, 
\family sans
Gray
\family default
, 
\family sans
Lightgray
\family default
, 
\family sans
Lime
\family default
, 
\family sans
Orange
\family default
, 
\family sans
Olive
\family default
, 
\family sans
Pink
\family default
, 
\family sans
Purple
\family default
, 
\family sans
Teal
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Violet
\family default
 text.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Color ! Text
\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Language
\family default
 This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from
 the language of the document.
 Text marked in this way will be underlined 
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600006
in the \SpecialChar LyX
 workarea 
\change_unchanged
in blue to indicate the change
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600002
 (only within \SpecialChar LyX
)
\change_unchanged
.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

If you have for example, an extract of German text in a non-German document,
 \SpecialChar LaTeX
 respects the German hyphenation rules automatically.
 When using the spell checking (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Spellchecking"

\end_inset

) the German-marked text will be checked according to the German dictionary.
\change_inserted -712698321 1525677618

\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

If you do not want text passages to be spellchecked, activate 
\family sans
Exclude from Spellchecking
\family default
.
 Passages marked like this will still be hyphenated correctly.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Size
\family default
 Alters the size of the font.
 You 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600033
will
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600034
won't
\change_unchanged
 find 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600037
no 
\change_unchanged
numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually proportional to the
 document font size.
 Once again, you don't feed \SpecialChar LyX
 the details, but a general description of what
 you want to do.
 The options are:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Tiny
\family default
 
\size tiny
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Tiny
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size.

\size default
 (key bindings 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcuts"
arg   "font-size tiny"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Smallest
\family default
 
\size scriptsize
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Smallest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size
\size default
.
 (key binding 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "font-size scriptsize"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Smaller
\family default
 
\size footnotesize
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Smaller
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size.

\size default
 (key bindings 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcuts"
arg   "font-size footnotesize"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Small
\family default
 
\size small
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Small
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size.

\size default
 (key bindings 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcuts"
arg   "font-size small"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Normal
\family default
 This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Normal
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size.
 It's also the default size.
 (key bindings 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcuts"
arg   "font-size normal"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Large
\family default
 
\size large
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Large
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size.

\size default
 (key bindings 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcuts"
arg   "font-size large"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Larger
\family default
 
\size larger
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Larger
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size.

\size default
 (key bindings 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcuts"
arg   "font-size larger"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Largest
\family default
 
\size largest
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Largest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size.

\size default
 (key binding 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "font-size largest"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Huge
\family default
 
\size huge
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Huge
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size.

\size default
 (key bindings 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcuts"
arg   "font-size huge"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Huger
\family default
 
\size giant
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Huger
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size.

\size default
 (key bindings 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcuts"
arg   "font-size giant"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Increase
\family default
 This increases the size by one step (for instance, from 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Largest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Huge
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

).
 (key binding 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "font-size increase"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Decrease
\family default
 This decreases the size by one step (for instance, from 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Normal
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Small
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

).
 (key binding 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "font-size decrease"
\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
We warn you 
\emph on
yet again
\emph default
: don't go crazy with this feature.
 You should almost never need to change the font size.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments
 — use those instead.
 This is here for fine-tuning only!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\change_deleted -712698321 1525600062

\family sans
Misc
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600065
Underlining
\change_unchanged

\family default
 Here you can 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600102
change a few other things at the character level
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600112
have text passages being underlined
\change_unchanged
.
 
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600240
Avoid using underlining if you can! It is a hangover from the typewriter
 days, when you could not change fonts.
 One no longer needs to emphasize text by underscoring characters.
 This is only possible in \SpecialChar LyX
 because some people 
\emph on
may
\emph default
 need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions.
 
\change_unchanged
Options are:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\change_deleted -712698321 1525600074

\family sans
Emph
\family default
 
\emph on
This is text with emphasize on
\emph default
.
 This might seem like the same as 
\shape italic
Italic
\shape default
, but it is actually a bit different.
 Emphasized is a 
\emph on
logical
\emph default
 attribute.
 That means every document class can define its own font used for emphasized
 text.
 Normally this font is equal to italic.
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600322

\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\change_inserted -712698321 1525600337

\family sans
(Without)
\family default
 Don't use underlining.
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\change_deleted -712698321 1525600192

\family sans
Underbar
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600193
Single
\change_unchanged

\family default
 
\bar under
This is text with 
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600212
Single underlining
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600209
Underbar
\change_unchanged
 on.

\bar default
 (key binding 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcuts"
arg   "font-underline"
\end_inset


\family sans
)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\change_deleted -712698321 1525600236

\family default
Avoid using underbar if you can! It is a hangover from the typewriter days,
 when you could not change fonts.
 One no longer needs to emphasize text by underscoring characters.
 This is only possible in \SpecialChar LyX
 because some people 
\emph on
may
\emph default
 need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions.
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Double
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600261

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

underbar
\change_unchanged

\family default
 
\uuline on
This is text with Double under
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600270
bar
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600271
lining
\change_unchanged
 on.

\uuline default
 (key binding 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "font-underunderline"
\end_inset

)
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600282

\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

As we just warned you against using underbar, you can imagine what we think
 about double underbar
\change_unchanged
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Wavy
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600285

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

underbar
\change_unchanged

\family default
 
\uwave on
This is text with Wavy under
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600294
bar
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600295
lining
\change_unchanged
 on.

\uwave default
 (key binding 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "font-underwave"
\end_inset

)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Use this only if a journal absolutely insists on it.
 Keep antinausea pills handy.
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600130

\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\change_inserted -712698321 1525600169

\family sans
Strikethrough
\family default
 lets you strike-through text passages in two ways:
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\change_inserted -712698321 1525600364

\family sans
(Without)
\family default
 Don't use strikethrough.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
S
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600378
trike
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

out
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600378
ingle
\change_unchanged

\family default
 
\strikeout on
This is text with 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600382
Strikeout
\change_inserted -712698321 1525601925
Single strikethrough
\change_unchanged
 on.

\strikeout default
 (key binding 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "font-strikeout"
\end_inset

)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

This is frequently used to indicate an older version of text that has been
 changed in the meantime.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\change_deleted -712698321 1525600394

\family sans
Cross
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

ou
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600397
With
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

/
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600398
t
\change_unchanged

\family default
 
\xout on
This is text with 
\change_inserted -712698321 1525601941
/-strikethrough
\change_deleted -712698321 1525601943
Cross out
\change_unchanged
 on.
\xout default

\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

This is used to make text hardly readable.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard

\change_inserted -712698321 1525600643
In addition to all the formal markup described above, the dialog also provides
 you access to the two builtin semantic character styles (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Builtin-Character-Styles"

\end_inset

):
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\change_inserted -712698321 1525600579

\family sans
Emphasized:
\family default
 
\emph on
This is text with emphasize on
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Noun
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600548
:
\change_unchanged

\family default
 
\noun on
This is text with Noun on.

\change_deleted -712698321 1525600637

\noun default
 Like 
\family sans
Emph
\family default
, this is a logical attribute.
 Normally it's equivalent to 
\family sans
Small
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Caps
\family default
.
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
So you have a huge number of combinations to 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600660
choose
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600660
select
\change_unchanged
 from.
 Once you have 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600674
chosen a new character style
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600725
applied a text property
\change_unchanged
 via the 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600703

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
Customized
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600703

\family default

\begin_inset Info
type  "menu"
arg   "dialog-show character"
\end_inset


\change_unchanged
 (
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show character"
\end_inset

) dialog, the settings are 
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600733
temporarily 
\change_unchanged
saved.
 You can activate the
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600738
m
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600745
 last applied properties
\change_unchanged
 by using the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "textstyle-apply"
\end_inset

.
 The button lets you apply 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600766
your custom character style 
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600778
those 
\change_unchanged
even when the dialog isn't visible.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To completely reset the 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600787
character style
\change_inserted -712698321 1525600823
text properties of a selection
\change_unchanged
 to the default, use 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "font-default"
\end_inset

.
 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525600803
If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed (suppose
 you just set the shape to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

slanted
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and the series to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

bold
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

), set the 
\family sans
Toggle
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

all
\family default
 switch and press 
\family sans
Apply
\family default
.
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\change_deleted -712698321 1525607419
You should also know something about the differences between the three main
 font types 
\family sans
serif
\family default
, 
\family sans
sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

serif
\family default
, and 
\family sans
typewriter
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\change_deleted -712698321 1525607419

\family sans
Typewriter
\family default
 is a so called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

monospaced
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font, which means every character has the same width; the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

i
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is as wide as the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

m
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Here is an example
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
no 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family typewriter
typewriter text
\family default

\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
For more on phantoms see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Phantom-Space"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

no typewriter text
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\change_deleted -712698321 1525607419

\family sans
Serif
\family default
 fonts use characters with serifs.
 These are the small 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

appendices
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 at the ends of the strokes that form the character.
 The following example shows the difference:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

text with serifs
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\family sans
text without serifs
\family default

\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Serifs facilitate quick and easy reading.
 These fonts are therefore used as default (named 
\family sans
roman
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\change_deleted -712698321 1525607419

\family sans
Sans serif
\family default
 is not recommended for use as a base type.
 This font type is therefore often only used for headings and short texts.
 We use it in this document to highlight menu names.
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\change_deleted -712698321 1525600873
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Toggling
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 refers to applying or removing font properties.
 When a property is marked for toggling in the 
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Style
\family default
 dialog, applying the style to text that already has the property will cause
 the property to be removed.
 If you, for example, apply a style with properties A, B and C to text that
 currently has font properties B, C, F and G, and if B is set to toggle
 and C is set not to toggle, the text ends up with properties A, C, F and
 G.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Never toggled
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

always toggled
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 mean that you do not control the toggling behavior.
 For the properties on the left side of the dialog (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Family
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 etc.), toggling behavior is up to you.
 If 
\family sans
Toggle
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

all
\family default
 is checked, all of the left side properties are toggled; by default, none
 of them are.
 Finally, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Reset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is never toggled.
 If you, for example, set 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Series
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Reset
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and select 
\family sans
Toggle
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

all
\family default
, then apply the style to bold face text, the text will revert to the default
 series (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Medium
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

), no matter how many times you apply the style.
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We conclude 
\change_inserted -712698321 1525607667
this section 
\change_unchanged
with the same warning once again: Do not overuse the fonts! They are, more
 often than not, a kludge and a bad substitute for good writing.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Printing and Previewing
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Overview
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now that we have covered some of the basic features of document preparation
 using \SpecialChar LyX
, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece.
 Before we tell you that, we want to give you a quick explanation of what
 goes on behind-the-scenes.
 We cover this information in much greater detail in the 
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
 manual as well.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 uses the program \SpecialChar LaTeX
 as its backend.
 \SpecialChar LaTeX
 is just a macro package for the \SpecialChar TeX
 typesetting system, but to prevent confusion,
 we will only refer to \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 is what you use to do your actual writing.
 Then, \SpecialChar LyX
 calls \SpecialChar LaTeX
 to turn your writing into printable output.
 This happens in two stages:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
First, \SpecialChar LyX
 converts your document to a series of text commands for \SpecialChar LaTeX
, generating
 a file with the extension, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.tex
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Next, \SpecialChar LyX
 calls \SpecialChar LaTeX
 to use the commands in the 
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
 file to produce printable output.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Output file formats
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
File formats
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Output-file-formats"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Simple text (ASCII)
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
File formats ! ASCII
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This file type has the extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.txt
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 It contains your document as plain text following the rules of the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

American Standard Code for Information Interchange
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (ASCII).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can export your document to ASCII with the menu 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
Plain
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

text
\family default
.
 However, this will not export any externally generated material such as
 a Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 bibliography (section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Bibliography-databases"

\end_inset

).
 If your document includes such material, use 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
More
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Formats
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

&
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Options
\family default
 and then select 
\family sans
Plain
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(ps2ascii)
\family default
.
 This will first internally export your document to PostScript (generating
 thereby the external material) and then do the conversion to ASCII.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
\SpecialChar LaTeX

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
File formats ! \SpecialChar LaTeX

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This file type has the extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.tex
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and contains all commands that are necessary for the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 program to process
 your document.
 If you know \SpecialChar LaTeX
, you can use it to find out \SpecialChar LaTeX
-Errors or to process it manually
 with console commands.
 The \SpecialChar LaTeX
-file is automatically created in \SpecialChar LyX
's temporary directory whenever you
 view or export your document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can export your document as a \SpecialChar LaTeX
-file using the menu 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\family default
.
 The different \SpecialChar LaTeX
 export variants are explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Export"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
DVI
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
File formats ! DVI
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This file type has the extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 It is called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

device-independent
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (DVI), because it is completely portable; you can move them from one machine
 to another without needing to do any sort of conversion.
 DVIs are used for quick previews and as a pre-stage for other output formats,
 like PostScript.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
DVI files do not contain images, they only link to them.
 So don't forget to deliver the images together with your DVIs.
 Because the DVI-viewer has to convert the images in the background to make
 them visible when you scroll the DVI, this can slow down your computer
 when you view the DVI.
 So we recommend using PDF for files with many images.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can export your document to DVI by the menus 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
DVI
\family default
 or 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
DVI
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(LuaTeX).

\family default
 The latter option uses the program 
\family typewriter
Lua\SpecialChar TeX

\family default
.
 
\family typewriter
Lua\SpecialChar TeX

\family default
 is an engine that provides direct Unicode support and support for direct
 font access (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-font-support"

\end_inset

).
 Lua\SpecialChar TeX
 is still a work in progress, but it might develop into the next standard
 \SpecialChar TeX
 processor.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
PostScript
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
File formats ! PostScript
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This file type has the extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.ps
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 PostScript was developed by the company 
\family typewriter
Adobe
\family default
 as a printer language.
 The file therefore contains commands that the printer uses to print the
 file.
 PostScript can be seen as a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

programming language
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

; you can calculate with it and draw diagrams and images.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
If you are interested in learning more about this, have a look at the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
 
\series bold
pstricks
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! pstricks
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 As a result of this, the files are often bigger than PDFs.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
PostScript can only contain images in the format 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Encapsulated PostScript
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (EPS, file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.eps
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

).
 As \SpecialChar LyX
 allows you to use any known image format in your document, it has to
 convert them in the background to EPS.
 If, for example, you have 50
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

images in your document, \SpecialChar LyX
 has to do 50
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

conversions when you view or export your document the first time.
 This might slow down your workflow with \SpecialChar LyX
.
 So if you plan to use PostScript, you can insert your images directly as
 EPS to avoid this problem.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can export to PostScript using the menu 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
PostScript
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
PDF
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
File formats ! PDF
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PDF
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This file type has the extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.pdf
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Portable Document Format
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (PDF) developed by 
\family typewriter
Adobe
\family default
 was derived from PostScript.
 It is more compressed and it uses fewer commands than PostScript.
 As the name 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

portable
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 implies, it can be processed on any computer system and the printed output
 looks exactly the same.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
PDF can contain images in its own PDF format and in the formats 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Joint Photographic Experts Group
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (JPG, file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.jpg
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.jpeg
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

) and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Portable Network Graphics
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (PNG, file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.png
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

).
 You can also use any other image format, because \SpecialChar LyX
 converts them in the
 background to one of these formats.
 But as described in the section about PostScript, the image conversion
 will slow down your workflow.
 So we recommend using images in one of the three formats mentioned above.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can export your document to PDF via the menu 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export
\family default
 in different ways:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(pdflatex) This uses the program 
\family typewriter
pdftex
\family default
 which converts your file directly to PDF.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(Lua
\family sans
TeX
\family default
) This uses the program 
\family typewriter
Lua\SpecialChar TeX

\family default
 which converts your file directly to PDF.
 
\family typewriter
Lua\SpecialChar TeX

\family default
 is a new engine, derived from 
\family typewriter
pdflatex
\family default
, that also provides direct Unicode support and support for direct font
 access (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-font-support"

\end_inset

).
 Lua\SpecialChar TeX
 is still a work in progress, but it might develop into the next standard
 \SpecialChar TeX
 processor.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(Xe
\family sans
TeX
\family default
) This uses the program 
\family typewriter
Xe\SpecialChar TeX

\family default
 that converts your file directly to PDF.
 
\family typewriter
Xe\SpecialChar TeX

\family default
 is a new engine that provides direct Unicode support and support for direct
 font access (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-font-support"

\end_inset

).
 It is particularly good at typesetting different scripts, for example,
 vertically written Japanese.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(cropped) This is the same as 
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(pdflatex)
\family default
 but the result is a PDF with cropped page margins.
 This is for example useful if you want to use \SpecialChar LyX
 to generate good-looking
 formulas to use them in other programs like for presentations.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(dvipdfm) This uses the program 
\family typewriter
dvipdfm
\family default
 that converts your file in the background to DVI and in a second step to
 PDF.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(ps2pdf) This uses the program 
\family typewriter
ps2pdf
\family default
 that creates a PDF from a PostScript-version of your file.
 The PostScript-version is produced by the program 
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
 which uses a DVI-version as intermediate step.
 So this export variant consists of three conversions.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We recommend using 
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(pdflatex)
\family default
 because 
\family typewriter
pdftex
\family default
 supports all the features of actual PDF-versions, is quick, stable, and
 works without problems.
 If you rely on multiscript support and\SpecialChar breakableslash
or specific OpenType fonts, you might
 want to try out 
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(XeTeX)
\family default
 or 
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(LuaTeX)
\family default
 instead, bearing in mind that these two programs are not yet as mature
 as 
\family typewriter
pdflatex
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
XHTML
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
FileFormats ! XHTML
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
HTML
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This file type has the extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.xhtml
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 It is a file suitable for viewing in web browsers.
 It does not itself contain images and the like but only links to them.
 When \SpecialChar LyX
 produces XHTML, it also generates corresponding images in formats
 suitable for the purpose.
 For the math output you can choose in the menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Output
\family default
 between different formats, which are described in section 
\emph on
Math Output in XHTML
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Additional
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Features
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
XHTML output remains 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

under development
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, and not all \SpecialChar LyX
 features are supported yet.
 See the chapter 
\emph on
\SpecialChar LyX
 and the World Wide Web
\emph default
, in the 
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
 manual, for more information.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can export your document as an XHTML file using the menu item 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
LyXHTML
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Previewing
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Preview 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the page
 breaks in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, use the menu
 
\family sans
Document
\family default
 and choose 
\family sans
View
\family default
 or use the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "buffer-view"
\end_inset

.
 A viewing program will pop up showing the output in the defined default
 output format, which is globally set in the preferences (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:File-Formats"

\end_inset

) and can also be altered for single documents in the document settings
 (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Doc-Formats"

\end_inset

).
 Further output formats can be selected via 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
View (Other Formats)
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "view-others"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you have changed your document, you can refresh the output in the same
 viewer window using the menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Update
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Update (Other Formats)
\family default
, respectively.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When you preview a file, the output file is only generated in \SpecialChar LyX
's temporary
 directory.
 To have a real output, export your document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
A few Words about Typography
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Typography
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Hyphens, Dashes and Minus Signs
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Hyphens
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dashes
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In \SpecialChar LyX
, the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
-
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 symbol comes in four variants: the 
\emph on
hyphen
\emph default
, the 
\emph on
en dash
\emph default
, the 
\emph on
em dash
\emph default
, and the 
\emph on
minus sign
\emph default
:
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Box Frameless
position "t"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 1
inner_pos "t"
use_parbox 0
use_makebox 0
width "100col%"
special "none"
height "1in"
height_special "totalheight"
thickness "0.4pt"
separation "3pt"
shadowsize "4pt"
framecolor "black"
backgroundcolor "none"
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row interlinespace="3mm">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
name
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
output
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
inserted with
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="3mm">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
hyphen
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
-
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in text
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="3mm">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
en dash
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
–
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
system key combination
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
On Mac and Linux, the en dash is entered with 
\family sans
Opt+
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

-
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\family default
 and the em dash with 
\family sans
Shift-Opt+
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

-
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\family default
 (
\family sans
Opt
\family default
 is the Mac label for the right 
\family sans
Alt 
\family default
key).
 
\end_layout

\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

--
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in text
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="3mm">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
em dash
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
—
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
system key combination or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

---
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in text
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
minus sign
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $-$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
-
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in math mode
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Dashes can also be inserted with 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Character\SpecialChar menuseparator
Symbols
\family default
 or using the 
\family typewriter
unicode-insert
\family default
 \SpecialChar LyX
 function with the Unicode code point as argument (2013 for the em dash
 and 2014 for the en dash).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Hyphen and dashes are distinct from the minus sign, which appears in math
 mode and has a length of its own.
 Here are some examples:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
line- and page-breaks
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset

(
\emph on
hyphen
\emph default
)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
A–Z; pages
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

369–378
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset

(
\emph on
en dash
\emph default
)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
The em dash is used without spaces: Oh—there's a dash.
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset

(
\emph on
em dash
\emph default
)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$
\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset

(
\emph on
minus sign
\emph default
)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
See also the 
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Wikipedia entry on dashes"
target "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash"
literal "false"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Dashes and Line Breaks
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Dashes-and-line-breaks"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Whether line breaks before or after dashes are allowed depends on the use
 case and locale, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
In English, line breaks are generally allowed after the dash, but no line
 break should occur if only a single character follows the dash (as in A–Z).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
In English, dashes used to set off parenthetical statements should not start
 a new line.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
In French and Spanish, dashes around parenthetical statements are treated
 similar to brackets: line breaks are not allowed on the inner side.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By default, dashes are output by \SpecialChar LyX
 to \SpecialChar LaTeX
 as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

ligature dashes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (-- and ---).
 \SpecialChar LaTeX
 allows line breaks after hyphens, en-dashes and em-dashes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Line breaks before spaced en dashes
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

– common in British English and generally recommended by 
\emph on
The Elements of Typographic Style
\emph default

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

– can be prevented using protected spaces.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Unwanted line breaks after dashes can be prevented by wrapping in a makebox
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
See section 
\emph on
Prevent Hyphenation
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 or preceding with 
\series bold

\backslash
nobreakdash
\series default
 in \SpecialChar TeX
 code.
 Examples:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Pages
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset Box Frameless
position "t"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 1
inner_pos "t"
use_parbox 0
use_makebox 1
width ""
special "none"
height "1in"
height_special "totalheight"
thickness "0.4pt"
separation "3pt"
shadowsize "4pt"
framecolor "black"
backgroundcolor "none"
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
36–39
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\lang french
Les incises 
\begin_inset Box Frameless
position "t"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 1
inner_pos "t"
use_parbox 0
use_makebox 1
width ""
special "none"
height "1in"
height_special "totalheight"
thickness "0.4pt"
separation "3pt"
shadowsize "4pt"
framecolor "black"
backgroundcolor "none"
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\lang french
–
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

même
\end_layout

\end_inset

 si tout le monde ne les aime pas
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

– sont très utiles.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\lang spanish
En una frase 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
nobreakdash
\end_layout

\end_inset

—un inciso con rayas— se escribe así.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
An incorrect line break is easily overlooked because
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

– in contrast to an overfull line
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

– it does not trigger a warning in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 log.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you want to globally disable line breaks after dashes, you can select
 the option 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Fonts\SpecialChar menuseparator
Disallow line breaks after dashes
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Line breaks are still allowed after spaced dashes.
 They can be prevented using protected spaces (without need for a makebox
 or \SpecialChar TeX
 code).
 Example:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\lang french
Les incises –
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

même si tout le monde ne les aime pas
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

– sont très utiles.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Line breaks after unspaced dashes can be allowed via the menu
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Optional line break
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Em-dashes without spaces—\SpecialChar allowbreak
common in American English—\SpecialChar allowbreak
should be followed by
 a line break opportunity.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This also allows hyphenation of the word following the dash (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Hyphenation"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
With this setting, \SpecialChar LaTeX
 hyphenates words also if immediately followed by em
 or en dashes (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Hyphenation"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Changes and backwards compatibility
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Up to \SpecialChar LyX

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2.1, consecutive hyphen characters (-- and ---) in the LyX source were merged
 to en or em dashes by LaTeX.
 These 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

ligature dashes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 retain the line-break properties of hyphens while literal dash characters
 are regarded by \SpecialChar LaTeX
 as 
\emph on
non-breakable
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Since \SpecialChar LyX

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2.2, consecutive hyphens in the LyX source are exported to \SpecialChar LaTeX
 in a way that
 prevents ligation to dashes.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Ligature dashes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in documents from earlier versions are converted to literal dash characters
 (except in 
\family typewriter
typewriter
\family default
 font); typed in consecutive hyphens are merged to dash characters immediately
 after the input (unless the current text font is 
\family typewriter
type
\family default
writer).
\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
The behavior was changed since 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

lyx --help
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 became 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

lyx –help
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in PDF, Postscript, and DVI output.
 An unintended consequence of these changes was that all dashes were output
 as non-breakable dashes.
 This also resulted in changed line breaks in some older documents.
 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2.3 outputs 
\emph on
breakable
\emph default
 dashes by default.
 When opening documents edited with \SpecialChar LyX

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2.2 or earlier and containing literal dash characters not followed by whitespace,
 the setting 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Fonts\SpecialChar menuseparator
Disallow line breaks after dashes
\family default
 is active to prevent changes to the line breaks.
\series bold
Warning:
\series default
 If you used both literal and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

ligature
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 dashes in pre-\SpecialChar LyX

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2.2 documents, you may need to enable or prevent individual line breaks as
 shown above to restore the correct line breaking behavior.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Hyphenation
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Hyphenation
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Hyphenation"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Words are not hyphenated within \SpecialChar LyX
 but automatically in the output.
 Hyphenation is done by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
babel
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! babel
\end_layout

\end_inset

 following the rules of the document language.
 \SpecialChar LaTeX
 does not hyphenate text in the 
\family sans
typewriter
\family default
 font and words immediately preceded or followed by hyphens or dashes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 hyphenates almost perfectly; it only has problems with text in the 
\family sans
typewriter
\family default
 font and with unusual constructs, like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

h3knix/m0n0wall
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 If \SpecialChar LaTeX
 cannot break a word correctly, you can set hyphenation points manually.
 This is done with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Hyphenation
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Point
\family default
.
 These extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
 If no hyphenation is necessary, \SpecialChar LaTeX
 will ignore them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes you want to prevent words or constructs from being hyphenated.
 Imagine that you are describing keybindings/shortcuts in your document
 in the form 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

A-b c
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 \SpecialChar LaTeX
 would then see the hyphen 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

-
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 as a line break possibility.
 A line break at this point would look ugly.
 To prevent the shortcut from being broken, you can use a protected hyphen
 (
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Protected Hyphen
\family default
) or put it into a makebox as described in section 
\emph on
Prevent Hyphenation
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Punctuation Marks
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Punctuation marks
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Abbreviations and End of Sentence
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Abbreviations"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When \SpecialChar LyX
 calls \SpecialChar LaTeX
 to generate the final version of your document, \SpecialChar LaTeX
 automatically
 distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations.
 \SpecialChar LaTeX
 then adds the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

appropriate amount of space.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 That means sentences get a little bit more space between the period and
 the next word.
 Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period that a word
 gets after another word.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation does
 not work in all cases.
 If a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's
 at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here are some examples of 
\emph on
correct
\emph default
 abbreviations and of the end of a sentence:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
M.
 Butterfly
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Don't worry.
 Be happy.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
And here is an example of the algorithm going wrong:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
 this is too much space!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
This is I.
 It's okay.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You will not see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To fix this problem, use one of the following:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Use an 
\family sans
Inter-word
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Space
\family default
 after lowercase abbreviations (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Inter-word-Space"

\end_inset

).
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spaces ! inter-word
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Use a 
\family sans
Thin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Space
\family default
 between two tokens of an abbreviation (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Thin-Space"

\end_inset

).
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spaces ! thin
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Use an 
\family sans
End
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

of
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

sentence
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

period
\family default
 found under the 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Character
\family default
 menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing.
 This function is also bound to 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "specialchar-insert end-of-sentence"
\end_inset

 for easy access.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

this is too much space!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
This is I\SpecialChar endofsentence
 It's okay.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences.
 If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry, because \SpecialChar LaTeX

 will take care of this.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors:
 Check out the 
\family sans
Check
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

\SpecialChar TeX

\family default
 feature described in the section 
\emph on
Checking \SpecialChar TeX

\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Quotation Marks
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Typography ! Quotation marks
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Quotation marks | see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Typography
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 usually sets quotation marks correctly.
 Specifically, it will insert an opening mark at the beginning of quoted
 text, and use a closing mark at the end.
 For example, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

open close
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 The keyboard character, 
\family sans
"
\family default
, generates this automatically.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can specify what character the 
\family sans
"
\family default
 key produces by using the submenu 
\family sans
Language
\family default
 of the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset

 dialog and switching the 
\family sans
Quote Style
\family default
 (note that \SpecialChar LyX
 makes a sensible proposal for the selected main language).
 There are 14
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

choices:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:
\noindent

\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Outer
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset

inner
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset


\family default
 Produces 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

these outer
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset

these inner
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset

 quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g., in the US)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:

\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset

Outer
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset


\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes sls
\end_inset

inner
\begin_inset Quotes srs
\end_inset


\family default
 Produces 
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset

these outer
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes sls
\end_inset

these inner
\begin_inset Quotes srs
\end_inset

 quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g., in Sweden)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:

\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes gld
\end_inset

Outer
\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset


\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes gls
\end_inset

inner
\begin_inset Quotes grs
\end_inset


\family default
 Produces 
\begin_inset Quotes gld
\end_inset

these outer
\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes gls
\end_inset

these inner
\begin_inset Quotes grs
\end_inset

 quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g., in Germany)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:

\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes pld
\end_inset

Outer
\begin_inset Quotes prd
\end_inset


\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes pls
\end_inset

inner
\begin_inset Quotes prs
\end_inset


\family default
 Produces 
\begin_inset Quotes pld
\end_inset

these outer
\begin_inset Quotes prd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes pls
\end_inset

these inner
\begin_inset Quotes prs
\end_inset

 quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g., in Poland)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:

\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes cld
\end_inset

Outer
\begin_inset Quotes crd
\end_inset


\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes cls
\end_inset

inner
\begin_inset Quotes crs
\end_inset


\family default
 Produces 
\begin_inset Quotes cld
\end_inset

these outer
\begin_inset Quotes crd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes cls
\end_inset

these inner
\begin_inset Quotes crs
\end_inset

 quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g., in Switzerland)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:

\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes ald
\end_inset

Outer
\begin_inset Quotes ard
\end_inset


\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes als
\end_inset

inner
\begin_inset Quotes ars
\end_inset


\family default
 Produces 
\begin_inset Quotes ald
\end_inset

these outer
\begin_inset Quotes ard
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes als
\end_inset

these inner
\begin_inset Quotes ars
\end_inset

 quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g., in Denmark)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:

