1 #LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
5 \usepackage[english]{babel}
6 % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!!
8 % I've designed this preamble to ensure that the User's Guide prints
9 % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble,
10 % parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. If you
11 % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact
12 % the documentation team intead of messing around in here. --jpw 4/97
14 %% Widens the vertical table spacing
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20 %% Provides certain commands which are missing.
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36 %% For some odd reason, this character isn't defined in T1-encoding.
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41 %% Accented characters missing in non-T1 encodings.
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92 \paragraph_separation indent
94 \quotes_language english
98 \paperpagestyle headings
111 Principal maintainer of this file is
116 If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX
117 Documentation mailing list, <lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org>.
124 \begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{}
137 LyX is a document preparation system.
138 It is a tool for producing beautiful manuscripts, publishable books, business
139 letters and proposals, and even poetry.
140 It is unlike most other
141 \begin_inset Quotes eld
145 \begin_inset Quotes erd
148 in the sense that it uses the paradigm of a markup language as its core
150 That means that when you type a section header, you mark it as a
151 \begin_inset Quotes eld
155 \begin_inset Quotes erd
159 \begin_inset Quotes eld
162 Bold, 17 pt type, left justified, 5 mm space below
163 \begin_inset Quotes erd
167 LyX takes care of the typesetting for you, so you deal only with concepts,
171 This philosophy is explained in much greater detail in the
174 \begin_inset Quotes eld
178 \begin_inset Quotes erd
184 If you haven't read it yet, you need to.
189 \begin_inset Quotes eld
197 \begin_inset Quotes erd
200 describes several things in addition to LyX's philosophy: most importantly,
201 the format of all of the manuals.
202 If you don't read it, you'll have a bear of a time navigating this manual.
203 You might also be better served looking in one of the other manuals instead
206 \begin_inset Quotes eld
214 \begin_inset Quotes erd
226 Similar to other Linux [and other brands of Unix] programs, you start LyX
232 You can, of course, include several command-line options, including file
234 We're not going to repeat all of the command-line options here, since we've
235 already done that in the
240 Check there for more info.
243 There are one or two things we'd like to comment on:
246 If you include more than one file name on the command line, LyX will load
247 them all, though it won't display them all simultaneously.
248 More on that in a bit.
252 \layout Subsubsection
257 Like most applications, LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of
259 Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons.
260 There is, of course, a vertical scrollbar and a main work area for editing
262 Near the bottom of the window is a small window containing a single line
268 (a term which we've swiped, lock, stock, and barrel, from GNU Emacs), which
270 \begin_inset Quotes eld
274 \begin_inset Quotes erd
282 when you need to type a command in the minibuffer.
285 Note that there is no horizontal scroll bar.
286 This is not a bug or an oversight, but intentional.
287 When you read a book, you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the
289 Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for
290 only a vertical scrollbar.
293 There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar.
294 The first case is large figures, displayed WYSIWYG\SpecialChar \@.
295 This, however, is due
296 to a flaw in the routine that displays graphics on the LyX screen in a
297 WYSIWYG fashion; it should rescale the graphics to fit in the window, just
298 as you'd need to rescale graphics to fit on a page.
299 The second and third cases are tables and equations which are wider than
301 You can use the arrow keys to scroll horizontally through the table, but
302 this doesn't work for equations yet.
308 First, the bad news: the help system is not as thorough or idiot-proof as
309 in many commercial applications.
314 Now the good news: the help system consists of the LyX manuals.
319 of the manuals from inside LyX.
320 Just select the manual you want read from the
330 While we're at it, we'd like to make a comment about the manuals.
331 They're not idiot-proof, not in the least.
332 Here's what one of our authors,
336 , once said about manuals:
342 Yes, we've all dealt with the terse, poorly-translated, or cryptic manuals.
343 They are aggravating.
344 I find, however, that the overly simplified ones are even more aggravating.
345 First, they spend about half their time carefully explaining to the user
346 how to operate a mouse, what a menu is, et cetera, ad nauseum.
347 Please, if someone doesn't know how to use their own computer, or a GUI,
348 then they should sit down and learn
352 they start up a major piece of software.
355 Second, what information they do provide seems to assume that the user is
357 Utter nonsense! Most users, in my experience, are some combination of clueless
358 and intimidated, not stupid.
359 Besides, if someone is truly slow on the uptake, they need help that a
360 manual for a piece of computer software can't give.
365 Editor's Note: With this in mind, I've instructed all of the other authors
366 to avoid patronizing you, the reader, and to be more pedagogical than pedantic.
367 As for those who are too lazy to read and understand the manuals --- well,
368 as we say here in America, there's no such thing as a free lunch.
375 Basic File Operations
385 menu are the 9 basic operations for any word processor in addition to some
386 more advanced operations:
467 They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors, with
468 a few minor differences.
474 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
483 command not only prompts you for a name for the new file, but also prompts
484 you for a template to use.
485 Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for
486 the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually.
487 They can be of use for certain classes, especially those for writing letters
490 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:doc-classes}
498 \begin_inset Quotes eld
502 \begin_inset Quotes erd
506 \begin_inset Quotes eld
510 \begin_inset Quotes erd
514 \begin_inset Quotes eld
518 \begin_inset Quotes erd
521 Unless you tell LyX to open a file or create a new one, that big, blank
522 space is just that --- a big, blank space.
532 command is useful if more people work on the same document at the same
539 If you plan to do this, you should check out the Version Control feature
550 It will simply reload the document from disk.
551 You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document
552 and want to restore it to the last save.
555 The second matter of note concerns the commands
560 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
572 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
581 \begin_inset Quotes eld
585 \begin_inset Quotes erd
588 to save us all from our own stupidity.
589 That is, if you try to close a file with changes [or exit LyX], you'll
590 be informed that there are unsaved files.
593 Basic Editing Features
596 Like most modern word processors, LyX can perform cut and paste operations
597 on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or screenful of text, and
598 can delete whole words as well as individual characters.
599 The next four sections cover the basic LyX editing features and how to
601 We'll start with cut and paste.
604 As you might expect, the
611 menu has the cut and paste commands, along with various other editing features.
612 Some of these are special and covered in later sections.
638 Replace\SpecialChar \ldots{}
642 The first three are self-explanatory.
643 One thing to note: whenever you delete a block of text that you've selected,
644 it's automatically placed in the clipboard.
653 keys also functions as the
658 Also, if you've selected text, be careful.
659 If you hit a key, LyX will completely delete the selected text and replace
660 it with what you just typed.
668 to get back the lost text.
676 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
683 Replace\SpecialChar \ldots{}
693 The text you want to find goes in the
702 Once you've found a word or expression, LyX selects it.
710 button replaces the selected text with the contents of the
712 Replace\SpecialChar ~
720 You can click to search again to skip the current word.
731 to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically.
743 toggle button can be used if you want the search to consider the case of
745 If the toggle is set, searching for
746 \begin_inset Quotes eld
754 \begin_inset Quotes erd
757 will not match the word
758 \begin_inset Quotes eld
766 \begin_inset Quotes erd
780 toggle button can be used to force LyX to only find complete words.
783 \begin_inset Quotes eld
791 \begin_inset Quotes erd
795 \begin_inset Quotes eld
803 \begin_inset Quotes erd
807 \begin_inset Quotes eld
815 \begin_inset Quotes erd
824 If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it.
825 LyX has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer.
831 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
838 to undo some mistake.
839 If you accidently undo too much, use
844 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
852 \begin_inset Quotes eld
856 \begin_inset Quotes erd
859 The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100 steps to minimise memory
864 Notice that if you revert back all changes to arrive to the document as
865 it was last saved, the
866 \begin_inset Quotes eld
870 \begin_inset Quotes erd
873 status of the document is unfortunately not reset.
874 This is a consequence of the 100 step undo limit, above.
891 work on almost everything in LyX.
892 They have some quirks, too.
907 text character by character, but by blocks of text.
908 That can take some getting used to; you'll have to play with
922 to get a feel for just how much they'll undo/redo, and after time, you'll
923 hopefully appreciate how it works.
929 We're not going to go into all of the mouse bindings here.
930 Some of the other sections of this manual cover specific operations you
931 can do with the mouse.
932 Instead, we're going to cover the most basic mouse operations.
943 once anywhere in the edit window.
944 The cursor moves to the text under the mouse.
957 LyX marks the text between the old and new mouse positions.
963 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
966 to create a copy of the text in LyX's buffer.
969 Re-position the cursor and then paste the text back into LyX using
974 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
981 Footnotes, Margin Notes, Figure and Table Floats, etc.
993 left mouse button to open or close any of these.
994 Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details.
1006 the right mouse button
1010 to open a dialog that will allow you to manipulate the table.
1018 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: key bindings}
1022 Again, we're not going to cover all of the keybindings.
1023 Be aware that there are at least two different primary binding maps: CUA
1025 I guarantee you will cuss when you press Control-d to delete a character,
1026 and it starts up a DVI previewer instead (or vice versa).
1055 , do exactly what you expect them to do.
1058 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1064 There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX.
1065 If you don't understand this, go read Sections
1066 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro}
1071 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:par-environments}
1075 , especially Section\SpecialChar ~
1077 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvlists}
1083 If you're still confused, look in the
1089 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1096 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1100 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1103 It's used, generically, to cancel operations.
1104 Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this.
1106 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1118 These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line,
1119 unless you are using the Emacs bindings where they jump to the beginning
1122 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1138 you have your keyboard set up correctly under the X Windows System,
1142 works as expected and
1146 deletes the character under the cursor [if no text is selected].
1150 If you haven't set up your keyboard under X, or have no idea what we mean
1151 by that, go read section
1152 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:x-win-keys}
1157 You'll save yourself a lot of headaches.
1161 Then there are the modifier keys:
1163 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1169 This has a couple of different uses, depending on which keys it's used
1170 in combination with:
1182 , it deletes an entire word instead of a single character.
1193 , it moves by words instead of characters.
1204 , it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively.
1207 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1213 Use this with any of the motion keys to select the text between the old
1214 and new cursor positions.
1216 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1222 This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless your keyboard has a distinct
1224 Unfortunately, X sometimes has their functionality swapped, so if you have
1225 both keys, you will need to do a little trial and error to find out which
1226 one actually performs the
1231 This key does many different things, but it also activates the
1233 menu accelerator keys
1236 If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a
1237 menu or menu item, it selects that menu item.
1241 For example, the sequence
1242 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1251 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1256 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1264 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1277 There are also other things bound to the
1281 key, but you'll have to check in the
1293 Hopefully, you'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as
1294 you use LyX, because most mouse actions will prompt a small message in
1295 the minibuffer which describe the name of the action, you've just triggered,
1296 and any existing keybindings for that action.
1297 The notation for the keybindings is very similar to the notation used in
1298 this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding it.
1299 However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so
1302 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1308 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1315 followed by a capital
1321 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1329 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1339 Using LyX with Other Programs
1342 Importing ASCII files
1345 You can import text from an ASCII file using the
1350 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1355 mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1370 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1375 mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1393 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1398 mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1407 puts each line of the file into its own LyX paragraph.
1408 This is useful if you're importing a text file with a simple list in it.
1409 However, if your text file contains paragraphs in it, LyX will mangle the
1410 paragraphs if you use this form of import.
1418 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1423 mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1433 preserves paragraphs in text files.
1434 Often in a text file, you didn't put the contents of an entire paragraph
1440 to break up the paragraph into separate lines.
1446 , LyX won't mangle such paragraphs.
1447 Anything between two consecutive blank lines goes into its own LyX paragraph.
1448 Remember: you must make sure there is a
1452 line between each and every paragraph in your text file.
1453 If not, LyX might end up merging two paragraphs.
1456 Cut and Paste Between LyX and Other X Programs
1471 operations will transfer text to and from LyX.
1472 You can copy text from LyX to another window in this way: Select the text
1473 that you want to copy, then go to the destination window and paste the
1474 text with the middle mouse button.
1478 Pasting text into LyX also works much the same way as in X.
1479 Select the text with the mouse in another X window.
1480 Go to the Lyx window and paste the text with the middle mouse button.
1483 LyX Setup and Supporting Applications
1489 If you're using LyX on a system someone else has set up for you, then you
1490 can safely skip this chapter.
1491 It describes all of the things you need beyond the LyX binary and files
1492 distributed with it.