\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes qrd
\end_inset

Outer
\begin_inset Quotes qrd
\end_inset


\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes qls
\end_inset

inner
\begin_inset Quotes qls
\end_inset


\family default
 Produces 
\begin_inset Quotes qrd
\end_inset

these outer
\begin_inset Quotes qrd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes qls
\end_inset

these inner
\begin_inset Quotes qls
\end_inset

 quotation marks (so-called plain or non-typographical quotation marks)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:

\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes bld
\end_inset

Outer
\begin_inset Quotes brd
\end_inset


\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes bls
\end_inset

inner
\begin_inset Quotes brs
\end_inset


\family default
 Produces 
\begin_inset Quotes bld
\end_inset

these outer
\begin_inset Quotes brd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes bls
\end_inset

these inner
\begin_inset Quotes brs
\end_inset

 quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g., in Great Britain)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:

\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

Outer
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset


\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes fls
\end_inset

inner
\begin_inset Quotes frs
\end_inset


\family default
 Produces 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

these outer
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes fls
\end_inset

these inner
\begin_inset Quotes frs
\end_inset

 quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g., in France)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:

\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes ild
\end_inset

Outer
\begin_inset Quotes ird
\end_inset


\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes ils
\end_inset

inner
\begin_inset Quotes irs
\end_inset


\family default
 Produces 
\begin_inset Quotes ild
\end_inset

these outer
\begin_inset Quotes ird
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes ils
\end_inset

these inner
\begin_inset Quotes irs
\end_inset

 quotation marks (another style common in France)
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Maybe you wonder why one does not simply use only outer marks in this case,
 since these look identical to the inner marks.
 The answer is that you cannot easily switch to another style then (where
 the inner marks differ).
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:

\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes rld
\end_inset

Outer
\begin_inset Quotes rrd
\end_inset


\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes rls
\end_inset

inner
\begin_inset Quotes rrs
\end_inset


\family default
 Produces 
\begin_inset Quotes rld
\end_inset

these outer
\begin_inset Quotes rrd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes rls
\end_inset

these inner
\begin_inset Quotes rrs
\end_inset

 quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g., in Russia)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:

\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes wld
\end_inset

Outer
\begin_inset Quotes wrd
\end_inset


\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes wls
\end_inset

inner
\begin_inset Quotes wrs
\end_inset


\family default
 Produces 
\begin_inset Quotes wld
\end_inset

these outer
\begin_inset Quotes wrd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes wls
\end_inset

these inner
\begin_inset Quotes wrs
\end_inset

 quotation marks (another style common in Sweden)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:
\begin_inset Quotes jld
\end_inset


\family sans
Outer
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes jrd
\end_inset


\family sans

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\family default

\begin_inset Quotes jls
\end_inset


\family sans
inner
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes jrs
\end_inset

 Produces 
\begin_inset Quotes jld
\end_inset

these outer
\begin_inset Quotes jrd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes jls
\end_inset

these inner
\begin_inset Quotes jrs
\end_inset

 quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g., in Japan)
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Note that these characters are just emulated with similar-looking math symbols
 in many encodings that do not cover these glyphs.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring <<Outer>> and <<inner>>:
\begin_inset Quotes kld
\end_inset


\family sans
Outer
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes krd
\end_inset


\family sans

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\family default

\begin_inset Quotes kls
\end_inset


\family sans
inner
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes krs
\end_inset

 Produces 
\begin_inset Quotes kld
\end_inset

these outer
\begin_inset Quotes krd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes kls
\end_inset

these inner
\begin_inset Quotes krs
\end_inset

 quotation marks (as common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g., in North Korea and China)
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Note that these characters are just emulated with similar-looking math symbols
 in many encodings that do not cover these glyphs.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inner quotation marks
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
In many writing cultures, these are single quotation marks.
 But as the British and French styles show, this is not necessarily the
 case (and specifically the British style shows that 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

outer
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 does not necessarily mean 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

double
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

).
 This is why we call them 
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset

inner
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset

 as opposed to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

outer
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 quotation marks.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 for quotations inside quotations (and other tasks in some languages, such
 as 
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset

scare quotes
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset

) can be obtained by means of the shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "quote-insert inner"
\end_inset

 and via the 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special Characters
\family default
 menu.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By default, the quotation mark styles are persistent.
 That is to say, a quotation mark maintains the style that was current when
 it was inserted, even if the document-wide style changes.
 This allows you to enter marks of different style.
 If you check the setting 
\family sans
Use dynamic quotation marks
\family default
 in 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Language
\family default
, however, special quotation marks will be inserted (in the LyX window,
 they appear in a special color).
 These marks will automatically adapt to the main style (and its changes).
 Such quotation marks make it easy to alter the quotation mark style in
 one step (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g., if your publisher requests a different style).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Individual quotation marks (i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e., their level [inner, outer], side [opening, closing], and style) can be
 easily switched by a context menu that pops up if you right-click on a
 mark.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Ligatures
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Typography ! Ligatures
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Ligatures | see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Typography
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Ligatures"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and
 print them as single characters.
 These groups are known as 
\emph on
ligatures
\emph default
.
 Since \SpecialChar LaTeX
 knows about ligatures, your documents will contain them too in the
 output.
 Here are the standard ligatures:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
ff
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
fi
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
fl
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
ffi
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
ffl
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Some languages uses other ligatures if the document font supports them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes, you don't want a ligature in a word.
 While a ligature may be okay in the word, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

graffiti,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 it looks really weird in compound words, such as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

cufflink
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or the German 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Dorffest.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 To break a ligature, use 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Ligature
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Break.

\family default
 This changes 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

cufflinks
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

cuff\SpecialChar ligaturebreak
links
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Dorffest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Dorf\SpecialChar ligaturebreak
fest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
\SpecialChar LyX
 and \SpecialChar LaTeX
 Logos
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LyX
 ! Proper names
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Via 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Special Characters\SpecialChar menuseparator
Logos
\family default
, \SpecialChar LyX
 provides the following program logos with special formatting:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
\SpecialChar LyX
 The name of the game.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
\SpecialChar TeX
 The typesetting engine used by \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 The \SpecialChar TeX
 macro collection used by \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
\SpecialChar LaTeX2e
 The current version of \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You might wonder why the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 version is 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2
\begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 It is an old tradition in the \SpecialChar TeX
 world to give programs geek version numbers.
 For example the version number of \SpecialChar TeX
 converges to the number 
\begin_inset Formula $\pi$
\end_inset

: The actual version is 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

\SpecialChar TeX
-3.141592
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, the previous one was 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

\SpecialChar TeX
-3.14159
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Units
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Typography ! Units
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Generally the space between units and the number is smaller than the normal
 space between two words.
 As you can see in the example below, it looks better when the space is
 smaller.
 To get such a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

half space
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 for units use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
Thin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Space
\family default
 (shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcuts"
arg   "space-insert thin"
\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is an example to show the differences:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
24
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

kW
\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
\end_inset

h
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
space between number and unit
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
24
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

kW
\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
\end_inset

h
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
half space between number and unit
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Widows and Orphans
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Typography ! Widows and orphans
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page
 happened to end.
 There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text.
 For example the heading for a new section was printed at the very bottom
 of the page, the first line of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom
 of a page, or the last line of a paragraph at the top of a new page.
 These bits of text became known as 
\emph on
widows
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
orphans
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Clearly, \SpecialChar LyX
 can avoid breaking pages after a section heading.
 That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments.
 But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line
 of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules
 built into \SpecialChar LaTeX
 governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there specifical
ly to prevent widows and orphans.
 If they appear nevertheless and you don't like them, you can add the commands
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\series bold

\backslash
widowpenalty=10000
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\backslash
clubpenalty=10000
\series default

\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 preamble of your document to avoid them.
 Some \SpecialChar LaTeX
 books (such as
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "latexcompanion"
literal "true"

\end_inset

 or
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "latexguide"
literal "true"

\end_inset

) have more information about the technical details of \SpecialChar LaTeX
's page break mechanism.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Notes, Graphics, Tables and Floats
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "chap:Floats-and-Notes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
 There you will also find tips and tricks for special cases.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Notes
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Notes
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Notes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 offers you a few types of notes to add to your document:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
\SpecialChar LyX

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Note This note type is for internal notes that will not appear in the output.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is text in a note box that doesn't appear in the output.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Comment This note also doesn't appear in the output but it does appear as
 a \SpecialChar LaTeX
-comment when you export the document to \SpecialChar LaTeX
 via the menu 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(xxx)
\family default
.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Comment
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is text in a note box that only appears as a comment in \SpecialChar LaTeX
-files.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Greyed
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Out This note will appear in the output as text in a color which you can
 set in the document settings under 
\family sans
Colors\SpecialChar menuseparator
Greyed-out
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

notes
\family default
.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is the text
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is an example footnote within a greyed out note.
 In this document the color of this note type is set to blue.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 of a comment that appears in the output.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

As you can see in the example, greyed out notes can have footnotes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Notes are inserted with the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "note-insert"
\end_inset

 or the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Note
\family default
.
 Right-click on the note box that appears to select the note type.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Footnotes
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Footnotes
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Footnotes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 uses boxes to display footnotes: When you insert a footnote using the menu
 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Footnote
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "footnote-insert"
\end_inset

, 
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
you will see
\family default
\series default
\bar default
 a box like this: 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/footnote.png
        scale 95

\end_inset


\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
 This box is \SpecialChar LyX
's representation of your footnote.
 If you
\family default
\series default
\bar default
 left-click on 
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
foot
\family roman

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\family default
\series default
\bar default
 
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
label, the box will
\family default
\series default
\bar default
 be opened and you can enter the footnote text into it.
 Clicking on the box label again will close 
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
the
\family default
\series default
\bar default
 box
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
.
 If you want to turn existing text into a footnote, simply highlight it
 and click on the footnote
\family default
\series default
\bar default
 toolbar 
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
button
\family default
\series default
\bar default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is an example footnote:
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
To close a footnote, click on the footnote box label.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The footnote will appear in the output as a superscript number at the text
 position where the footnote box is placed.
 The footnote text is placed at the bottom of the current page.
 The footnote number is calculated by \SpecialChar LyX
 according to the document class.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 does not yet support a particular numbering scheme, but you can get other
 schemes using special \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands.
 T
\family roman
h
\family default
ey are described in the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Marginal Notes
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Marginal notes
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Marginal-Notes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Marginal notes look and behave just like footnotes in \SpecialChar LyX
.
 When you insert a margin note via the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Marginal
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Note
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "marginalnote-insert"
\end_inset

, you will see 
\family roman
\series medium
a
\family default
\series default
 
\family roman
\series medium
box with the
\family default
\series default
 
\family roman
\series medium
label 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

margin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 appearing within your text.
 This box is \SpecialChar LyX
's representation of your margin
\family default
\series default
al 
\family roman
\series medium
note.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
At the side of this sentence is an example marginal note.
\family roman
\series medium

\begin_inset Marginal
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align left
This is a marginal note.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Marginal notes appear at the right side in single-sided documents.
 In double-sided documents they appear in the outer margin – left on even
 pages, right on odd pages.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For further information about marginal notes see the section 
\emph on
Margin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Notes
\emph default
 in the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Graphics and Images
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Images
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Graphics
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Graphics"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To insert an image in your document, place the cursor at the text position
 you want and click on the toolbar icon 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show-new-inset graphics"
\end_inset

 or select 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Graphics
\family default
 from the menu.
 Then a dialog will appear to choose the file to load.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This dialog has numerous mostly self-explanatory parameters.
 The 
\family sans
Graphics
\family default
 tab allows you to choose your image file.
 The image can be transformed by setting a rotation angle and a scaling
 factor.
 The scaling units are explained in Appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:Units-available-in"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the tab 
\family sans
Clipping
\family default
 it is possible to set image coordinates to adjust the height and width
 of the image in the output.
 The coordinates can also be calculated automatically by pressing the button
 
\family sans
Get
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

from
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

file
\family default
.
 The option 
\family sans
Clip
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

to
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

bounding
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

box
\family default
 will only print the image region within the given coordinates.
 Normally you don't need to take care about image coordinates and can ignore
 the tab 
\family sans
Clipping
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the 
\family sans
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

LyX options
\family default
 tab \SpecialChar LaTeX
 experts can specify additional \SpecialChar LaTeX
 options.
 In this tab you can also specify the appearance of the image inside \SpecialChar LyX
.
 The option 
\family sans
Draft
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

mode
\family default
 has the effect that the image doesn't appear in the output, only a frame
 with the image size is printed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The graphics dialog can be called at any time by clicking on an image.
 Images will appear in the output exactly at the position where they are
 in the text.
 This is an example image within a separate, horizontally centered paragraph:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/2D-intensity-plot.pdf
        scale 70

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you need image captions or want to reference images, you have to put
 the image into a float, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Figure-Floats"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Image Formats
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Images ! Formats
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Image-Formats"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can insert images in any known file format.
 But as we explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Output-file-formats"

\end_inset

, every output document format allows only a few image formats.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 therefore uses the program 
\family typewriter
ImageMagick
\family default
 in the background to convert the images to the right format.
 To increase your workflow by avoiding these conversions in the background,
 use only the image formats listed in the subsections of section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Output-file-formats"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Similar to fonts there are two types of image formats:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Bitmap
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

images consist of pixel values, often in a compressed form.
 They are therefore not fully scalable and look pixelated in large zooms.
 Well-known bitmap image formats are 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Graphics Interchange Format
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (GIF, file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.gif
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

)
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
GIF|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Image formats
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Portable Network Graphics
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (PNG, file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.png
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

)
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PNG|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Image formats
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

, and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Joint Photographic Experts Group
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (JPG, file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.jpg
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.jpeg
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

)
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
JPG|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Image formats
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Scalable
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

images consist of vectors and can therefore be scaled to any size without
 data loss.
 The scaling ability is desired if you want to create presentations, because
 presentations are always scaled by the beamer.
 Scaling is also useful for online documents to let the user zoom into diagrams.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Scalable image formats can be 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Scalable Vector Graphics
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (SVG, file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.svg
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

)
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
SVG|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Image formats
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Encapsulated PostScript
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (EPS, file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.eps
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

)
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
EPS|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Image formats
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

, and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Portable Document Format
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (PDF, file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.pdf
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

)
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PDF
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 We say 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

can be
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, because you can convert any bitmap image format to PDF or EPS and the
 result will not be scalable.
 In this case only a header with the image properties is added to the original
 image.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
In the case of PDF, the original image is additionally compressed.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Normally one cannot convert a bitmap image into a scalable one, only 
\emph on
vice versa
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Grouping of Image Settings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Images ! Settings grouping
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Each image can define a new group of image settings or join an existing
 group.
 Images within such a group share their settings, so adjusting one image
 of the group automatically also adjusts all other images of the group in
 the same way.
 So you can for example change the size for a bunch of images without the
 need to manually change each of them.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A new group can be set by pressing the button 
\family sans
Open
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

new
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

group
\family default
 in the
\family sans
 Graphics
\family default
 dialog in the 
\family sans
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

LyX options
\family default
 tab.
 Joining an existing group can be done using the context menu of the image
 and checking the name of the desired group.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Tables
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Tables
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Tables"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can insert a table using either the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "tabular-insert"
\end_inset

 or the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Table
\family default
.
 A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns.
 The default table has lines around any cell and the first row appears separated
 from the rest of the table.
 This separation appears due to a double line: The cells of the first row
 have a line below them and the cells of the second row have a line above
 them.
 Here is an example table:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="4">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0in">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
A
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\size normal
\noun off
\color none
 
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
C
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Table Dialog
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button and
 then choosing 
\family sans
More\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
.
 This brings up the table dialog.
 Here you can adjust the settings of the cell, row and/or column where the
 cursor is placed currently.
 Most of the dialog options also work on selections.
 This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is
 done on all of your selection.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In addition to the table dialog, the 
\family sans
table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

toolbar
\family default
 helps you in setting table properties.
 It appears if the cursor is inside a table.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the tab 
\family sans
Table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Settings
\family default
 of the table dialog you can set the alignment for the current row.
 If you add a row or column, it will be inserted right beside or below the
 current cell respectively.
 The vertical alignment of a column can only be adjusted when a column width
 is given.
 A given width will allow the cell to have line breaks and multiple paragraphs
 of text, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Table-Cells"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can mark multiple cells of one row/column as a multicolumn/row cell
 using the check box 
\family sans
Multicolumn
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Multirow
\family default
.
 This will merge the cells to 
\emph on
one
\emph default
 cell, spread over more than one column/row.
 Multicolumn cells are treated as own rows, so that the alignment, width,
 and border settings affect only the multicolumn cell.
 Here is an example table with a multicolumn cell in the first row and one
 in the last row without the upper border:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="4">
<features firstHeadTopDL="true" firstHeadBottomDL="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0in">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
abc
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
def ghi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
jkl
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
A
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
C
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
D
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
4
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Adept users can declare special \SpecialChar LaTeX
-arguments for the table.
 They are necessary for special table formatting, such as the multirow cells,
 explained in the chapter 
\emph on
Tables
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
 You can also rotate the current cell or the whole table.
 These rotations are not visible in \SpecialChar LyX
 but are visible in the output.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 Most DVI-viewers are 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 able to display rotations.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Borders
\family default
 tab allows you to add and delete border lines for the current row/column.
 The button 
\family sans
Default
\family default
 adds lines for all cell borders.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Multi-page Tables
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Tables ! Multi-page
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Multi-page tables
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If the table is too long to fit on one page, you can use the option 
\family sans
Use
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

multi-page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

table
\family default
 in the tab 
\family sans
Multi-page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

table
\family default
 of the table dialog to split the table automatically over more pages.
 Doing this enables some check boxes and you can now define:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
Header
\family default
: The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options
 defined, are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable.
 Except for the first page, if 
\family sans
First
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

header
\family default
 is defined.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
First
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

header
\family default
: The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options
 defined, are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
Footer
\family default
: The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options
 defined, are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable,
 except for the last page, if 
\family sans
Last
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

footer
\family default
 is defined.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
Last
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

footer
\family default
: The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options
 defined, are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Caption: The first row is reset as a single column.
 You can now insert there the table caption via the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Caption
\family default
.
 More about multi-page table captions can be found in the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also specify a row where the table is split.
 If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware
 that then only the first option is used; the others will be defined as
 
\emph on
empty
\emph default
.
 In this context, first means first in this order: 
\family sans
Footer, Last
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

footer,
\family default
 
\family sans
Header,
\family default
 
\family sans
First
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

header
\family default
; see the following longtable to see how it works:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="69" columns="3">
<features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
<column alignment="block" valignment="top" width="5cm">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="right" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row endfirsthead="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Example Phone List (ignore the names)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row endfirsthead="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
NAME
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
TEL.
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row endhead="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
 
\series bold
Example Phone List
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row endhead="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
NAME
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
TEL.
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row endfoot="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
 
\series bold
continue ...
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Annovi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Silvia
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Bertoli
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Stefano
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Bozzi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Walter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Cachia
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Maria
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Cachia
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Maurizio
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Cinquemani
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Giusi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Colin
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Bernard
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Concli
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Gianfranco
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Dal Bosco
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Carolina
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Dalpiaz
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Annamaria
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Feliciello
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Domenico
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Focarelli
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paola
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Galletti
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Oreste
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Gasparini
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Franca
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Rizzardi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paola
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Lassini
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Giancarlo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Malfatti
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Luciano
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Malfatti
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Valeriano
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Meneguzzo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Roberto
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Mezzadra
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Roberto
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Pirpamer
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Erich
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Pochiesa
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paolo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111, 222
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Radina
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Claudio
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Stuffer
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Oskar
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Tacchelli
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Ugo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Tezzele
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Margit
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Unterkalmsteiner
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Frieda
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Vieider
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Hilde
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Vigna
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Jürgen
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Weber
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Maurizio
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
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Tables ! Cells
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LatexCommand label
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To have multi-line entries in table cells, you have to declare a fixed width
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</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
6
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
This is longer now.
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
7
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
8
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
This is a multi-line entry in a table.
 This is longer now.
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
9
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Cutting and pasting between tables and table cells works reasonably well.
 You can even cut and paste more than one row.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Note that you cannot paste into a multicell selection because it would not
 be clear what to do when pasting a single word in a selected 2×3.
 
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Selection with the mouse or with 
\family sans
Shift
\family default
 plus the arrow keys works as usual.
 You can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit by starting
 the selection from outside the table.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Floats
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Floats
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Floats"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Introduction
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A float is a block of text associated with some sort of label, which doesn't
 have a fixed location.
 It can 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

float
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best.
 
\family sans
Footnotes
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Margin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Notes
\family default
 are also floats, because they can float to the next page when there are
 too many notes on the current page.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Floats make it possible to get a high quality layout.
 Images and tables can be distributed evenly over the pages to avoid whitespace
 and pages without text.
 As the floating often destroys the spatial context between the text and
 the image/table, every float can be referenced in the text.
 Floats are therefore numbered.
 Referencing is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To insert a float, use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Float
\family default
.
 A box with a caption will be inserted into your document.
 The label will automatically be translated to the document language in
 the output.
 After the label you can insert the caption text.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Floats ! Captions
\end_layout

\end_inset

 The image or table is inserted above or below the caption in a separate
 paragraph within the float.
 To keep your \SpecialChar LyX
-document readable, you can open and close the float box by
 left-clicking on the box label.
 A closed float box looks like this: 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/float.png
        scale 80

\end_inset

 – a gray button with a red label.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You should insert floats in a separate paragraph to avoid possible \SpecialChar LaTeX
-errors
 that can occur when the surrounding text is specially formatted.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Figure Floats
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Figure-Floats"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Floats ! Figure floats
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Figure
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:A-star-in"

\end_inset

 was created using the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Float\SpecialChar menuseparator
Figure
\family default
 (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "float-insert figure"
\end_inset

).
 The image was inserted by setting the cursor above the caption label and
 using the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Graphics
\family default
 (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show-new-inset graphics"
\end_inset

).
 The image in the float was horizontally centered by putting the cursor
 to the left or right of the image and using the menu 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paragraph
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Settings
\family default
 (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "layout-paragraph"
\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/Star-structure.pdf
        lyxscale 60
        width 50col%

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:A-star-in"

\end_inset

A star in a float.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This figure float also shows how to set a label and create a cross-reference
 to it: Insert a label into the caption using the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Label
\family default
 (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "label-insert"
\end_inset

) and refer to it using the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cross-Reference
\family default
 (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
\end_inset

).
 It is important to use cross-references to figure floats rather than using
 vague references like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

the figure above
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, because, as \SpecialChar LaTeX
 will reposition the floats in the final document, it might
 not be 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

above
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 at all.
 For more about cross-references, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Normally only one image is inserted in a figure float, but sometimes you
 might want to use two images with separate subcaptions.
 This can be done by inserting image floats into existing image floats.
 Note that only the main caption of the float is added to the List of Figures
 as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:List-of-Figures"

\end_inset

.
 Figure
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Two-images"

\end_inset

 is an example of a figure float with two images set side by side.
 You can also set the images one below the other.
 Figure
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Undefinable"

\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Star"

\end_inset

 are the subfigures.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Undefinable"

\end_inset

Undefinable
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/3D-structure-distort.pdf
        lyxscale 60
        width 45col%

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Star"

\end_inset

Star
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/Star-structure.pdf
        lyxscale 60
        width 45col%

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Two-images"

\end_inset

Two images.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Table Floats
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Floats ! Table floats
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Table floats can be inserted using the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Float\SpecialChar menuseparator
Table
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "float-insert table"
\end_inset

.
 They have the same properties as figure floats except that the table in
 the float is normally placed below the caption and not above like for figures
 and that the label begins with “tab:”.
 Table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Table-float"

\end_inset

 is a table float.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Table-float"

\end_inset

A table float.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Joe
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Mary
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Ted
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
a & b\\
c & d
\end{array}\right]$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
More Information
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Floats ! Details
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 offers you further float types as well as rotated floats.
 It also allows you to change the float numbering scheme, to control the
 float placement and to change the formatting and placement of the float
 caption.
 All these features are explained in detail with many examples in the chapter
 
\emph on
Floats
\emph default
 in the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Minipages
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Minipages
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 provides a mechanism essentially to produce a page within a page, called
 a minipage.
 Within a minipage, all the usual rules of indentation, line wrapping, etc.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

apply.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Minipages in \SpecialChar LyX
 have their own collapsible box inserted via the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Box
\family default
.
 Right-clicking on the box label allows you to alter the width of the minipage
 and its alignment within the page.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Box Frameless
position "t"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 1
inner_pos "t"
use_parbox 0
use_makebox 0
width "30col%"
special "none"
height "1pt"
height_special "totalheight"
thickness "0.4pt"
separation "3pt"
shadowsize "4pt"
framecolor "black"
backgroundcolor "none"
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\shape italic
This is a minipage.
 The text is set in an italic style.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\shape italic
Minipages are often used for text in another language or text that needs
 another formatting.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset

If you place two minipages side-by-side, you can use 
\family sans
Horizontal Fills
\family default
 as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Horizontal-Space"

\end_inset

:
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Box Frameless
position "t"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 1
inner_pos "t"
use_parbox 0
use_makebox 0
width "1.5in"
special "none"
height "1pt"
height_special "totalheight"
thickness "0.4pt"
separation "3pt"
shadowsize "4pt"
framecolor "black"
backgroundcolor "none"
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text.
 This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Box Frameless
position "t"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 1
inner_pos "t"
use_parbox 0
use_makebox 0
width "1.5in"
special "none"
height "1pt"
height_special "totalheight"
thickness "0.4pt"
separation "3pt"
shadowsize "4pt"
framecolor "black"
backgroundcolor "none"
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text.
 This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When you right-click on a minipage box, you can transform the box to another
 box type.
 All box types and their settings are explained in detail in chapter 
\emph on
Boxes
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Mathematical Formulas
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Formulas | see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Math
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "chap:Mathematical-Formulas"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the 
\emph on
Math
\emph default
 manual.
 There you will also find tips and tricks for special cases.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Basic Math Editing
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Basics
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-mode on"
\end_inset

 (shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "math-mode"
\end_inset

).
 That will create a little blue rectangle, with purple markers around its
 corners.
 That blue rectangle is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate
 what level of nesting within the formula you are at.
 You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math
\family default
 menu.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Editing the parameters of a formula and adding math constructs can be done
 with the 
\family sans
math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

toolbar
\family default
, that appears if the cursor is in a formula.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are two main types of formulas, inline formulas and display formulas.
 Inline formulas appear within a text line, like this one:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This is a line with an inline formula 
\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
\end_inset

 in it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Displayed formulas appear outside the text like if they were in a separate
 paragraph, like this one:
\begin_inset Formula 
\[
A=B
\]

\end_inset

You can only number and reference displayed formulas.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 also supports many \SpecialChar LaTeX
 math commands.
 For example, typing 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\series bold

\backslash
alpha
\series default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, followed by a space, in a formula will create the Greek letter 
\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
\end_inset

.
 Typing commands might sometimes be faster than using the 
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Panel
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Navigating in Formulas
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Navigating
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The best control over the cursor position within an existing formula is
 achieved with the arrow keys.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 uses small rectangles to indicate places where something can be inserted.
 The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula.
 Pressing 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 will leave a formula construct (a square root 
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$
\end_inset

, or parentheses 
\begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$
\end_inset

, or a matrix 
\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
1 & 2\\
3 & 4
\end{array}\right]$
\end_inset

).
 Pressing 
\family sans
Escape
\family default
 will leave the formula, placing the cursor after the formula.
 