1495 If you're installing LyX on your system,
1497 you should read the README's that came with the LyX distribution and then
1504 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1517 This chapter does not describe installation or setup of the LyX binary
1518 [Well, not everything\SpecialChar \ldots{}
1520 It does describe all of the things you'll need to use LyX to its fullest.
1526 This is basically where we decided to document a bunch of info about running
1527 LyX, including what other programs you'll need to make LyX useful.
1537 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:setup}
1541 There are two ways to run LyX.
1542 The first way is to install LyX and all of its support files on your system.
1543 Of course, you need root privileges to do that.
1544 The second way to run LyX doesn't require root access, letting you
1545 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1549 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1552 LyX somewhere in your own account.
1553 LyX will automatically detect where it is as long as the supporting directories
1554 are put in the correct places.
1557 There are several features of LyX that can be configured from inside LyX,
1558 without resorting to configuration files.
1559 First, LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs, LaTeX document
1560 classes and LaTeX packages are available.
1561 It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults to several
1568 Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed
1569 on your system, you might have some items that you installed locally and
1570 which are not seen by LyX.
1571 To force LyX to re-inspect your system, you should use
1576 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1584 You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account.
1585 As far as LaTeX classes and packages are concerned, you will find information
1586 about what has been found under
1591 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1602 The second set of settings that you might want to change comprises all the
1603 document-level setting that you can change via the
1608 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1616 To do this, open a scrap document, set all these options according to your
1617 taste and save them with the
1624 Document\SpecialChar ~
1635 This will create a template named
1639 which is automatically loaded by LyX when you open a document without template
1640 such that the settings are automatically set-up as you defined them.
1643 There are many other user-configurable options that you can feed to LyX.
1644 Upon startup, LyX reads a global options file called
1649 It will then attempt to read a file called
1653 beneath your home directory.
1661 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
1666 dialog can be used to change these options; the document
1670 contains more information about the preferences dialog and these configuration
1674 Setting Up the X Keyboard
1678 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:x-win-keys}
1682 To use LyX properly, you
1687 This is especially vital if you're using the international support features
1688 of LyX and want to use non-English keyboard mappings.
1689 Unfortunately, almost nobody bothers to do this, especially those who've
1690 installed Linux on a PC\SpecialChar \@.
1691 Administrators of large systems can be guilty of
1692 this, too, so don't assume that you're safe if you're using a large system.
1693 Any user can instruct X how to use his or her keyboard.
1705 First of all read the man pages for these two programs.
1706 They are your best friends when you are trying to set up X key mapping
1708 If you don't have them, install them.
1709 \layout Subsubsection
1716 This document contains no information on how to use
1730 To load the new X keyboard mappings, place the command
1732 xmodmap\SpecialChar ~
1735 somewhere in your startup scripts [for example,
1751 are all possibilities].
1752 \layout Subsubsection
1759 This program is a dream come true! It brings up a graphical version of your
1760 keyboard, allows you to make modifications, and then spits those modifications
1761 out to the standard output in a form readable by
1766 It is very useful when you're trying to design a new
1770 file, though it will require you to do a bit of cut-and-pasting.
1773 Modifiers and Mode_switch
1776 LyX supports three modifiers: Shift [
1789 Moreover, if one of the keys of your keyboard is configured as a
1793 key, then you can use it to enter some characters not available on your
1795 This compose key can be used either as a modifier (like
1803 ) or as a prefix key.
1804 Here are some examples of what you can do with a
1816 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
1827 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
1838 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
1849 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
1855 This input method is particularly handy when you use accented characters
1856 only from time to time.
1857 It works by default for latin1 characters, but other input methods will
1858 be used if you setup your locale correctly.
1861 Helpful Hints and Tips
1864 First, open up two xterminals.
1865 Use one to edit a new
1878 , remap your keyboard the way you want it.
1883 to output the new keymap.
1888 will spit a bunch of stuff on the xterm you executed it from.
1889 Just copy and paste all of that into your
1893 file, and you're done.
1899 You could also save yourself some typing by executing
1904 This will create a usable map file.
1910 Also, there are some things you can do to help you get oriented.
1911 Try executing the command
1916 This will show you all of the currently active modifiers.
1919 xmodmap -v -pke | more
1921 to see which keycode numbers are mapped to which symbolic names.
1922 It will also give you some idea of the syntax of the
1929 There's one thing you'll need to check.
1942 defined as the same key symbol by X! Note that giving these two keys unique
1943 symbol names will not necessarily alter the behavior of your programs.
1952 to the same operation.
1954 Other programs, however, use
1962 for different operations.
1963 LyX is one of these programs, and if you have
1971 labeled with the same key symbol name, you'll have trouble using LyX.
1977 If you want to do more with LyX than simply create documents and spit out
1982 files, you'll need LaTeX.
1985 In case you were wondering, LaTeX is a markup language front end for TeX,
1986 a document preparation system invented in 1984 by Donald Knuth.
1992 A note about pronunciation: TeX originated from the Greek letters,
1993 \begin_inset Formula $\tau\epsilon\chi$
1997 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2001 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2004 That's how you pronounce
2005 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2009 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2013 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2017 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2020 [If you're American, just pronounce the
2021 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2025 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2029 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2033 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2039 TeX takes a set of commands in an ASCII file and converts it to a
2040 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2044 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2047 format, or Dvi, for short.
2048 The Dvi file can then be sent to printers.
2049 TeX is programmable, and LaTeX is nothing but a [really huge] set of TeX
2051 LaTeX will typically come as part of a TeX distribution, so all you need
2055 Note that on some old systems you may find that only LaTeX 2.09 is installed
2056 (as opposed to the more current LaTeX2e).
2057 LyX cannot be used with LaTeX 2.09.
2060 If you're using Linux, LaTeX2e should have come with your distribution.
2061 For other systems, you might need to install LaTeX yourself.You can obtain
2062 a LaTeX distribution (and anything and everything related to TeX and LaTeX)
2063 from a Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) mirror.
2064 A complete list of mirrors may be found at
2065 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ctan.org}
2070 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ctan}
2077 Dvips and Ghostscript
2083 There's one more step you need to take if you want to print your LyX documents.
2084 Obviously, you'll need to make sure your printer is configured [see next
2086 You'll also need to install these programs (or compatibles), if you don't
2110 The latter two programs are previewer for files in Dvi and PostScript®
2116 PostScript® is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated, and
2117 is the main page description language in the UN*X world.
2122 If you don't know what a DVI file is, you've probably also never worked
2123 with LaTeX and should read the
2127 document before proceeding further.
2132 converts DVI files into PostScript®, which is the format most printers
2134 For those of you using dot-matrix and inkjet printers, you'll want to filter
2135 the PostScript® through
2139 , which is capable of creating output for a variety of printers.
2140 The following section on printer setup describes how to do this automatically
2141 every time you print.
2142 For now, we'll concentrate on
2153 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:dvipsconfig}
2157 Whether you'll be running LyX on a large system or a Linux box at home,
2158 you should configure
2168 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2172 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2175 into a file, or send output directly to the printer, depending on how it's
2177 If it is set up to print to a file, and if no filename is specified, it
2191 set up to send output to the default printer.
2192 For LyX, you'll want the flexibility to do both.
2195 If you are not a mood to configure
2199 to adapt its output to your printer, you can safely skip this section.
2200 Be warned however that the output will not match the quality that you could
2201 expect from your printer.
2202 At least, it will print.
2205 If you are using teTeX (a TeX distribution which is particularly popular
2206 on Linux), you should run the program
2211 To make the name of a new printer recognized by
2215 you should then select menu entry
2220 Enter the required parameters and, before exiting, remember to select the
2228 Let's turn now to manual configuration: in order to inform
2232 how to automagically convert a
2240 file adapted to printer
2244 , you need to have a config-file,
2245 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2253 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2256 lying around somewhere.
2267 /usr/lib/texmf/dvips
2269 in most TeX distributions.
2270 Your system will probably be different, of course, so just look under the
2271 main TeX directory for a subdirectory called
2272 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2280 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2283 It'll be there somewhere.
2286 Typically, there will be at least one config-file:
2291 This file is the default configuration file, which is
2301 In particular, this file is not necessarily connected to the existence of
2310 Read this file and see what options could need to be changed for your particula
2316 containing only the relevant lines.
2320 There's at least one thing you need to do to the config-file.
2321 There may exist a line that looks like,
2322 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2330 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2333 [without the quotes, of course\SpecialChar \ldots{}
2336 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2344 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2347 , so that the output is sent by default to printer
2352 However, you should probably investigate the entries
2353 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2361 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2365 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2373 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2376 , which define respectively the Metafont mode and the resolution of the
2378 If you do not know what a Metafont mode is, you can see it as a printer
2379 driver: it adapts the design of TeX fonts to ensure that they give the
2380 best possible result on your printer.
2381 Be warned however that, if you define different Metafont modes for different
2386 will generate several copies of your TeX fonts on disk, and these take
2390 Once you are satisfied that your printers are correctly configured, you
2391 should tell LyX to make use of this configuration.
2392 To do this, you should launch the
2401 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2408 ) and set the entries
2421 You can use as many configuration files as you like, one for each of your
2423 The default printer for LyX can be specified from the
2434 environment variable.
2435 You can also choose the desired printer from inside LyX, as described in
2437 Once you've done all that, you can print to either a PostScript® printer
2442 If your printer doesn't understand PostScript®, you'll need to use
2446 as a filter for your print spooler.
2447 That's covered in numerous HOWTO's and manuals.
2448 We also have a section that covers a little bit of this.
2451 Some people don't seem to like using the
2460 As alternative, you can use a program that converts the DVI file directly
2461 into your printer language.
2462 You can specify this program in the
2467 There is a major disadvantage to this method.
2468 You can't include any PostScript® files, such as graphics, in your documents,
2469 since the printer-specific conversion programs don't understand PostScript®.
2470 For that reason, the LyX team highly recommends using
2482 Ghostscript, Xdvi and Ghostview
2498 files, while the later interfaces with
2502 to allow you to view PostScript® files.
2505 A quick note on both of these programs.
2506 Both automatically update themselves if the viewed file
2520 file, not the files used to make these.
2524 You can also force an update.
2525 So, once you've opened one of these two viewers, there's no reason to close
2527 Also, both programs are functionally the same, providing all of the same
2531 The LyX team recommends using
2535 for fine tuning documents.
2536 Why? It's faster; there's one less layer of processing you need to do before
2537 you can view the changes.
2545 to preview a document from LyX, and leave it running.
2548 Make changes to the document using LyX.
2551 To view those changes, just choose
2556 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2561 pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2569 When LaTeX's all done, click on the
2580 Now, this doesn't mean
2589 is better suited to those occasions where you
2593 view the PostScript® version of the document.
2594 For repeated changes that aren't PostScript® dependent, you're better off
2600 There is an alternative to
2604 which sports a much better interface:
2609 LyX will automatically use it instead of ghostscript if it is available.
2617 Anyone working on a large system shouldn't have any problems here.
2618 Your sysadmin [or you, if you are the sysadmin] should already have the
2619 printers set up for your system.
2620 All you need to do is find out the name of the printer you want to use,
2625 as described in the last section.
2630 Those of you using Linux, however, will have a bit more work to do.
2631 Many people now receive a Linux distribution, such as Red Hat or Slackware,
2637 They follow the install instructions, get Linux up and running, but never
2638 realize that they need to set up their printer.
2641 If you find that you need to do this by hand, we've written a little something
2642 to help you out with that; check out the
2643 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2651 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2670 Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you
2675 of document you want to edit.
2676 Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings,
2677 numbering schemes, and so on.
2678 Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments,
2679 and format the title of your document differently.
2686 describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents.
2687 By setting the document class, you automagically select these properties,
2688 making it easier to create the type of document you want.
2689 If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default.
2690 So, it behooves you to change the class of your document.
2693 Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and
2694 how to fine-tune some of their properties.
2698 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:doc-classes}
2702 The Various Document Classes
2703 \layout Subsubsection
2708 There are five standard document classes in LyX.
2712 Article for basic articles
2715 Report for basic reports
2718 Book for writing a book
2721 Letter for US-style letters
2724 Slides is used to make transparencies
2727 There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have
2728 a LaTeX setup that supports them:
2731 Aapaper Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysic
2735 Amsart Journal articles in the style and format used by the AMS [American
2736 Mathematical Society].
2737 There are three amsart layouts available.
2738 The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems,
2742 , that prepends the section number to the number of the result.
2743 All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced
2744 together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence.
2746 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2749 sequential numbering
2750 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2753 scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers
2754 them throughout the article in a single sequence.
2755 Each type of result gets its own sequence.
2756 There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether.
2759 Amsbook Books in the style and format used by the AMS.
2760 Only the standard numbering scheme is provided, under the assumption that
2761 you would not want to number results consecutively throughout a book, and
2762 that you would need to number results.
2765 Dinbrief für Briefe nach deutscher Art
2768 Foils is used to make transparencies, but is better than
2773 Linuxdoc Used with the SGML-tools package (formerly known as LinuxDoc).
2774 It allows LyX to produce SGML output.
2775 SGML is a markup language and is the predecessor to HTML\SpecialChar \@.
2777 package allows you to convert SGML to HTML or to the format used by
2784 Paper for use with the
2788 LaTeX document class [not in all LaTeX distributions]
2791 Revtex is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical
2792 Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society
2794 This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features.
2797 We won't go into any detail about how to use these different document classes
2799 You can find all the details about the non-standard classes in the
2804 Here, we will settle with a list of some of the common properties of all
2805 of the document classes.
2806 \layout Subsubsection
2811 You can select a class using the
2818 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
2824 Select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options
2826 \layout Subsubsection
2831 Each class has a default set of options.
2832 Here's a quick table describing them:
2834 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
2836 \begin_inset Tabular
2837 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="5">
2839 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
2840 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
2841 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
2842 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
2843 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
2844 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
2845 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2852 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2869 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2886 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2903 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2921 <row topline="true">
2922 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2938 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2955 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2972 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2989 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3007 <row topline="true">
3008 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3024 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3041 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3058 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3075 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3093 <row topline="true">
3094 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3110 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3127 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3144 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3161 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3179 <row topline="true">
3180 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3196 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3213 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3230 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3247 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3264 <row topline="true">
3265 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3281 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3298 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3315 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3332 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3350 <row topline="true">
3351 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3367 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3384 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3401 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3418 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3436 <row topline="true">
3437 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3453 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3470 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3487 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3504 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3522 <row topline="true">
3523 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3539 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3556 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3573 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3590 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3607 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
3608 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3624 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3641 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3658 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3675 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3700 There is no default value of
3709 for any of these classes.
3713 You're probably also wondering what
3714 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3719 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3723 There are several paragraph environment used to create section headings.
3724 Different document classes allow different types of section headings.
3729 heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the
3734 Some document classes, such as the three for letters, don't use any section
3744 headings, there are also
3752 headings, and so on.
3753 We'll describe these headings fully in section
3754 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvheadings}
3761 Fine-tuning the Defaults
3764 Okay, we know we never told you what most of these
3765 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3769 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3780 That's what this section is for.
3782 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3791 This is another list, containing five options.
3792 It controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page:
3798 LaTeX does this part.
3804 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3810 Use default pagestyle of current class.
3812 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3818 No page numbers or headings.
3820 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3828 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3834 Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number.
3835 Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on
3836 which is the maximum sectioning level.
3838 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3844 This allows you to create fully customizable headers and footers if you
3850 At the moment, support in LyX is limited to this setting.
3851 To use the full power of this package, you have to resolve to magic codes
3853 Check the documentation for the
3857 package for more details.
3860 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3866 No, LyX can't make your printer print on both sides of a sheet of paper!
3867 However, it can use a different format for odd-numbered pages than even-numbere
3873 have a printer that duplexes
3880 prints on both sides of a sheet of paper
3883 , your page number will always be in the upper right corner of the page
3884 and the left margin will have extra room for a binding.
3888 There are two radio buttons here:
3892 for single-sided documents,
3896 for double-sided documents.
3899 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3905 Yes, this does control how many columns each page has.
3906 You can choose, using the toggle buttons,
3914 for the number of columns.
3919 Note that LyX won't show two columns on screen.
3920 That's impractical, often unreadable, and not part of the WYSIWYM concept.
3925 be two columns in the generated output.
3928 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3945 takes several options.
3946 LyX sets some of these automatically for you.
3947 This text box allows you to enter in others.
3948 Just type in a comma-separated list of options.
3949 See a good LaTeX book to find out what kinds of additional options you
3952 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3958 This has its own section.
3961 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro}
3965 for a description of what this does.
3968 Paper Size, Orientation, and Margins
3971 There are several other options to set in the
3973 Document\SpecialChar ~
3977 All of them are global options, but they have special purposes and only
3978 affect certain features.
3979 We describe what these options do in the same section that describes the
3980 features they affect.
3983 There are two options that affect the overall layout of the document, so
3984 we'll describe them here.
3985 You'll find them in the
3995 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
4001 Two toggle buttons choose whether to print the output as
4018 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
4028 What size paper to print on.
4073 Some of these settings require you to have the
4078 This package will also allow you to set the margins in the
4088 If you change a document's class, LyX has to convert
4093 That includes the paragraph environments.
4094 Some paragraph environments are standard; all of the document classes have
4096 Some classes have special paragraph environments, however.
4097 If this is the case, and you change document classes, LyX sets the missing
4098 paragraph environments to
4102 and places an error box at the beginning of the paragraph.
4103 Just click on them and you'll get a message dialog that tells you about
4104 the conversion and why it failed.
4107 Paragraph Indentation and Separation
4114 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parindentintro}
4118 Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to
4119 say a word or two about paragraph indentation.
4122 Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs.
4123 Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph.
4124 Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs.
4125 LyX uses the same convention you find among typographer.
4130 paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list,
4136 Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented.
4137 Some people don't like this convention, but if you want to use indented
4138 paragraphs, you'll have to live with it.
4144 There is a way to force LaTeX to indent all paragraphs.
4145 LyX won't show this, of course, but LaTeX
4150 You'll need to get a special package and insert an appropriate command
4154 Editor's Note: I'll insert this info when I get the time.
4163 The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings
4164 and text --- in fact, all of the spacings for just about everything are
4166 As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what.
4167 LyX takes care of that.
4168 In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a
4170 That way, LyX can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure
4171 figures fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom
4172 of a page, and so on.
4178 Actually, LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file.
4181 However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them.
4182 LyX gives you the ability to globally change
4186 of these pre-coded spacings.
4187 We'll explain more later.
4190 Global Indentation Method
4193 To select the default method of separating paragraphs, select
4208 to indent paragraphs or add extra space between paragraphs, respectively.
4214 You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph.
4220 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4225 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
4228 dialog and toggle the
4235 button to change the state of the current paragraph.
4236 If paragraphs indent by default, this button will be inactive at first.
4237 If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this
4238 button will be completely ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph
4242 You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph
4243 if you need to do some fine-tuning.
4244 Typically, you'll select
4259 for the entire document and edit away.
4262 Changing Line Spacing
4270 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4277 dialog you can choose your line spacing provided you have the
4284 Paragraph Environments
4285 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:par-environments}
4295 The paragraph environments correspond to the various
4316 command sequences in an ordinary LaTeX file.
4317 If you don't know LaTeX, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally
4318 alien to you, we urge you to read the
4327 also contains many more examples than this section does.
4330 A paragraph environment is simply a
4331 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4335 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4338 for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties.
4339 This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering
4340 scheme, labels, and so on.
4341 Additionally, you can
4342 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4346 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4349 the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment
4350 to inherit some of the properties of another.
4351 The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy
4352 tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other hold-overs from the
4353 days of typewriters.
4354 There are several paragraph environments which are specific to a particular
4356 We'll only be covering the most common ones here.
4359 To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box on the left
4361 LyX will change the environment of the
4365 paragraph in which the cursor sits.
4366 You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if
4367 you select them before choosing the new environment.
4379 create a new paragraph using the
4383 paragraph environment.
4385 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4389 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4392 because this isn't always the case.
4398 If you are in one of these environments:
4509 LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you hit
4513 , rather than resetting it to
4518 LyX will still reset the nesting depth, however.
4521 Usually, starting a new paragraph resets both the paragraph environment
4522 and the nesting depth [more on nesting in section
4523 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
4528 At the moment, all this is context-specific; you're better off expecting
4533 to reset the paragraph environment and depth.
4534 If you want a new paragraph to keep the current environment and depth,
4545 The default paragraph environment is
4550 It creates a plain paragraph.
4551 If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses.
4552 In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now [and most of the ones in
4553 this manual] are in the
4560 You can nest a paragraph using the
4564 environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything
4575 A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name[s] of the
4577 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4581 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4584 for thanks or contact information.
4585 For certain types of documents, LaTeX places all of this on a separate
4586 page along with today's date.
4587 For other types of documents, the title
4588 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4592 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4595 goes at the top of the first page of the document.
4599 LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph
4613 Here's how you use them:
4616 Put the title of your document in the
4623 Put the author name in the
4630 If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date,
4631 or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in
4637 Note that using this environment is optional.
4638 If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date.
4641 Be sure to do this at the top of the document.
4642 You can use footnotes to insert
4643 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4647 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4650 or contact information.
4657 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvheadings}
4661 There are nine paragraph environments for producing section headings.
4662 LyX takes care of the numbering for you.
4663 All you need to do is decide what you're going to call section 3 of chapter
4665 \layout Subsubsection
4670 There are 6 numbered types of section headings.
4676 Why no mention of Part ?
4712 LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods.
4713 The numbers describe where in the document you are.
4714 These headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text.
4715 For example, suppose you're writing a book.
4716 You group the book into chapters.
4717 LyX does similar grouping:
4728 is the maximum sectioning level.
4790 not all document types use the
4794 heading as the maximum sectioning level.
4799 is the top-level heading.
4806 environment to label a new sub-subsection, LyX labels it with its number,
4807 along with the number of the subsection, section, and, if applicable, chapter
4809 For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the
4811 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4815 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4819 \layout Subsubsection
4824 There are 3 types of unnumbered section headings.
4844 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4848 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4851 after each name means that these headings are not numbered.
4852 They work the same as their numbered counterparts.
4853 \layout Subsubsection
4855 Changing the Numbering
4856 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:section-depth}
4863 You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear
4864 in the Table of Contents.
4865 Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document
4867 Certain classes start with
4881 Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels.
4891 This is something you can change.
4899 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4907 You should see a counter labelled
4909 Section\SpecialChar ~
4910 number\SpecialChar ~
4918 This counter controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers
4920 Unfortunately, the number you choose with the slider is really goofy, so
4921 here's a table of values and what they do:
4923 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
4925 \begin_inset Tabular
4926 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
4928 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
4929 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
4930 <row topline="true">
4931 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
4950 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
4967 <row bottomline="true">
4968 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
4984 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5001 <row topline="true">
5002 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5018 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5031 no numbering of any kind
5035 <row topline="true">
5036 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5052 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5071 <row topline="true">
5072 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5088 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5106 <row topline="true">
5107 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5123 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5141 <row topline="true">
5142 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5158 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5176 <row topline="true">
5177 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5193 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5212 <row topline="true">
5213 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5229 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5248 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
5249 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5265 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5291 The increasing numbers are cumulative: a setting of
5292 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5296 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5299 will number parts and chapters, while
5300 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5304 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5307 will number parts, chapters, sections, and subsections.
5308 Of course, if you're using a document class that doesn't use part or chapter
5314 the default article class), then the numbering begins at the
5319 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5323 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5327 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5331 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5337 There's another counter in the dialog, called
5341 contents\SpecialChar ~
5345 It works the same way as
5347 Section\SpecialChar ~
5348 numbering\SpecialChar ~
5351 , only it controls which sectioning levels appear in, you guessed it, the
5353 This is a great control to have.
5354 Suppose you wanted to number
5358 sectioning heading, but you only wanted
5370 s in the Table of Contents.
5373 Section\SpecialChar ~
5374 numbering\SpecialChar ~
5378 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5382 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5387 Table of contents\SpecialChar ~
5391 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5395 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5398 and voilà! You're all set.
5399 \layout Subsubsection
5404 The following information applies to
5443 You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments.
5446 You can use inlined math in these environments.
5449 You cannot do any nesting with these environments.
5452 You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers.
5455 As for examples of these paragraph environments - look around you! We're
5456 using them everywhere in the manuals.
5457 \layout Subsubsection
5459 Creating an Appendix
5462 To create an appendix, simply start by adding a new chapter or section heading.
5463 Move the cursor back to the beginning of the heading and select
5468 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5474 ppendix\SpecialChar ~
5478 A red/brown box will be drawn around the remainder of the file to indicate
5479 there is something special about it, and the numerical chapter or section
5480 label(s) will be changed to a letter.
5486 LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations.
5500 Forget the days of changing linespacing and twiddling with margins.
5501 These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in.
5502 They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below
5503 the text they contain.