\family sans
Tab
\family default
 can be used to move horizontally in a formula; for example, through the
 cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi-line equation.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Space
\family default
, printed in this document as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, seems to do nothing in a formula, since it does not add a space between
 characters, but it does exit a nested structure.
 For this reason, you have to be careful about using 
\family sans
Space
\family default
.
 For example, if you want 
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$
\end_inset

, type 
\series bold

\backslash
sqrt
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset

2x+1
\series default
 and not 
\series bold

\backslash
sqrt
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset

2x
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset

+1
\series default
, since in the latter case only the 
\family typewriter

\begin_inset Formula $2x$
\end_inset


\family default
 will be under the square root sign: 
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled
 in, such as:
\begin_inset Formula 
\[
\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
\lambda_{1}\\
 & \ddots\\
 &  & \lambda_{n}
\end{array}\right)
\]

\end_inset

If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing
 in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most constructs don't mind.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Selecting Text
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can select text within a formula in two different ways.
 Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press 
\family sans
Shift
\family default
 and a cursor movement key to select text.
 It will be highlighted as with regular text selection.
 Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way.
 That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula,
 but not in a normal text region in \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Exponents and Subscripts
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Exponents
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Subscripts
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can use the math panel to add super- or subscripts (buttons 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-superscript"
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-subscript"
\end_inset

), but it is often much easier to use a command.
 To get 
\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$
\end_inset

, type in a formula 
\series bold
x^2
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset


\series default
.
 The final 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression.
 If you type 
\series bold
x^2y
\series default
, you will get 
\begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$
\end_inset

, to get 
\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$
\end_inset

, type 
\series bold
x^2
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset

y
\series default
.
 If you use characters in the superscript, that could be accented with the
 circumflex 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

^
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, you have to use an extra 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 to separate the circumflex and the character.
 For example, if you want 
\begin_inset Formula $x^{a}$
\end_inset

, type 
\series bold
x^
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset

a
\series default
.
 Subscripts are similar: To get 
\begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$
\end_inset

, type 
\series bold
a_1
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset


\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Fractions
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Fractions
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Create a fraction either with the command 
\series bold

\backslash
frac
\series default
 or by using the icon 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-insert \\frac"
\end_inset

 in the 
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Panel
\family default
.
 You will be presented with an empty fraction.
 The cursor is above the fraction line.
 To move it to the bottom, simply press 
\family sans
Down
\family default
.
 To move back up, press 
\family sans
Up
\family default
.
 Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows:
\begin_inset Formula 
\[
\left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc}
2 & 3\\
4 & 5
\end{array}\right)}\right]
\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Roots
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Roots
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Roots can be created using the 
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Panel
\family default
 buttons 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-insert \\sqrt"
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-insert \\root"
\end_inset

 or the commands 
\series bold

\backslash
sqrt
\series default
 or 
\series bold

\backslash
root
\series default
.
 With the command 
\series bold

\backslash
root
\series default
 you can produce roots of higher orders, like cube roots, while 
\series bold

\backslash
sqrt
\series default
 always produces a square root.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Operators with Limits
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Sums
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Integrals
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Operators-with-Limits"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sum (
\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
\end_inset

) and integral (
\begin_inset Formula $\int$
\end_inset

) operators are very often decorated with limits.
 These limits can be entered in \SpecialChar LyX
 by entering them as you would enter a super-
 or subscript, directly after the symbol.
 The sum operator will automatically place its 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

limits
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 over and under the symbol in displayed formulas, and to the side in inline
 formulas, as in 
\begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$
\end_inset

, versus
\begin_inset Formula 
\[
\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e
\]

\end_inset

Integral signs, however, will place the limits to the side in both formula
 types.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
All operators with limits will be automatically re-sized when placed in
 display mode.
 The placement of the limits can be changed by placing the cursor directly
 behind the operator and using the menu 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Limits
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Type
\family default
 or entering 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "math-limits"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Certain other mathematical expressions also have this 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

moving limits
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 feature, such as
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Limits
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula 
\[
\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x),
\]

\end_inset

which will place the 
\begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$
\end_inset

 underneath the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

lim
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in display mode.
 In inline formulas it looks like this: 
\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that the lim-function was entered as the function macro 
\series bold

\backslash
lim
\series default
.
 Have a look at section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Functions"

\end_inset

 for an explanation of function macros.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Math Symbols
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Symbols
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Most math symbols can be found in the 
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Panel
\family default
 under one of several categories; including 
\family sans
Greek
\family default
, 
\family sans
Operators
\family default
, 
\family sans
Relations
\family default
, 
\family sans
Arrows
\family default
.
 There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical
 Society (AMS).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you know the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-command for a construct or symbol you wish to use, you
 don't have to use the 
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Panel
\family default
; you can type the command directly into the formula.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 will convert it to the corresponding symbol or construct.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Altering Spacing
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Spaces
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You may want to create spaces that differ from the standard spacing that
 \SpecialChar LaTeX
 provides.
 To do this, press 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
\end_inset

 or use the 
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Panel
\family default
 button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-insert \\space"
\end_inset

.
 This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen.
 For example, the sequence 
\series bold
a Ctrl+Space b
\series default
: 
\begin_inset Formula $a\,b$
\end_inset

 appears in \SpecialChar LyX
 as 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/SpaceMarker.png

\end_inset

.
 You can change the space to different sizes when you set the cursor behind
 the space marker and enter space again several times.
 With every space enter the size will be changed.
 Some markers for the space size appear red in \SpecialChar LyX
, because they are negative
 spaces.
 Here are two examples:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
a Ctrl+Space b
\series default
 and 3×
\family sans
Space
\family default
: 
\begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
a Ctrl+Space b
\series default
 and 5×
\family sans
Space
\family default
: 
\begin_inset Formula $a\!b$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Functions
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Functions
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Functions"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Panel
\family default
 contains under the button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-insert \\functions"
\end_inset

 a number of function macros, such as 
\begin_inset Formula $\sin$
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Formula $\lim$
\end_inset

, 
\emph on
etc
\emph default
.
 (you can also insert them in a formula by typing 
\series bold

\backslash
sin
\series default
 etc.).
 Standard mathematical practice is that functions are printed upright to
 avoid confusions, because 
\begin_inset Formula $sin$
\end_inset

 does normally mean 
\begin_inset Formula $s\cdot i\cdot n$
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Using the function macros will also produce correct spacing around the function:
 
\begin_inset Formula $a\sin x$
\end_inset

 is different from 
\begin_inset Formula $asinx$
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For some mathematical objects, like limits, the macro changes where subscripts
 are placed, as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Operators-with-Limits"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Accents
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Accents
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text
 mode.
 This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use.
 You can also use \SpecialChar LaTeX
 commands, for example, to enter 
\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
\end_inset

 even if your keyboard doesn't have the circumflex enabled.
 Our example is entered by typing 
\series bold

\backslash
hat
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset

a
\series default
 in a formula.
 Table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Accent-names-and"

\end_inset

 shows the equivalences between the accent names and the commands.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Accent-names-and"

\end_inset

Accent names and the corresponding commands.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Name
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
E
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
xample
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
circumflex
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
hat
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
grave
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
grave
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
acute
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
acute
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
umlaut
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
ddot
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
tilde
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
tilde
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
dot
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
dot
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
breve
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
breve
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
caron
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
check
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
macron
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
bar
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
vector
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
vec
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can choose one of the accents by selecting an item from the 
\family sans
Frame
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

decorations
\family default
 symbol set button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-insert \\hat"
\end_inset

 in the math panel; this will apply to any selection you have made within
 a formula too.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Brackets and Delimiters
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Brackets
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Delimiters
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are several brackets available through \SpecialChar LyX
.
 For some purposes, using just the keys 
\family typewriter
[]{}()|<>
\family default
 should suffice.
 But if you want to surround a large structure, like a matrix or a fraction,
 or if you have several layers of brackets, it is better to use the math
 toolbar delimiter icon 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show mathdelimiter"
\end_inset

.
 For example, if you construct the brackets around a matrix in this way:
\begin_inset Formula 
\[
\left[\begin{array}{cc}
1 & 2\\
3 & 4
\end{array}\right]
\]

\end_inset

it makes it easier to see the layers of parentheses.
 Below, the expression on the left was entered using the delimiter icon
 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show mathdelimiter"
\end_inset

 and the expression on the right was entered using the 
\family typewriter
()
\family default
 keys.
 
\begin_inset Formula 
\[
\frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\qquad\qquad\frac{1}{(1+(\frac{1}{1+(\frac{1}{1+x})}))}
\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you use the delimiter icon, the parentheses, and other brackets from
 that menu will automatically re-size to accommodate the size of what is
 inside.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To construct brackets click on the button for the bracket you want on the
 left side and right side.
 If you use the option 
\family sans
Keep
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

matched
\family default
, the selected bracket type will be used for the left and the right side.
 The selection will be shown as \SpecialChar TeX
 code.
 If you want one side not to have a bracket, use 
\family sans
(none)
\family default
.
 It will appear in \SpecialChar LyX
 with a dotted line, but nothing will be printed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you want to place brackets around existing math structures, like a square
 root, you can do so by first highlighting (selecting) the structure that
 is to go inside the brackets.
 Then choose the appropriate brackets for left and right and click on 
\family sans
Insert
\family default
.
 The most common bracket combinations (parentheses, square brackets, and
 braces, on both sides) can be entered more quickly using keyboard shortcuts.
 For example, to insert a pair of parentheses, select the structure and
 enter 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "math-delim ( )"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Arrays and Multi-line Equations
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Arrays
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Matrices
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Multi-line Equations
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Matrices are entered in \SpecialChar LyX
 using the 
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Panel
\family default
 matrix button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show mathmatrix"
\end_inset

.
 It will open a dialog for you to choose the number of rows/columns.
 Here is an example:
\begin_inset Formula 
\[
\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 2 & 3\\
4 & 5 & 6\\
7 & 8 & 9
\end{array}\right)
\]

\end_inset

The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters"

\end_inset

.
 When you construct the matrix, you can decide whether the column entries
 will be left-, right-, or center-justified.
 This alignment is set in the box 
\family sans
Horizontal
\family default
 with the letters 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
l
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
r
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
c
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 proposes a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
c
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 for every column as default.
 For example, the sequence 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
lcr
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be
 centered, and the third column will be right-justified, because each letter
 corresponds to the relevant column.
 The result will look like this:
\begin_inset Formula 
\[
\begin{array}{lcr}
this & this\,column & this\,column\\
column & has & has\,right\\
has\,left\,alignment & center\,alignment & alignment
\end{array}.
\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can add more rows to an existing matrix by entering 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset

 while the cursor is in the matrix.
 Adding or deleting columns can be done via the menu 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math
\family default
 or the math toolbar.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are other arrays used in formulas, such as distinctions of cases.
 It can be created with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cases
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Environment
\family default
 or the command 
\series bold

\backslash
cases
\series default
.
 Here is an example: 
\begin_inset Formula 
\[
f(x)=\begin{cases}
-1 & x<0\\
0 & x=0\\
1 & x>0
\end{cases}
\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset

Multi-line formulas are created when you press 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset

 within a formula.
 In an empty formula you can see that three blue boxes appear, one for each
 column.
 When you press 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset

 in a non-empty formula, the part before the relation sign (equal sign 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

=
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 etc.) will be inserted automatically in the first column, the relation sign
 is in the second column, and the rest in the third column.
 A new row is created by every further entry of 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "newline-insert newline"
\end_inset

.
 Multi-line formulas are always displayed formulas.
 Here is an example:
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{eqnarray}
a^{2} & = & (b^{2}+c^{2})(b^{2}-c^{2})\nonumber \\
a & = & \sqrt{b^{4}-c^{4}}\label{eq:asquared}
\end{eqnarray}

\end_inset

Note that the middle column is designed for relation signs so structures
 in this column will be printed in a smaller size:
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B}
\end{eqnarray*}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The multi-line formula type described here is called 
\family typewriter
\series medium
eqnarray
\family default
\series default
.
 There are other multi-line types more suitable for certain situations,
 for example if you want a better inter-line spacing than in formula 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:asquared"

\end_inset

.
 The other types are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:AMS-Formula-Types"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Formula Numbering and Referencing
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Formula numbering
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Referencing formulas
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Formula-Numbering-and"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To number a formula, set the cursor in the formula and use the menu 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Number
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Whole
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Formula
\family default
 or the shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "math-number-toggle"
\end_inset

.
 The formula number appears in \SpecialChar LyX
 within parentheses.
 The number shown is temporary and may be different when the output is generated.
 The placement and format of the formula number in the output depends on
 the document class.
 In this document the number is printed together with the chapter number,
 separated by a dot:
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
1+1=2
\end{equation}

\end_inset

Using 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "math-number-toggle"
\end_inset

 in a numbered formula will switch off the numbering.
 You can only number displayed formulas.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Multi-line formulas can be numbered line by line: Using the menu 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Number
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

This
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Line
\family default
 or the shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "math-number-line-toggle"
\end_inset

 will only toggle the numbering of the line where the cursor is:
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{eqnarray}
1 & = & 3-2\\
2 & = & 4-2\nonumber \\
4 & \leq & 7
\end{eqnarray}

\end_inset

To number all lines use the shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "math-number-toggle"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset

Every displayed formula can be referenced by its number using a label.
 A label is inserted with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Label
\family default
 (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "label-insert"
\end_inset

) when the cursor is in the formula.
 This opens a dialog to enter the label.
 It is recommended that you use the suggested 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
eq:
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 as the first part of the label, because this helps later to identify the
 label type when you have many labels in your document.
 We inserted in the following example the label 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

eq:tanhExp
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in the second line:
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{eqnarray}
\tanh(x) & = & \frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}\nonumber \\
 & = & \frac{\mathrm{e}^{2x}-1}{\mathrm{e}^{2x}+1}\label{eq:tanhExp}
\end{eqnarray}

\end_inset

Every labeled line is automatically numbered.
 Therefore the label is shown behind the formula number.
 You can reference a labeled formula using the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cross
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Reference
\family default
 (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
\end_inset

).
 A dialog appears to choose a label you want to refer to.
 The reference appears in \SpecialChar LyX
 as a gray cross-reference box and in the output
 as the formula number:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This is a cross-reference to equation (
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:tanhExp"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The properties of \SpecialChar LyX
's cross-reference box are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"

\end_inset

.
 To delete a label, set the cursor at the end in the labeled formula and
 press 
\family sans
Del
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
User defined math macros
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Macros
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 allows you to define macros for formulas which is very useful when you
 have equations of the same form in a document several times.
 Math macros are explained in section 
\emph on
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Macros
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Math
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Fine-Tuning
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Typefaces
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Typefaces
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The standard font for text is italic, for numbers the standard is roman.
 To set a font in a formula, use the 
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Panel
\family default
 button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-insert \\font"
\end_inset

, or enter its command, listed in table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Typefaces-and-the"

\end_inset

, directly.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Typefaces-and-the"

\end_inset

Typefaces and the corresponding commands.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Font
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Command
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\shape up
\size normal
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
mathrm
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbf{Bold}}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
mathbf
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italic}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
mathit
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\shape up
\size normal
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
mathtt
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
mathbb
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
mathfrak
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\shape up
\size normal
\emph on
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
mathcal
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{SansSerif}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
mathsf
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 You can only print capital letters in the typefaces 
\family sans
Blackboard
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Calligraphic
\family default
.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When you use a typeface, a blue box is inserted in the formula.
 Every character in this box will be printed in this typeface.
 Pressing 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 within the box will set the cursor outside, so that you have to use a protected
 space when you need a space in the box.
 Here is an example where 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

N
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in 
\family sans
Blackboard
\family default
 denotes the set of numbers:
\begin_inset Formula 
\[
f(x)=\sqrt{x}\:;\:x\in\mathbb{N}
\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The typefaces are nestable, which can cause confusion.
 You can, for example, put a character in 
\family sans
Fraktur
\family default
 in a box for 
\family sans
Typewriter
\family default
: 
\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{abc\mathfrak{d}e}$
\end_inset

 
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

So it is better not to use this feature.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The typefaces have no effect on Greek letters: 
\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{abc\delta e}$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

You can only print them emboldened using the command 
\series bold

\backslash
boldsymbol
\series default
, which works like the other typeface commands: 
\begin_inset Formula $\alpha\beta\gamma\boldsymbol{\alpha\beta\gamma}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
boldsymbol
\series default
 works for all symbols, letters, and numbers.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A number of other font options are available as well, in the menu 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Style
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Math Text
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Text
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Typefaces are useful for entering some characters in some given font, but
 not for text.
 For typing longer pieces of text use the math text, which is obtained using
 the entry 
\family sans
Normal
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

mode
\family default
 of the 
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Panel
\family default
 button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-insert \\font"
\end_inset

.
 Math text appears in \SpecialChar LyX
 in black instead of blue.
 You can use spaces and accents in math text as in normal text.
 Here is an example:
\begin_inset Formula 
\[
f(x)=\begin{cases}
x & \mbox{if I say so}\\
-x & \mbox{under Umständen}
\end{cases}
\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Font Sizes
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Font sizes
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are four font styles (relative sizes) used in math-mode, which are
 automatically chosen in most situations.
 These are called 
\family sans
textstyle
\family default
, 
\family sans
displaystyle
\family default
, 
\family sans
scriptstyle
\family default
, and 
\family sans
scriptscriptstyle
\family default
.
 For most characters, 
\family sans
textstyle
\family default
 and 
\family sans
displaystyle
\family default
 are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts,
 and certain other structures, are set larger in 
\family sans
displaystyle
\family default
.
 Except for some operators, which resize themselves to accommodate various
 situations, all text will be set in the styles that \SpecialChar LaTeX
 thinks are appropriate.
 These choices can be overridden by using the math panel button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-insert \\style"
\end_inset

.
 A box for the size will be created in which you can insert the math structure.
 For example, you can set 
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
\end_inset

, which is normally in 
\family sans
textstyle
\family default
, larger in 
\family sans
displaystyle
\family default
: 
\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$
\end_inset

.
 The four styles are used in the following example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
All these math-mode font sizes are relative so that if the whole math inset
 is set in a particular size with the menu 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Style
\family default
, all sizes in the formula will be adjusted relative to this size.
 Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts
 will be adjusted to correspond.
 As an example here is a formula in the font size 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

largest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\size largest
\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{e}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
AMS-\SpecialChar LaTeX

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
AMS math
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! AMS
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 supports the packages provided by the American Mathematical Society (AMS)
 that are in common use.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Enabling AMS-Support
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can make the facilities of the AMS-packages explicitly available in
 the document by selecting the checkbox 
\family sans
Use
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

AMS
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

package
\family default
 in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset

 dialog under 
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Options
\family default
.
 AMS is needed for many math-constructs; so when you get \SpecialChar LaTeX
-errors in formulas,
 ensure that you have enabled AMS.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
AMS-Formula Types
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:AMS-Formula-Types"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Math ! Multi-line Equations
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
AMS-\SpecialChar LaTeX
 provides a selection of different formula types.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 allows you to choose between 
\family typewriter
align
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
alignat
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
flalign
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
gather
\family default
, and 
\family typewriter
multline
\family default
.
 We refer you to the AMS-documentation, 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "AMS"
literal "true"

\end_inset

, for an explanation of these formula types.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
More Tools
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Cross-References
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Cross references
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Cross-References"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
One of \SpecialChar LyX
's strengths is cross-references.
 You can reference every section, float, footnote, formula, and list in
 the document.
 To reference a document part, you have to insert a label into it.
 The label is used as an anchor and a name for the reference.
 We want for example to refer to the second item of the following list:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
First item
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "enu:Second-item"

\end_inset

Second item
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Third item
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
First we insert a label into the second item with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Label
\family default
 or by pressing the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "label-insert"
\end_inset

.
 A gray label box like this: 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/label.png

\end_inset

 is inserted and the label window pops up asking for the label text.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 offers as text the first words of the item with a prefix, in our case
 the text 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
enu:Second-item
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 The prefix 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
enu:
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 stands for 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

enumerate
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 The prefix depends on the document part where the label is inserted; for
 example, if you insert a label into a section heading, the suggested prefix
 will be 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
sec:
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To reference the item, we refer to its label using the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cross-Reference
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
\end_inset

.
 A gray cross-reference box like this: 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/reference.png

\end_inset

 is inserted and the cross-reference window appears showing all the labels
 in the document.
 We can now sort the labels alphabetically and then choose the entry 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
enu:Second-item
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 At the position of the cross-reference box the item number will appear
 in the output.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As an alternative to 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cross-Reference
\family default
, you can right-click on a label and in the popup menu select 
\family sans
Copy as Reference
\family default
.
 The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be pasted
 to the actual cursor position via the menu 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paste
\family default
 (shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paste"
\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is our cross-reference: Item
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "enu:Second-item"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It is recommended to use a protected space
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Protected-Space"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

 between the cross-reference name and the cross-reference to avoid ugly
 line breaks between them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are eight formats of cross-references:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
<reference>: prints the number, this is the default: 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Two-images"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
(<reference>): prints the number within two parentheses, this is the style
 normally used to reference formulas, especially when the reference name
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Equation
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is omitted: 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:tanhExp"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
<page>: prints the page number: Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand pageref
reference "fig:Two-images"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
on
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

<page>: prints the text “on page” and the page number: 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand vpageref
reference "fig:Two-images"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

If the label is on the same page, it prints “on this page”; if the label
 is on a facing page in a two-sided document, it prints “on the facing page”;
 if it is on the previous page which is not a facing page, it prints “on
 the previous page”; if it is on the next page which is not a facing page,
 it prints “on the next page”.
 The wording of the printed text also depends on the used document class.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
<reference>
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

on
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

<page>: prints the number, the text “on page” and the page number: 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand vref
reference "fig:Two-images"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

If the label is on the same page, this format behaves like 
\family sans
\series bold
<reference>
\family default
\series default
; otherwise it behaves like 
\family sans
\series bold
on
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

<page>
\family default
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Formatted
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

reference: prints a self defined cross-reference format.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 This feature is only available when you have the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
prettyref
\series default
 or 
\series bold
refstyle
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! prettyref
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! refstyle
\end_layout

\end_inset

 installed.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

You can select which \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package should be used for this feature by setting
 the option 
\family sans
Use refstyle (not prettyref) for cross-references
\family default
 in the menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Document Class
\family default
.
 The package 
\series bold
refstyle
\series default
 is the default and preferred because 
\series bold
prettyref
\series default
 supports only English documents.
 The format is specified by using the command 
\series bold

\backslash
newrefformat
\series default
 (prettyref) or 
\series bold

\backslash
newref
\series default
 (refstyle) in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 preamble of the document.
 For example redefining all references to figures (which have the label
 shortcut 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
fig
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

) can be done for 
\series bold
refstyle
\series default
 with this command:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\series bold

\backslash
newref{fig}{refcmd={Image on page 
\backslash
pageref{#1}}}
\series default

\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Note that neither 
\series bold
prettyref
\series default
 nor 
\series bold
refstyle 
\series default
predefines reference formats for all available types.
 This is especially true for the wide variety of mathematical `theorem'
 environments.
 So if you want to make formatted references to, say, Propositions, then
 you will need to define the relevant format yourself.
 For 
\series bold
prettyref
\series default
, you might do so as follows:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\series bold

\backslash
newrefformat{prop}{Proposition 
\backslash
ref{#1}}
\series default

\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

For more information about defining formatted references, have a look at
 the package documentation 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "prettyref,refstyle"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

The options 
\family sans
Plural
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Capitalized
\family default
 will be available with formatted references only if you are using the 
\series bold
refstyle
\series default
 package.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Textual
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

reference: prints the caption or the name of the reference: 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand nameref
reference "fig:Two-images"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Label
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

only: prints only the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 label for the reference: 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand labelonly
reference "fig:Two-images"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

This allows for customization, using \SpecialChar TeX
 Code, if you want to issue a command
 that \SpecialChar LyX
 does not support.
 If you are using 
\series bold
refstyle
\series default
, then you may want to use the 
\family sans
No
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Prefix
\family default
 option, which will output only the part of the reference following the
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 separator.
 This is the form needed for e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset


\series bold
refstyle
\series default
's range commands.The number and current page of the referenced document
 part in the output is automatically calculated by \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
 The varieties are adjusted in the field 
\family sans
Format
\family default
 of the cross-reference window, that appears when you click on the cross-referen
ce.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can only use the style 
\family sans
<reference>
\family default
 to reference numbered document parts, while the reference style 
\family sans
<page>
\family default
 is always possible.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you want to reference a section, put the label in the section heading;
 for floats put the label in the caption; for footnotes put the label in
 it.
 Referencing formulas is explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Formula-Numbering-and"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Right-clicking on a cross-reference opens a context menu.
 The entry 
\family sans
Go
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

to
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Label
\family default
 sets the cursor before the referenced label.
 This entry will be renamed in the context menu of the label to 
\family sans
Go
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Back
\family default
 so that you can use it to set the cursor back to the cross-reference.
 You can also go back with the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "bookmark-goto 0"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can change labels at any time.
 References to the changed label will automatically be updated so that you
 do not need to think about this.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If a cross-reference refers to a non-existent label, you will see in \SpecialChar LyX
 “BROKEN”
 in the cross-reference label and two question marks in the output instead
 of the reference.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
References are described in detail in the section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\emph on
Referencing Floats
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Table of Contents and other Listings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Table of contents
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Navigating ! Outline
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Outline
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:toc"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Table of Contents
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Table-of-Contents"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Table of Contents (TOC) is inserted with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
List/TOC\SpecialChar menuseparator
Table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

of
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Contents
\family default
.
 It is displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
 as a gray box.
 If you click on it, the 
\family sans
Outline
\family default
 window appears, showing you the TOC entries as outline, which allows you
 to move and rearrange sections in your documents.
 So this operation is an alternative to the menu 
\family sans
View\SpecialChar menuseparator
Outline
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Pane
\family default
 that is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:The-Outliner"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The TOC in the document output lists every numbered section automatically.
 If you have declared a short title for a section heading, as described
 in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Short-Titles"

\end_inset

, it will be used in the TOC instead of the section heading.
 Section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Numbering-depth"

\end_inset

 describes how the level is adjusted that defines which section types are
 listed in the TOC.
 Unnumbered sections are not listed in the TOC.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
List of Figures, Tables, Listings and Algorithms
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:List-of-Figures"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Table, figure, listings and algorithm lists are very much like the table
 of contents.
 You can insert them via the 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
List/TOC
\family default
 submenus.
 The list entries are the float captions and the float number.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
URLs and Hyperlinks
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
URLs
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Hyperlinks
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
URLs
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:URLs"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Links to web pages or email addresses can be inserted via the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
URL
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is an example URL: \SpecialChar LyX
's homepage: 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://www.lyx.org
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You cannot change the style of the link text, the URL text will always be
 in the style 
\family typewriter
Typewriter
\family default
.
 To be able to format the URL text, use hyperlinks as explained in the next
 subsection.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 URLs must not end with a backslash, otherwise you get \SpecialChar LaTeX
 errors.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Hyperlinks
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Hyperlinks"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Hyperlinks can be inserted with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Hyperlink
\family default
 or with the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "href-insert"
\end_inset

.
 The appearing dialog has two fields: 
\family sans
Target
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Name
\family default
.
 The name is the printed text for the hyperlink.
 The hyperlink type can be a weblink like this: 
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "LyX's homepage"
target "https://www.lyx.org"
literal "false"

\end_inset

, an Email address like this: 
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "lyx-docs mailing list"
target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyX's documentation"
type "mailto:"
literal "false"

\end_inset

, or a link to a file.
 The option 
\family sans
Literal
\family default
 in the hyperlink settings dialog allows to input \SpecialChar TeX
 code to the 
\family sans
Name
\family default
 field.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can start applications via a hyperlink when you insert a weblink by
 adding the prefix 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
run:
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to the link target.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Hyperlinks will automatically be hyphenated if necessary in the PDF output,
 and become clickable in the DVI and PDF-output.
 To set the format of the link text, highlight the hyperlink inset and use
 the text style dialog.
 This is for example a hyperlink with bold sans serif text: 
\family sans
\series bold

\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "LyX's homepage"
target "https://www.lyx.org"
literal "false"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The link text color can be changed, when the option 
\family sans
Color links
\family default
 is set in the PDF Properties dialog (menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
PDF Properties
\family default
).
 The link text is for example set in this document to blue by adding the
 option
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\series bold
urlcolor=blue
\series default

\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

to the field 
\family sans
Additional options
\family default
 in the PDF Properties dialog.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Appendices
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Appendix
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Appendices"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Appendices are created with the menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Start
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Here
\family default
.
 This menu sets the document from the current cursor position to the end
 as the appendix part of the book.
 This part is marked with a red borderline.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Every chapter (or section) within the appendix part is treated as an appendix,
 numbered with a capital Latin letter.
 The appendix subsections are numbered with this letter followed by a dot
 and the subsection number.
 All appendix sections can be referenced as if they were normal sections,
 here two examples:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:Credits"

\end_inset

; Appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Export"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Bibliography
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Bibliography
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Bibliography"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are two ways of generating the bibliography in a \SpecialChar LyX
 document.
 You can include a bibliography database, which is explained in sec.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Bibliography-databases"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"

\end_inset

, or you can insert the bibliography manually, using the paragraph environment
 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
, which is described in the following section (but see also sec.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Biblio_environment"

\end_inset

).
 If you want anything other than the numerical citations that are used in
 this document, such as author-year citations, and if you have more than
 a handful of references, then you should seriously consider
\emph on
 
\emph default
using a bibliography database.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In order to demonstrate the difference between these two approaches, we
 use two bibliographies in this document, a 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 environment and a database-generated bibliography.
 As you can see, the bibliography that is created from a database lists
 only the database entries that are referenced in the document.
 In other words, the database approach relieves you, amongst other things,
 from the burden to check which entries you have actually cited.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
The Bibliography Environment
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:The-Bibliography-Environment"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Within the 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 environment, every paragraph begins with a gray bibliography box labeled
 with a number.
 If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a 
\family sans
Key
\family default
 and a 
\family sans
Label
\family default
.
 The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography
 entry.
 Each entry needs to be given a unique key, which is one word consisting
 of ASCII characters only.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
ASCII means 
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "this set"
target "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII#Character_set"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 of characters:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII
\backslash
#Character_set
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

 For example, our second entry in the bibliography is a book about \SpecialChar LaTeX
 and
 we used 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

latexcompanion
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, a short form of its title, as the key.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

If you set a 
\family sans
Label
\family default
 for the entry, references to it will appear with this label instead of
 the number of the entry.
 The option 
\family sans
Literal
\family default
 in the bibliography items settings dialog allows to input \SpecialChar TeX
 code to the
 
\family sans
Label
\family default
 field.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can cross-reference a bibliography entry using the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Citation
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show-new-inset citation"
\end_inset

.
 A citation reference box is inserted and a citation window will appear
 containing the available citations.
 Select one or more keys from the list and 
\family sans
Add
\family default
 them.
 Then press 
\family sans
OK
\family default
.
 The citation reference box will be labeled with the referenced key(s).
 If you click on the box, the citation window will appear and you can change
 the reference.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Citation references appear in the output as the number or the label of the
 bibliography entry with surrounding brackets.
 Here are two examples; the first without a label, the second with the label
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Credits
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Have a look at the 
\family sans
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 Companion Second Edition
\family default
: 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "latexcompanion"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The \SpecialChar LyX
-Team members are listed in the Credits: 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "lyxcredit"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also produce author-year or author-number citations, using the \SpecialChar LaTeX

 package 
\series bold
natbib
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! natbib
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 In order to do so, the label needs to be given the form 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Author(Year)
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Author A and Author B(Year)
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 
\emph on
without
\emph default
 a blank between the author(s) and the opening parenthesis that delimits
 the year.
 Then, if you select 
\family sans
Natbib
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(BibTeX)
\family default
 in the document settings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset

 dialog under 
\family sans
Bibliography\SpecialChar menuseparator
Style
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

format
\family default
 (see 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Citation-Format"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"

\end_inset

), you can select between different author-year or author-number styles.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To align all entries in the bibliography environment you can set a longest
 label via the menu 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paragraph
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Settings
\family default
 (toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "layout-paragraph"
\end_inset

).
 All entries are then indented in the output by the width of the given label.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Bibliography databases
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Bibliography ! Databases
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Bibliography-databases"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Bibliography databases are useful if you use the same references in different
 documents.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
They are also useful for keeping a database of articles and notes concerning
 them.
 Most of the database programs mentioned below allow you to store annotations
 and reviews along with bibliographical information.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 It also makes it very easy to have a uniform layout for all bibliography
 entries.
 You can collect the bibliography of all relevant books and articles of
 your working field in a database.
 This database can be used for different documents, and by default only
 the entries cited in a particular document will appear in the bibliography
 list for that document.
 This relieves you of the need to keep track of which articles and books
 you have cited.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The database is a text file with the file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
.bib
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, containing the bibliography in a special format.
 The format is explained in 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "BibTeX-2"
literal "true"

\end_inset

 and in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 books (
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "Mittelbach,Kopka,Lamport"
literal "true"

\end_inset

).
 The file can be created using any text editor, but normally one uses a
 special program to create and edit the entries in the database.
 A list of such programs is maintained on the \SpecialChar LyX
 Wiki at 
\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://wiki.lyx.org/BibTeX/Programs
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 supports two different approaches to use bibliography databases in a document.
 Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 is the classic technique that has been the only way to use such databases
 for a long time.
 It is quite established and mature and there is a huge range of existing
 styles available.
 But it has its drawbacks, especially when it comes to more complex bibliographi
c needs and support for specific languages and scripts.
 Those are addressed by 
\series bold
biblatex
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! biblatex
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 It reads the same database format than Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 (although it has been significantly
 extended beyond Bib\SpecialChar TeX
's scope)
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Meaning: While 
\noun on
Biblatex
\noun default
 can handle any classic Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 database, Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 might conversely fail to correctly
 handle databases that use specific 
\noun on
Biblatex
\noun default
 features.
\end_layout

\end_inset

, but it uses a different framework to generate citations and references
 from it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To select if Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 or 
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
 should be used, set in the document settings (menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
)
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset

 under 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 the 
\family sans
Style
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

format
\family default
 to a Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 or a 
\family sans
Biblatex
\family default
 format.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Bib\SpecialChar TeX

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Bibliography ! Bib\SpecialChar TeX

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To access a database via Bib\SpecialChar TeX
, use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
List
\family default
/
\family sans
TOC\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bib(la)TeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Bibliography
\family default
.
 A window will appear in which you can add one or more databases and select
 a Bib\SpecialChar TeX

\family sans
 style
\family default
 file.
 The option 
\family sans
Add bibliography to TOC
\family default
 adds a table of contents entry for the bibliography.
 In the 
\family sans
Content
\family default
 drop box you can select whether to include all the entries in the database
 in the document or just the cited references.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 style file is a text file with the file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
.bst
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 that controls how the bibliography entries will appear.
 Your \SpecialChar LaTeX
 distribution should provide several of these, and many publishers
 provide their own style files, so that you don't have to take care of the
 layout.
 It is of course possible to write your own style file, but this is something
 for experts.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
For information on how this is done, have a look at
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxhak.pdf"
literal "false"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 In this document we used the Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 style 
\family sans
alphadin.bst
\family default
, which provides an alpha-numeric style in accordance with the German Standards
 Institute (DIN).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserting a citation reference works as described in the previous section.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Biblatex
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Bibliography ! Biblatex
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! biblatex
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Accessing a database via 
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
 is almost identical to Bib\SpecialChar TeX
: Use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
List
\family default
/
\family sans
TOC\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bib(la)TeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Bibliography
\family default
.
 In contrary to Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 you cannot select a 
\family sans
style
\family default
 file.
 The other dialog options are the same as with Bib\SpecialChar TeX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
biblatex
\series default
 has two different style files: a bibliography style file (text file with
 the file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
.bbx
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

) controls how the bibliography entries will look like and a citation style
 file (text file with the file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
.cbx
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

) controls the look of the citation references in the text.
 Usually such style files come in pairs and it makes sense to use matching
 styles.
 It is nevertheless possible to mix any citation style with any bibliography
 style.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
biblatex
\series default
 styles are not set in the 
\family sans
Bib(la)TeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Bibliography
\family default
 dialog, but in the document settings.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset

 However, in the dialog in the 
\family sans
Options
\family default
 field, which is only visible if you use 
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
, you can enter options that determine how the bibliography is printed (for
 example how its heading will appear).
 These options are deescribed in detail in the 
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
 manual, 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "Biblatex"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserting a citation reference works as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:The-Bibliography-Environment"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Bibliography Processors
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To generate the bibliography from a database, \SpecialChar LyX
 uses a bibliography processor,
 that is an external program that reads the database, sorts the citations
 and processes the data in a way it can be included in the document.
 The classic program is called Bib\SpecialChar TeX
.
 It has the advantage that it is very mature and widespread, but the disadvantag
e that it has severe limitations, due to its age.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Meanwhile, some alternatives have been developed that address some of these
 limitations.
 LyX natively supports some of them and lets you select a custom processor.
 You can do this on a general level in 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Output\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\family default
 or for individual documents in 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bibliography
\family default
.
 The following variants are available by default:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
biber a specific, modern processor
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! biber
\end_layout

\end_inset

 developed exclusively for 
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
 (it does not work with Bib\SpecialChar TeX
!).
 
\series bold
biber
\series default
 provides full Unicode support, unlimited memory and many specific features
 
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
 makes use of; if you use the 
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
 approach, it is strongly recommended to use 
\series bold
biber
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
bibtex the standard; does not allow special characters in bibliography entries
 that are not possible to encode in a 7-bit encoding, limited memory, works
 with all bibliography packages, although it will probably fail with 
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
 bibliographies due to the limited memory.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
bibtex8 allows all characters that are possible to encode in an 8-bit encoding
 (but no Unicode support), larger memory than 
\family sans
bibtex
\family default
, works with all bibliography packages, although more complex 
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
 bibliographies will exceed its limits, and not all 
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
 features are supported.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By default (with the 
\family sans
Processor
\family default
 set in 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bibliography
\family default
 and with 
\family sans
Automatic
\family default
 as setting for the 
\family sans
Processor
\family default
 in 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Output\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\family default
), \SpecialChar LyX
 selects an appropriate (available) processor for the current bibliography
 approach (
\series bold
biber
\series default
 for 
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
, 
\family sans
bibtex
\family default
 for Bib\SpecialChar TeX
-based bibliography styles).
 This should suit most needs.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In Japanese documents, a specific processor is used.
 By default this is pBib\SpecialChar TeX
 (in \SpecialChar LyX
 
\family sans
pbibtex
\family default
), a Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 variant specifically aimed at Japanese.
 You can adjust it in 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Output\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Selected bibliography processors can be controlled with options that you
 can add below the selection.
 Before adding options, it is strongly recommended that you read the manual
 of Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 or 
\series bold
biber
\series default
, 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "BibTeX,biber"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Customizing
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 supports some specific tasks such as sectioned bibliographies and multiple
 bibliographies.
 These are explained in detail in section 
\emph on
Customizing Bibliographies
\emph default
 
\emph on
with Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 or Biblatex
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Citation Format
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Bibliography ! Citation format
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Citation-Format"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Many different citation formats are common, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

numerical citation (as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 like in this document), alpha-numerical citations (as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Mil08
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

) or author-year citations (as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Miller (2008a)
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

).
 \SpecialChar LyX
 supports these formats via specific citation packages and their style
 files.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By default a simple numeric citation style is used.
 In 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bibliography
\family default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset

 you have a range of other options, depending on your preferred bibliography
 approach.
 With the 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 environment your only choice besides manual formatting of the bibliography
 labels, is there to use 
\family sans
Natbib
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(BibTeX)
\family default
\series bold
 
\series default
as 
\family sans
Style
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

format
\family default
 which gives you author-year and author-numerical citations (see above 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:The-Bibliography-Environment"

\end_inset

 for details).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
With a bibliography database (see 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Bibliography-databases"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"

\end_inset

) one has in contrary to the 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 environment full access to the formatting styles.
 These style formats are available:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Basic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(BibTeX) the default Bib\SpecialChar TeX
-based approached without any additional packages
 (simple numeric citations).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Biblatex loads the package 
\series bold
biblatex
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! biblatex
\end_layout

\end_inset

 and lets you select a style in the dropdown boxes 
\family sans
Biblatex citation style
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Biblatex bibliography style
\family default
 below.
 Options to the package 
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
 can be entered in the 
\family sans
Options
\family default
 field.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Biblatex
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(natbib
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

mode) loads the package 
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
 with the natbib compatibility mode.
 This is a specific variant for users who switch an existing document that
 uses 
\series bold
natbib
\series default
 or want to emulate 
\family sans
the 
\family default
\series bold
natbib
\series default
 behavior very closely.
 Compared to normal 
\family sans
Biblatex
\family default
 this option has some additional styles.
 All 
\series bold
biblatex
\series default
 styles are also supported by this variant.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Jurabib
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(BibTeX) loads the package 
\series bold
jurabib
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! jurabib
\end_layout

\end_inset

 which provides author-year styles particularly suited for law studies.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Natbib
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(BibTeX) loads the package 
\series bold
natbib
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! natbib
\end_layout

\end_inset

 which provides citation styles particularly suited for the humanities.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Biblatex
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Natbib
\family default
 style formats provide the choice between author-year and author-numerical
 citation styles.
 You have to select one style in the dropdown box 
\family sans
Variant
\family default
.
 Note that for the 
\family sans
Biblatex
\family default
 formats, this only affects the appearance in the \SpecialChar LyX
 workarea.
 Whether the output uses numerical, author-year or another format such as
 alpha-numerical depends only on the selected 
\family sans
Biblatex citation style
\family default
.
 However, when switching between Author-year and Author-number, a suitable
 style is proposed.
 With 
\family sans
Natbib
\family default
, on the other hand, the dialog selection will ultimately determine the
 style.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For any author-year and author-numerical selection, multiple style variants
 are available in the 
\family sans
Citation
\family default
 dialog.
 Some selections also provide further options like the option to uppercase
 a name prefix such as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

van Beethoven
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Van Beethoven
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

) or to expand or reduce the number of displayed others (i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

use or don't use 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

et al.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

).
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the citation dialog you can also set text to appear after a citation
 reference, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

page numbers, which will then be formatted according to the style's needs
 (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

with or without 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

pp.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

).
 The option 
\family sans
Literal
\family default
 in the citation dialog allows to input \SpecialChar TeX
 code to the fields 
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

before
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

after
\family default
.
 Here is a simple example where the text 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Chapter
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

3
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 appears after the reference:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
Have a look at 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
after "Chapter 3"
key "latexcompanion"
literal "false"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
All styles except for 
\family sans
Basic (BibTeX)
\family default
 also provide the feature to add text that precedes the reference (such
 as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

cf.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

).
 This text is then also included in the parentheses, if the style requires
 this.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that these pre- and postnotes apply to the whole citation.
 So if you refer to multiple references at once, the prenote will precede
 the first citation in the list, the postnote will follow the last.
 Some 
\family sans
Biblatex
\family default
 styles allow to add pre- and postnotes to any individual reference in a
 multi-citation (so-called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

qualified citation lists
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

).
 \SpecialChar LyX
 supports this.
 If you use such a style and if the current reference includes multiple
 items the 
\family sans
Citation
\family default
 dialog will display three columns in the field 
\family sans
Selected Citations
\family default
: 
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

before
\family default
, 
\family sans
Cite
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

key
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

after
\family default
.
 If you double-click on an item's 
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

before
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

after
\family default
 field, you can add such individual pre- and postnotes.
 In the 
\family sans
General text before
\family default
 and 
\family sans
General text after
\family default
 fields you can add pre- and postnotes that apply to the whole list.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Index
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Index generation
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Index"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
An index entry is created if you use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Index
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Entry
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "index-insert"
\end_inset

.
 A box is inserted containing the text that appears in the index.
 The word where the cursor is in or the currently highlighted text is proposed
 by \SpecialChar LyX
 as the index entry.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The index list is inserted in the document with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
List/TOC\SpecialChar menuseparator
Index
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

List
\family default
.
 A light blue box labeled 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
Index
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 will show the place where the index is printed in the output.
 The index list box is not clickable like other \SpecialChar LyX
-boxes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We give a short overview of the index commands in the next subsections.
 For a detailed description of \SpecialChar LaTeX
's index mechanism, have a look at one of
 the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 books 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Grouping Index Entries
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Index ! Grouping
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Index entries are often grouped to offer the reader a fast search in the
 index.
 We want to group for example the index entries for itemized and enumerated
 lists under the entry 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Lists
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 First we create the entry 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Lists
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Lists"

\end_inset

.
 In the text field for the itemized list index entry in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Itemize"

\end_inset

, we insert the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Lists ! Itemize
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
and the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Lists ! Enumerate
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
for the enumerated list in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Enumerate"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The exclamation mark 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 marks the grouping levels.
 You can have three levels; every index level is indented a bit more.
 An index entry for the higher levels is not required.
 If we don't have an index entry for 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Lists
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, it will be printed anyway, but without a page number.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Page Ranges
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Index ! Page ranges
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Normally an index entry will appear with the page number of the indexed
 section.
 But sometimes you want to index more pages under the same entry.
 For example, if we want to index the paragraph environments, we create
 an index entry in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments"

\end_inset

 with the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Paragraph environments|(
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
and another entry at the end of section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LyX-Code"

\end_inset

 with the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Paragraph environments|)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The commands 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\series bold
|(
\series default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\series bold
|)
\series default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 respectively start and end the index range.
 You can also add the same index entry at different places in the document.
 They appear in the output under one entry with a comma separated list of
 the pages of the indexed document parts.
 An example is the index entry 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Document ! Settings
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Cross referencing
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Index ! Cross referencing
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It is also possible to refer to another index entry.
 We referred for example in the index entry 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

GIF
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Image-Formats"

\end_inset

) to the index entry 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Image formats
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in the same section using the entry
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
GIF|see{Image formats}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
where the braces have to be inserted as \SpecialChar TeX
 Code.
 The text within the braces is the referenced entry.
 The reference will appear in the output without a page number.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Index Entry Order
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Index ! Entry order
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you use accented characters in the index entry the entries might not
 follow the rules for the index order.
 The index entries are sorted alphabetically but \SpecialChar LaTeX

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
The index generating is done in the background by an extra program, see
 section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Index-Program"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 does not know how to sort accents in different languages.
 We have created as an example the three dummy index entries 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

maison
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

maïs
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

maître
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dummy entries ! maïs
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dummy entries ! maître
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dummy entries ! maïs@maison
\end_layout

\end_inset

 They will be sorted in the order maïs, maître, maison but we want the order
 maïs, maison, maître.
 To achieve this, we use the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
previous entry@current entry
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In our case we want to have 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

maison
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 after 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

maïs
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and write therefore for the index entry of maison:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
maïs@maison
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The previous entry need not be a real existing entry.
 You can also use another word to tell \SpecialChar LaTeX
 the entry order.
 See the next subsection for an example.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Index Entry Layout
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Index ! Entry layout
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can change the appearance of index entries via the text style dialog.
\begin_inset Index idx
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dummy entries ! 
\shape italic
This is an italic dummy entry
\end_layout

\end_inset

 You can also format the page number using the character 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

|
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 followed by a \SpecialChar LaTeX
-command without a backslash.
 We can write for example
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
italic page number:|textit
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
to get the page number in italic.
\begin_inset Index idx
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dummy entries ! italic page number:|textit
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Normally all \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands begin with a backslash, but in this special case
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\series bold
|command
\series default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 means 
\series bold

\backslash
command{page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

number}
\series default
.
 Have a look at section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-Syntax"

\end_inset

 to learn more about the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-syntax.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 Formatting single index entries only works when you use the program 
\family sans
makeindex 
\family default
to generate the index, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Index-Program"

\end_inset

.
 If you use 
\family sans
xindy
\family default
, this will not work for anything other than bold or italic text.
 This is because 
\family sans
xindy
\family default
 requires you to define semantic elements before they can be used, see 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
after "p. 678 ff."
key "latexcompanion"
literal "true"

\end_inset

 for details.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In general, we encourage you to not format page numbers directly as shown
 above.
 Instead, you should define a macro in the preamble and use that.
 Maybe you want all page references italic that refer to a definition of
 the indexed term, so that users can easily find definitions.
 If so, put the following in the preamble
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
IndexDef}[1]{
\backslash
textit{#1}}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
and write
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
my entry|IndexDef
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
in the index entry.
\begin_inset Index idx
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dummy entries ! my entry|IndexDef
\end_layout

\end_inset

 The advantage is that, if you change your mind later or if your publisher
 insists that definitions must not be italic but bold, you just need to
 change the macro in the preamble, not every single index entry.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also change the layout for the whole index.
 For example, we marked the index list box of this document as bold to get
 a bold font for all index entries.
 For more advanced tasks you have to set up a so-called 
\emph on
Index Style File
\emph default
, see the 
\family sans
makeindex
\family default
 or 
\family sans
xindy
\family default
 documentation for details, 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "makeindex,xindy"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Index Program
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Index ! Program
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Index-Program"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If the index generation program 
\family sans
xindy
\family default
 is installed, \SpecialChar LyX
 uses it for index generation; otherwise the program 
\family sans
makeindex
\family default
, the program that is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
 distribution, is used.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Makeindex
\family default
 is very old, no longer under development and has many pitfalls, notably
 that it was developed with only the English language in mind.
 So it fails to sort anything other than a monolingual English text correctly.
 We have shown above how to fix this sorting.
 However, if you are writing in another than the English language, consider
 to use 
\family sans
xindy
\family default
.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Both programs can be controlled by options that can be set in \SpecialChar LyX
's preferences
 dialog, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-settings"

\end_inset

.
 The available options are listed and explained in 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "makeindex-man,xindy"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
 In this dialog, you can also specify an alternative program to generate
 the index.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you need specific options or an alternative index program only for a
 given document, you can define the program and\SpecialChar breakableslash
or the options in 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Indexes
\family default
.
 This is especially useful if you need to pass language-specific options
 to the index program or if you need a specific layout style.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Multiple Indexes
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In many fields it is common to have more than one index.
 For instance, you might need to set up a separate 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Index of Names
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 next to the standard index.
 \SpecialChar LaTeX
 does not provide this possibility out of the box, but there are packages
 that add this feature.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 uses the 
\series bold
splitidx
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! splitidx
\end_layout

\end_inset

 package to generate multiple indexes.
 The package is included in all recent \SpecialChar LaTeX
 distributions.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
If yours does not ship it, consult the \SpecialChar TeX
 catalogue, 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "TeXCatalogue"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
 Note that the package does not only consist of a \SpecialChar LaTeX
 style, but it also includes
 specific preprocessor programs that need to be installed as well.
 Please consult the package's manual for details.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To set up \SpecialChar LyX
 for the use of multiple indexes, go to 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Indexes
\family default
 and select the option 
\family sans
Use multiple Indexes
\family default
.
 Note that the list 
\family sans
Available Indexes
\family default
 already contains the standard index 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Index
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 To add further indexes, add the name of the index (in the form that should
 also appear as a heading) to the 
\family sans
New
\family default
 input field and press the 
\family sans
Add
\family default
 button.
 The new index now also appears in the list.
 If you like, you can attribute an alternative \SpecialChar LyX
 label color to the new index.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Once the document changes have been applied, you can find the new index
 list in 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
List/TOC
\family default
 and the 
\family sans
Insert
\family default
 menu has a separate entry for each of the defined indexes.
 The workflow is basically the same as for the default index, but there
 are additional features:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
If you want to change the attribution of a specific index entry, right-clicking
 on the entry's label will open a dialog where you can do that.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
By right-clicking on an index, you can change its type.
 Furthermore, you can specify an index to be a 
\family sans
Subindex
\family default
.
 If you do that, the heading of that list will be decreased by one level.
 For example, if you use a book class, where the standard index heading
 is defined as a chapter, subindexes will be defined as sections and can
 thus be nested to the non-subindexes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The option 
\family sans
Literal
\family default
 allows to use \SpecialChar TeX
 code in the name of the index.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Nomenclature/Glossary 
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nomenclature
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Glossary|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Nomenclature
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Nomenclature"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes you need to provide a list of technical terms or symbols that
 are mentioned in your document with a brief explanation of them – a so
 called nomenclature or glossary.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To be able to create nomenclatures or glossaries, you need the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package
 
\series bold
nomencl
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! nomencl
\end_layout

\end_inset

 installed.
 You find it in the \SpecialChar TeX
 catalogue, 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "TeXCatalogue"
literal "true"

\end_inset

 or in the package manager of your \SpecialChar LaTeX
-system.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A nomenclature entry is created if you place the cursor after a symbol entry
 and then use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator

\family default
N
\family sans
omenclature
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Entry
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "nomencl-insert"
\end_inset

.
 A gray box labeled 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
Nom
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is inserted and a window pops up asking for the nomenclature entry.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A nomenclature entry consists of two main entries.
 The first is the term or 
\family sans
Symbol
\family default
 that you wish to define.
 The second is the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 of the term or symbol.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 To use \SpecialChar TeX
 code for nomenclature entries the option 
\family sans
Literal
\family default
 in the nomenclature dialog has to be used.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Nomenclature Definition and Layout
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nomenclature ! Layout
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you have symbols in formulas, you have to define them in the 
\family sans
Symbol
\family default
 field as \SpecialChar LaTeX
 formulas.
 For example to get 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, insert this:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\series bold
$
\backslash
sigma$
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\series default
The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

$
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 character starts/ends the formula.
 The \SpecialChar LaTeX
-command for the Greek letter is the name of the letter beginning with
 a backslash 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\backslash

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 For capital Greek letters, start the command also with a capital letter,
 like 
\series bold

\backslash
Sigma
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
(A short introduction to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 syntax is given in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-Syntax"

\end_inset

.)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You cannot use the 
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Style
\family default
 dialog to format the description text; you have to use \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands.
 For example the description of the nomenclature entry for the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in this document is:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\series bold
dummy entry for the character 
\backslash
textsf{sigma}
\series default

\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

The command 
\series bold

\backslash
textsf
\series default
 sets the fonts to 
\family sans
sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

serif
\family default
.
 To get 
\series bold
bold
\series default
 font use the command 
\series bold

\backslash
textbf
\series default
, for 
\family typewriter
typewriter
\family default
 use 
\series bold

\backslash
texttt
\series default
, for 
\emph on
emphasized
\emph default
 use 
\series bold

\backslash
emph
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To customize the appearance of all symbols add e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

the command
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\series bold

\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
nomlabel}[1]{
\backslash
textsf{
\backslash
textbf{#1}}}
\series default

\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

to the LaTeX preamble in the document settings.
 This command will make the font of all symbols 
\series bold
bold
\series default
 and 
\family sans
sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

serif
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If the characters |
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

,
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

!
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

, @ and
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

"
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

should appear in nomenclature entries containing \SpecialChar TeX
 code they need to be escaped
 by adding a quote character in front of them.
\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "\"@, \"|, \"!, \"\""
description "The quote sign in TeX code is output by writing ' \"\" '."
literal "true"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Sort Order of Nomenclature Entries
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nomenclature ! Sort order
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The nomenclature entries are sorted alphabetically by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-code of the symbol
 definition.
 This leads to undesired results when you, for example, have symbols in
 formulas.
 Suppose you have nomenclature entries for the symbols 
\emph on
a
\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "a"
description "dummy entry for the character \"a\""
literal "false"

\end_inset


\emph default
 and 
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset nomenclature
LatexCommand nomenclature
prefix "sigma"
symbol "$\\sigma$"
description "dummy entry for the character \\textsf{sigma}"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
 They will be sorted by 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
a
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
$
\backslash
sigma$
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 – the 
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset

 will be sorted before the 
\emph on
a
\emph default
 since the character 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

$
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is considered in sorting.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To control the sort order, you can edit the 
\family sans
Sort
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

as
\family default
 field of the nomenclature dialog.
 Then the nomenclature entry will be sorted by this entry and not the symbol
 definition.
 For the example given, you can insert 
\family typewriter
sigma
\family default
 in this field for the 
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset

, then 
\emph on
a
\emph default
 will be located before 
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For subgrouping and tips for using sort entries see the 
\series bold
nomencl
\series default
 documentation, 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "nomencl"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Nomenclature Options
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nomenclature ! Options
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Nomenclature-Options"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\series bold
nomencl
\series default
 package offers some options to adjust the appearance of the nomenclature.
 Here are some of its options; for more have a look at its documentation:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
refeq Appends the phrase 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
, see equation (
\emph on
eq
\emph default
)
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to every nomenclature entry, where 
\family sans
\emph on
eq
\family default
\emph default
 is the number of the last equation in front of the nomenclature entry
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
refpage Appends the phrase 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
, page (
\emph on
page
\emph default
)
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to every nomenclature entry, where 
\family sans
\emph on
page
\family default
\emph default
 is the number of the page on which the nomenclature entry appeared
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
intoc Inserts the nomenclature in the Table of Contents
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To use one or more of the options, add them to the comma-separated document
 class options list in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog.
 In this document the options 
\series bold
refpage, intoc
\series default
 are used.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also use the first two options above only for certain nomenclature
 entries when you add one of the following commands as last entry to the
 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 field in the nomenclature dialog:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\backslash
nomrefeq Like the 
\series bold
refeq
\series default
 option
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\backslash
nomrefpage Like the 
\series bold
refpage
\series default
 option
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\backslash
nomrefeqpage Short notation of 
\series bold

\backslash
nomrefeq
\backslash
nomrefpage
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\backslash
nomnorefeq,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\backslash
nomnorefpage,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\backslash
nomnorefeqpage Turns off the corresponding options
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Words like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

page
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 are automatically translated for most document languages.
 If not, add these lines in front of the nomenclature list as \SpecialChar TeX
 code:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent

\series bold

\backslash
renewcommand*{
\backslash
eqdeclaration}[1]{
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\size small

\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\size default

\backslash
unskip, see equation
\backslash
nobreakspace(#1)}
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\backslash
renewcommand*{
\backslash
pagedeclaration}[1]{
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\size small

\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\size default

\backslash
unskip, page
\backslash
nobreakspace{}#1}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If the numbers should be hyperlinks, assure that you use 
\family sans
Hyperref
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Support
\family default
 in the document settings under 
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Properties
\family default
 and use instead:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
renewcommand*{
\backslash
eqdeclaration}[1]{
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
unskip, see 
\backslash
hyperlink{equation.#1}{equation
\backslash
nobreakspace{}(#1)}}
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\backslash
renewcommand*{
\backslash
pagedeclaration}[1]{
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
unskip, 
\backslash
hyperlink{page.#1}{page
\backslash
nobreakspace{}#1}}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Printing the Nomenclature
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nomenclature ! Printing
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To print the nomenclature, use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Lists/TOC\SpecialChar menuseparator
Nomenclature
\family default
.
 A box labeled 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
Nomenclature
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 will show the place where the nomenclature is printed in the output.
 By right-clicking on it, the amount of space for symbols can be altered.
 You can choose between these settings:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Default a space of 1
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

cm is used
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Longest
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

label
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

width the width of the widest symbol of all nomenclature entries is used
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Custom custom space
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the printed output the title of the nomenclature appears as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Nomenclature
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 If you are not happy with the name, you can change it by redefining the
 command 
\series bold

\backslash
nomname
\series default
 in the preamble.
 For example, in order to change the name to 
\emph on
List of Symbols
\emph default
, add the following line to the preamble:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
AtBeginDocument{
\backslash
addto
\backslash
captionsenglish{
\backslash
def
\backslash
nomname{List of Symbols}}}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When you are using another document language than English, replace
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\series bold

\backslash
captionsenglish
\series default
 by 
\series bold

\backslash
extras***
\series default
, where *** is the name of the language used.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Nomenclature Program
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nomenclature ! Program
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Nomenclature-Program"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 uses the program 
\family sans
makeindex
\family default
, that is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
 distribution, to generate the nomenclature.
 \SpecialChar LyX
's preferences dialog allows you to specify another program or to control
 
\family sans
makeindex
\family default
 by adding options, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-settings"

\end_inset

.
 The available options are listed and explained in 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "nomencl,makeindex"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Branches
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Branches
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Branches
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Branches"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes it is useful to hide some document parts in the output.
 For example a teacher who is setting an exam obviously doesn't want the
 pupils to see the answers, but having questions and answers in the same
 document will make the life of the markers of that exam much easier.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For these cases \SpecialChar LyX
 allows you to put text into branches.
 The text will then only appear in the output when its branch is activated.
 To create a branch, either select the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Branch\SpecialChar menuseparator
Insert New Branch
\family default
 (if you just want to specify a new branch) or go in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog to 
\family sans
Branches
\family default
, where you can specify and change the name of the branch, its activation
 state (whether the content of the branch is shown in the output or not),
 its background color inside \SpecialChar LyX
 and whether the name of the branch should
 be appended to the document file name on export if the branch is active
 (see below for an example).
 Furthermore, the dialog lets you merge two branches (just rename one branch
 to the name of the other) and to add 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

unknown branches
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

branches that were added to the document via copy and paste from other documents
, without having been defined) to the document's branch list.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Text that should be in a branch is set into branch inset boxes.
 These boxes are inserted via the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Branch
\family default
 where you can choose a branch.
 You can later change the activation state of the branch by right-clicking
 on them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is an example, where only the question text appears, the answer branch
 is deactivated and therefore does not appear in the output:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Branch Question
inverted 0
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Question:
\series default
 Who was the first physics Nobel prize winner?
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Branch Answer
inverted 0
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Answer:
\series default
 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you activate 
\family sans
Filename Suffix
\family default
 in 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Branches
\family default
, the name of the active branches will be appended to the file name at export.
 Consider for example a file 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Exam.lyx
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 which has the above branches.
 If 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Filename Suffix
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is active, the PDF export file would be called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Exam.pdf
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 if both the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Question
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Answer
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 branch were inactive, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Exam-Question.pdf
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 if only the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Question
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 branch was active, likewise 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Exam-Answer.pdf
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 if only the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Answer
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 branch was active, and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Exam-Question-Answer.pdf
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 if both branches were active.
 This helps you to export different versions of your document easily.
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are also inverted branch insets, whose content is output just in case
 the branch is 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 activated.
 This make it easy to add alternative text for different versions of a document.
 To control whether a particular inset is inverted, right-click on the inset
 button and choose 
\family sans
Invert
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Inset
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Branch Answer
inverted 1
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
No answer:
\series default
 Because the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Answer
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 branch is deactivated.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To use conditional output inside places where you cannot insert branch insets,
 like inside equations, you can code special \SpecialChar LaTeX
 definitions for each branch.
 For example you can define for the question branch
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
For an introduction to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-syntax, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-Syntax"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
question}[1]{#1}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
answer}[1]{}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
and for the answer branch
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
question}[1]{}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
answer}[1]{#1}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Branch Question
inverted 0
status open

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
question}[1]{#1}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
answer}[1]{}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Branch Answer
inverted 0
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
question}[1]{}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
answer}[1]{#1}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now it is possible to use the 
\series bold

\backslash
question{\SpecialChar ldots
}
\series default
 and 
\series bold

\backslash
answer{\SpecialChar ldots
}
\series default
 commands to obtain conditional output.
 Here is an example formula where only the 
\series bold

\backslash
question
\series default
 part appears:
\begin_inset Formula 
\[
x^{2}-2x-2\Rightarrow\question{x_{1}}\answer{x_{2}}=1\question{+\sqrt{3}}\answer{-\sqrt{3}}.
\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inside math, the same effect can be achieved using math macros, see the
 
\emph on
Math
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Each type of branch is allowed to have its specific style defined in layout
 files (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

any branch inset can be automatically wrapped by your own \SpecialChar LaTeX
 commands.).
 For this advanced usage, see the 
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
 manual, section 
\emph on
Flex insets and InsetLayout
\emph default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
PDF Properties
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:PDF-Properties"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PDF properties
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
PDF Properties
\family default
 dialog allows you to set up special options for the PDF output of your
 document.
 All these options are provided by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
hyperref
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! hyperref
\end_layout