5504 They also allow nesting, so you can put a
5512 , as well as in some other paragraph environments.
5515 There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do
5524 when you start a new paragraph.
5525 So, you can type in that poem and merrily hit
5529 without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you.
5530 Of course, that means that, once you're done typing in that poem, you have
5531 to change back to the
5535 environment yourself.
5536 \layout Subsubsection
5548 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quote}
5552 Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's
5553 time for the differences.
5562 are identical except for one difference:
5566 uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line.
5575 indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout.
5578 Here's an example of the
5590 I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it
5592 See - no indentation!
5595 Here's the second paragraph of this quote.
5596 Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and
5597 the other paragraph.
5600 That ends that example.
5601 Here's another example, this time in the
5613 If I keep writing, you'll see the indentation.
5614 If your country uses a writing style that shows off new paragraphs by indenting
5615 the first line, then
5619 is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it
5623 you were quoting other text.
5626 Here's a new paragraph.
5627 I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time.
5628 If I did that, though, you'd get bored.
5631 That was our other example.
5632 As the example notes,
5636 is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs.
5637 They should put quotes in the
5642 Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the
5646 paragraph environment for quoted text.
5647 \layout Subsubsection
5657 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:verse}
5663 is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on.
5669 Which I did not rehearse!
5672 It could be much worse.
5673 This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps
5675 It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are
5676 indented a bit more than the first.
5677 Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore.
5683 And make things look fine
5696 does not indent both margins.
5697 Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph.
5698 To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the
5713 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvlists}
5717 LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds
5727 environments, LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively.
5736 environments, LyX lets you provide your own label.
5737 We'll present the individual details of each type of list next after describing
5738 some general features of all four of them.
5739 \layout Subsubsection
5744 The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments
5746 First, LyX treats each paragraph as a list item.
5755 reset the environment to
5759 but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item.
5760 The nesting depth is typically reset, however.
5761 If you want to keep both the current nesting depth and paragraph environment,
5766 to break paragraphs.
5769 You can nest lists of any type inside one another.
5770 In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how its
5772 If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we suggest
5773 you read all of section
5774 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
5780 \layout Subsubsection
5788 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:itemize}
5792 The first type of list we'll describe in detail is the
5796 paragraph environment.
5797 It has the following properties:
5800 Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label.
5804 LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level.
5807 The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line.
5811 The items can be any length.
5812 LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item.
5813 The offset is always relative to whatever environment the
5824 environment inside another
5828 environment, the label changes to a new symbol.
5832 There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting.
5835 LyX always shows the same symbol, an asterisk, on screen.
5839 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
5843 for a full explanation of nesting.
5847 Of course, that explanation was also an example of an
5856 environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter.
5859 We said that different levels use different symbols as their label.
5860 Here's an example of all four possible symbols.
5861 Note that those of you reading this manual online won't see any difference.
5864 The label for the first level
5868 is a large black dot, or bullet.
5872 The label for the second level is a dash.
5876 The label for the third is an asterisk.
5880 The label for the fourth is a centered dot.
5884 Back out to the third level.
5888 Back to the second level.
5892 Back to the outermost level.
5895 These are the default labels for an
5900 You can customize these labels in
5905 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5919 Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth.
5920 We'll explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths
5922 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
5928 \layout Subsubsection
5936 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:enumerate}
5944 environment is the tool to use to create numbered lists and outlines.
5945 It has these properties:
5948 Each item has a numeral as its label.
5952 The type of numeral depends on the nesting depth.
5956 LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate.
5963 environment resets the counter to one.
5978 Offsets the items relative to the left margin.
5979 Items can be any length.
5982 Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases.
5985 Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth.
5988 Allows up to a four-fold nesting.
6004 show the different labels for each item.
6005 Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an
6012 The first level of an
6016 uses Arabic numerals followed by a period.
6020 The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses.
6024 The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period.
6028 The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period.
6031 Again, notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth
6036 Back to the third level
6040 Back to the second level.
6044 Back to the outermost level.
6047 Once again, you can customize the type of numbering used in the
6052 It involves adding commands to the LaTeX preamble (see the
6057 As stated earlier, such customization only shows up in the printed version,
6058 not on the LyX screen.
6061 There is more to nesting
6065 environments than we've stated here.
6071 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
6075 to learn more about nesting.
6076 \layout Subsubsection
6084 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:descrlist}
6088 Unlike the previous two environments, the
6092 list has no fixed label.
6093 Instead, LyX uses the first
6094 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6098 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6101 of the first line as the label.
6105 Example: This is an example of the
6112 LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the
6116 Now, you're probably wondering what we mean by,
6117 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6120 uses the first 'word'.
6121 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6128 key does not add a whitespace character, but separates words from one another.
6137 key tells LyX to end the label if we're at the beginning of the first line
6141 However, what if you want or need to use more than one word in the label
6146 environment? Simple: use a
6160 pecial\SpecialChar ~
6161 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6162 Protected\SpecialChar ~
6179 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace}
6183 for more info.] Here's an example:
6186 Second\SpecialChar ~
6187 Example: This one shows how to use a
6189 Protected\SpecialChar ~
6199 Usage: You should use the
6203 environment for things like definitions and theorems.
6204 Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text
6206 It's not a good idea to use a
6210 environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe.
6211 You're better off using
6223 paragraphs into them.
6226 Nesting: You can, of course, nest
6230 environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
6234 Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting
6235 them from the first line.
6236 \layout Subsubsection
6244 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:lyxlist}
6252 environment is a LyX extension to LaTeX.
6256 Now, if you jumped here without reading sections
6257 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:itemize}
6262 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:descrlist}
6275 create numbered lists.
6280 does, and it's documented in section
6281 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:enumerate}
6297 environment has user-defined labels for each list item.
6298 There are some key differences between this list environment and the other
6301 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6304 labels LyX uses the first
6305 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6309 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6312 of each line as the item label.
6317 after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label.
6318 If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a protected
6319 blank as described above.
6321 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6323 margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and
6324 the body of the item text.
6325 The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default
6326 label width plus a little extra space.
6329 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6332 width LyX uses one of two things for the label width: the actual width
6333 of the label, or the default width, whichever is larger.
6334 If the actual width is larger, then the label
6335 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6339 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6342 into the first line.
6343 In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left
6344 margin of the rest of the item text.
6346 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6348 default\SpecialChar ~
6349 width You can very easily set this default width.
6350 It's quite painless, actually.
6351 So, you can easily ensure that the text of all items in a
6355 environment have the same left margin.
6357 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6359 uses You should use the
6363 environment the same way you'd use as
6367 list: when you need one word to stand out from the text that describes
6373 environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall
6376 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6378 nesting You can nest
6382 environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
6384 They work just like the other list paragraph environments.
6386 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
6390 to learn about nesting.
6393 As you can see, this is a feature-packed paragraph environment!
6396 To change the default width of the label, select the items in the list to
6398 You can also simply move the cursor into a
6402 item if you want to change only its label width.
6408 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6413 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
6427 box determines the default label width.
6428 If you really, really want to, you can use the text of your largest label
6429 here, but you don't need to.
6430 We recommend using the letter
6431 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6435 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6439 It's the widest character and is a standard unit of width in LaTeX.
6440 The default label width in the example
6445 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6449 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6454 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6458 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6461 as your unit of width in the
6466 box has one more advantage: you don't need to keep changing the contents
6472 every time you alter a label in a
6479 There's yet another feature of the
6483 environment we need to tell you about.
6484 As you can see in the examples, LyX left-justifies the item labels by default.
6485 You can use additional
6489 to change how LyX justifies the item label.
6495 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace}
6500 Here are some examples:
6502 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
6504 Left The default for
6510 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
6518 at the beginning of the label right justifies it.
6520 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
6530 at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it.
6533 Don't worry if you have no idea what
6538 Just remember that you can use them to customize the look of the
6545 That does it for the four paragraph environments for making lists.
6546 Oh - did we mention that you should read about nesting environments in
6548 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
6552 if you want to use any of these list environments?
6556 \layout Subsubsection
6570 Although LyX has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph
6581 To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments
6582 in a specific order, otherwise LaTeX gags on the document.
6583 In contrast, you can use the
6592 paragraph environments anywhere with no problem.
6593 You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest
6597 Of course, you're not limited to using
6612 , in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in
6613 some European academic papers.
6614 \layout Subsubsection
6620 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:adress_usage}
6628 environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used
6629 for the opening and signature in some countries.
6635 environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which
6636 is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries.
6637 Here's an example of each:
6638 \layout Right Address
6646 When is it? What is today?
6655 Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which LyX sets to
6656 fit the largest block of text on a single line.
6657 Here's an example of the
6666 Where do I send this
6668 Your post office and country
6671 As you can see, both
6680 add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph.
6681 Speaking of which, if you hit
6685 in either of these environments, LyX resets the nesting depth and sets
6691 This makes sense, however, since
6699 function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs.
6713 pecial\SpecialChar ~
6714 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6728 menu] to start a new line in an
6743 Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography
6744 or list of references.
6745 LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these.
6746 \layout Subsubsection
6757 environment is used for the abstract of an article.
6762 use this environment anywhere, but you really
6766 only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title.
6767 Also, don't bother trying to nest
6771 in anything else or vice versa.
6777 environment is only useful in the
6778 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6782 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6786 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6790 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6793 document classes [as well as
6794 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6798 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6801 which is just a specialized version of
6802 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6806 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6811 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6815 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6818 document class ignores the
6822 completely, and it's utterly silly to use
6827 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6831 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6841 environment does several things for you.
6842 First, it puts the centered label
6843 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6847 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6851 The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical
6853 Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect.
6854 Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and
6855 the subsequent text.
6856 Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen.
6857 If your document is in the
6858 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6862 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6865 class, the abstract actually appears on a separate page in the printed
6866 version of the file.
6869 Starting a new paragraph by hitting
6877 reset the paragraph environment.
6878 The new paragraph will still be in the
6883 So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you
6884 finish entering the abstract of your document.
6887 We'd love to give you an example of the
6891 environment, but we can't, since this document is in the
6892 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6896 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6900 If you've never heard of an
6901 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6905 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6908 before, you can safely ignore this environment.
6909 \layout Subsubsection
6917 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliography}
6925 environment is used to list references.
6930 use this environment anywhere, but you really
6934 only use it at the end of the document.
6935 Also, don't bother trying to nest
6939 in anything else or vice versa.
6943 When you first open a
6947 environment, LyX add a large vertical space, followed by the heading
6948 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6952 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6956 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6960 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6963 depending on the document class.
6964 The heading is in a large boldface font.
6965 Each paragraph of the
6969 environment is a bibliography entry.
6978 reset the paragraph environment.
6979 Each new paragraph is still in the
6994 of each paragraph, you will see a gray button showing a number.
6995 If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a
7004 The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography
7006 For example, suppose your first entry in the bibliography was a book about
7008 We could choose the key
7009 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7013 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7017 You can also give a label, which will be displayed in the gray inset box.
7024 field isn't useless.
7025 You can refer to your bibliography entries using the
7030 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
7035 itation\SpecialChar ~
7039 Just choose the key inside in the available keys list, then add a reference
7040 by clicking on the left arrow, which will add it to the selected keys list.
7041 Multiple references can be placed by selecting more than one key.
7046 appears at the end of this document.
7048 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7052 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide}
7057 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite[Chapter 3]{latexcompanion}
7062 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7065 is an example of how to cite two of the entries in it.
7066 In the second one, we used the
7075 field of the citation dialog to add the text
7076 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7080 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7085 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7089 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7093 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7097 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7100 that you see on screen will be replaced in print by the number or the label
7101 of the bibliography entry.
7104 The more advanced LaTeX bibliography package BibTeX is also supported by
7106 For a description of how to use it, please refer to the
7108 Extended LyX Features
7116 There are three standard paragraph environments that simply don't fit any
7117 category, as they are very specialized for a particular purpose.
7118 We'll point out the highlights and uses of each.
7119 \layout Subsubsection
7127 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:captionlayout}
7135 environment is the default paragraph environment for
7137 Figure\SpecialChar ~
7146 On the LyX screen, you'll see either the label
7147 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7151 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7155 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7159 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7162 , depending on which type of
7167 The actual reference number is substituted in this label in the printed
7171 You can't really nest things into a
7175 environment or vice versa.
7176 Additionally, hitting
7180 resets the paragraph environment to
7188 can only be a single paragraph.
7195 environment outside of a
7197 Figure\SpecialChar ~
7207 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}
7212 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}
7216 for more information on
7218 Figure\SpecialChar ~
7228 \layout Subsubsection
7239 environment is another LyX extension.
7240 It type-sets text in a typewriter-style font.
7245 key as a fixed whitespace;
7261 Protected\SpecialChar ~
7264 instead of an end-of-word marker.
7267 this is the only case in which you can type multiple whitespaces in LyX.
7268 If you need to insert blank lines, you'll still need to use
7290 reset the paragraph environment.
7291 So, when you finish using the
7295 environment, you'll need to change the paragraph environment yourself.
7304 environment inside of others.
7307 There are a few quirks with this environment:
7314 at the beginning of a new paragraph [i.e.
7342 to begin a new paragraph, then you can use a
7357 You can't have an empty paragraph or an empty line.
7358 You must put at least one
7362 in any line you want blank.
7363 Otherwise, LaTeX generates errors.
7366 You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing
7370 since that will insert
7375 You get the typewriter double quotes with
7383 if you use Emacs-like key bindings).
7412 This is just the standard
7413 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7417 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7428 has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts,
7429 rc-files, and so on.
7430 Use it only in those very, very special cases where you need to generate
7431 text as if you used a typewriter.
7432 \layout Subsubsection
7437 The comment paragraph environment can be used to write comments about your
7438 document that will not appear in the final output.
7439 In order to make this clear, LyX will present the comment environment in
7440 a different color than the rest of the text.
7443 Nesting Environments
7444 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:nest}
7454 Throughout the previous sections, we've been nagging you to
7455 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7458 go read Section\SpecialChar ~
7460 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
7465 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7468 So, you're probably wondering what the big deal is.
7471 The big deal is that LyX differs rather strongly from the traditional
7472 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7476 processor-as-overglorified-typewriter
7477 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7481 With a typewriter, text is merely ink on a page.
7482 Most word processors aren't much better, treating text as pixels on the
7483 screen and bytes in memory.
7484 In contrast, LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context
7485 and specific properties.
7486 However, what if you wanted one
7487 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7491 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7494 to inherit some of the properties of another
7495 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7499 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7505 Here's a more specific example: outlines.
7506 You have three main points in your outline, but point #2 also has two subpoints.
7507 In other words, you have a list
7511 of another list, with the inner list
7512 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7516 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7539 How do you put a list inside of a list? By now, the answer should be obvious:
7540 you nest one list inside the other.
7544 How to nest an environment is quite simple.
7550 ncrease\SpecialChar ~
7559 ecrease\SpecialChar ~
7570 menu to change the nesting depth of the current paragraph (the status bar
7571 will tell you how far you are nested).
7574 You can also use the convenient key bindings
7596 are alternatives, if you prefer those bindings
7601 to change the nesting level.
7602 The change will work on the current selection if you have made one (allowing
7603 you to change the nesting of several paragraphs at once), or the current
7607 Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can.
7608 If it's invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth.
7609 Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the
7610 depth of every paragraph nested inside of it.
7611 It's hard to describe what exactly LyX does in this case.
7612 That depends specifically on what your text looks like.
7613 Your best bet is to simply play with changing the nesting depth and see
7617 Nesting isn't just limited to lists.
7618 In LyX, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're
7620 This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments.
7623 What You Can and Can't Nest
7626 Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell
7627 you a little bit more about how nesting works.
7630 The question of nesting is a bit more complicated than a simple yes or no,
7631 can you or can't you.
7632 There's also the question of how.
7633 Can you nest this environment into anything else? Can you nest another
7634 environment into it? A
7635 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7639 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7642 to one of these doesn't guarantee a
7643 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7647 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7653 The paragraph environments in LyX can do one of three things when it comes
7655 First, an environment may be completely unnestable.
7656 Second, there are environments that are fully nestable.
7657 You can nest them inside of things and you can also nest other things inside
7659 There is one last type of environment.
7660 You can nest them into other environments, but that's it.
7661 You can't nest anything into them.
7664 Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph
7665 environments have them:
7671 For some odd reason, LyX allows you to fully nest both
7680 Also, LyX allows you to nest
7692 into other environments.
7694 LaTeX may barf if you try it.
7695 Then again, it may not.
7696 We don't know for certain.
7697 However, it makes no sense contextually to perform any nesting with these
7698 environments, so why would you ever want to?
7704 Unnestable Can't nest them.
7705 Can't nest into them.
7796 Nestable You can nest them.
7797 You can nest other things into them.
7842 Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside of other things.
7843 You can't nest anything into them.
7868 environment doesn't really fit anywhere, since it's only used inside of
7876 Figure\SpecialChar ~
7882 Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc.
7886 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table-and-fig-nesting}
7890 There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are
7891 affected by nesting anyhow.
7904 [Note: if you put a figure or a table in a
7908 , this is no longer true.
7909 See below or look in sections
7910 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}
7915 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}
7922 LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph.
7923 Well, you can't inline a table, but you can inline math and figures.
7924 If a figure or an equation is inlined, it goes wherever the paragraph it's
7928 On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a
7929 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7933 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7936 of its own, it behaves just like a
7937 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7941 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7944 paragraph environment.
7945 You can nest it into any environment, but you [obviously] can't nest anything
7949 Here's an example with a table:
7956 This is (a) and it's nested.
7959 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
7961 \begin_inset Tabular
7962 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
7964 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
7965 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
7966 <row topline="true">
7967 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
7984 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8002 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
8003 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8020 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8047 The table is actually nested inside (a).
8054 If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this:
8061 This is (a) and it's nested.
8064 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
8066 \begin_inset Tabular
8067 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
8069 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
8070 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
8071 <row topline="true">
8072 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8089 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8107 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
8108 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8125 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8156 In fact, it's not nested at all.
8162 Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first
8166 There's another trap you can fall into: nesting the table, but not going
8168 LyX turns anything after the table into a new [sub]list.
8175 This is (a) and it's nested.
8177 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
8179 \begin_inset Tabular
8180 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
8182 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
8183 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
8184 <row topline="true">
8185 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8202 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8220 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
8221 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8238 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8264 The table is actually nested inside Item One, but
8275 As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a
8281 The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation.
8282 So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right
8286 Then there are the so-called
8295 is a block of text associated with some sort of label, but which doesn't
8296 have a fixed location.
8298 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8302 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8305 forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best.
8312 Margin\SpecialChar ~
8322 Figure\SpecialChar ~
8326 When you're editing a document in LyX, a closed
8330 looks like a gray button with a red label and goes wherever the paragraph
8336 has no fixed location in the final text, nesting has no effect on its actual
8337 location after you feed your document to LaTeX.
8340 Usage and General Features
8341 \layout Subsubsection
8346 Speaking of levels, LyX can perform up to a six-fold nesting.
8348 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8352 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8355 is the innermost possible depth.
8356 Here's an example to display what we mean:
8359 level #1 - outermost
8387 Once again, LyX has a maximum of 6 levels, regardless of which specific
8388 paragraph environments you're using at a given level.
8394 Unfortunately, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation.
8395 If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go
8396 to produce output for your document.
8399 That means that you can perform a six-fold nesting of a
8407 environment, and so on.
8408 You can also mix environments, as we shall see later.
8411 There are two exceptions to the six-fold nesting limit, and you can see
8412 both of them in the example.
8413 Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a four-fold
8423 For example, if we tried to nest another
8428 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8432 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8441 Once again, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation.
8442 If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go
8443 to produce output for your document.
8452 The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration.
8453 We have several examples of nested environments.
8454 In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce
8456 \layout Subsubsection
8458 Example #1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting
8460 \labelwidthstring MMM
8462 #1-a This is the outermost level.
8470 \labelwidthstring MMM
8472 #2-a This is level #2.
8473 We created it by using
8485 \labelwidthstring MMM
8487 #3-a This is level #3.
8488 This time, we just hit
8498 We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level,
8516 environment, nested inside of
8517 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8521 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8525 So, it's at level #4.
8526 We did this by hitting
8535 , then changing the paragraph environment to
8540 Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph - it also works
8560 paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a
8566 \labelwidthstring MMM
8568 #4-a This is level #4.
8573 and changed the paragraph environment back to
8578 Remember - we can't nest anything inside of a
8582 environment, which is why we're still at level #4.
8587 keep nesting things inside of
8588 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8592 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8598 \labelwidthstring MMM
8600 #5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar \ldots{}
8604 \labelwidthstring MMM
8606 #6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8607 and this is level #6.
8608 By now, you should know how we made these two.
8611 \labelwidthstring MMM
8613 #5-b Back to level #5.
8626 \labelwidthstring MMM
8637 , we're back at level #4.
8640 \labelwidthstring MMM
8642 #3-b Back to level #3.
8643 By now it should be obvious how we did this.
8646 \labelwidthstring MMM
8648 #2-b Back to level #2.
8652 \labelwidthstring MMM
8654 #1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1.
8655 After this sentence, we'll hit
8659 and change the paragraph environment back to
8666 There you have it! Oh --- we could have also used the
8682 environment in place of the
8687 The example would have worked exactly the same.
8688 \layout Subsubsection
8690 Example #2: Inheritance
8693 This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost
8705 , after which, we'll change to the
8717 environment, at level #2.
8720 Notice how the nested
8724 not only inherits its margins from its parent environment [
8728 ], but also inherits its font and spacing!
8732 We ended this example by hitting
8737 After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to
8741 and resetting the nesting depth by using
8747 \layout Subsubsection
8749 Example #3: Labels, Levels, and the
8760 This is level #1, in an
8764 paragraph environment.
8765 We're actually going to nest a bunch of these.
8780 Now, what happens if we nest an
8784 environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its
8785 label be? An asterisk?
8798 environment, even though it's at level #3.
8799 So, its label is a bullet.
8800 [Note: we got here by using
8809 , then changing the environment to
8817 Here's level #4, produced using
8827 We'll do that again\SpecialChar \ldots{}
8832 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8834 This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to
8839 Notice the type of numbering! It's
8871 change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What
8872 type of numbering does LyX use?
8875 Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using
8879 to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item.
8887 to decrease the depth after the next
8896 Look what type of label LyX is using!
8901 Even though we've changed levels, LyX is still using a lowercase Roman
8902 numeral as the label.
8906 Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is
8915 Notice, however, that LyX
8919 reset the counter for the label.
8932 sequence, and we're back to level #2.
8933 This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back
8934 into the twofold-nested
8942 The same thing happens if we do another
8951 sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level.
8954 Lastly, we reset the environment to
8959 As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labelling
8977 surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for an
8982 The same rule applies for the
8986 environment, as well.
8987 \layout Subsubsection
8989 Example #4: Going Bonkers
8992 We're going to go totally nuts now.
8993 We won't nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into the
8994 same detail with how we did it.
9005 Return, M-p\SpecialChar ~
9008 : level #2] We'll stick an encapsulated description of how we created the
9009 example in brackets someplace.
9010 For example, the two keybindings are how we changed the depth.
9011 The environment name is, obviously, the name of the current environment.
9012 Either before or after this, we'll put in the level.
9020 : level #1] This is the next item in the list.
9024 Now we'll add verse.
9026 It will get much worse.
9030 Return, M-p\SpecialChar ~
9036 Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo.
9038 Bippitey boppitey boo!
9047 Here comes a table for you:
9050 \added_space_top 0.3cm \align center
9052 \begin_inset Tabular
9053 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
9055 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
9056 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
9058 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9075 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
9093 <row topline="true">
9094 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9111 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
9139 M-Return, Table, M-p\SpecialChar ~
9144 M-Return, Verse, M-p\SpecialChar ~
9155 : level #1] This is another item.
9156 Note that selecting a
9160 resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth
9161 3 times to put the table inside the
9169 We're now ending the
9173 list and changing to
9178 We're still at level #1.
9179 We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments.
9180 The next set of paragraphs is a
9181 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9185 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9197 environments inside of this one, then use another nested
9201 for the letter body.
9206 to preserve the depth.
9207 Remember that you need to use
9211 to create multiple lines inside the
9223 \layout Right Address
9227 Moosegroin, MT 00100
9232 Dear Mr.\SpecialChar ~
9236 We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50L of compressed
9237 methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control.
9238 Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating
9239 a backlog in our orders for methane.
9240 We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order
9241 as soon as possible.
9242 In the meantime, we thank you for your patience.
9245 We do, however, now have a special on beef.
9246 If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form
9247 with your order, along with payment.
9250 We thank you again for your patience.
9259 That ends that example!
9262 As you can see, nesting environments in LyX gives you a lot of power with
9263 just a few keystrokes.