\end_inset

 which will link all cross-references in the DVI- and PDF-output.
 This means that the reader of your document will be able to click on a
 table of contents entry or on a reference to move to the cross-referenced
 part of the document.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The header information in the dialog tab 
\family sans
General
\family default
 is saved together with the PDF as file properties.
 Many programs are able to extract this information, for example, automatically
 to recognize who the author is and what the PDF is about.
 This is very useful to sort, classify or use PDFs for bibliography issues.
 When the option 
\family sans
Automatically
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

fill
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

header
\family default
 is set, \SpecialChar LyX
 tries to extract the header information from your document title
 and author entries.
 The option 
\family sans
Load
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

in
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

fullscreen
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

mode
\family default
 will open the PDF in fullscreen mode, which is useful for presentations.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can specify in the dialog tab 
\family sans
Hyperlinks
\family default
 how the links will look and if links for bibliographical backreferences
 are created.
 The 
\family sans
Break
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

links
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

over
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

lines
\family default
 option allows long links to be split; 
\family sans
No
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

frames
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

around
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

links
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Color
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

links
\family default
 both turn off the default behavior of enclosing all links in frames; 
\family sans
Color
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

links
\family default
 colors the different links.
 The default colors are:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\color magenta
magenta
\color inherit
 for hyperlinks and URLs
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\color red
red
\color inherit
 for links
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\color green
green
\color inherit
 for citations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
but you can change these in the field 
\family sans
Additional options
\family default
.
 For example, in this document they were changed with the additional options:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If the option 
\family sans
Backreferences
\family default
 is set, the hyperlinks will appear in the bibliography after the different
 entries, showing, depending on the option selected, the number of the section,
 slide or page where the entry is referenced.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the dialog tab 
\family sans
Bookmarks
\family default
 you can specify if PDF-bookmarks should be created for every section of
 your document to make it easier for readers to navigate through the document.
 You can decide if the bookmarks should be numbered like your document sections
 or not.
 With the 
\family sans
Open bookmarks
\family default
 
\family sans
Level
\family default
 you can specify what sectioning level should be displayed in the bookmarks
 when opening the PDF.
 For example level
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2 will display all sections and subsections, while level
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

1 will only display the sections.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
PDF properties are also used in this document.
 When you look in its document settings, you can see that some additional
 
\series bold
hyperref
\series default
 options are used.
 For an explanation of all them we refer you to the hyperref manual 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "hyperref"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
\SpecialChar TeX
 Code and the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 Syntax
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:TeX-Code"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
\SpecialChar TeX
 Code Boxes
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar TeX
 Code
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:TeX-Code-Boxes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As \SpecialChar LyX
 uses \SpecialChar LaTeX
 in the background, it supports many \SpecialChar LaTeX
 commands and constructs,
 but not all.
 \SpecialChar LaTeX
 contains hundreds of packages that provide different commands.
 All the time packages are being updated and new ones added.
 This has the advantage that you can typeset nearly everything as there
 is a \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package for every problem, though \SpecialChar LyX
 cannot support all packages and
 their commands.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
But don't worry, you can use any \SpecialChar LaTeX
-command directly in \SpecialChar LyX
 inside the \SpecialChar TeX
 Code
 box.
 A \SpecialChar TeX
 Code box is created by the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
TeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Code
\family default
 or by the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "ert-insert"
\end_inset

 (shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "ert-insert"
\end_inset

).
 The box can be opened by left-clicking and closed by right-clicking on
 it and selecting 
\family sans
Close Inset
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can insert complete or incomplete commands as \SpecialChar TeX
 Code.
 Incomplete means that the command argument can be Standard \SpecialChar LyX
 text.
 For example, if you want to draw a frame around a word
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
The LyX way would be to use a framed box.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 and are therefore using the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-command 
\series bold

\backslash
fbox
\series default
, you can write the command part 
\series bold

\backslash
fbox{
\series default
 in a \SpecialChar TeX
 Code box before the word and the closing brace 
\series bold
}
\series default
 in a second \SpecialChar TeX
 Code box behind the word.
 The word between the two \SpecialChar TeX
 Code boxes is then the argument as it is in the
 following example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/ERT.png
        scale 95

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
gives
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This is a line with a 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
fbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset

framed
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 word.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 At the end of \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands without parameters, you have to insert a space
 to let \SpecialChar LaTeX
 know that the command is finished.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
A Short Introduction to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 Syntax
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
The \SpecialChar LaTeX
 Syntax
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 Syntax
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:LaTeX-Syntax"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When you write larger documents or books, you will need to know something
 about the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands that \SpecialChar LyX
 uses in the background.
 Because \SpecialChar LaTeX
 is based on commands, you can 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

program
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 your text.
 This has the advantage that the layout of the document can be changed at
 any time if you know the right commands.
 For example, imagine you have to write a manual for a product and the deadline
 is the end of the day.
 Your boss has just complimented you for your good work but wants to have
 all caption labels bold.
 But you have over a hundred figure and table captions with non-bold labels
 in your manual.
 Of course it is impossible to change all caption labels manually in one
 day.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now \SpecialChar LaTeX
 comes into play.
 As mentioned above, for every problem there exists a \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package.
 First you have to find out which and therefore look in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package database,
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "Catalogue"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As result you find that the package 
\series bold
caption
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! caption
\end_layout

\end_inset

 is what you need.
 To use a package, you have to load it in the document preamble (menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
\SpecialChar menuseparator

\family sans
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Preamble
\family default
) with the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
usepackage[options]{package name}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
All \SpecialChar LaTeX
 commands begin with a backslash, the command argument is set within
 two braces and the options are set within two brackets.
 Note that not all commands have an argument and options.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In your case the package name is 
\series bold
caption
\series default
.
 After a look in the documentation of the package, you know that the option
 
\series bold
labelfont=bf
\series default
 will change the font of all caption labels to bold.
 So you add the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
usepackage[labelfont=bf]{caption}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
to the preamble and the problem is solved.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
For more commands provided by the 
\series bold
caption
\series default
 package, have a look at its documentation, 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "caption"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that some document classes have built-in solutions for well-known problems
 like your case.
 For example if you use a 
\family sans
KOMA-Script
\family default
 class, you don't need the package 
\series bold
caption
\series default
, you can instead write
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
setkomafont{captionlabel}{
\backslash
bfseries}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
in the preamble and the problem is solved.
 So if you plan to write a large document, you should have a look at the
 documentation of the document class you want to use.
 (
\series bold

\backslash
setkomafont
\series default
 is an example of a command with more than one argument.)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Commands in the preamble affect the whole document, while commands in the
 text affect only the text after the command or only the text used as command
 argument.
 To insert a \SpecialChar LaTeX
-command in text, use the \SpecialChar TeX
 Code box as described in the previous
 section.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you want to learn more about \SpecialChar LaTeX
 and its syntax, have a look at the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-books
 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "latexcompanion,latexguide"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage clearpage
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
pagestyle{fancy}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
switches temporarily to a page style with custom header and footer line
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Left Header
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
rightmark
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
defines the header line as described below
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Center Header
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Right Header
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
leftmark
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Left Footer
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
thepage
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Center Footer
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\series bold
\color red
\SpecialChar LyX
's user guide
\end_layout

\end_inset

Magic code:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon=\frac{\sqrt[3]{\aleph}}{\spadesuit}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Right Footer
\begin_inset Argument 1
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
Roman{page}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Customized Page Headers and Footers
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Customized-Page-Headers"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Header/Footer line
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Header/Footer line
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To define a custom page header and footer line for your document, you need
 to set the 
\family sans
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

style
\family default
 to 
\family sans
Fancy
\family default
 in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog under 
\family sans
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Layout
\family default
.
 As a second step add in the menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Modules
\family default
 the module 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\emph on
Custom Header/Footerlines
\emph default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 This module offers the following 6
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

environments:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Left
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Header,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Center
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Header,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Header
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Left
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Footer,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Center
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Footer,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Footer
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
for the different positions in the header/footer.
 These environments can be selected in the environment pull-down box.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Normally, headers and footers are set up at the beginning of the document.
 But you can change them anywhere you want to.
 Figure
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Page-layout"

\end_inset

 shows the page layout and where the header/footer styles will appear.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
placement h
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\noindent
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="30line%">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="30line%">
<column alignment="right" valignment="top" width="30line%">
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Left Header
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Center Header
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Right Header
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none" width="90line%">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
The normal text on the page goes here.
 The running header is above the text, and the footer is below (including
 footnotes).
 Headers/footers typically contain things like the page number, title of
 the chapter, company logo but you can use almost anything, except of floats.
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Left Footer
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Center Footer
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Right Footer
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Page-layout"

\end_inset

Page layout with custom header and footer line.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note
\series default
: some document classes implement their own customized page headers and
 footers if 
\family sans
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

style
\family default
 is set to “Default”.
 Check what these are before you specify your own customized page headers
 and footers.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Definition
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To define your header line, add all three header environments.
 The things you add to each environment appear on odd numbered pages, the
 things in the optional arguments on even numbered pages.
 For single-sided documents, the optional arguments will not be used and
 can be omitted.
 If you leave a header environment or its argument empty, nothing appears
 in the output.
 Defining the footer line works similarly.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For the definition, you will need some \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands that are inserted as \SpecialChar TeX
 code
 (menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
TeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Code
\family default
):
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\backslash
thepage prints the current page number
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\backslash
Roman{page} prints the current page number with capital roman numerals
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\backslash
roman{page} prints the current page number with small roman numerals
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\backslash
leftmark prints the current section number and title.
 If the document has chapters, it prints the current chapter number and
 title instead.
 It is called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

leftmark
\begin_inset Quotes prd
\end_inset

 because it usually goes in a left header.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\backslash
rightmark prints the current subsection number and title.
 If the document has chapters, it prints the current section number and
 title instead.
 It is normally used in the right header.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Default header/footer
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The custom header/footer is not empty by default.
 The default header contains the chapter and section title and the center
 footer has the page number.
 In order to remove unwanted entries from the header/footer, include the
 relevant header/footer style in your document, but leave it blank.
 So, if you do not want a page number in the footer, include a blank 
\family sans
Center
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Footer
\family default
 style.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Appearance
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The header and footer will appear on normal pages.
 Some pages are different.
 The title page has a header/footer environment of its own, and so does
 any page that starts a new part or chapter in your book.
 Such pages will not have the custom headers/footers, but that is normal.
 There is for example no need to print a header with the chapter name on
 the chapter page where the chapter heading is in big bold letters anyway.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Header and footer decoration line
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By default, you get a 0.4
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

pt thick line below the header and no footer line.
 This can be changed in the document preamble with the commands 
\series bold

\backslash
headrulewidth
\series default
 and 
\series bold

\backslash
footrulewidth
\series default
 in the following way:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
headrulewidth}{thickness}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
where thickness is a size in standard units like 
\family sans
\emph on
pt
\family default
\emph default
 or 
\family sans
\emph on
mm
\family default
\emph default
.
 If you don't want a line, set the thickness to 0
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

pt.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The lines can also be colored, but this requires more knowledge of \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
 If you really need this, have a look at the Internet or in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

4.4 of the book 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "Mittelbach"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Several header/footer lines
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In case you need more than one text line as a header/footer, you can do
 this by adding a ragged line break in the style definition.
 However, the default height of the header/footer is only the height of
 one text line.
 To expand the height, redefine the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 length 
\series bold

\backslash
headheight
\series default
 or 
\series bold

\backslash
footheight
\series default
 with this entry in 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Preamble
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
headheight}{height}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
where 
\series bold
height
\series default
 is a size in standard units (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset


\series bold
1cm
\series default
).
 If you don't know how much space is needed for the height, define your
 header/footer and preview your document as a PDF.
 Then open the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 logfile with the menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Log
\family default
 and use the button 
\family sans
Next
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Warning
\family default
 to see if you can find a warning about the package 
\series bold
fancyhdr
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! fancyhdr
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 If there is such a warning, it contains the space that you need at least
 for your header/footer.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
This example
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This example demonstrates what can be done with custom header/footers.
 Don't use it for your document as it is just an example.
 This example consists of the following definition:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Left
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Header 
\series bold

\backslash
rightmark
\series default
, empty optional argument
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Center
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Header empty, empty optional argument
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Header empty, 
\series bold

\backslash
leftmark
\series default
 in the optional argument
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Left
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Footer empty, 
\series bold

\backslash
thepage
\series default
 in the optional argument
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Center
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Footer 
\family sans
\series bold
\color red
\SpecialChar LyX
's user guide
\family default
\series default
\color inherit
, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Magic code:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon=\frac{\sqrt[3]{\aleph}}{\spadesuit}$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in the optional argument
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Footer 
\series bold

\backslash
Roman{page}
\series default
, empty optional argument
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\backslash
headrulewidth set to 2
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

pt
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In principle you can use almost everything in headers/footers, except floats.
 For more specialized features, for example, thumb-indexes, see the manual
 of the 
\series bold
fancyhdr
\series default
 package, 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "fancyhdr"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage clearpage
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
pagestyle{headings}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
switches back to page style with the default headings
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Previewing Snippets of your Document
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Instant preview
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Preview
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 allows you to generate previews of sections of your document on the fly
 so you can see how they will look in the final document without having
 to break your train of thought with viewing the output.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Prerequisites
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To get previews working, you need the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package 
\series bold
preview-latex
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! preview-latex
\end_layout

\end_inset

 (on some systems named simply 
\series bold
preview
\series default
) installed.
 If it is not already installed, you will find it in the \SpecialChar TeX
-catalogue, 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "TeXCatalogue"
literal "true"

\end_inset

 or in the package manager of your \SpecialChar LaTeX
-system.
 You obtain prettier results if you install the program 
\family typewriter
pnmcrop
\family default
 from the 
\family typewriter
netpbm
\family default
 package; for \SpecialChar LyX
 on Windows this program and also the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package are automatically
 installed together with \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Enabling previews
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you would for example like to see in \SpecialChar LyX
 your math formulas typeset by \SpecialChar LaTeX
,
 activate the option 
\family sans
Display
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Graphics
\family default
 in the 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences 
\family default
dialog under 
\family sans
Look
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

feel\SpecialChar menuseparator
Display
\family default
.
 Then set 
\family sans
Instant
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Preview
\family default
 to 
\family sans
On
\family default
.
 The 
\family sans
Preview
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Size
\family default
 is the multiplication factor for the size.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you would like to see everything but your math formulas typeset by \SpecialChar LaTeX
,
 set 
\family sans
Instant
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Preview
\family default
 to 
\family sans
No
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

math
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Previews are generated when you load a document into \SpecialChar LyX
 and when you finish
 editing an inset.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 Previews of an already loaded document are not in every case immediately
 generated by activating the option 
\family sans
Display
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Graphics
\family default
.
 Reopening the document will fix such problems.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Selected document parts
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Besides math there are other cases where you might like to see a preview,
 for example things that \SpecialChar LyX
 cannot render like rotated parts or things that
 are not yet supported by \SpecialChar LyX
.
 To do this, insert a preview inset via the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preview
\family default
.
 Insert or paste the stuff that you want to preview into this inset.
 The preview will be generated when the cursor is outside the preview inset.
 If you click on the preview, you can edit the previewed stuff.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
An example: To create rotated boxes, you use the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 command 
\series bold

\backslash
rotatebox
\series default
 which is not yet supported by \SpecialChar LyX
.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
rotatebox
\series default
 is explained in section 
\emph on
Rotated and Scaled Boxes
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Instead of the \SpecialChar TeX
 Code boxes you want to see in \SpecialChar LyX
 the final rotated boxes,
 for example to adjust the rotation angle to fit with the surrounding text.
 Therefore you create a preview inset and copy the text with the rotated
 boxes into it.
 Here is the result:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Preview

\begin_layout Standard
This is a line
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
rotatebox[origin=r]{-60}{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Box Doublebox
position "c"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 0
inner_pos "c"
use_parbox 0
use_makebox 0
width "1in"
special "width"
height "1in"
height_special "totalheight"
thickness "0.4pt"
separation "3pt"
shadowsize "4pt"
framecolor "black"
backgroundcolor "none"
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
with rotated
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 framed text 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
rotatebox[origin=lb]{60}{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=B$
\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 and a formula.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Previewing works also for colors.
 In this example a special framed, colored box was created using the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 command
 
\series bold

\backslash
fcolorbox
\series default
:
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold

\backslash
fcolorbox
\series default
 is explained in section 
\emph on
Colored Boxes
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Preview

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
fboxrule 1mm 
\backslash
fboxsep 1mm
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

This is text within a colored, framed box.
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If \SpecialChar LyX
 does not show a preview, make sure that you enabled previews as described
 above and also make sure that \SpecialChar TeX
 Code in the preview inset is valid and that
 you loaded the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages in your document preamble that are required by
 the \SpecialChar TeX
 Code.
 If \SpecialChar LyX
 cannot create a preview, you will in most cases also not be able to
 view your document due to \SpecialChar LaTeX
 errors.
 So if you have to use some \SpecialChar TeX
 Code and don't know if it is correct, the preview
 inset is a nice method to check it without the need to view the whole document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 source code
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can preview the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 source of the whole document or parts of it.
 Use the menu 
\family sans
View\SpecialChar menuseparator
Source
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Pane
\family default
 and a window will be shown where you can see the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-source code.
 The window shows the source of the whole paragraph in which the cursor
 currently sits.
 You can also select document parts in \SpecialChar LyX
's main window, then only this selection
 (when it is more than one paragraph) is shown as source code.
 To view the whole document as source, enable the corresponding option in
 the source view window.
 If you check 
\family sans
Automatic update
\family default
, you can see the changes as you make them in \SpecialChar LyX
; but note that if you have
 several documents open, this will slow things down as \SpecialChar LyX
 updates them all,
 not just the one which is open at the time.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Advanced Find and Replace
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Advanced-Find-and"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Replace
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Find
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Introduction
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The advanced find and replace feature of \SpecialChar LyX
 allows for searching of complex,
 format-sensitive text segments and mathematics contents within \SpecialChar LyX
 documents.
 It is an enhancement of the standard (quick) find and replace feature.
 The key-features are:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Both searching of text and of mathematical formulas is allowed, where the
 latter is done by entering mathematics in the usual way; not only entire
 mathematical formulas are found, but also parts occurring within more complex
 formulas
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Search may be format-insensitive, so that the searched text is found in
 any context/style (standard text, section headings, notes, and even mathematics
), or it may be format-sensitive, so that, for example, a word entered with
 a section heading will only be found within section headings
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Search may be restricted to mathematics environments only; this is useful
 for remangling math notation where one does not want to match any text
 outside of mathematics environments
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Search may be widened to a specific 
\emph on
scope
\emph default
, i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

a set of files which may be all the children of the document being edited,
 all the open files, or all the manuals available from the 
\family sans
Help
\family default
 menu
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Replace may optionally preserve capitalization, so that the replaced text
 capitalization is adapted to the matching text (i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

all lowercase, all uppercase, first letter uppercase followed by lowercase)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Basic usage
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The advanced find and replace feature is activated through the menu 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Find & Replace
\noun on
 (
\noun default
Advanced
\noun on
)
\family default
\noun default
 (shortcut 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "dialog-show findreplaceadv"
\end_inset

) or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-toggle findreplaceadv"
\end_inset

.
 This opens the 
\family sans
Advanced Find and Replace
\family default
 dialog.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Searching for text
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Enter into the 
\family sans
Find
\family default
 \SpecialChar LyX
 mini-editor a simple word, and search for occurrences of it by clicking
 on the 
\family sans
Find
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Next
\family default
 button at the bottom of the dialog (or just press the 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break"
\end_inset

 key).
 The entered word is found both in text mode and in math mode, and in emphasized
, bold or normal face, and in both in section titles and in standard text.
 Pressing 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break"
\end_inset

 repeatedly keeps searching forward while pressing 
\family sans
Shift+Return
\family default
 searches backwards.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Case
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

sensitive
\family default
 option allows matches to occur only with the same case as entered in the
 
\family sans
Find
\family default
 editor.
 The 
\family sans
Whole
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

words
\family default
 option allows matches to occur only at word boundaries.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Searching for mathematics
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Mathematical formulas, such as 
\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$
\end_inset

 or something more complex like 
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{x^{2}}{1+x^{2}}$
\end_inset

, may be searched for by typing them in the 
\family sans
Find
\family default
 editor.
 When searching for a formula, it is found both when it is alone and when
 it occurs in sub-formulas and nested parts of sub-formulas.
 For example the mentioned segments would be found in something like 
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{x^{2}}{\sqrt{\frac{x^{2}}{1+x^{2}}}}$
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Style-aware search
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It is also possible to search for text with specific styles.
 This is done by switching to the 
\family sans
Settings
\family default
 tab of the dialog and unchecking the 
\family sans
Ignore format
\family default
 option.
 This way, entering in the 
\family sans
Find
\family default
 editor
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
a normal word and searching for it would not find instances of the word
 occurring in emphasized or boldface.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
an emphasized or boldface word and searching for it would find the respective
 instances with the same face only, and within the same text style only.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
a normal word in a section heading, and searching for it, would find occurrences
 of it only within section headings.
 Also, if the text to search is given an emphasized or bold face, in addition
 to a section style, then it is found only when occurring with the same
 style.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
a displayed formula will only find instances of this formula that are also
 displayed formulas (and not inline formulas).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Replace
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The entries made in the 
\family sans
Find
\family default
 editor can be replaced with entries made in the 
\family sans
Replace
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

with
\family default
 editor.
 In order to find the next occurrence and replace it, click on the 
\family sans
Replace
\family default
 button or alternatively press 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "paragraph-break"
\end_inset

 or 
\family sans
Shift+Return
\family default
 while the cursor is in the 
\family sans
Replace
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

with
\family default
 editor.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can replace with fully-featured formatted \SpecialChar LyX
 entries.
 Typical scenarios in which to use this capability might be (just to mention
 two):
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
replacing occurrences of a word with a customized formatted version of the
 same word, for example replacing occurrences of a name like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

func()
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 with its typewriter version 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
func()
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
performing a notation rework of mathematical symbols, for example replacing
 occurrences of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $R$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 with 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{R}$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (you may want to enable the 
\family sans
Whole
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

words
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Case
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

sensitive
\family default
 options and disable the 
\family sans
Ignore format
\family default
 option in the 
\family sans
Settings
\family default
 tab, in order to avoid replacing all 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

R
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 letters occurring in normal text), or occurrences of 
\begin_inset Formula $x_{j}^{i}$
\end_inset

 with 
\begin_inset Formula $x_{i,\,j}$
\end_inset

, or occurrences of 
\begin_inset Formula $x[k]$
\end_inset

 with 
\begin_inset Formula $x_{k}$
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Advanced usage
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There is a regular expression (regexp) based searching facility.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
A good explanation of regular expressions is given in this Wikipedia entry:
 
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression"
literal "false"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 You can search for a regular expression by inserting a regexp inset into
 the 
\family sans
Find
\family default
 editor.
 This is done with the context menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Insert Regular Expression
\family default
 while the cursor is in the 
\family sans
Find
\family default
 editor.
 Characters entered within regexp insets are matched according to the regular
 expression matching rules
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Under the constraint that any (sub)expression must match a well-formed \SpecialChar LyX

 segment, i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

when matching \SpecialChar LaTeX
 code, no segments with unbalanced {} braces are allowed to
 match expressions.
\end_layout

\end_inset

, while text entered outside regexp insets is matched exactly against the
 same text in the document.
 You can cut and paste regexp-mode insets.
 Examples of using such a feature may be:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Searching for all fractions with a given denominator: for example, entering
 in the 
\family sans
Find
\family default
 editor the fraction 
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{.*}{1+x^{2}}$
\end_inset

 (where the 
\begin_inset Formula $.*$
\end_inset

 on the numerator is the match-everything regular expression) finds all
 fractions with the given denominator.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Searching for all text with a given style: for example, after unchecking
 the 
\family sans
Ignore format
\family default
 option from the 
\family sans
Settings
\family default
 tab, entering a 
\series bold

\begin_inset Formula $.*$
\end_inset


\series default
 regular expression and giving it an emphasized or bold face, finds all
 emphasized or bold face text respectively.
 Also, by inserting a 
\begin_inset Formula $.*$
\end_inset

 regular expression in a bullet or enumerated list or a section heading,
 you can find all bullet or enumerated lists or section headings.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Finally, references to (sub)expressions in regexp may be used as usual:
 Enclosing parts of the expression within round braces 
\begin_inset Formula $()$
\end_inset

, and referring back to them through 
\begin_inset Formula $\backslash1$
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Formula $\backslash2$
\end_inset

, etc..
 For example, try searching with the regexp
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

[[:space:]]([[:alpha:]]+)[[:space:]]
\backslash
1[[:space:]]
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

in order to find word repetitions, if there are any.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The usage of back references in the replaced text is not (yet) implemented.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 Back references work both when occurring within the same regexp, and when
 occurring in multiple different regexps, where the numbering of back-referenced
 sub-expressions is absolute.
 That is,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\backslash1$
\end_inset

 always refers to the first occurrence of 
\begin_inset Formula $()$
\end_inset

 in all entered regexps.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Spell Checking
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Spellchecking"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spell checking
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 has a built-in spell checker.
 The menu
\family sans
 Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Spellchecker
\family default
, the 
\family sans
F7
\family default
 key or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show spellchecker"
\end_inset

 start the spell checking from either the current cursor position or the
 beginning of the currently selected text.
 A sidebar will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found, allowing
 you to edit and replace it in a second line.
 Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the text
 scrolled so that it is visible.
 In the spellchecker sidebar, there is a box showing suggestions for a correctio
n, if any could be found.
 Clicking on one of the corrections will copy it to the 
\family sans
Replacement
\family default
 field, double-clicking directly invokes the replacement.
 Unknown but correctly typed words can be added to the personal dictionary.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By default, the dictionary file used is determined by the document language
 that is set in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog.
 You can specify the language of a word in the spellchecker dialog by choosing
 a different one at the top of the dialog.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 can correctly spell check documents containing multiple languages.
 This works if you have set the language of the text parts using the 
\family sans
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Style
\family default
 dialog (
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show character"
\end_inset

) and have the spell checker dictionaries installed.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 automatically switches to the appropriate dictionary file.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
All spell-checker dictionaries supported by \SpecialChar LyX
 can be downloaded from here:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://sourceforge.net/projects/lyxwininstaller/files/hunspell/
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

There are 2
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

files for each language.
 To install a dictionary on Windows, copy the 2
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

files into \SpecialChar LyX
's installation subfolder 
\family sans
~
\backslash
Resources
\backslash
dicts
\family default
 and restart \SpecialChar LyX
.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

With Linux one needs to install the packages for the desired language.
 The number of these packages vary depending on the Linux distribution,
 but in most cases these are 
\family typewriter
aspell-xx
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
hunspell-xx
\family default
,
\family typewriter
 myspell-xx
\family default
, etc., where 
\family sans
xx
\family default
 is the language code.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Further Settings
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the menu 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Language
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Spellchecker
\family default
 you can set the following things:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Spellchecker
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

engine Select the library \SpecialChar LyX
 should use for spell checking.
 Depending on your platform, 
\family typewriter
hunspell
\family default
 or 
\family typewriter
enchant
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Enchant itself is a wrapper library having different configurable back-ends.
 Please consult the documentation or man-page of it to learn more.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family default
 are available.
 On Windows only 
\family typewriter
hunspell
\family default
 is available.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 on Mac
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

OS can also use Mac's own spellchecker and will use it by default.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Alternative
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

language If this field is not empty, \SpecialChar LyX
 will always use the given language
 for the spell checking, no matter what the document language is.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Escape
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

characters Allows you to add non-standard characters that the spell checker
 should escape, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

German umlauts.
 This should normally not be needed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Accept
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

compound
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

words Prevents the spell checker from complaining about compounded words
 like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

passthrough
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Spellcheck
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

continuously Checks the spelling of your document as you type it.
 Misspelled words get underlined with a dotted red line.
 By right-clicking on an underlined word, suggestions from the spellchecker
 appear in a context menu.
 Choosing one of them will replace the misspelled word with the suggested
 word.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Spellcheck
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

notes
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

comments If enabled, the spelling of non-printed document content is checked
 as well.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Thesaurus
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Thesaurus
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Thesaurus"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 provides a multilingual thesaurus.
 It uses the same thesaurus framework as LibreOffice, OpenOffice and Firefox
 (namely the 
\family sans
MyThes
\family default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "https://lingucomponent.openoffice.org/thesaurus.html"
literal "false"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

 thesaurus library, which is included in \SpecialChar LyX
).
 Therefore, \SpecialChar LyX
 is able to directly access OpenOffice thesaurus dictionaries,
 which are available for many languages.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This section describes how new dictionaries are installed and set up for
 the use with \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Setting up the thesaurus
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
MyThes
\emph on
/
\emph default
OpenOffice
\family default
 thesauri consist of two files per language: A file with the suffix 
\emph on
*.dat
\emph default
 containing the data and an index file with the suffix 
\emph on
*.idx
\emph default
.
 The standardized file names include the language code for the given language
 (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\family sans
en_US
\family default
 for US English).
 For instance, the US English files are named:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
th_en_EN_v2.idx
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
th_en_EN_v2.dat
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you have 
\family sans
LibreOffice
\family default
 or 
\family sans
OpenOffice
\family default
 and its thesaurus installed, these files should be already on your system
 and you just need to point \SpecialChar LyX
 (in 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paths\SpecialChar menuseparator
Thesaurus
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

dictionaries
\family default
) to the path where they are installed.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
On Linux, depending on your distribution and the way you installed the dictionar
ies, typical locations are 
\family typewriter
/usr/share/mythes/
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
/usr/share/myspell/dicts/
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
/usr/share/ooo/thesaurus/
\family default
,
\family typewriter
 ~/.config/libreoffice/<version>/user/
\family default
 or alike.
 On Windows, dictionaries are to be found at 
\family typewriter
~
\backslash
Program Files
\backslash
LibreOffice-<Version>
\backslash
share
\backslash
extensions 
\family default
or similar.
 On the Mac, the default location is 
\family typewriter
/Users\SpecialChar breakableslash
<user name>\SpecialChar breakableslash
Library\SpecialChar breakableslash
Application Support\SpecialChar breakableslash
libreoffice\SpecialChar breakableslash
<version>\SpecialChar breakableslash
user
\family default
/.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 On Windows, you can alternatively also select dictionaries for installation
 during the \SpecialChar LyX
 installation process, which will then be installed in the correct
 place right away.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you want to install new\SpecialChar breakableslash
further thesaurus dictionaries, you can downloaded
 them from here:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://sourceforge.net/projects/lyxwininstaller/files/thesaurus/
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To install a new dictionary, download the two files for this dictionary
 into the thesaurus path (which is set in 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paths\SpecialChar menuseparator
Thesaurus
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

dictionaries
\family default
) and restart \SpecialChar LyX
.
 If this path is not defined yet, you can use a dictionary of your choice
 and point \SpecialChar LyX
 there.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Alternatively, you can also install new dictionaries via 
\family sans
LibreOffice\SpecialChar breakableslash
OpenOffice
\family default
 or, on Linux, via your package manager (look for 
\emph on
mythes-*
\emph default
 or 
\emph on
libreoffice-thesaurus-*
\emph default
 packages).
 If you do this, make sure that \SpecialChar LyX
 is able to find the installed dictionaries,
 i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e.
 that 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paths\SpecialChar menuseparator
Thesaurus
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

dictionaries
\family default
 points to the path where you installed these dictionaries.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Using the thesaurus
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To start the thesaurus, use the menu 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Thesaurus
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "thesaurus-entry"
\end_inset

 while the cursor is at the word you want to look up or while a word is
 selected.
 A dialog pops up showing you probably related words that you can use as
 a replacement.
 The suggestions are grouped into categories.
 Note that, for some languages (such as English), the thesaurus does not
 only show equivalent words (synonyms), but also generic terms (such as
 