9264 We could have easily nested an
9285 You have a huge variety of options at your disposal.
9288 Fonts and Text Styles
9294 Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards
9295 specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font.
9296 For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current
9297 font to emphasize text, you use an
9298 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9302 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9306 This concept fits in perfectly with LyX.
9307 In LyX, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting
9311 Right now, LyX allows you to specify a global default font, and has two
9325 style corresponds to an italics font.
9330 style corresponds to a font in smallcaps, which some languages and writing
9331 styles use to typeset proper names.
9332 The LyX Team actually hopes to someday have a full set of character styles,
9333 and to also allow the user to customize which font changes correspond to
9335 At the moment, though, you'll have to be satisfied with what we've done
9342 You can set the default font from the
9347 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
9355 There are two options of interest here,
9372 The possible options under
9380 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9388 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9391 and a list of fonts available on your system.
9393 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9401 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9404 uses the standard TeX fonts, known as
9405 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9409 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9413 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9417 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9421 Most systems will typically have some version of a Times and Helvetica
9422 font, with other variants.
9423 You'll have to examine this for yourself.
9435 option, there are three possible values:
9448 Remember, this is the
9453 LyX actually scales all of the other possible font sizes (such as those
9454 used in footnotes, superscripts, and subscripts) by this value.
9455 You can always fine-tune the font size from within the document if you
9457 It's also rather silly to use an 8pt or 24pt font as the default font size,
9458 as this typically renders your document unreadable.
9461 Note that once you choose a new value for
9482 You'll only see a difference once you generate the final output.
9483 This is part of the WYSIWYM concept.
9484 Besides, you have certainly noticed that "Roman" text on the LyX screen
9485 corresponds to the default font.
9488 Using Different Character Styles
9491 As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for
9492 certain paragraph environments.
9493 We also mentioned two other character styles,
9502 You can activate both of these styles via keybindings, the menus, and the
9510 style, do one of the following:
9513 click on the toolbar button with the person-shaped icon
9522 These commands are all toggles.
9527 style is already active, they deactivate it.
9530 One typically uses the
9534 style for proper names.
9536 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9543 is the original author of LyX.
9544 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9550 A more widely used character style is the
9555 You can activate [or deactivate - it's also a toggle] the
9562 clicking on the toolbar button with the
9563 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9567 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9573 using the keybindings
9583 style is equivalent to an italicized font.
9584 We have plans to make that association more user-configurable in the future.
9587 We've been using the
9591 style all over the place in this document.
9592 Here's one more example:
9597 Don't overuse character styles!
9600 It's also a warning in addition to an example.
9601 One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation.
9602 Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid
9603 the common tendency to overuse character style.
9607 Oh --- one last note: You can always reset to the default font using the
9616 Fine-Tuning with the
9623 There are always occasions when you'll need to do some fine-tuning, so LyX
9624 gives you a way to create custom character style.
9625 For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet
9626 requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations.
9636 : There is, in fact, such a style sheet for the LyX Documentation, since
9637 manuals need a certain amount of consistency.
9640 Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts
9641 from ordinary dialogue.
9644 Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a
9645 warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles.
9646 Many modern word processors have a vast array of fonts available to them,
9647 providing you with the power of a printing press.
9648 Unfortunately, there is a tendency to overuse that power.
9650 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9653 Using a sledgehammer to swat a fly,
9654 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9658 And, as the old saying implies, documents that overuse different fonts
9659 and sizes tend to look like someone's knocked huge holes in it.
9665 To use custom fonts, open the
9670 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
9679 There are seven buttons on this dialog, each corresponding to a different
9680 font property which you can choose.
9681 You can choose an option for one of these seven properties, or select
9686 , which keeps the current state of that property.
9691 will reset the property to whatever is the default for the hosting paragraph
9693 You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph
9694 environments in a snap.
9697 The seven font properties, and their options [in addition to
9708 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
9718 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9722 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9726 The possible options are:
9729 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9735 This is the Roman font family.
9739 It's also the default family.
9748 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9757 This is the Sans Serif font family.
9769 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9777 This is the Typewriter font family.
9790 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
9799 This corresponds to the print weight.
9803 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9809 This is the Medium font series.
9813 It's also the default series.
9816 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9824 This is the Bold font series.
9828 You can toggle this series on or off with the keybinding
9837 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
9847 As the name implies.
9851 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9857 This is the Upright font shape.
9861 It's also the default shape.
9864 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9876 s the Italic font shape
9881 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9889 This is the Slanted font shape
9894 (although it might not be visible on screen, this is different from italic).
9896 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9905 This is the Small caps font shape
9911 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
9921 Alters the size of the font.
9922 You'll find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually proportio
9923 nal to the default font size.
9924 Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of
9925 what you want to do.
9929 The options [and their keybindings] are:
9931 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9940 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9944 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9964 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9972 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9976 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9991 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9999 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10003 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10023 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10032 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10036 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10056 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10063 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10067 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10074 It's also the default size.
10088 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10097 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10101 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10121 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10130 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10134 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10154 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10163 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10167 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10182 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10191 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10195 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10215 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10224 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10228 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10253 : don't go crazy with this feature.
10254 You should almost never need to change the font size.
10255 LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments
10256 - use that instead.
10257 This is here for fine-tuning
10262 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
10271 Here you can change a few other things at the character level.
10275 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10283 This is text with emphasize on
10289 This might seem like the same as
10293 , but it is actually a bit different.
10294 If you use emphasize on italicized text, it will make it upright.
10295 In future versions of LyX, we hope to let you customize the exact behavior
10303 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10311 This is text with Underbar on.
10323 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10331 This is text with Noun on.
10339 , this is a logical attribute.
10340 For the moment, it is equivalent to
10342 Small\SpecialChar ~
10345 , but that is bound to change some day.
10349 Avoid using underbar if you can! It's a holdover from the typewriter days,
10350 when you couldn't change fonts.
10351 We no longer need to resort to emphasizing text by overstriking it with
10352 an underscore character.
10353 It's only included in LyX because it's also in LaTeX, and because some
10358 need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions (and in
10359 fact we use it in these manuals to indicate keyboard shortcuts for menu
10363 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
10369 You can adjust the color of the text with this control.
10370 Of course, you need to have a color printer to exploit this, but you also
10375 LaTeX package installed.
10380 is not able to display these colors.
10391 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10395 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10398 , you can choose between
10432 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
10438 This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from
10439 the language of the document.
10440 Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change.
10443 You have a huge number of combinations to choose from.
10446 Once you've chosen a new character style via the
10451 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10459 dialog, you can activate it using the toolbar button labelled
10460 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10464 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10475 The toolbar button lets you toggle the state of your custom character style
10476 even when the dialog isn't visible.
10480 As we stated earlier, to completely reset the character style to the default,
10487 If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed
10488 (suppose you just sent the shape to
10489 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10493 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10497 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10501 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10506 Toggle on all these
10519 We conclude with the same warning we've been spewing: Don't overuse the
10521 They are, more often than not, a kludge and a horrible substitute for good
10523 Your writing should speak for itself --- and will.
10526 Printing and Previewing
10532 Now that we've covered some of the basic features of document preparation
10533 using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece.
10534 Before we tell you that, however, we want to give you a quickie explanation
10535 of what goes on behind-the-scenes.
10536 We cover this information in much greater detail in the
10543 LyX uses a program called
10544 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10548 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10552 (Actually, LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system,
10553 but to prevent confusion, we'll just refer to the whole magilla as
10554 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10558 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10561 ) Think of it this way: LyX is what you use to do your actual writing.
10562 Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output.
10563 This happens in a couple of stages:
10566 First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX,
10567 generating a file with the extension,
10568 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10576 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10583 Next, LaTeX uses the commands in the
10587 file to produce printable output.
10588 It doesn't know anything about your printer, however.
10589 Instead, LaTeX produces what's known as a
10593 file, or DVI for short.
10594 The actual output is in a file with the extension,
10595 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10603 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10607 DVI files are completely portable; you can move them from one machine to
10608 another without needing to do any sort of conversion.
10610 \layout Description
10612 NOTE: The DVI file only contains what was in the LaTeX file itself.
10613 If you have included PostScript® pictures in your document, there will
10614 only be a link to these files.
10615 So don't forget these files if you move your
10619 file to another computer.
10628 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10632 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10635 Once you have it, you can view it, print it, or convert it to other formats.
10643 files using a program called
10650 Some printers and Unix systems understand DVI, and can print your
10657 Nowadays, most printers understand the PostScript® format.
10658 LyX automatically converts the
10662 file to a PostScript® file for you when you go to print out your document.
10663 LyX will also let you preview a PostScript® version of your document using
10672 One advantage of using PostScript® is that the converter program [called
10677 ] takes any PostScript® graphics you may have included in your document
10678 and puts it into the resulting PostScript® version of your document.
10679 It also includes any special fonts you may have used.
10680 That makes the PostScript® version much, much more portable than the DVI
10686 LyX does all of these steps automagically for you.
10689 As you have seen, a lot of things happen before you get a hardcopy or a
10690 preview of your document.
10691 So, don't worry if printing requires a bit more time than with other word
10693 The printed result is worth the wait.
10694 Quality always has its price.
10702 To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the pagebreaks
10703 in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, select
10708 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10719 When all of the behind-the-scenes action is done, LyX calls the program
10725 You can now look at the results.
10726 [If you want more info on the
10735 \layout Description
10737 Helpful-Tip: Keep the
10741 window open, maybe moving it to another desktop.
10742 Then, after you make changes to your document, just use
10747 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10752 pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10769 program will automatically reread the
10773 file and give you an updated view.
10776 Viewing the PostScript® Version with
10785 to view your document is the easiest and fastest way.
10786 There may be times, however, when you want to look at the PostScript® version.
10787 One reason is fonts.
10797 : Another reason is paranoia.
10798 I always like to look at the PostScript® file before I print it, just so
10799 I see exactly what went to the printer\SpecialChar \ldots{}
10803 You can use PostScript® fonts in a LaTeX document, but
10812 or some other PostScript® file viewer to see the actual results.
10815 To view the PostScript® version of your document, select
10831 When all of the magic behind-the-scenes is done, LyX calls the program
10836 You can now look at the results.
10839 You've guessed what the
10844 pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10858 menu does, haven't you? Remember to click once in the
10862 window after this command to update the view.
10868 To print a file, select
10882 menu, or click on the toolbar button with the printer on it.
10890 You can choose to only print even-numbered or odd-numbered pages - this
10891 is useful for printing on two sides: you can re-insert the pages after
10892 printing one set of pages, to print on the other side.
10893 Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down.
10894 By choosing a particular order to print in, you can take the entire stack
10895 of pages out of the printer without needing to reorder them.
10898 You can set the parameters in the
10904 \labelwidthstring MMMM
10913 This is the name of the printer to print to.
10919 Note that this printer name isn't for the
10932 has to be configured for this printer name.
10934 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:dvipsconfig}
10942 documentation for details.
10943 The default printer can also be set in
10950 The printer should understand PostScript® files.
10952 \labelwidthstring MMMM
10961 The name of a file to print to.
10962 The output will be in Post\SpecialChar \-
10964 The file will generally be written in the current directory, unless you
10965 specify the full path.
10968 Note that printing may need little time, since LaTeX,
10972 and, if you don't have a PostScript printer,
10976 have to process your document.
10979 A Few Words about Typography
10982 Hyphens and Hyphenation
10986 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hyphens}
10991 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10999 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11002 character comes in three lengths, often called the
11022 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11030 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11041 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11059 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11070 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11098 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11107 \begin_inset Formula $-$
11113 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11121 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11127 You generate these by using the
11128 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11136 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11139 character multiple times in a row.
11140 LyX automatically converts them to the appropriate length dash in the final
11144 The three types of dash are distinct from the minus sign, which appears
11145 in math mode and has a length of its own.
11146 Here are some examples of the
11147 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11155 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11161 line- and page-breaks
11179 Oh --- there's a dash.
11189 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$
11201 Those of you reading this from within LyX will see no difference, though
11202 there is one in the printed version.
11205 One last note about hyphenation --- LyX automatically breaks up words and
11206 inserts hyphens in English text.
11207 (Actually, it's LaTeX that does this, and it will also hyphenate words
11212 other languages.) The words won't be hyphenated until you generate the final
11216 If, for some reason, LaTeX can't break a word correctly, you can set hyphenation
11218 This is done with the menu item
11220 Hyphenation\SpecialChar ~
11232 pecial\SpecialChar ~
11243 Note that these extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX.
11244 If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will totally ignore them.
11248 \layout Subsubsection
11250 Abbreviations and End of Sentence
11254 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:abbrev}
11258 When LyX calls LaTeX to generate the final version of your document, LaTeX
11259 automatically distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations.