\emph on
organism
\emph default
 for 
\emph on
plant
\emph default
), related terms (such as 
\emph on
political
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

theory
\emph default
 for 
\emph on
anarchistic
\emph default
), compounds (such as 
\emph on
tree
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

diagram
\emph default
, if you look for 
\emph on
tree
\emph default
) and opposites (antonyms) (such as 
\emph on
girl
\emph default
 for 
\emph on
boy
\emph default
).
 Generic terms, related terms and antonyms are marked as such.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The language is automatically chosen from the language at the cursor, but
 you can also switch it in the dialog, as you can enter new words to look
 up directly there.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that the thesaurus cannot handle phrases (only compounds that are in
 the dictionary, such as the above 
\emph on
tree diagram
\emph default
), and you have to use the so called lemma form, i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

the form that is used in the dictionaries (for many languages: first person
 singular indicative active for nouns, infinitive for verbs).
 For example, looking up the word form 
\emph on
reporting
\emph default
 yields no results, while results are shown for the word form 
\emph on
report
\emph default
.
 Your best bet is to highlight only the relevant part of such a word (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset


\emph on
report
\emph default
 in 
\emph on
report
\emph default
s); then you will get suggestions without needing to adjust the query in
 the dialog, and also the replacement will probably be correct (as only
 the highlighted part will be replaced; thus the ending remains).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Change Tracking
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Change Tracking
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Change Tracking
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Change-Tracking"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When you work on a document collaboratively it is extremely useful to be
 able to see changes that others have made highlighted in the document.
 You can then decide if you want to accept a change or not.
 This can be achieved by turning on change tracking in the menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Tracking\SpecialChar menuseparator
Track
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Changes
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Changes made in the document will then be highlighted by strokes and colors:
 
\bar under
\color blue
underlined text
\bar default
\color inherit
 is an addition, 
\strikeout on
\color blue
canceled text
\strikeout default
\color inherit
 is a deletion.
 The color depends on the author that made the change.
 You can change the color in 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Look
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

&
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

feel
\family default
\SpecialChar menuseparator

\family sans
Colors
\family default
.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Color ! Change tracking
\end_layout

\end_inset

 The author and the date of the change are shown in \SpecialChar LyX
's status bar when the
 cursor is in changed text.
 The same information is shown when you use the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "changes-merge"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When change tracking is activated, you will see the review toolbar in \SpecialChar LyX
:
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toolbar ! Review
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/ChangesToolbar.png
        scale 90

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The review toolbar as shown above contains the following buttons:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
<features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "changes-track"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Tracking\SpecialChar menuseparator
Track
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Changes
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "changes-output"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Tracking\SpecialChar menuseparator
Show
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Changes
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

in
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Output
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "change-next"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Jumps to the next change
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "change-accept"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Tracking\SpecialChar menuseparator
Accept
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Change
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "change-reject"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Tracking\SpecialChar menuseparator
Reject
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Change
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "changes-merge"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Tracking\SpecialChar menuseparator
Merge
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Changes
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "all-changes-accept"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Tracking\SpecialChar menuseparator
Accept
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

All
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Changes
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "all-changes-reject"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Tracking\SpecialChar menuseparator
Reject
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

All
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Changes
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "note-insert"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Note\SpecialChar menuseparator
LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Note
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "note-next"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Navigate\SpecialChar menuseparator
Next
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Note
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Not all changes are (yet) visualized, especially no format changes like
 from 
\emph on
normal
\emph default
 to 
\emph on
bold
\emph default
 font or 
\emph on
Standard
\emph default
 to 
\emph on
Description
\emph default
 paragraph.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The review toolbar helps you to accept, reject, or merge changes – highlight
 the change and press one of the desired toolbar buttons.
 When you merge changes, a window pops up showing you information about
 the next change after the current cursor position.
 So you don't need to highlight a certain change.
 Within the merge window you can decide to accept or reject changes and
 step to the next change.
 This way you can jump through all the changes in the document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The toolbar has two buttons to handle notes because notes are often important
 to describe a change.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To show the changes made in the output you need the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package 
\series bold
dvipost
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! dvipost
\end_layout

\end_inset

 installed.
 You will find it in the \SpecialChar TeX
 Catalogue, 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "TeXCatalogue"
literal "true"

\end_inset

 or in the package manager of your \SpecialChar LaTeX
-system.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Comparison of Documents
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Comparison-of-Documents"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Comparison of documents
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can compare two different \SpecialChar LyX
 files via the menu 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Compare
\family default
.
 The comparison result is a \SpecialChar LyX
 file with change tracking enabled showing the
 differences.
 In the comparison dialog you can select from which document \SpecialChar LyX
 should take
 the document settings for the resulting difference file with the option
 
\family sans
Copy
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Document
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Settings
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

from
\family default
.
 The option 
\family sans
Enable
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

change
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

tracking
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

features
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

in
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

the
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

output
\family default
 enables the change tracking option 
\family sans
Show
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Changes
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

in
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Output
\family default
 to visualize the differences also in the PDF output of the difference file.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
International Support
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
International support
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This section describes how to use \SpecialChar LyX
 with any language you want.
 For some languages there are special Wiki-pages that explain how to set
 up \SpecialChar LyX
 to use them: 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "Arabic,Armenian,Cyrillic,Farsi,Hebrew,Japanese"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Besides languages, \SpecialChar LyX
 also supports phonetic symbols, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Special-Character"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Language Options
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Language ! Options
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Language
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Language
\family default
 dialog lets you set 
\family roman
the language, the quote style and character encoding
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Under 
\family sans
Encoding
\family default
 you can choose the character encoding map you want to use for \SpecialChar LaTeX
 export.
 The option 
\family sans
Language
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Default
\family default
 is the preferred choice and works well in most cases.
 For details about the different encoding options see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Language-encodings"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Keyboard mapping configuration
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Keyboard-mapping"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you have for example a U.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

S.-style keyboard and want to write in a language other than English, you
 can use an alternate keymap.
 For example, if you want to write in Italian, you can configure \SpecialChar LyX
 to use
 an Italian keymap.
 The 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Editing\SpecialChar menuseparator
Keyboard/Mouse
\family default
 dialog allows you to choose up to two keyboard mappings, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Keyboard-Map"

\end_inset

.
 You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select
 which one you want to use.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely
 different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance).
 You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

S.-style keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German.
 In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing
 one to support the characters you want.
 This and many other customizations are explained in the 
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
\start_of_appendix
The User Interface
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "chap:The-User-Interface"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This appendix lists all the available menus and describes their functionality.
 It is designed as a quick reference if you are searching for a special
 topic inside the user's guide.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The File Menu
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Menu ! File
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Under the 
\family sans
File
\family default
 menu are the basic operations in addition to some more advanced operations.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
New
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Creates a new document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
New from Template
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This menu entry prompts you for a template to use.
 Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for
 the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Open
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Opens a document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Open Recent
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The submenu shows a list of the recently opened files.
 Click there on a file to open it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Close
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Closes the current document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Close All
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Closes all opened documents.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Save
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Saves the actual document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Save As
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Saves the actual document under a new name to create a copy.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Save All
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Saves all opened documents.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Revert to saved
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Reloads the actual document from disk.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Version Control
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This is used when multiple people are working on the same document or when
 one person wants to keep a careful archive of changes.
 It is described in the section 
\emph on
Version Control in \SpecialChar LyX

\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Import
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can import files from older \SpecialChar LyX
 versions, HTML files, \SpecialChar LaTeX
 files, NoWeb
 files, plain text files and comma separated, table-like text files (CSV).
 The files will be imported as a new \SpecialChar LyX
 document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When using the menu entry 
\family sans
Plain
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

text
\family default
, line breaks in the text will start a new paragraph; when using the menu
 entry 
\family sans
Plain
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Text,
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Join
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Lines
\family default
, consecutive lines of text will be imported to one big paragraph.
 A new paragraph will begin when there is a blank line in the file.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Export
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Export"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can export your document to various file formats.
 The resulting files are placed in the directory of your \SpecialChar LyX
 file.
 The menu entries are not the same on all installations.
 They depend on the programs found by \SpecialChar LyX
 during its configuration.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is a list of all available entries; some of them are explained in detail
 in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Output-file-formats"

\end_inset

:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
CJK
\family default

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

LyX format of the special \SpecialChar LyX

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

1.4.x versions for Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK)
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

 Since \SpecialChar LyX
 1.5.0 CJK support has been fully integrated into \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
DocBook text file with code in the language SGML that is used for the markup
 language 
\family typewriter
DocBook
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
DocBook
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(XML) text file with code in the language XML that is used for the markup
 language 
\family typewriter
DocBook
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
DraftDVI \SpecialChar LaTeX
's native DVI-format.
 This format is not suitable if you have special characters or spaces in
 files paths or file names in your document.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 use this format internally as a pre-stage to export to 
\family sans
DVI
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
DVI DVI-format that also allows the useage of special characters or spaces
 in files paths or file names
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
DVI
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(Lua
\family sans
TeX
\family default
) DVI-format using the program 
\family typewriter
Lua\SpecialChar TeX

\family default
; supports Unicode and the usage of non-\SpecialChar TeX
 fonts; 
\series bold

\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 not all DVI-viewers are currently able to display this output format properly.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
EPS
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(cropped) the same as 
\family sans
PostScript
\family default
 but with cropped page margins.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Graphviz
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Dot text file with code in the programming language 
\family typewriter
Dot
\family default
 which is used to draw visualizations of graphs via the program 
\family typewriter
Graphviz
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
HTML HTML-format; 
\series bold

\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 the exported file will be stored in a subdirectory.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
HTML
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(MS
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Word) HTML-format specialized so that the result can be imported to 
\family sans
MS Word
\family default
; as a consequence of this formulas will be embedded as bitmap fonts and
 not in the format 
\family sans
MathML
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(
\family default
Lua
\family sans
TeX) 
\family default
text file with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 source that is compilable with the program 
\family typewriter
Lua\SpecialChar TeX

\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(pdflatex)
\family default
 text file with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 source, additionally all images used in the document
 will be converted to a format that is readable by the 
\family typewriter
pdflatex
\family default
 program (GIF, JPG, PDF, PNG)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(plain)
\family default
 text file with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 source code, additionally all images used in the document
 will be converted to the EPS-format, only this format is readable by the
 
\family typewriter
latex
\family default
 program
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(
\family default
Xe
\family sans
TeX) 
\family default
text file with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 source that is compilable with the program 
\family typewriter
Xe\SpecialChar TeX

\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
LilyPond
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

book
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(La
\family sans
TeX
\family default
) text file with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 source and also code in the syntax of the music notation
 software 
\family typewriter
LilyPond
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

z.y.x \SpecialChar LyX
-Document in a format readable by the \SpecialChar LyX
 versions z.y.x (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

"\SpecialChar LyX

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2.1.x"; 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

z
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

y
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 represent the version number)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Archive
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(zip|tar.gz) creates a zip-archive or a tar.gz-archive file (depending upon
 your system) that contains your document and all files that are necessary
 to compile it (images, child documents, Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 files, etc.)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
LyXHTML HTML-format using \SpecialChar LyX
's internal XHTML engine
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
MS
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Word
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Office
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Open
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

XML Office Open XML file, to be opened with 
\family sans
Microsoft Word
\family default
.
 For the conversion the program 
\family typewriter
Pandoc
\family default
 is used.
 
\family typewriter
Pandoc
\family default
 is a third-party product and may not work in all cases.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
NoWeb text file with code in the format of the literate programming language
\family typewriter
 NoWeb
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
OpenDocument
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(Pandoc) OpenDocument file, to be opened with 
\family sans
LibreOffice, OpenOffice, KOffice, Abiword
\family default
, etc..
 For the conversion the program 
\family typewriter
Pandoc
\family default
 is used.
 
\family typewriter
Pandoc
\family default
 is a third-party product and may not work in all cases.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
OpenDocument
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(tex4ht) OpenDocument file.
 For the conversion the program 
\family typewriter
tex4ht
\family default
 is used.
 
\family typewriter
tex4ht
\family default
 is a third-party product and may not work in all cases.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(cropped) the same as 
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(pdflatex)
\family default
 but with cropped page margins
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(dvipdfm)
\family default
 PDF-format using the program 
\family typewriter
dvipdfm
\family default
, produces internally a DVI-file which is then converted to a PDF-file
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(lower
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

resolution)
\family default
 the same as 
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(pdflatex)
\family default
 but with a reduced pixel resolution of 150
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

dpi (e.g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

useful for e-books to be read on tablet PCs or for large documents as intermedia
te preview)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(LuaTeX)
\family default
 PDF-format using the program 
\family typewriter
Lua\SpecialChar TeX

\family default
, produces PDF-files directly
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(pdflatex)
\family default
 PDF-format using the program 
\family typewriter
pdflatex
\family default
, produces PDF-files directly
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(ps2pdf)
\family default
 PDF-format using the program 
\family typewriter
ps2pdf
\family default
, produces internally a PostScript-file which is then converted to a PDF-file
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(XeTeX)
\family default
 PDF-format using the program 
\family typewriter
Xe\SpecialChar TeX

\family default
, produces PDF-files directly
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
Plain
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

text
\family default
 text format
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
Plain
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(ps2ascii)
\family default
 text format, the document will first be converted to Postscript format
 and then exported as text using the program 
\family sans
ps2ascii
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
Postscript
\family default
 PostScript format using the program 
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
; for possible 
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
 options see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:General-output"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Sweave text file with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 source and also code in the statistical programming
 language 
\family typewriter
R
\family default
.
 Using the 
\family typewriter
R
\family default
-function 
\family typewriter
Sweave
\family default
 it is possible to use 
\family typewriter
R
\family default
-commands in \SpecialChar LaTeX

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If one of the menu entries 
\family sans
DVI
\family default
, 
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(pdflatex)
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Postscript
\family default
 is missing, you need to update your \SpecialChar LaTeX
 installation.
 After updating you have to reconfigure \SpecialChar LyX
, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"

\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Reconfiguration of \SpecialChar LyX

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Fax
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This menu entry will only appear if you have a fax program installed (on
 Windows you additionally need to register its program path to \SpecialChar LyX
's PATH prefix,
 see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Paths"

\end_inset

).
 With this menu entry you can send your document to a fax program like 
\family typewriter
hylapex
\family default
 or 
\family typewriter
kdeprintfax
\family default
.
 The default format of the sent file is PostScript.
 The format can be changed in \SpecialChar LyX
's preferences as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Converters"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
New and Close Window
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Opens or closes a new instance of \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Exit
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Prompts you to save all unsaved documents and then exits.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The Edit Menu
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Menu ! Edit
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Undo and Redo
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Undo-and-Redo"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Cut, Copy, Paste, Paste Recent, Paste Special
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Select Whole Inset
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Selects the content of the inset in which the cursor currently is.
 If the cursor is outside an inset, the whole document will be selected.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Select All
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Selects the whole document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Find & Replace (Quick)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Find & Replace (Advanced)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Advanced-Find-and"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Move Paragraph Up/Down
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This shifts the paragraph in which the cursor currently is one paragraph
 up or down.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Text Style
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\change_inserted -712698321 1525595818
This sub-menu provides several ways to customize the appearance of text
 passages.
 You can
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\change_inserted -712698321 1525595876
Customize text properties by means of the 
\family sans
Text Style
\family default
 dialog (via 
\family sans
Customized\SpecialChar ldots

\family default
; this is 
\change_deleted -712698321 1525595580
D
\change_inserted -712698321 1525595580
d
\change_unchanged
escribed in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Fine-Tuning-with-the"

\end_inset


\change_inserted -712698321 1525595582
)
\change_deleted -712698321 1525595616
.
\change_inserted -712698321 1525595617

\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\change_inserted -712698321 1525595704
Change the casing of selected text (
\family sans
Capitalize
\family default
, 
\family sans
Uppercase
\family default
, 
\family sans
Lowercase
\family default
)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\change_inserted -712698321 1525599421
Select custom character styles if provided by the document class or a module
 (in the case of this document: 
\family sans
Code
\family default
, 
\family sans
Emph
\family default
, 
\family sans
Noun
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Strong
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Custom-Character-Styles"

\end_inset

)
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Paragraph Settings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paragraph ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Enables you to set the paragraph alignment, line spacing and label width.
 These settings only affect the paragraph in which the cursor is currently
 in.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also prevent the first line of the paragraph being indented if you
 have chosen to separate paragraphs with 
\family sans
Indentation
\family default
 in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Layout
\family default
 dialog.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Table and Rows & Columns
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
These menus only appear if the cursor is inside a table.
 It allows you to create multicolumn and multirow cells, add or remove borders
 of a cell and to set the alignment of the cell.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Dissolve Inset
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This menu only appears if the cursor is inside an inset.
 It will dissolve this inset.
 This means that the inset is deleted and its content is left as normal
 text.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Settings or Math
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This menu is only active if the cursor is inside an inset or a formula.
 Here you can change the properties of the inset or the formula.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Increase/Decrease List Depth
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
These menus are only active if the cursor is in an environment that can
 be nested.
 They increase/decrease the environment nesting level as explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"

\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Numbering-depth"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The View Menu
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Menu ! View
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
At the bottom of the 
\family sans
View
\family default
 menu the opened documents are listed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Open/Close all Insets
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Opens/closes all insets in your document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Unfold/Fold Math Macros
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Unfolds/folds the current math macro.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Math macros are described in the 
\emph on
Math
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Outline Pane
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Shows the outline window as described in sections
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Navigating"

\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Table-of-Contents"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Source Pane
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Opens a window showing the source code of the actual document, as described
 in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Messages Pane
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Opens a window showing console messages.
 This is useful for debugging \SpecialChar LyX
 (i.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

e., hunt for errors in the program) or to see what is going on in the background
 while \SpecialChar LaTeX
 is processing the document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Toolbars
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Toolbars"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toolbar
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In this menu entry you can set the icon size and the appearance of the different
 toolbars.
 All toolbars and the 
\family sans
Command
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Buffer
\family default
 can be turned on and off.
 The 
\emph on
on
\emph default
 state is denoted in the menu with a checkmark.
 The 
\family sans
Table
\family default
, 
\family sans
Math,
\family default
 
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Macros,
\family default
 
\family sans
Review
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Panels
\family default
 toolbars can additionally be set to the state 
\emph on
automatic
\emph default
, denoted in the menu with the suffix 
\family sans
(auto)
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the 
\emph on
on
\emph default
 state the toolbar is permanently shown; in the 
\emph on
automatic
\emph default
 state the toolbar is only shown when the cursor is in a certain environment
 or when a certain feature is enabled.
 That means that the review toolbar will only be shown if change tracking
 is activated, the math and table toolbars are only shown if the cursor
 is inside a formula or table respectively.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
's toolbars and their buttons are explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Toolbars"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Split View
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Split
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

View
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

into
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Left
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Right
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Half
\family default
 will split \SpecialChar LyX
's main window vertically while 
\family sans
Split
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

View
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

into
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Upper
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

and
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Lower
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Half
\family default
 will split it horizontally.
 This allows you to view documents at the same time to compare them, or
 to view the same document, but at different positions.
 You can even split the main window several times to view, for example,
 three or more documents at the same time.
 To close a split view, use the menu 
\family sans
Close
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Current
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

View
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Close Current View
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Closes a split view.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Fullscreen
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Using this menu entry or pressing F11 removes the menu bar and all toolbars
 so that you will see nothing but your text.
 It furthermore displays \SpecialChar LyX
's main window fullscreen.
 To return from fullscreen to the normal view, press F11, or right-click
 and turn off the fullscreen mode in the context menu.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The Insert Menu
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Menu ! Insert
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Math
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts math constructs that are explained in chapter
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:Mathematical-Formulas"

\end_inset

 and the 
\emph on
Math
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Special Character
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Special-Character"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can insert the following characters:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Symbols Opens the 
\family sans
Symbols
\family default
 dialog which allows you to insert any character that can be output by your
 \SpecialChar LaTeX
 system.
 By default groups of characters are displayed in character categories;
 the available characters depend on the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-packages you have installed.
 You can get a complete display by checking 
\family sans
Display
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

all
\family default
.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

 
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 Not all characters will be visible in the 
\family sans
Symbols
\family default
 dialog because none of the screen fonts that you can set in the preferences
 dialog (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Screen-Fonts"

\end_inset

) can display every character.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Ellipsis Inserts an ellipsis: \SpecialChar ldots

\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
End
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

of
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Sentence Inserts an end of sentence period as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Abbreviations"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Ordinary
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Quote Inserts this quote: ", no matter what quote style you selected in
 the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Language
\family default
 dialog.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Single
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Quote Inserts a single quote in the quotation marks style selected in the
 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Language
\family default
 dialog.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Protected
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Hyphen Inserts a hyphen that is protected from line breaks: \SpecialChar nobreakdash

\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Breakable
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Slash Inserts a slash where a line break can also occur: \SpecialChar breakableslash

\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Visible
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Space Inserts a character representing a single space (the one you get when
 pressing the 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 key): 
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Menu
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Separator Inserts the menu separator sign: \SpecialChar menuseparator

\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Phonetic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Symbols 
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Phonetic symbols
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Language ! Phonetic symbols
\end_layout

\end_inset

Inserts a box where you can insert symbols from the International Phonetic
 Alphabet (IPA) and opens a toolbar which provides a large set of these
 symbols.
 To use this feature you must have the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
tipa
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! tipa
\end_layout

\end_inset

 installed.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

More information about this feature can be found in the 
\emph on
Linguistics
\emph default
 manual (
\family sans
Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
Specific Manuals
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Logos Inserts the logos of the programs \SpecialChar LyX
, \SpecialChar TeX
, \SpecialChar LaTeX
 and \SpecialChar LaTeX2e
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Formatting
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Opens a submenu with the following options:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Superscript Inserts a superscript: test
\begin_inset script superscript

\begin_layout Plain Layout
a, b
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Subscript Inserts a subscript: test
\begin_inset script subscript

\begin_layout Plain Layout
3x
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Protected
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Space Inserts a protected space as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Protected-Space"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Interword
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Space Inserts an inter-word space as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Inter-word-Space"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Thin
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Space Inserts a thin space as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Thin-Space"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Visible
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Space Inserts a character to visualize that there is or should be a space.
 This is e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

useful if you need to indicate a space in a command sequence.
 An example from the \SpecialChar LyX
 
\emph on
Math
\emph default
 manual: 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

To insert a fraction use the command 
\series bold

\backslash
frac
\begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
\end_inset

A
\begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
\end_inset

B.
\series default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 The visible space is hereby the character before the 
\series bold
A
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Horizontal
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Space Inserts horizontal space as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Horizontal-Space"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Horizontal
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Line Inserts a horizontal line as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Horizontal-Lines"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Vertical
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Space Inserts vertical space as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Vertical-Space"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Phantom Inserts a Phantom space as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Phantom-Space"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Hyphenation
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Point Inserts a hyphenation point as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Hyphenation"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Ligature
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Break Inserts a ligature break as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Ligatures"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Optional
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Line
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Break Inserts a line break point (zero-width space character) that is invisible
 in the output.
 See section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Dashes-and-line-breaks"
plural "false"
caps "false"
noprefix "false"

\end_inset

 for a usage example.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Ragged
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Line
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Break Inserts a forced line break as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Forced-Line-Breaks"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Justified
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Break Inserts a forced line break that right justifies the remaining text
 as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Forced-Line-Breaks"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
New
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Page Inserts a forced page break as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Forced-Page-Breaks"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Page
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Break Inserts a forced page break that shares the extra space among paragraph
 breaks instead of leaving it at the bottom of the page, as described in
 section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Forced-Page-Breaks"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Clear
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Page Inserts a clear page break as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Clear-Page-Breaks"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Clear
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Double
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Page Inserts a clear doublepage break as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Clear-Page-Breaks"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
List/TOC
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Various lists can be inserted with this menu entry.
 The 
\family sans
Table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

of Contents
\family default
, the 
\family sans
List of Algorithms
\family default
, 
\family sans
List of Figures,
\family default
 
\family sans
List of Tables
\family default
 and 
\family sans
List of Listings
\family default
 are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:toc"

\end_inset

.
 The 
\family sans
Index List
\family default
 is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Index"

\end_inset

, the 
\family sans
Nomenclature
\family default
 is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nomenclature"

\end_inset

 and the 
\family sans
Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 Bibliography
\family default
 is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Bibliography-databases"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Float
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To insert floats, as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Floats"

\end_inset

 and in detail the chapter 
\emph on
Floats
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Note
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To insert notes, described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Notes"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Branch
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a branch inset, if any, and allowing you to create and insert a
 new branch.
 Branches are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Branches"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Custom Insets
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts document class-specific insets.
 Such insets only exist if they are defined in the layout file for a certain
 document class.
 An example is the document class 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

article (Elsevier)
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 with three custom insets.
 The section 
\emph on
Flex insets and InsetLayout
\emph default
 in 
\emph on
Installing New Document Classes, The Layout file format 
\emph default
of the 
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
 manual explains how custom insets are defined.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
File
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
External Material
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This menu entry allows you to insert or include the contents of other files
 in your document.
 For more information see chapter 
\emph on
External Document Parts
\emph default
 of the Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Box
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Boxes
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a box in a certain style.
 Boxes are described in detail in the chapter 
\emph on
Boxes
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Citation
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Opens the 
\family sans
Citation
\family default
 dialog as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Bibliography"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Cross-Reference
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a 
\family sans
cross-reference
\family default
 as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Label
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a 
\family sans
label
\family default
 as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Caption
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Captions
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Tables ! Multi-page ! Caption
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a caption in a float or multi-page table.
 Floats are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Floats"

\end_inset

; captions in multi-page tables are described in the section 
\emph on
Multi-page Captions
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Index Entry
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts an index entry as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Index"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Nomenclature Entry
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a nomenclature entry as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nomenclature"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Table
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Opens a dialog allowing you to specify the rows and columns of the table.
 Tables are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Tables"

\end_inset

 and in detail in the chapter 
\emph on
Tables
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Graphics
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Opens the 
\family sans
Graphics
\family default
 dialog.
 Graphics are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Graphics"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
URL
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a URL as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:URLs"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Hyperlink
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a hyperlink as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Hyperlinks"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Footnote
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a footnote as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Footnotes"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Marginal Note
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a marginal note as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Marginal-Notes"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection

\family sans
Separate <Name> (Above/Below)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
These menu items are only visible if it is possible to have two consecutive
 environments of the same type.
 See section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Separate-Nestings"

\end_inset

 for an explanation.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Short Title
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Is only visible if the cursor is in front, in or behind a section heading,
 title or caption of a float.
 Inserts a short title as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Short-Titles"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
\SpecialChar TeX
 Code
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a \SpecialChar TeX
 Code box as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:TeX-Code-Boxes"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Program Listing
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Program listings
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a program listings box.
 Program listings are explained in the chapter 
\emph on
Program Code Listings
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Date
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts the actual date.
 The format depends on the date format of the language that is used for
 \SpecialChar LyX
's menus.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Preview
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a preview inset as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The Navigate Menu
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Menu ! Navigate
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This menu lists the existing chapters, sections, figures, tables, etc.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

of the current document.
 This allows you to navigate easily through your document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Bookmarks
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
With this menu entry you are able to define your own bookmarks.
 This is useful when you are working on a large document and often have
 to jump, for example, between section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2.5 and 6.3.
 To create bookmarks for this example, go to section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

2.5 and use the submenu 
\family sans
Save
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Bookmark
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

1
\family default
.
 Then go to section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

6.3 and use 
\family sans
Save
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Bookmark
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\family default
2.
 Now you can jump easily between these sections by using the menu or by
 the key bindings 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "bookmark-goto 1"
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "bookmark-goto 2"
\end_inset

.You can also use bookmarks to jump between several opened documents.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The saved bookmarks are valid till the document is closed.
 The submenu 
\family sans
Clear
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Bookmarks
\family default
 allows you to clear bookmarks while the submenu 
\family sans
Navigate
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Back
\family default
 jumps to the position in the document where you recently changed something.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Next Note, Change, Cross-reference
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Jump to the next note, change, or cross-reference after the current cursor
 position.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Go to Label
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Only active if the cursor is in front of a cross-reference.
 Sets the cursor before the referenced label.
 (It is the same as if you right-click on a cross-reference box and use
 
\family sans
Go
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

to
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Label)
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Forward Search
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Allows you to jump directly to the corresponding text part in the output,
 see section 
\emph on
The \SpecialChar LyX
 Server\SpecialChar menuseparator
Forward
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

search
\emph default
 in the 
\emph on
Additional
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Features
\emph default
 manual for a detailed description.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The Document Menu
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Menu ! Document
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Change Tracking
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Change Tracking is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Change-Tracking"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
La
\family sans
TeX
\family default
 Log
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
After running \SpecialChar LaTeX
 by viewing or exporting a document, this menu will be enabled.
 It shows the logfile of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-program used.
 You can go to the next error or the next warning, search, copy something
 to the clipboard or update the view.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

With the help of the logfile, experts can find reasons for \SpecialChar LaTeX
-errors.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
With the button 
\family sans
Open Containing Directory
\family default
 one can open \SpecialChar LyX
's temporary folder for the document.
 This folder contains all converted and created files to generate the output.
 Some of these files might be of interest for experts to solve problems
 or for writers who need to supply intermediate files.
 For example some journals require to send the 
\family sans
*.bbl
\family default
 file (a text file with the used Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 references).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Start Appendix Here
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sets the start of the appendices of the document at the current cursor position
 as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Appendices"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
View
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

[<output format>]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This menu entry generates the output in the format you have specified as
 default output format for the document (menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Output\SpecialChar menuseparator
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Format
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Doc-Formats"

\end_inset

) or in the \SpecialChar LyX
 preferences (menu 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Handling\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Formats\SpecialChar menuseparator
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Format
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:File-Formats"

\end_inset

) and opens it in an appropriate viewer.
 The viewer can be set or changed in the preferences (menu 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Handling\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Formats\SpecialChar menuseparator
Viewer
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:File-Formats"

\end_inset

).
 The default viewers are set by \SpecialChar LyX
 when it is first configured.
 The default output format is 
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(pdflatex)
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
View (Other Formats)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
With this menu you can view your document in alternative output formats.
 The menu contains a list of available formats in which you can view the
 actual document with an external program.
 The menu entries are not the same on all installations — it depends on
 the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 programs that are found when \SpecialChar LyX
 was configured.
 All possible formats are listed in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Export"