11260 LaTeX then adds the
11261 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11264 appropriate amount of space
11265 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11268 : sentences get a little bit more space between the period and the next
11270 Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period as a word uses.
11273 Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation and
11274 what's the end of a sentence is really quite brain-dead.
11276 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11284 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11287 is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's
11288 at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation.
11291 Here are some examples of
11295 abbreviations and the end of a sentence:
11306 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
11307 and here's an example of the algorithm going wrong:
11312 this is too much space!
11319 You won't see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document.
11322 To fix this problem, use one of the following:
11327 Protected\SpecialChar ~
11334 after lowercase abbreviations (see section
11335 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline}
11346 sentence\SpecialChar ~
11354 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11359 pecial\SpecialChar ~
11362 menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing.
11363 This function is also bound to
11370 With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this:
11375 this is too much space!
11378 This is I\SpecialChar \@.
11382 Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences.
11383 If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry about all
11385 For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors:
11391 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11399 feature described in
11404 \layout Subsubsection
11410 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quotes}
11414 LyX usually sets quotes correctly.
11415 Specifically, it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text,
11416 and use a closing quote at the end.
11418 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11422 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11426 The keyboard character,
11430 , generates this automatically.
11433 You can change the behavior of the
11454 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11473 key produce the sequence:
11474 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11478 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11489 button, in contrast, makes the
11494 \begin_inset Quotes els
11500 You can also select quotes for different languages via the
11508 There are six choices:
11510 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11515 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11519 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11524 Use quotes like this
11525 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11529 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11533 \begin_inset Quotes els
11537 \begin_inset Quotes ers
11542 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11547 \begin_inset Quotes sld
11551 \begin_inset Quotes srd
11557 \begin_inset Quotes sld
11561 \begin_inset Quotes srd
11565 \begin_inset Quotes ers
11570 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11575 \begin_inset Quotes gld
11579 \begin_inset Quotes grd
11585 \begin_inset Quotes gld
11589 \begin_inset Quotes grd
11593 \begin_inset Quotes gls
11597 \begin_inset Quotes grs
11602 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11607 \begin_inset Quotes pld
11611 \begin_inset Quotes prd
11617 \begin_inset Quotes pld
11621 \begin_inset Quotes prd
11625 \begin_inset Quotes pls
11629 \begin_inset Quotes prs
11634 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11639 \begin_inset Quotes fld
11643 \begin_inset Quotes frd
11649 \begin_inset Quotes fld
11653 \begin_inset Quotes frd
11657 \begin_inset Quotes fls
11661 \begin_inset Quotes frs
11666 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11671 \begin_inset Quotes ald
11675 \begin_inset Quotes ard
11681 \begin_inset Quotes ald
11685 \begin_inset Quotes ard
11689 \begin_inset Quotes als
11693 \begin_inset Quotes ars
11699 Again, this affects what character the
11706 On the other hand, if you want to produce a bona-fide quote character, type
11723 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ligatures}
11727 It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and
11728 print them as single characters.
11729 These groups are known as
11734 Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your LyX documents will contain them,
11736 Here are the possible ligatures:
11754 Once in a while, though, you don't want a ligature in a word.
11755 While a ligature may be okay in the word,
11756 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11760 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11763 it looks really weird in compound words, such as
11764 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11768 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11772 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11776 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11779 To break a ligature, use
11784 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11789 pecial\SpecialChar ~
11792 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
11795 Ligature\SpecialChar ~
11800 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11804 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11808 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11811 cuff\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
11813 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11817 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11821 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11825 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11828 Dorf\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
11830 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11840 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:widows}
11844 In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page
11846 There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text.
11847 You may remember once printing out a document, only to find the heading
11848 for a new section printed at the very bottom of the page, the first line
11849 of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page, or the last line
11850 of a paragraph at the top of a new page.
11851 These dangly-bits of text became known as
11862 Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading.
11863 That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments.
11864 But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line
11865 of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules
11866 built into LaTeX governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there
11867 to specifically prevent widows and orphans.
11868 This is the advantage LyX has in using LaTeX as its backend.
11871 There's no way we can go into how TeX and LaTeX decide to break a page,
11872 or how you can tweak that behavior.
11873 Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography [such as\SpecialChar ~
11875 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexcompanion}
11881 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide}
11885 ] may have more information.
11886 You will almost never need to worry about this, however.
11889 Floats: Tables, Figures, Footnotes and Margin Notes
11890 \begin_inset OptArg
11895 Tables, Figures, and Notes
11904 Unlike other typesetting programs, LyX uses
11905 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11909 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11912 boxes instead of displaying its footnotes at the bottom of the screen or
11913 somewhere else in your text.
11914 When you insert a footnote with
11923 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
11947 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11951 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11954 appearing within your text.
11955 This box is LyX's representation of your footnote.
11956 You can enter your text into this box.
11958 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11966 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11977 label, the box will
11978 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11982 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11990 Clicking on the button again will
11995 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11999 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12008 To close this footnote, click on the red box at the top left.
12011 You will not see any numbers within LyX.
12012 You don't need to worry about those, anyhow, because LyX does the numbering
12013 for you, as well as putting the footnote at the bottom of the correct page,
12014 when it processes your file.
12015 If you want to turn already existing text into a footnote, simply mark
12016 it and click on the footnote button (a picture of text with an arrow pointing
12017 to stuff in the bottom margin).
12020 What LyX cannot do, yet, is take care of special needs like setting the
12021 footnote numbering back to 1 after each section in the
12022 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12030 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12035 document class or changing the counter
12040 You'll need to insert LaTeX commands like th
12048 Tricks for Footnotes and Marginpars
12051 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12063 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12067 \layout Description
12069 NOTE: A float in LaTeX and LyX isn't a simple paragraph as with usual word
12071 It is a complex text structure that may contain everything except floats.
12072 That means you can use all the layouts inside a float, even figures and
12074 You may not need this too often, but if you do occasionally need it, it's
12081 Margin notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX.
12082 When you insert a margin note via
12088 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12104 or the toolbar button (which contains a picture of text in a margin with
12105 an arrow pointing to it), you'll see
12121 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12125 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12128 appearing within your text.
12129 \begin_inset Marginal
12134 This is a margin note.
12137 This box is LyX's representation of your margin note.
12138 You can enter your text into this box.
12140 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12144 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12153 label, the box will
12154 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12158 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12162 You can access it at a later time by clicking on the
12169 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12173 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12179 As a default, LyX uses 1.9 cm (0.75 inches) as the margin width to allow room
12181 This might not be what you're looking for, but as with footnotes, LyX cannot
12182 yet do everything LaTeX has to offer.
12183 You might want to consult your LaTeX handbook for additional commands.
12187 Figures and Imported Graphics
12191 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figures}
12195 No document preparation system is complete without the ability to import
12196 graphics from other utilities into the document.
12197 In LyX, these are referred to as ``figures'' whether they are actually
12198 figures in the traditional sense or simply some kind of imported image.
12199 Encapsulated PostScript® figures are handled very well by LyX, which uses
12204 to generate an on-screen image for the LyX window, and the
12210 LaTeX command to insert the figure in the final document.
12214 Note that figures referred to here are do not have captions and sit wherever
12215 in the document you place them.
12216 If you need one of these features, see sec.\SpecialChar ~
12218 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
12225 To place a figure in your document, click on the second right-most icon
12226 on the toolbar, or select
12231 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12241 A graphics inset will be added to your document and a dialog will appear
12242 for you to choose the file to load.
12243 You can also change any settings you need to in this dialog.
12247 \begin_inset Graphics
12248 filename mobius.eps
12250 rotateOrigin center
12257 This dialog has numerous parameters, though most should be self-explanatory.
12262 tab allows you to choose your image file (note that a wide variety of image
12263 formats are supported automatically).
12268 option for use in figure floats (see Section\SpecialChar ~
12270 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
12275 The figure can be transformed by setting a rotation angle, using a bounding
12277 It is possible to set a bounding box automatically for some image formats
12280 Bounding\SpecialChar ~
12284 Note that it is possible to control the display of the figure in LyX and
12285 the display in the final document separately, which can be very useful
12287 LaTeX wizards can specify additional LaTeX options in the
12295 \layout Subsubsection
12297 Using Figure Floats
12301 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figurefloats}
12305 The problem with inserting figures straight into your text is that they
12306 might make the pagination of your document extremely awkward.
12307 To suit the LyX mentality of automating such processes, you might find
12308 it preferable to use
12310 Figure\SpecialChar ~
12313 , which LyX (actually, LaTeX) is free to move about your document as it
12314 deems necessary for a good fit.
12315 In return, LyX automates the listing of these figures and allows you to
12316 place a caption on them, using the
12320 environment explained in Section\SpecialChar ~
12322 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:captionlayout}
12331 Figure\SpecialChar ~
12339 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12344 t\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12348 You will get a float without a figure in it; use the toolbar icon described
12349 above to insert the actual figure.
12350 \begin_inset Float figure
12358 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:escher}
12367 \begin_inset Graphics
12368 filename escher-lsd.eps
12370 rotateOrigin center
12378 \begin_inset Float figure
12386 \begin_inset Graphics
12387 filename platypus.eps
12389 rotateOrigin center
12397 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:kill-plat}
12401 A severely distorted platypus in a float.
12407 It seems simple, but there is subtlety involved in the placement of the
12409 If you prefer your caption to appear below the figure, then you must press
12410 return when the cursor is at the very start of the caption, and insert
12411 the figure in the new paragraph created above the caption; or you can delete
12412 the caption and recreate it by selecting the
12416 environment after the figure has been inserted.
12417 This is what we did for figure
12418 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:kill-plat}
12423 If the cursor is in a paragraph after the caption when you insert the
12427 then it will be inserted after the caption, as was the case for
12428 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:escher}
12433 It is preferred to use one
12442 This allows LyX [actually LaTeX] to best position each figure.
12445 Right-clicking on a float opens a dialog where you can alter the placement
12446 options that LaTeX uses for positioning the float (see
12447 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn}
12457 is only useful for two-column documents: if you select it, the float will
12458 span across both columns on the page instead of being confined to just
12462 This figure also shows how we place a label and create a cross-reference
12463 to it; as you would expect from reading section
12464 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref}
12468 you can simply insert a
12475 in the caption and refer to it using a
12484 It is especially important to use these with figure floats, rather than
12485 using vague references to
12486 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12490 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12493 as LaTeX will reposition your floats for you in the final document; it
12495 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12499 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12503 If it is not possible to fit the floats neatly on the same page as the
12504 text which refers to it, the figures will be placed on a separate page
12506 Rest assured that the overall effect is usually quite nice.
12509 Note that the caption is used in a
12519 (as described in Section\SpecialChar ~
12521 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ListsOf}
12525 ) automatically, should you choose to include one in your document.
12526 \layout Subsubsection
12532 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:float-locn}
12536 Now, the whole idea behind
12538 Figure\SpecialChar ~
12543 Table\SpecialChar ~
12546 , which we introduce later] is to allow LyX to place a figure [or table]
12547 on a page in a consistent, sensible fashion.
12548 The rules LaTeX uses are rather arcane; refer to the LaTeX documentation
12549 for the exact details.
12550 You can use check boxes in the float dialog to set placement for a particular
12552 By default, each float uses the document's default placement rules.
12553 You can change these, if you wish, in the
12558 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12568 Float\SpecialChar ~
12571 box takes a LaTeX-style placement specification.
12572 You can place any combination of four letters in the
12574 Float\SpecialChar ~
12616 The letters correspond to the following behaviour:
12617 \layout Description
12619 Here: LyX tries to put the
12623 at the same point in the text where you put it.
12627 If there isn't enough room, LyX tries one of the other three location types.
12629 \layout Description
12631 Top: LyX tries to put the
12635 at the top of the current page.
12636 If the figure won't fit on the current page, it goes to the next page.
12637 \layout Description
12639 Bottom: LyX tries to put the
12643 at the bottom of the current page.
12644 If there isn't room, it goes to the next page.
12645 \layout Description
12647 Page: LyX tries to put the
12655 s) on a page of its own.
12658 There is some subtlety to how this all works.
12659 The order specifies what location LyX should try first.
12660 If that one fails, it tries the next one, and so on, though
12661 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12669 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12672 will always take precedence if it appears in the list.