\end_inset

.
 You should at least see the menu entry 
\family sans
DVI
\family default
.
 If it is missing, you need to update or repair your \SpecialChar LaTeX
 installation.
 After updating you have to reconfigure \SpecialChar LyX
 (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"

\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Reconfiguration of \SpecialChar LyX

\end_layout

\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Invoking a view menu will start a viewer program.
 The viewer can be set or changed in the preferences (menu 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Handling\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Formats\SpecialChar menuseparator
Viewer
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:File-Formats"

\end_inset

).
 The default viewers are set by \SpecialChar LyX
 when it is first configured.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Update
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

[<output format>]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This menu entry allows you to update the view with your latest changes (in
 the default output format) without opening a new viewer window.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Update (Other Formats)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
With this menu you can update the view of alternative output formats of
 your document without opening a new viewer window.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
View Master Document
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This menu item is only visible if your document is included to another document,
 which is then its 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

master
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (see section 
\emph on
Child Documents
\emph default
 in the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual for more information on this topic).
 This item allows you to view the master document from within its child.
 That is, if you are working on a child document which is a chapter of a
 book, 
\family sans
View
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Master
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Document
\family default
 generates the output of the whole book, while 
\family sans
View
\family default
 will just output the chapter alone.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The format used by this function is the default output format as specified
 in the document settings (menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Output\SpecialChar menuseparator
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Format
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Doc-Formats"

\end_inset

) or in the preferences (menu 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Handling\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Formats\SpecialChar menuseparator
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Format
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:File-Formats"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Update Master Document
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This menu item is only visible if your document is included to another document,
 which is then its 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

master
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (see section 
\emph on
Child Documents
\emph default
 in the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual for more information on this topic).
 This item allows you to update the view of a master document from within
 its child without the need to switch to the master document itself.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The format used by this function is the default output format as specified
 in the document settings (menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Output\SpecialChar menuseparator
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Format
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Doc-Formats"

\end_inset

) or in the preferences (menu 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Handling\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Formats\SpecialChar menuseparator
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Format
\family default
; see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:File-Formats"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Compressed
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Compressed"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Un/compresses the current document.
 For documents under version control it is strongly recommended to disable
 compression (see the 
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
 manual for details).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Disable Editing
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Toggles the read-only state for the document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Settings
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The document settings are described in appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:The-Document-Settings"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The Tools Menu
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Menu ! Tools
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Spellchecker
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Spell checking is explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Spellchecking"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Thesaurus
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The thesaurus is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Thesaurus"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Statistics
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Word count
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Character count
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Returns the number of the words and characters in the actual document or
 the highlighted document part.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Check 
\family sans
TeX
\family default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Chk\SpecialChar TeX

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Generates with the help of the program 
\family typewriter
Chk\SpecialChar TeX

\family default
 a log of possible \SpecialChar LaTeX
-errors and displays it in a dialog.
 This feature is not available on Windows.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection

\family sans
TeX
\family default
 Information
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar TeX
 Information
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Shows you a list of the document classes and styles installed in your \SpecialChar LaTeX
-system.
 Use the option 
\family sans
Show
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

path
\family default
 to see the full filename paths.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Compare
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Compare
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Opens a dialog to compare \SpecialChar LyX
 files as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Comparison-of-Documents"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Reconfigure
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LyX
 ! Reconfigure|see
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Reconfiguration of \SpecialChar LyX

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Reconfiguration of \SpecialChar LyX

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Reconfigures \SpecialChar LyX
; that is, \SpecialChar LyX
 looks for \SpecialChar LaTeX
-packages and programs it needs; see
 also section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Preferences
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Opens the 
\family sans
Preferences
\family default
 dialog as described in detail in appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:The-Preferences-dialog"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The Help Menu
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Menu ! Help
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This menu lists the documentation files of \SpecialChar LyX
 in the language of \SpecialChar LyX
's menus.
 If a file is not available in this language, the English version will be
 listed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The menu 
\family sans
LaTeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Configuration
\family default
 shows a \SpecialChar LyX
 document with information about the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages and classes found
 by \SpecialChar LyX
 (see also section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:LaTeX-Setup"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The menu 
\family sans
About
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

LyX
\family default
 gives information about the copyright, the credits and the \SpecialChar LyX
 version you
 are using.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Toolbars
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Toolbars"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
How to show or hide toolbars is explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Toolbars"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It is also possible to define custom toolbars.
 This is described in the 
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Standard Toolbar
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toolbar ! Standard
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/StandardToolbar.png
        width 100col%

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The standard toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following
 buttons:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
LTleft}{0pt}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
This is necessary to left align the following longtables.
 See the 
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
 manual for more information.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="1" columns="2">
<features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
        clip

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
pull-down box for the environments
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace -10mm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align left
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="22" columns="2">
<features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "buffer-new"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
New
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "file-open"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Open
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "buffer-write"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Save
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show spellchecker"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Spellchecker
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "spelling-continuously"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Spellcheck continuously
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "undo"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Undo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "redo"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Redo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "cut"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cut
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "copy"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Copy
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "paste"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paste
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show findreplace"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Find
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

&
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

Replace
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

(Quick)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-toggle findreplaceadv"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Find
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

&
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

Replace
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

(Advanced)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "bookmark-goto 0"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Navigate\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bookmarks\SpecialChar menuseparator
Navigate Back
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "font-emph"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Emphasize text, function of the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
Customized
\family default
 dialog
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "font-noun"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Set text to noun style, function of the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
Customized
\family default
 dialog
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "textstyle-apply"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Format text using the current settings in the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
Customized
\family default
 dialog
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-mode"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Inline
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Formula
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show-new-inset graphics"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Graphics
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "tabular-insert"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Table
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-toggle toc"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toggle outline window on/off, 
\family sans
View\SpecialChar menuseparator
Outline
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "toolbar-toggle math"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toggle math toolbar on/off
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "toolbar-toggle table"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toggle table toolbar on/off
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Extra Toolbar
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toolbar ! Extra
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/ExtraToolbar.png
        width 100col%

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The extra toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following
 buttons:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="25" columns="2">
<features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "layout"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Default
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "layout Enumerate"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Numbered list
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "layout Itemize"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Itemized list
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "layout List"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
List
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "layout Description"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Description list
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "depth-increment"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Increase
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

List
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Depth
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "depth-decrement"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Decrease
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

List
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Depth
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "float-insert figure"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Float\SpecialChar menuseparator
Figure
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "float-insert table"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Float\SpecialChar menuseparator
Table
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "label-insert"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Label
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Cross-Reference
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show-new-inset citation"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Citation
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "index-insert"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Index
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Entry
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "nomencl-insert"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Nomenclature
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Entry
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "footnote-insert"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Footnote
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "marginalnote-insert"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Marginal
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Note
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "note-insert"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Note\SpecialChar menuseparator
LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Note
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "box-insert Frameless"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Box
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "href-insert"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Hyperlink
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "ert-insert"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
TeX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Code
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "math-macro newmacroname newcommand"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
Macro
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show-new-inset include"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Child
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Document
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "dialog-show character"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Text
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
Customized
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "layout-paragraph"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
Paragraph
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "thesaurus-entry"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Thesaurus
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
View/Update Toolbar
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toolbar ! View / Update
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/ViewToolbar.png

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The view/update toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following
 buttons:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
<features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top">
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "buffer-view"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
View
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "buffer-update"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Update
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "master-buffer-view"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Master
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Document
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "master-buffer-update"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Update
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Master
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Document
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "buffer-toggle-output-sync"
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Output\SpecialChar menuseparator
Synchronize with Output
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "view-others"
\end_inset


\family sans
*
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
View (Other Formats)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "update-others"
\end_inset

*
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Update (Other Formats)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
* These icons might look different for you if you do not use the default
 icon set.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Other Toolbars
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The change tracking toolbar is explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Change-Tracking"

\end_inset

, the table toolbar
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toolbar ! Table
\end_layout

\end_inset

 in the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual and the math macro toolbar
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Toolbar ! Macro
\end_layout

\end_inset

 in the 
\emph on
Math
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
The Document Settings
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "chap:The-Document-Settings"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Document ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Document
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Setting
\family default
s dialog contains submenus to set properties for the whole document and
 is called with the menu
\family sans
 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings
\family default
.
 You can save your document settings as default with the
\family sans
 Save as Document Defaults
\family default
 button in any dialog.
 This will create a template named 
\family typewriter
defaults.lyx
\family default
 which is automatically loaded by \SpecialChar LyX
 when you create a new document without
 using a template.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The button 
\family sans
Use Class Defaults
\family default
 resets the document settings to the default of the document class.
 This affects mostly class options, the page layout and Numbering & TOC.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The different submenus of the dialog are explained in the following sections.
 There are so many document settings available that it might take a while
 to find the one you are looking for.
 To find a setting quicker, you can use the search field which is above
 the submenus of the dialog.
 If you search e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

for 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

page
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, you will see that some submenus will be grayed-out and disabled.
 Only the submenus with page settings stay enabled.
 The found page settings are labeled red in these submenus.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Document Class
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you set the document class, class options, a graphics driver, and a
 master document.
 Document classes are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Document-Classes"

\end_inset

.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
With the button 
\family sans
Local
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Layout
\family default
 you can load you own layout-file, that is not in \SpecialChar LyX
's 
\emph on
layouts
\emph default
 folder and thus not recognized by \SpecialChar LyX
 as a layout for a document class.
 For more about layout-files, see the chapter 
\emph on
Installing New Document Classes, Types of Layout Files
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
 Handbook.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Some classes use special class options by default.
 If this is the case, they are listed in the field 
\family sans
Predefined
\family default
 and you can decide to use them or not.
 If you do not know exactly what the default class options are for, it is
 recommended you leave them untouched.
 The 
\family sans
Graphics driver
\family default
 is used for \SpecialChar LaTeX
's graphics, color and page layout packages.
 If using 
\family sans
Default
\family default
, the default driver for the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-packages is used.
 It is recommended that you use the default unless you know what you are
 doing.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
When you want to use one of the following drivers
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\family sans
dvi2ps, dvialw, dvilaser, dvitops, psprint, pubps, ln
\family default

\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

you first have to activate them in your \SpecialChar LaTeX
 distribution, see section 
\emph on
Driver support
\emph default
 in 
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/graphics/grfguide.pdf"
literal "false"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Specifying a 
\family sans
Master
\family default
 document is necessary if the current document is a child or subdocument.
 The master document will be used by \SpecialChar LyX
 in the background if the child document
 is opened without its master.
 This way child documents are always compilable.
 More about master and child documents is explained in the section 
\emph on
Child Documents
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There is also an option to suppress the date and one to use the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package
 
\series bold
refstyle
\series default
 instead of 
\series bold
prettyref
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! prettyref
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! refstyle
\end_layout

\end_inset

 for cross-references, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Child Documents
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This submenu is only visible when your document includes child documents.
 Please refer to the section 
\emph on
Child
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Documents
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual for details.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Modules
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Modules are explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Modules"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Local Layout
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
See section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Local-Layout"

\end_inset

 for a description.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Fonts
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The document font settings are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Fonts-and-Text"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Text Layout
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can specify if paragraphs should be separated by 
\family sans
Indentation
\family default
 or by 
\family sans
Vertical space
\family default
.
 The 
\family sans
Line
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

spacing
\family default
 and whether it should be a 
\family sans
Two-column
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

document
\family default
 can also be specified here.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that \SpecialChar LyX
 will not show two columns or the specified line spacing on screen.
 That would be impractical, often unreadable, and is not part of the WYSIWYM
 concept.
 However, it will be as you specified in the output.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
With the option 
\family sans
Use justification in \SpecialChar LyX
 work area
\family default
 you can decide if \SpecialChar LyX
 justifies the text on screen.
 This only affects the text inside \SpecialChar LyX
 not in the output.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Page Layout
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This dialog is described in sections
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Paper-Size,-Orientation"

\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Document-Layout"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Page Margins
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can adjust the page margins as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Margins"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Language
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Language-encodings"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Language ! Encoding
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The document language and quote styles are set here.
 The encoding specifies how the document content is exported to \SpecialChar LaTeX
 (the \SpecialChar LyX
 file
 is always encoded in utf8).
 All characters that cannot be encoded using the specified encoding will
 be exported as \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands (this can fail if a \SpecialChar LaTeX
-command is not known for
 a particular character).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you use the option 
\family sans
Language Default
\family default
, \SpecialChar LyX
 determines the encoding of a text part from the language of this text.
 If the document contains text in more than one language you may get more
 than one encoding in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 file.
 If you do not use this option then the complete document will always use
 exactly one encoding.
 Checking this option is the preferred setting.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\SpecialChar LyX
 also supports Unicode output, which is particularly useful if you need
 lots of special symbols or non-alphabetic scripts, respectively.
 If you want to use this (and your \SpecialChar LaTeX
 installation supports Unicode), choose
 one of the four utf8 variants from the list below.
 Unfortunately the Unicode support of standard \SpecialChar LaTeX
 is quite incomplete, so
 it is not uncommon that a file with lots of Unicode symbols works fine
 with 
\family sans
Language Default
\family default
 (when \SpecialChar LyX
 uses its list of known \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands), but does not work with a fixed
 utf8 encoding (when the list of known \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands is not used, because all
 Unicode symbols can be encoded in utf8).
 The situation is much better with Xe\SpecialChar TeX
 and Lua\SpecialChar TeX
, two new alternative engines
 to standard \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
 Both engines support Unicode natively.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 now also supports these two engines (via the output formats 
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(XeTeX)
\family default
, 
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(LuaTeX)
\family default
 and 
\family sans
DVI
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(LuaTeX)
\family default
, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Output-file-formats"

\end_inset

).
 So if you are using many special or accented characters and 
\family sans
Language Default
\family default
 fails, you might try out one of these new engines.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Language
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

package
\family default
 determines the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package that is used for hyphenation and the translation
 of strings like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Part
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 The possible settings are:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Default uses the language package that is selected in
\family sans
 Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
Language Settings
\family default
 (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Prefs-Language"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Automatic selects the most suitable language package for the view/export
 format you will use.
 In many cases this will be 
\series bold
babel
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! babel
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 If the newer package 
\series bold
polyglossia
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! polyglossia
\end_layout

\end_inset

 is more appropriate (is the case when using Xe\SpecialChar TeX
 or Lua\SpecialChar TeX
 and non-\SpecialChar TeX
 fonts),
 this package will be used instead of 
\series bold
babel
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Always
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Babel uses 
\series bold
babel
\series default
 even if 
\series bold
polyglossia
\series default
 would be more appropriate.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Custom allows you to specify a language package command of your choice.
 For example if you want to use a language-specific package like 
\series bold
ngerman
\series default
 (for German texts), type in
\series bold

\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\backslash
usepackage{ngerman}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
None will not use a language package.
 This is necessary for some document classes for scientific articles.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is a list with the important encodings:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Language
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(no
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

inputenc) Same as 
\family sans
Language Default
\family default
, but the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
inputenc
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! inputenc
\end_layout

\end_inset

 is not used.
 When using this, you probably need to load some additional packages manually
 in the preamble and specify the used encoding for text parts in foreign
 languages in \SpecialChar TeX
 code.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
ASCII the ASCII encoding, covers only plain English (7-bit ASCII).
 \SpecialChar LyX
 converts all other characters into \SpecialChar LaTeX
 commands, which may result in a big
 file when lots of \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands are needed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Arabic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(CP
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

1256) MS Windows code page for Arabic and Farsi
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Arabic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

8859-6) for Arabic and Farsi
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Armenian
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(ArmSCII8) for Armenian
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Baltic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(CP
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

1257) MS Windows code page for Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian, the same
 as the ISO-8859-13 encoding
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Baltic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

8859-13) for Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian, a superset of the ISO-8859-4
 encoding
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Baltic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

8859-4) (latin 4) for Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian, a subset of the
 ISO-8859-13 encoding
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Central
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

European
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(CP
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

1250) MS Windows code page for ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

8859-2 (latin2)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Central
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

European
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

8859-2) (latin 2) covers Albanian, Croatian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Polish,
 Romanian, Slovak and Slovenian
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Chinese
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(simplified)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(EUC-CN) for simplified Chinese, used especially on UNIX OSes, since 2001
 this encoding is officially replaced by the encoding GB18030, as GB18030
 is not available for \SpecialChar LaTeX
 you should try to use the encoding Unicode
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(CJK)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(utf8)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Chinese
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(simplified)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(GBK) for simplified Chinese, is the same as the Windows code page CP 936
 except for the Euro currency sign, since 2001 this encoding is officially
 replaced by the encoding GB18030, as GB18030 is not available for \SpecialChar LaTeX
 you
 should try to use the encoding Unicode
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(CJK)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(utf8)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Chinese
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(traditional)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(EUC-TW) for traditional Chinese
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Cyrillic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(CP
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

1251) MS Windows code page for Cyrillic
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Cyrillic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

8859-5) covers Belorussian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian and Ukrainian
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Cyrillic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(KOI8-R) standard Cyrillic especially for Russian
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Cyrillic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(KOI8-U) Cyrillic for Ukrainian
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Cyrillic
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(pt
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

154) Cyrillic for Kazakh
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Greek
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

8859-7) for Greek
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Hebrew
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(CP
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

1255) MS Windows code page for Hebrew, a superset of the ISO-8859-8 encoding
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Hebrew
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

8859-8) for Hebrew
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Japanese
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(CJK)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(EUC-JP) EUC-JP encoding for Japanese, uses the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
CJK
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! CJK
\end_layout

\end_inset

, when using this, set the document language to 
\family sans
Japanese (CJK)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Japanese
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(CJK)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(JIS) JIS encoding for Japanese, uses the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
CJK
\series default
, when using this, set the document language to 
\family sans
Japanese
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(CJK)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Japanese
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(non-CJK)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(EUC-JP) EUC-JP encoding for Japanese, uses the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
japanese
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! japanese
\end_layout

\end_inset

, when using this, set the document language to 
\family sans
Japanese
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Japanese
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(non-CJK)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(JIS) JIS encoding for Japanese, uses the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
japanese
\series default
, when using this, set the document language to 
\family sans
Japanese
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Japanese
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(non-CJK)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(SJIS) SJIS encoding for Japanese, uses the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
japanese
\series default
, when using this, set the document language to 
\family sans
Japanese
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Korean
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(EUC-KR) for Korean
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Southern
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

European
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

8859-3) (latin 3) covers Esperanto, Galician, Maltese and Turkish
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
South-Eastern
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

European
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

8859-16) (latin 10) covers Albanian, Croatian, Finnish, French, German,
 Hungarian, Irish Gaelic, Italian, Polish, Romanian and Slovenian, is designed
 to cover many languages and characters with diacritics
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Thai
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(TIS
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

620-0) for Thai
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Turkish
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

8859-9) (latin 5) for Turkish, is like the ISO-8859-1 encoding where the
 Icelandic letters are replaced by Turkish ones
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Unicode
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(CJK)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(utf8) Unicode utf8 with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
CJK
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! CJK
\end_layout

\end_inset

 (for the languages Chinese, Japanese and Korean)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Unicode
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(Xe
\family sans
TeX
\family default
)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(utf8) Unicode utf8 to be used with 
\family sans
Xe\SpecialChar TeX

\family default
 and 
\family sans
Lua\SpecialChar TeX

\family default
, which use Unicode directly, without the help of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
inputenc
\series default
.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 automatically selects this encoding if you export or preview Xe\SpecialChar TeX
 or Lua\SpecialChar TeX
.
 Normally you do not need to set this encoding manually.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Unicode
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(ucs-extended)
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(utf8x) Unicode utf8 based on the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
ucs
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! ucs
\end_layout

\end_inset

 (comprehensive, including Latin, Greek, Cyrillic and CJK scripts).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Unicode
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(utf8) Unicode utf8 based on the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package 
\series bold
inputenc
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! inputenc
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 Currently only a limited range of characters (mainly for Latin scripts)
 is supported.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Western
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

European
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(CP
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

1252) MS Windows code page for ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

8859-1 (latin1)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Western
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

European
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

8859-1) (latin 1) covers the languages Albanian, Catalan, Danish, Dutch,
 English, Faroese, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Icelandic, Irish,
 Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish; better use the ISO-8859-15
 encoding instead
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Western
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

European
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

(ISO
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

8859-15) (latin 9) like the ISO-8859-1 encoding, but with the Euro currency
 sign, the œ-ligature and some characters used for French and Finnish
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Colors
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Color ! main text
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Color ! background
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Color ! Shaded boxes
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Color ! Greyed-out notes
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can alter the font color for the 
\family sans
Main text
\family default
 (default: black), for 
\family sans
Greyed
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

out notes
\family default
 (default: light grey)for the background color for the 
\family sans
Page
\family default
 (default: white) and for 
\family sans
Shaded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

boxes
\family default
 (default: red).
 The button 
\family sans
Reset
\family default
 sets the color back to the default.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Clicking any button showing 
\family sans
Default
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Change
\family default
 opens a dialog enabling you to choose from a selection of colors or from
 a color-picker or to specify a color using HSL or RGB values.
 In the dialog you can add any color to the custom colors to select them
 later more quickly.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note, if you change the 
\family sans
Main
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

text
\family default
 font color and use the option 
\family sans
Color
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

links
\family default
 in the document settings under 
\family sans
PDF
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

properties
\family default
, you probably also need to change the link font color as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:PDF-Properties"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can adapt the 
\family sans
Main
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

text
\family default
 font color and the 
\family sans
Page
\family default
 background for every page in your document if you use these commands as
 \SpecialChar TeX

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Code after a forced page break:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
For the page color:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\series bold

\backslash
pagecolor{color name}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
For the text color:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\series bold

\backslash
color{color name}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You are restricted to one of 
\series bold
black
\series default
, 
\series bold
blue
\series default
, 
\series bold
cyan
\series default
, 
\series bold
green
\series default
, 
\series bold
magenta
\series default
, 
\series bold
red
\series default
, 
\series bold
white
\series default
 or 
\series bold
yellow
\series default
 for the 
\series bold
color name
\series default
 unless you have defined your own color (see the section 
\emph on
Colored Tables
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 Manual).
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

If you have changed a text or background color, you can use the following
 names to refer to them:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
For the 
\family sans
Page
\family default
 background color:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\series bold
page_backgroundcolor
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
For the 
\family sans
Main
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

text
\family default
 color:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\series bold
document_fontcolor
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
For the 
\family sans
Shaded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

boxes
\family default
 background color:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\series bold
shadecolor
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
For the 
\family sans
Greyed
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

out notes
\family default
 text color:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\series bold
note_fontcolor
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To see how to define and use custom colors, see section 
\emph on
Colored
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Cells
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Numbering & TOC
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can adjust the 
\family sans
Numbering
\family default
 depth of section headings and the section depth in the 
\family sans
Table of Contents
\family default
 as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Numbering-depth"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Bibliography
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can specify if a specific citation style using the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages 
\series bold
biblatex
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! biblatex
\end_layout

\end_inset

, 
\series bold
natbib
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! natbib
\end_layout

\end_inset

 or 
\series bold
jurabib
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! jurabib
\end_layout

\end_inset

 should be used.
 If you use Bib\SpecialChar TeX
, you can enable a 
\family sans
Sectioned bibliography
\family default
 using the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package 
\series bold
bibtopic
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! bibtopic
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 If you use 
\noun on
Biblatex
\noun default
, you can select the style files and specify further options.
 Finally, you can select a document-specific 
\family sans
Processor
\family default
 for the generation of the bibliography.
 For a further description of these possibilities see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Bibliography"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Indexes
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can define the 
\family sans
Processor
\family default
 that will generate your index and you can define additional indexes (see
 section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Index"

\end_inset

 for details).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
PDF Properties
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The PDF properties are explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:PDF-Properties"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Math Options
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
These options will force \SpecialChar LyX
 to use the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages 
\series bold
amsmath
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! amsmath
\end_layout

\end_inset

, 
\series bold
amssymb
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! amssymb
\end_layout

\end_inset

,
\series bold
 cancel
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! cancel
\end_layout

\end_inset

,
\series bold
 esint
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! esint
\end_layout

\end_inset

, 
\series bold
mathdots
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! mathdots
\end_layout

\end_inset

, 
\series bold
mathtools
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! mathtools
\end_layout

\end_inset

, 
\series bold
mhchem
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! mhchem
\end_layout

\end_inset

, 
\series bold
stackrel
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! stackrel
\end_layout

\end_inset

, 
\series bold
stmaryrd
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! stmaryrd
\end_layout

\end_inset

 and 
\series bold
undertilde
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! undertilde
\end_layout

\end_inset

, or to use them automatically when they are needed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
amsmath is needed for many constructs, so when you get \SpecialChar LaTeX
-errors in formulas,
 ensure that you have this enabled.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
amssymb is needed for some special math symbols like bold or upright Greek
 letters, so when you get \SpecialChar LaTeX
-errors in formulas, ensure that you have this
 enabled.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
cancel is used for canceled formulas, see section 
\emph on
Canceled
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Formulas
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Math
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
esint is used for special integral characters, see section 
\emph on
Big
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Operators
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Math
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
mathdots is used for special ellipses, see section 
\emph on
Ellipses
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Math
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
mathtools is used for the math commands 
\series bold

\backslash
overbracket
\series default
, 
\series bold

\backslash
underbracket
\series default
, 
\series bold

\backslash
smashoperator
\series default
, 
\series bold

\backslash
adjustlimits
\series default
, 
\series bold

\backslash
splitfrac
\series default
, 
\series bold

\backslash
shortintertext
\series default
 and labeled arrows, see the corresponding sections in the 
\emph on
Math
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
mhchem is used for chemical equations, see section 
\emph on
Chemical Symbols and Equations
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Math
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
stackrel is used for the math command 
\series bold

\backslash
stackrel
\series default
, see section 
\emph on
Relations 
\emph default
of the 
\emph on
Math
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
stmaryrd is used for a few special math symbols.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
undertilde is used for the math command 
\series bold

\backslash
utilde
\series default
, see section 
\emph on
Accents for one Character 
\emph default
of the 
\emph on
Math
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Float Placement
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The float placement options are described in the section 
\emph on
Float
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Placement
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Listings
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The listings settings are explained in the chapter 
\emph on
Program Code Listings
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Bullets
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can adjust the characters used for the itemize 
\family sans
Level
\family default
s, specify the 
\family sans
Font
\family default
 set to be used and set the 
\family sans
Size
\family default
 of the bullets.
 The itemize environment is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Itemize"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can furthermore specify a 
\family sans
Custom
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Bullet
\family default
 by inserting in this field the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 command of the desired character.
 For example to use the € sign, you have to insert the command 
\series bold

\backslash
texteuro
\series default
.
 For math symbols you additionally need to enclose the command with $ signs.
 To use e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset

the symbol 
\begin_inset Formula $\circlearrowright$
\end_inset

 you need to enter 
\series bold
$
\backslash
circlearrowright$
\series default
.
 To find the command for a math symbol, create a formula and hover the mouse
 over the desired symbol in the math toolbar.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 Some characters require to load special \SpecialChar LaTeX
-packages in the preamble (menu
 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
\SpecialChar LaTeX

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Preamble
\family default
).
 For example for the € sign one needs to add the line 
\series bold

\backslash
usepackage{textcomp}
\series default
 to the preamble.
 For most math symbols it is sufficient to add the line 
\series bold

\backslash
usepackage{amssymb}
\series default
.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Branches
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Branches are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Branches"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Formats
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Doc-Formats"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can define some output specifics for the current document:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Format: The format that is used when you enter 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

View
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Update
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

View Master Document
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Update Master Document
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in the 
\family sans
Document
\family default
 menu or the toolbar.
 The default is set in 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Handling\SpecialChar menuseparator
File Formats
\family default
, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:File-Formats"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Synchronize
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

with
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Output settings for the menu 
\family sans
Navigate\SpecialChar menuseparator
Forward
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

search
\family default
.
 For a detailed description see section 
\emph on
Reverse DVI/PDF search
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Additional
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Features
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
XHTML
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Options offers settings for the export format 
\family sans
LyXHTML
\family default
.
 
\family sans
Strict XHTML
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

1.1
\family default
 will assure that the output follows exactly version
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

1.1 of the XHTML standard.
 The different 
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

output
\family default
 settings are described in detail in section 
\emph on
Math Output in XHTML
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Additional
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Features
\emph default
 manual.
 
\family sans
Math
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

image
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

scaling
\family default
 is used for the size of equations in the output.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Format The option 
\family sans
Save transient properties
\family default
 controls whether document settings that are frequently switched or that
 are specific to the user are saved with the document.
 The properties that are affected by option are currently:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
the activation of change tracking
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
the output of tracked changes
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
the recording of the document directory path.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Disabling the option can prevent issues in collaborative work and/or when
 using a version control system (for instance unnecessary merge conflicts).
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Section
La
\family sans
TeX
\family default
 Preamble
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In this text field you can enter commands to load special \SpecialChar LaTeX
-packages or to
 define \SpecialChar LaTeX
-commands.
 The preamble is a thing for \SpecialChar LaTeX
-experts.
 You should not enter commands here until you know exactly what you are
 doing.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
An introduction to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-syntax is given in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:LaTeX-Syntax"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
The 
\family sans
Preferences
\family default
 Dialog
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "chap:The-Preferences-dialog"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Preferences
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The preferences dialog is called with the menu 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
Preferences
\family default
.
 It has the following submenus.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Look and Feel
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
User Interface
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
User Interface File
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Customization ! of toolbars
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Customization ! of menus
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The appearance of the menus and toolbars can be changed by choosing a user
 interface (ui) file.
 A ui-file is a text file where the toolbars and menus are listed.
 The file 
\emph on
default.ui
\emph default
 loads three files:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
stdmenus.inc
\shape italic
 
\emph on
specifies the menu entries for the standard menus
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
stdcontext.inc 
\shape italic
\emph on
specifies
\shape default
\emph default
 the menu entries in popup context menus
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
stdtoolbars.inc
\shape italic
 
\emph on
specifies the toolbar buttons
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To create your own menu and toolbar layout, start with a copy of these files
 and edit the entries.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The syntax of the .inc-files is straightforward: the 
\family sans
Menubar
\family default
, 
\family sans
Menu
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Toolbar
\family default
 entries must be finished with an explicit 
\family sans
End
\family default
.
 They may contain 
\family sans
Submenu
\family default
, 
\family sans
Item
\family default
, 
\family sans
OptItem
\family default
, 
\family sans
Separator
\family default
, 
\family sans
Icon,
\family default
 and in the case of the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

file_lastfiles
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 menu a 
\family sans
Lastfiles
\family default
 entry.
 The syntax for the entries is:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace smallskip*
\end_inset


\series bold
Item 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

menu 
\series default
or
\series bold
 button name
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

\SpecialChar LyX
 function
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\begin_inset VSpace smallskip*
\end_inset

All the \SpecialChar LyX
-functions are listed in the menu 
\family sans
Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
LyX
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Functions
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For example, assuming you use the menu 
\family sans
Navigate\SpecialChar menuseparator
Bookmarks
\family default
 quite often and therefore want six available bookmarks, you can add the
 line
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace smallskip*
\end_inset


\series bold
Item 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Save Bookmark 6
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

bookmark-save 6
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
\begin_inset VSpace smallskip*
\end_inset

to the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

navigate_bookmarks
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 menu in 
\emph on
stdmenus.inc
\emph default
 to have the sixth bookmark.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Icon
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Set
\family default
 allows you to change the appearance of \SpecialChar LyX
's toolbar buttons.
 The currently available icon sets are compared in 
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "this image"
target "https://wiki.lyx.org/uploads/LyX/NewInLyX20/themes.png"
literal "false"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Context help
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The option 
\family sans
Enable tool tips in main work area
\family default
 enables tool tips showing the content of closed insets like index entries
 or footnotes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Menus
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Maximum last files
\family default
 is the number of last opened files that \SpecialChar LyX
 should display in the menu 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Open
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Recent
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Document Handling
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Session handling
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
With the option 
\family sans
Restore window layouts and geometries
\family default
 \SpecialChar LyX
's main window will be opened with the size and layout that was used in
 the last \SpecialChar LyX
 session.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The option 
\family sans
Restore cursor positions
\family default
 sets the cursor to the position in the file where it was at the end of
 the last session.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The option 
\family sans
Load opened files from last session
\family default
 opens all files that were opened in the last \SpecialChar LyX
 session.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The button 
\family sans
Clear all session information
\family default
 deletes all information from previous \SpecialChar LyX
 sessions (cursor positions, names
 of last opened documents, etc.).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Backup & saving
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Backup documents"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Backup ! Documents
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Backup original documents when saving
\family default
 creates a backup copy of the file in the state when it was opened or when
 it was saved the last time.
 It is stored in the 
\family sans
Backup
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

directory
\family default
 (see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Paths"

\end_inset

) or in the same folder as your document if no 
\family sans
Backup
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

directory
\family default
 is specified.
 The backup file has the file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
.lyx~
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
With the option 
\family sans
Backup documents, every
\family default
, you can specify the time between backup saves.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Save documents compressed by default
\family default
 always saves files in a compressed format (see also section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Compressed"

\end_inset

).
 This applies to newly created documents only.
 The compression status of existing documents is not changed when saving.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Windows & work area
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If the option 
\family sans
Open documents in tabs
\family default
 is not checked, every file will be opened in its own new instance of \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The option 
\family sans
Single instance
\family default
 is only active if a \SpecialChar LyX
Server pipe
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
See section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Paths"

\end_inset

 for information about \SpecialChar LyX
Server pipes.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 is specified.
 If it is checked, \SpecialChar LyX
 documents will be opened in the same running instance
 of \SpecialChar LyX
.
 Otherwise a new \SpecialChar LyX
 instance is created for each file.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If the option 
\family sans
Single close-tab button
\family default
 is checked, there will only be one close button (
\family sans

\begin_inset Info
type  "icon"
arg   "closetab"
\end_inset


\family default
) at the right side of the tab bar to close tabs.
 Otherwise every document tab has its own close button.
 Regardless of this option, one can always close a tab by middle-clicking
 it in the tab bar.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 For this option you have to restart \SpecialChar LyX
 before the change takes effect.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
With the setting 
\family sans
Closing last view
\family default
 you one can decide if a document is closed or hidden when its tab or view
 is closed.
 Hidden documents are accessible via the menu 
\family sans
View\SpecialChar menuseparator
Hidden
\family default
.
 Not to close documents can be useful if you open files parallel in several
 instances of \SpecialChar LyX
 and only want to close the view in once instance.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Screen Fonts
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Font ! Screen
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Screen-Fonts"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
These fonts are used to display your documents within \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 This section only deals with the fonts 
\emph on
inside
\emph default
 the \SpecialChar LyX
 window.
 The fonts that appear in the output are independent of these fonts, and
 set in the menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Fonts
\family default
.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By default, \SpecialChar LyX
 uses 
\family typewriter
Times
\family default
 as its 
\family sans
Roman
\family default
 (serif) font, 
\family typewriter
Arial
\family default
 or 
\family typewriter
Helvetica
\family default
 (depends on the system) as its 
\family sans
Sans
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Serif
\family default
 font and 
\family typewriter
Courier
\family default
 as its 
\family typewriter
Typewriter
\family default
 font.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can change the font size with the 
\family sans
Zoom
\family default
 setting.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Font Sizes
\family default
 are calculated as letter height in units of points.
 72.27
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

points have the size of 1
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

inch, see Appendix
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:Units-available-in"

\end_inset

.
 The default font sizes are the same as if a document font size of 10
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

pt were used.
 The sizes are explained in detail in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Document-Font"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Colors
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Color ! \SpecialChar LyX
 screen
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! Color
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can change the screen colors used by \SpecialChar LyX
 by choosing an item in the
 list and selecting the 
\family sans
Alter
\family default
 button.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By checking the option 
\family sans
Use system colors
\family default
 the color scheme of your OS or window manager is used.
 The colors 
\family sans
cursor, selection, table line, text, URL
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

label and URL
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

text
\family default
 are then not customizable and thus not listed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Display
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! Display
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can specify if graphics are displayed inside \SpecialChar LyX
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Instant Preview
\family default
 enables previewing snippets of your document.
 This feature is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Checking the option 
\family sans
Mark
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

end
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

of
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

paragraphs
\family default
 displays a pilcrow (¶) at the end of every paragraph.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Editing
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! Editing
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Control
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Editing
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The option 
\family sans
Cursor follows scrollbar
\family default
 sets the cursor to the top of the currently displayed document part when
 scrolling.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can adjust the width of the cursor.
 If you set the value to zero, the thickness of the cursor scales relative
 to the zoom value you choose for the screen fonts.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Scroll below end of document
\family default
 is self-explanatory.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In \SpecialChar LyX
 one can jump from word to word by pressing 
\family sans
Ctrl+arrow key
\family default
.
 With the option
\family sans
 Use Mac-style for cursor moving between words
\family default
 the cursor jumps from the end of a word to the end of the next word.
 Normally it jumps from the beginning to the beginning.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The option 
\family sans
Sort environments alphabetically
\family default
 sorts the entries in the pull-down box for the paragraph environments.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The option 
\family sans
Group environments by their category
\family default
 groups the entries in the pull-down box for the paragraph environments.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Edit math macros
\family default
 options determine the editing style for math macros, see the section 
\emph on
Math Macros
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Math
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Fullscreen
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can specify what is hidden in the fullscreen mode.
 With the option 
\family sans
Limit text width
\family default
 you can specify the width of the text in fullscreen mode.
 This way you can display the text smaller than the screen; the text then
 appears centered.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Shortcuts
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Key Bindings
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! Shortcuts
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Bind File
\family default
 specifies the file to be used to bind a \SpecialChar LyX
 function to a key.
 Several binding files are available, among them:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
cua.bind a typical set of PC keyboard shortcuts
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
(x)emacs.bind a set of bindings similar to those used in the editor programs
 
\family sans
Emacs
\family default
 (
\family sans
XEmacs
\family default
)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
mac.bind a set of bindings for 
\family sans
Mac
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

OS
\family default
 systems.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are also binding files designed for special document classes, like
 
\shape italic
broadway.bind
\shape default
, and binding files for special languages.
 The names of language binding files begin with a language code, e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g.
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

pt
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 for Portuguese.
 If you use \SpecialChar LyX
 in a certain language, \SpecialChar LyX
 will try to use the appropriate binding
 file.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Some binding files, like 
\shape italic
math.bind
\shape default
, only have a limited scope.
 When looking at the end of the file 
\shape italic
cua.bind
\shape default
, you can see that they are included to keep the overview in the bind-file.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The field 
\family sans
Show
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

key-bindings
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

containing
\family default
 allows you to search for the shortcut provided for a particular function
 in the selected key binding file.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Editing Shortcuts
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Editing-Shortcuts"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Key Bindings ! Editing
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To add new or modify existing key bindings to your own taste you can use
 the table in the dialog that lists all \SpecialChar LyX
 functions and the bound shortcuts.
 To find functions easily, they are grouped by categories and the dialog
 provides the field 
\family sans
Show key-bindings containing
\family default
.
 In this field you can insert a keyword for a function you want to edit.
 Insert there for example as keyword 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

paste
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and you get the four different existing shortcuts for the three different
 functions that contain 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

paste
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in their name.
 As you can see, one function can have more than one shortcut.
 All \SpecialChar LyX
 functions are also listed in the file 
\family sans
\SpecialChar LyX
 Functions
\family default
 that you will find in the 
\family sans
Help
\family default
 menu.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For example, to add the shortcut 
\family sans
Alt+Q
\family default
 for the function 
\family sans
textstyle-apply
\family default
, select the function and press the 
\family sans
Modify
\family default
 button.
 A dialog pops up where you can add the shortcut by using it.
 So press Alt+Q to define the shortcut.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Modifying an existing shortcut is done the same way.
 You can also bind multiple functions to one shortcut by starting the \SpecialChar LyX
 Function
 definition with “command alternatives” and following it with the different
 function names as a semicolon separated list.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 will then use the first function that is enabled in the current document
 part.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you don't like a particular shortcut, you can remove it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Alternatively you can also edit shortcuts by modifying binding files with
 a text editor.
 The syntax of the entries is:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
bind 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

key combination
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

\SpecialChar LyX
 function
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note, though, that the key combination definition uses a specific syntax.
 This applies to the designators of specific modifier keys (e.
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

g., 
\family typewriter
M
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
S
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
C
\family default
 for 
\family sans
Meta/Alt
\family default
, 
\family sans
Shift
\family default
, 
\family sans
Ctrl
\family default
, respectively) as well as to the other keys.
 Note particularly that you cannot use non-alphanumeric characters directly
 in the definition of the key combination, but must use commands following
 the Xlib standard instead (please refer to the existing bind files for
 a model).
 So if you wanted to bind a command to the key combination 
\family sans
Alt+Shift+:
\family default
, you needed to specify it as 
\family typewriter
M-S-colon
\family default
.
 If you use the dialog to edit key bindings, you don't have to care for
 these specifics.
 \SpecialChar LyX
 transforms your input to the correct syntax.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Keyboard/Mouse
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Keyboard-Map"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Keyboard Map
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! Keyboard Map
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Normally keyboard settings are made in a menu of your operating system.
 For the case thatWhere this is not possible, \SpecialChar LyX
 provides keyboard maps.
 If, for example, you have a Czech keyboard but want to use it as if it
 is a Romanian one, you can enable 
\family sans
Use
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

keyboard
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

map
\family default
 and select the keyboard map file named 
\shape italic
romanian.kmap
\shape default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can specify a 
\family sans
First
\family default
 and a 
\family sans
Second
\family default
 keyboard map and, if you use the 
\emph on
cua
\emph default
 bindings, you can select the first and second with 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "keymap-primary"
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "keymap-secondary"
\end_inset

 respectively or toggle between them with 
\begin_inset Info
type  "shortcut"
arg   "keymap-toggle"
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 Keyboard maps can only provide a makeshift solution and don't work on all
 systems.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also specify the mouse 
\family sans
Wheel scrolling speed
\family default
.
 The standard value is 1.0; higher values speed up the scrolling, lower ones
 slow it down.
 With the option 
\family sans
Middle mouse button pasting
\family default
 you can determine if pressing the middle mouse button (or the mouse wheel)
 inserts the content of the clipboard.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you 
\family sans
Enable
\family default
 
\family sans
Scroll
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

wheel
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

zoom,
\family default
 you can select a key for zooming.
 When this key is pressed and the mouse wheel is rotated, the text is zoomed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Input Completion
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Input completion is described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Input-Completion"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Paths
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "sec:Paths"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paths
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! Paths
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The paths to the various resources used by \SpecialChar LyX
 are normally determined during
 the installation.
 But there may be reasons why you might want to modify them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Working
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

directory This is \SpecialChar LyX
's working directory.
 It is the default when you 
\family sans
Open
\family default
, 
\family sans
Save
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Save
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

As
\family default
 files.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Document
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

templates This directory will be opened when you use the menu 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
New
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

from
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Template
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Example
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

files This directory will be opened when you use the button 
\family sans
Examples
\family default
 in the 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Open
\family default
 dialog.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 The 
\family sans
Examples
\family default
 button does not exist when using \SpecialChar LyX
 on Mac OS and Windows systems.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Backup
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

directory
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Backup ! Directory
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Backup copies will be saved to this directory.
 If no directory is given but backups are enabled as described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Backup documents"

\end_inset

, the 
\family sans
Working directory
\family default
 will be used to save the backups.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

Backup files have the ending 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

.lyx~
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
LyXServer
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

pipe Here you can enter the name of a so-called UNIX-pipe.
 This pipe is used to send data from external programs to \SpecialChar LyX
.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\series bold
Example:
\series default
 You add a Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 database 
\emph on
test.bib
\emph default
 to your document.
 You can edit this file with the program 
\family typewriter
JabRef
\family default
.
 In 
\family typewriter
JabRef
\family default
 you have to use the same Unix-Pipe for \SpecialChar LyX
 in its preferences under 
\family sans
External
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

programs
\family default
.
 If you want to get one entry of the database as citation, select it in
 
\family typewriter
JabRef
\family default
 and click on the \SpecialChar LyX
 symbol.
 The entry will now be inserted as a citation at the current cursor position
 in your \SpecialChar LyX
 file.
 Of course, 
\family typewriter
JabRef
\family default
 and \SpecialChar LyX
 need to be running the same time.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

The pipe is also used for the 
\family sans
Single instance
\family default
 feature, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Backup documents"

\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

To use the \SpecialChar LyX
Server-Pipe on Windows, you must use this pipe name:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\series bold

\backslash

\backslash
.
\backslash
pipe
\backslash
lyxpipe
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Temporary
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

directory Temporary files will be saved in this directory.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Thesaurus
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

dictionary Directory where the thesaurus dictionaries are located.
 You only need to specify it if the thesaurus does not work or if you want
 to use custom/alternative dictionaries.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Hunspell
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

dictionary Directory where the dictionaries of the spell checker program
 
\family typewriter
Hunspell
\family default
 are located.
 You only need to specify it if you are using 
\family typewriter
Hunspell
\family default
 and spell checking does not work or if you want to use custom/alternative
 dictionaries.
 For \SpecialChar LyX
 on Windows 
\family typewriter
Hunspell
\family default
 is the only available spell checker and should work without specifying
 a directory.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
PATH
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

prefix This field contains a list of paths to external programs.
 When \SpecialChar LyX
 needs to use an external program, it looks in this list to see where
 to find it on the system.
 The path list is automatically set up on Windows and Mac systems when \SpecialChar LyX

 is configured; so you normally don't have to modify it.
 On Unix
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

/
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
\end_inset

Linux systems, the path list will need to be set only if there are external
 programs you wish to use that are not in your normal system path ($PATH).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
TEXINPUTS
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

prefix The TEXINPUTS environment variable allows you to use external files
 which are included in a \SpecialChar LyX
 document via commands in \SpecialChar TeX
 code or in the document
 preamble.
 This prefix includes by default the document directory (represented by
 a single dot '.').
 The prefix can contain any list of paths separated by the default separator
 of the OS (':' on UNIX like systems and ';' on Windows).
 If files are included, the paths listed in the TEXINPUTS prefix will be
 scanned for the input files.
 Note that any non-absolute path listed in the TEXINPUTS prefix is considered
 to be relative to the directory of your \SpecialChar LyX
 file.
 It is recommended that you always include '.' as one of the paths; otherwise
 compilation may fail for some documents.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Identity
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can insert your 
\family sans
Name
\family default
 and 
\family sans
E-mail
\family default
 address.
 These will be used when you have enabled change tracking, as described
 in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Change-Tracking"

\end_inset

, to mark changes you make as yours.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Language Settings
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Language ! Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! Language
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Language
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Prefs-Language"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
User
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

interface
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

language Here you can select the language for \SpecialChar LyX
's menus.
 You can find its actual translation status here: 
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "https://www.lyx.org/I18n"
literal "false"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Language
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

package determines which \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package should be loaded to handle language issues.
 Language issues that are handled by this package include proper hyphenation
 as well as localization of dates and text strings such as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Chapter
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Table
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 The most widespread language package is 
\series bold
babel
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! babel
\end_layout

\end_inset

; it is the default language package in classic \SpecialChar LaTeX
.
 More recent typesetting engines such as Xe\SpecialChar TeX
 and Lua\SpecialChar TeX
 come with the alternative
 language package 
\series bold
polyglossia
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! polyglossia
\end_layout

\end_inset

 that is more suited to the multi-script support of these engines.
 Furthermore, there are also specific language packages for languages not
 covered by 
\series bold
babel
\series default
.
 The available selections are described in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Language-encodings"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Command
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

start If a special \SpecialChar LaTeX
-package is needed to write in a certain document language,
 you can here specify the command to start the package.
 An example is the start command 
\family sans

\backslash
begin{arabtext}
\family default
 that is needed to write Arabic using the package 
\series bold
Arab\SpecialChar TeX

\series default
, see 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "Arabic"
literal "true"

\end_inset

.
 The default is the 
\series bold
babel
\series default
 command 
\family sans

\backslash
selectlanguage{$$lang}
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Command
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

end Counterpart to 
\family sans
Command start
\family default
.
 Some packages, like the default, don't have an end command since the start
 command toggles the package on and off.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

decimal
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

separator Defines the default decimal point for use in tables (decimal point
 alignment).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Default
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

length
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

unit Defines the unit that is used as default for lengths in \SpecialChar LyX
's dialogs.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Set
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

languages
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

globally When this option is set, the languages used in the document will
 be added as options to the document class options, so that they can be
 used by all \SpecialChar LaTeX
-packages.
 Otherwise they will only be used as options for the 
\series bold
babel
\series default
 package.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Auto
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

begin When this option is set, documents start with the chosen document
 language.
 When this option is not set, the 
\family sans
Command
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

start
\family default
 is explicitly set to the beginning of the document in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
-output.
 This assures that the correct language is used when you use another 
\family sans
Command
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

start
\family default
 than the default.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Auto
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

end Counterpart to 
\family sans
Auto
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

begin
\family default
.
 When it is not set, the 
\family sans
Command
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

end
\family default
 is set to the end of the document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Mark
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

foreign
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

languages Text marked formatted in a language different from the document
 language will be underlined in blue.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Enable
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

RTL
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

support Enables the use of languages, written from right to left (RTL),
 like Arabic, Hebrew or Farsi.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Cursor
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

movement When writing RTL, you can define if the left and right arrow keys
 move the cursor visually to the left or right, respectively, or logically.
 Logical means that the cursor is moved to the left when pressing the right
 arrow key and the cursor is inside text in an RTL language.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Spellchecker
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The spellchecker settings are explained in section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Spellchecking"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Outputs
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
General
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:General-output"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Forward
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

search Commands that will be used for the menu 
\family sans
Navigate\SpecialChar menuseparator
Forward
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

search
\family default
.
 For a detailed description see section 
\emph on
Reverse DVI/PDF search
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Additional
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Features
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Dvips
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Options Options for the program 
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
 that is used for the export format 
\family sans
Postscript
\family default
, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Export"

\end_inset

.
 Possible options are listed in the 
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
 manual:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://www.tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html
\backslash
#Option-details
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Output
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

line
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

length sets the maximum number of characters printed in one line when using
 the menu 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
Plain
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

text
\family default
.
 Setting the line length to 0 means all text is printed in one endless line.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Date
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

format
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Date Format
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! Date format
\end_layout

\end_inset

 The date format can be one or a mixture of the formats listed here:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/date.1.html
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

For example the format
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

%d/%m/%y
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset

prints the date as day/month/year.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Overwrite
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

on
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

export Setting what \SpecialChar LyX
 is allowed to overwrite on export.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
La
\family sans
TeX
\family default

\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:LaTeX-settings"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! \SpecialChar LaTeX

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\change_deleted -712698321 1524413534
Use
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

La
\family sans
TeX
\family default

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

font
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

encoding This is the default encoding of the document font.
 
\family sans
T1
\family default
 is the default and covers western languages and symbols.
 
\family sans
T2A
\family default
, 
\family sans
T2B
\family default
, 
\family sans
T2C
\family default
, 
\family sans
LCY
\family default
 and 
\family sans
X2
\family default
 are used for Cyrillic.
 Combinations of the encodings are possible, like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
T1, T2B
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 The font encoding is normally automatically loaded by the language packages
 \SpecialChar LyX
 sets up in the background.
 So there is no need to change the default encoding.
\change_unchanged

\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
DVI
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

viewer
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

paper
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

size
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

options They only have an effect when the program 
\family sans
xdvi
\family default
 is used as DVI-viewer, read its manual to find out more.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can also specify options and commands with parameters for processors.
 But before you change something, it is strongly recommended to read the
 manuals of the applications.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Bibliography
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

generation Settings for the generation of the bibliography, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Bibliography-databases"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Index
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

generation Settings for the generation of the index, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Index-Program"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Nomenclature
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

command Command for the program that generates the nomenclature, see section
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Nomenclature-Program"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Check
\family sans
TeX
\family default

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

command Command for the program 
\family sans
Check\SpecialChar TeX

\family default
 that is described in the section 
\emph on
Checking \SpecialChar TeX

\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Additional Features
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are additionally the following options:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Use
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Windows-style
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

paths
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

in
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

\SpecialChar LaTeX

\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

files Uses paths in the notation of Windows, that means that 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\backslash

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is used instead of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

/
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to separate folders.
 This option is enabled by default when you use \SpecialChar LyX
 on Windows.
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Paths
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings ! Paths
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Reset
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

class
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

options
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

when
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

document
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

class
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

changes Removes all manually set 
\family sans
Class options
\family default
 in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
Document
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Class
\family default
 dialog when changing the document class.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
File
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

Handling
\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
File handling
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Converters
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "subsec:Converters"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Converters
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you find the list of defined converter commands to convert material
 from one format to another.
 You can modify converters or create new ones.
 To modify a converter, select it, change the entry of the 
\family sans
Converter
\family default
 and/or 
\family sans
Extra
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

flag
\family default
 field and press the 
\family sans
Modify
\family default
 button.
 To create a new converter, select an existing one, select a different format
 in the 
\family sans
To
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset

format
\family default
 drop-down list, modify the 
\family sans
Converter
\family default
 field and press the 
\family sans
Add
\family default
 button.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If the 
\family sans
Converter File Cache
\family default
 is 
\family sans
Enabled
\family default
, conversions will be cached as long as specified in the field 
\family sans
Maximum Age (in days
\family default
).
 This means that images don't need to be converted again when you reopen
 a document; the converted images from the cache will be used instead.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
More about converters, like the flags that can be used in the converter
 definition, is described in the section 
\emph on
Converters
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
File Formats
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
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\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
File formats
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Copiers
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you find the list of defined file formats that \SpecialChar LyX
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 You can modify the 
\family sans
Editor
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Viewer
\family default
 programs that should be used for certain formats.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also define the 
\family sans
Default output format
\family default
 that is used when you use 
\family sans
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\family default
 or 
\family sans
Update Master Document
\family default
 in the 
\family sans
Document
\family default
 menu or the toolbar.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
More about formats and their options is described in the section 
\emph on
Formats
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Since all conversions from one format to another take place in \SpecialChar LyX
's temporary
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\family sans
Copier
\family default
.
 More about this is described in the section 
\emph on
Copiers
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Units available in \SpecialChar LyX

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Units
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
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\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Table
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Units"

\end_inset

 explains all the units available in \SpecialChar LyX
 and used in this documentation.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
placement h
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption Standard

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
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\end_inset

Units
\end_layout

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\end_layout

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\begin_inset VSpace medskip
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bp = 1
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cc = 12
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dd)
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dd
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didot (1
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dd 
\begin_inset Formula $\approx$
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 0.376
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mm)
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M
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\emph on
x
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mu
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
math unit (1
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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mu = 1/18
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em)
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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<row>
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
point (72.27
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pt = 1
\begin_inset space \thinspace{}
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in)
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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pc
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pica (1
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pc = 12
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sp = 1
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% of height between baselines of two subsequent text lines
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</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset

The bibliography on the following page was created with the 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
label "Credits"
key "lyxcredit"
literal "true"

\end_inset

The \SpecialChar LyX
 Team: 
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Credits"
target "https://www.lyx.org/Credits"
literal "false"

\end_inset

:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://www.lyx.org/Credits
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "latexcompanion"
literal "true"

\end_inset

Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens: 
\emph on
The \SpecialChar LaTeX
 Companion Second Edition.

\emph default
 Addison-Wesley, 2004
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "latexguide"
literal "true"

\end_inset

Helmut Kopka and Patrick W.
 Daly: 
\emph on
A Guide to \SpecialChar LaTeX
 Fourth Edition.

\emph default
 Addison-Wesley, 2003
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "latexbook"
literal "true"

\end_inset

Leslie Lamport: 
\emph on
\SpecialChar LaTeX
: A Document Preparation System.

\emph default
 Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "texbook"
literal "true"

\end_inset

Donald E.
 Knuth.
 
\emph on
The \SpecialChar TeX
book.

\emph default
 Addison-Wesley, 1984
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "TeXCatalogue"
literal "true"

\end_inset

The \SpecialChar TeX
 Catalogue:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

http://texcatalogue.ctan.org/bytopic.html
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "LaTeXFAQ"
literal "true"

\end_inset

The \SpecialChar LaTeX
 FAQ:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

http://www.tex.ac.uk/faq/
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "BibTeX"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Documentation"
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxdoc.pdf"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 of the program 
\family sans
Bib\SpecialChar TeX

\family default
:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/btxdoc.pdf
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
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LatexCommand bibitem
key "BibTeX-2"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Documentation"
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/bibtex/tamethebeast/ttb_en.pdf"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 how to use the program 
\family sans
Bib\SpecialChar TeX

\family default
:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/bibtex/tamethebeast/ttb_en.pdf
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "Biblatex"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Documentation"
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/biblatex/doc/biblatex.pdf"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package 
\series bold
biblatex
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! biblatex
\end_layout

\end_inset

:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/biblatex/doc/biblatex.pdf
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "biber"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Documentation"
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/biber/documentation/biber.pdf"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package 
\series bold
biber
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! biber
\end_layout

\end_inset

:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/biber/documentation/biber.pdf
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "makeindex"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Documentation"
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/indexing/makeindex/doc/makeindex.pdf"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 of the program 
\family sans
makeindex
\family default
:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/indexing/makeindex/doc/makeindex.pdf
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "makeindex-man"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Options"
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/indexing/makeindex/doc/manpages.dvi"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 for the program 
\family sans
makeindex
\family default
:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/indexing/makeindex/doc/manpages.dvi
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "xindy"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Documentation"
target "http://www.xindy.org/documentation.html"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 of the program 
\family sans
xindy
\family default
:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

http://www.xindy.org/documentation.html
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "AMS"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Documentation"
target "https://www.ams.org/publications/authors/tex/amslatex"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 of the AMS \SpecialChar LaTeX
-packages:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://www.ams.org/publications/authors/tex/amslatex
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "caption"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Documentation"
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/caption/caption-eng.pdf"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package 
\series bold
caption
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! caption
\end_layout

\end_inset

:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/caption/caption-eng.pdf
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "enumitem"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Documentation"
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/enumitem/enumitem.pdf"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package 
\series bold
enumitem
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! enumitem
\end_layout

\end_inset

:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/enumitem/enumitem.pdf
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "fancyhdr"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Documentation"
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.pdf"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package 
\series bold
fancyhdr
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! fancyhdr
\end_layout

\end_inset

:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.pdf
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "hyperref"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Documentation"
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/doc/manual.pdf"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package 
\series bold
hyperref
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! hyperref
\end_layout

\end_inset

:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/doc/manual.pdf
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "microtype"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Documentation"
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/microtype/microtype.pdf"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package 
\series bold
microtpye
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! microtpye
\end_layout

\end_inset

:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/microtype/microtype.pdf
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "nomencl"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Documentation"
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/nomencl/nomencl.pdf"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package 
\series bold
nomencl
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! nomencl
\end_layout

\end_inset

:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/nomencl/nomencl.pdf
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "prettyref"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Documentation"
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/prettyref/prettyref.pdf"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package 
\series bold
prettyref
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! prettyref
\end_layout

\end_inset

:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/prettyref/prettyref.pdf
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "refstyle"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Documentation"
target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/refstyle/refstyle.pdf"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
 package 
\series bold
refstyle
\series default

\begin_inset Index idx
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\SpecialChar LaTeX
 packages ! refstyle
\end_layout

\end_inset

:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/refstyle/refstyle.pdf
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "Arabic"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Wiki-page"
target "https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Arabic"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 how to set up \SpecialChar LyX
 for Arabic:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Arabic
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "Armenian"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Wiki-page"
target "https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Armenian"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 how to set up \SpecialChar LyX
 for Armenian:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Armenian
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "Cyrillic"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Wiki-page"
target "https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Cyrillic"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 how to set up \SpecialChar LyX
 for Cyrillic languages:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Cyrillic
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "Farsi"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Wiki-page"
target "https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Farsi"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 how to set up \SpecialChar LyX
 for Farsi:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Farsi
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "Hebrew"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Wiki-page"
target "https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Hebrew"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 how to set up \SpecialChar LyX
 for Hebrew:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Hebrew
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "Japanese"
literal "true"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Wiki-page"
target "https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Japanese"
literal "false"

\end_inset

 how to set up \SpecialChar LyX
 for Japanese:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset


\begin_inset Flex URL
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout

https://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Japanese
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Newpage newpage
\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
let
\backslash
mybibname
\backslash
bibname
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
bibname}{
\backslash
mybibname
\backslash
; 2}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
The command 
\series bold

\backslash
bibname
\series default
 is the name of the bibliography in the current document language.
 It is redefined here with the number 2 at the end to state that the following
 bibliography is the second one:
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset CommandInset bibtex
LatexCommand bibtex
bibfiles "biblio/LyXDocs"
options "biblio/alphadin"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The above bibliography is created from a Bib\SpecialChar TeX
 database.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
renewcommand*{
\backslash
pagedeclaration}[1]{
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

 
\backslash
unskip, 
\backslash
hyperlink{page.#1}{page
\backslash
nobreakspace{}#1}}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Plain Layout
This command makes the page number a clickable hyperlink, see sec.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "subsec:Nomenclature-Options"

\end_inset

 for more info.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset CommandInset nomencl_print
LatexCommand printnomenclature
set_width "auto"

\end_inset


\begin_inset CommandInset index_print
LatexCommand printindex
type "idx"
name "Index"
literal "false"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_body
\end_document