12673 The default placement list is
12674 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12682 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12685 : try the top of a text page first, then the bottom of a text page, then
12686 on a page by itself.
12687 If you want LyX to try
12688 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12692 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12695 to place the figure where you command it, precede the list with an exclamation
12697 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12705 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12709 Here are some example entries and what they do:
12718 Try putting the figure/table at its actual position in the text.
12719 If that doesn't work, put it on the bottom of the page.
12720 If that fails, put it on a separate page.
12730 Try really hard to put the figure/table at its actual position in the text.
12731 Then the bottom of the page, then on a separate page.
12741 Put the figure/table at the top of each page.
12742 If it's too long, put it on a separate page.
12752 Always put figures and tables on their own page.
12763 One obvious question is
12764 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12767 how would I create the figures?
12768 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12771 Fortunately, the answer is included in most Linux and/or LaTeX distributions.
12776 is a powerful though slightly awkward drawing tool.
12777 If you want to include figures that you have created with
12781 there are several ways.
12782 We recommend the following:
12785 Export the figure as Encapsulated PostScript®.
12786 This could be very easy included into LyX as described in the previous
12788 The great advantage of this way is, that you have the full power of PostScript®
12790 That means Bezier curves, colors, all line thicknesses and many more.
12791 If you have inserted text into your fig-document this will be printed with
12792 PostScript® fonts, which is OK\SpecialChar \@.
12793 The figure can be manipulated like any other
12794 EPS figure, as described above.
12799 The only disadvantage is that you cannot create formulas as PostScript®
12800 text except by hand.
12801 If you also need formulas or simple exponents or indices in your figure,
12802 the next way is recommended.
12806 Export the figure as LaTeX.
12807 This is just as easy to include into LyX, with the advantage that you may
12808 use all LaTeX commands within the text inside XFig.
12809 Therefore you have to set the
12814 This is automatic if you invoke XFig with
12820 If this is done and you have also chosen a LaTeX font you may simply write
12822 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12826 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12831 XFig\SpecialChar \@.
12834 If you export this figure as LaTeX and include it in LyX with
12839 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12847 (see description in
12851 ) this text will appear as
12852 \begin_inset Formula $H_{2}$
12860 The disadvantage of this way is that the graphical power of LaTeX isn't
12861 as strong as PostScript®\SpecialChar \@.
12862 You cannot use all thicknesses of lines and, more
12863 annoyingly, not all slopes.
12864 This is why we recommend the third way for more complex figures.
12868 Export the figure as LaTeX/PostScript® combined.
12877 , really] will generate two files:
12881 the PostScript® part
12885 , that contains all painting.
12892 , that contains all text and a link to the PostScript® part.
12896 Then you just have to include the LaTeX part as described above.
12897 This will automatically include the PostScript® part, too.
12903 If you get an error like
12904 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12907 unknown graphics extension pstex
12908 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12911 you have to declare these graphic extensions.
12916 bug that occurs with LaTeX2e.
12917 Simply add a line like
12924 @namedef{Gin@rule@ps_tex}#1{{eps}{ps_tex}{#1}}
12929 /usr/lib/texmf/tex/latex/graphics/dvips.def
12943 Gin@extensions{eps, ps, pstex, eps.gz, ps.gz, eps=2EZ}
12946 This should fix the whole thing.
12947 Alternatively you may export the postscript part as
12951 and change the LaTeX part
12956 But this is annoying.
12960 This way you have the full PostScript® and LaTeX power combined except
12961 for the possibility to scale the figure after creating.
12962 So if you want scalable pictures, the PostScript® format is your only choice.
12963 Another little advantage of letting LaTeX typeset the font is that the
12964 same font will appear in your figures as in your text, which looks a little
12972 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tables}
12976 LyX has powerful table support, but LaTeX can do many more things with tables
12977 than LyX is currently capable of, so you might want to look at a good LaTeX
12978 book if the features described here should turn out to be inadequate.
12981 You can insert a table using either the table toolbar button or
12986 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12994 A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns.
12995 The default table has lines at the top and to the left of every cell, a
12996 line to the right of the rightmost column and a line at the bottom of the
12997 lowest row, forming a box around the table.
12998 Additionally, the topmost row also has a line at the bottom, which causes
12999 this row to appear separated from the rest of the table.
13004 \begin_inset Tabular
13005 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="4">
13007 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13008 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13009 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
13010 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
13011 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
13012 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13019 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13036 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13053 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13071 <row topline="true">
13072 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13089 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13096 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13103 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13111 <row topline="true">
13112 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13129 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13136 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13153 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13161 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
13162 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13179 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13186 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13193 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13211 You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button, which
13212 brings up a settings dialog.
13213 Among these options are:
13216 Adding/removing border lines from a row or column.
13217 If you remove the top line from one of the rows, you'll get a dotted line
13218 in LyX, but no line will appear in the printout.
13219 If you set the bottom line of one row and the top line of the row below,
13220 then the rows are separated by a small space, as you can see with the top
13221 row in the example above.
13222 You can do the same vertically if you set the right line of a column and
13223 the left line of the column to the right.
13226 Text alignment in a column
13229 Appending rows and columns
13232 Deleting rows, columns, or the entire table
13238 Setting a fixed width for a column
13241 Longtable options - this is useful if your table is higher than the paper.
13242 Then the table is split on the bottom of the page and continued on the
13243 next one, instead of running of the end of the page.
13246 Rotate the whole table or a single cell sideways, by 90 degrees
13249 You can also use the menu to perform these operations.
13255 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13264 when the cursor is inside a table.
13268 Most of these options also work on selections.
13269 This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is
13270 done on all of your selection.
13271 Note that there is a difference between selecting the
13275 of the cell, and the cell itself.
13276 If you can see a red border inside a cell, then a selection will select
13282 or click outside of the box, then the selection will select cells (whether
13283 you use the mouse or the normal cursor-movement keys).
13286 When you append a row, it is added
13290 the row containing the cursor.
13291 Similarly, columns are appended to the
13296 This makes it difficult to add columns on the left edge of a table without
13297 a lot of cutting and pasting.
13298 Deletion is always performed on the row or column containing the cursor.
13302 The multicolumn option merges two or more adjacent cells on a given row.
13303 For example, in the above table, row
13304 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13308 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13311 has had multicolumn applied to the columns labelled
13312 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13316 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13320 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13324 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13327 To use it, you must first select the cells, then choose
13332 This will not work vertically - see the Table Examples document for how
13340 if you need to have a special handling for a single table cell's top and
13341 bottom border lines and text alignment.
13342 Here an example of this special handling of a cell:
13346 \begin_inset Tabular
13347 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
13349 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
13350 <column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13351 <column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
13352 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
13353 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13370 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13387 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13405 <row topline="true">
13406 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13423 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13439 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13456 <row topline="true">
13457 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13474 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13490 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13507 <row topline="true">
13508 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13525 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13541 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13558 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
13559 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13576 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13592 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13616 You see here that the header line cells are aligned to the center, whereas
13617 the left column is aligned to the left, and the other columns are aligned
13619 Also the bottom and top line of two cells have been removed.
13625 I can make nothing of this explanation.
13626 An improvement would be nice :) - jbl
13632 If you want your column to have a fixed width, then you can insert a width
13645 This will then allow the cell to have multiple paragraphs of text.
13648 If your table becomes too large to fit on a portrait document layout, you
13651 Rotate\SpecialChar ~
13654 button, and the table will appear sideways (this means landscape in a portrait
13656 You might also like to rotate single table cells to give them more horizontal
13658 The example below demonstrates why it is useful to rotate single cells.
13667 Rotate\SpecialChar ~
13674 display on screen, and works
13678 for PostScript® output.
13679 So, if you want to preview them, use
13684 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13698 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
13703 will not show the table properly.
13707 \begin_inset Tabular
13708 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="12">
13710 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
13711 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13712 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13713 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13714 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13715 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13716 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13717 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13718 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13719 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13720 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
13721 <column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
13722 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
13723 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13740 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
13757 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
13774 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
13791 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
13808 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
13825 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
13842 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
13859 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
13876 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
13893 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
13910 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13928 <row topline="true">
13929 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13943 Desc.\SpecialChar ~
13947 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13964 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13971 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13988 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14005 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14012 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14029 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14036 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14053 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14070 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14087 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14105 <row topline="true">
14106 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14120 Desc.\SpecialChar ~
14124 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14131 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14148 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14165 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14182 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14199 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14216 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14233 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14250 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14267 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14284 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14302 <row topline="true">
14303 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14317 Desc.\SpecialChar ~
14321 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14338 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14355 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14372 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14379 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14396 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14413 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14430 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14447 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14454 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14471 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14489 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
14490 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14504 Desc.\SpecialChar ~
14508 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14525 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14532 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14549 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14566 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14573 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14580 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14597 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14614 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14631 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14638 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14656 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
14657 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14674 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14691 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14698 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14705 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14712 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14719 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14726 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14733 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14740 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14747 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14754 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14779 What can be placed inside a table cell?
14782 Many objects can be placed inside a table cell.
14783 Any single line of text, an equation (not a displayed or multilined equation,
14784 though), or a figure can be in a cell; in fact, all three kinds of objects
14785 can be placed in the same cell.
14786 Font sizes and shapes can be altered, and the table will adjust to display
14788 However, you can't put a special environment in a cell (like
14792 , etc.), nor set spacing options etc.
14793 for the cell's paragraph.
14796 Cut & Paste in Tables
14799 Cutting and pasting between tables works reasonably well.
14800 You can cut and paste even more than one row.
14801 Selection with the mouse or with
14805 plus the arrow keys works as usual.
14806 The values in the second table below were cut and pasted from the first,
14807 using the mouse to select and paste.
14811 \begin_inset Tabular
14812 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
14814 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14815 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14816 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
14817 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
14818 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14835 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14852 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14871 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14888 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14905 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14923 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
14924 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14941 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14958 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14984 \begin_inset Tabular
14985 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
14987 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14988 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14989 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
14990 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
14991 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15008 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15025 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15044 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15061 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15078 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15096 <row topline="true">
15097 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15114 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15121 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15129 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15130 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15137 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15144 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15159 Note that you can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit
15160 by starting the selection from outside the table.
15163 Multiple lines in cells
15166 It is possible to have multi-line entries in tables, but not in a completely
15168 Define a fixed length for the column in the
15173 After this, your text is automatically split into more lines and the cell
15174 enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given fixed
15180 \begin_inset Tabular
15181 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
15183 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
15184 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="3cm">
15185 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
15186 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15187 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15204 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15221 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15240 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15257 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15271 This is a multiline entry in a table.
15274 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15292 <row bottomline="true">
15293 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15310 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15324 This is longer now.
15327 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15345 <row bottomline="true">
15346 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15363 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15377 This is a multiline entry in a table.
15378 This is longer now.
15381 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15406 Text within a cell will not normally wrap to fit the page, so if a line
15407 of text in a table is too long, the table will extend beyond the right
15408 margin of the page.
15409 Similarly, tables will not split themselves at the bottom of a page, and
15410 so might extend below the bottom margin.
15411 You have these options to resolve this problem:
15414 Split it into two tables.
15426 This automatically splits the table over more pages, if it is too tall.
15427 After doing this, the list of
15431 buttons activate themselves and you may now define:
15437 First\SpecialChar ~
15440 : The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options
15441 defined are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable.
15448 : The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options
15449 defined are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable;
15450 except for the first page, if
15452 First\SpecialChar ~
15462 : The current row and all rows below that don't have any special options
15463 defined are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable;
15464 except for the last page, if
15477 : The current row and all rows below that don't have any special options
15478 defined are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable.
15481 If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware
15482 of the fact that only the first flag is used in the given table rows.
15483 The others will then be defined as
15488 In this context, first means first in this order:
15490 Footer, Last\SpecialChar ~
15499 First\SpecialChar ~
15510 example file to see how this works.
15516 The check box in the long table options can be used to specify specific
15517 rows to break the page on as well.
15521 A table can also be placed in a float, as described below, which will allow
15522 TeX to place it as well as it can within the page.
15529 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table float}
15533 Outside of a float, the table will be positioned exactly where it is placed
15552 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
15562 menu will enable LaTeX to place the table where it fits best, rather than
15563 exactly where you insert it.
15564 Float placement for table floats is similar to that for figure floats
15565 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
15569 , and is described in section
15570 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn}
15575 Captions also work the same way as with figure floats, as described in
15577 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
15583 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table:a table float}
15587 is an example of a table float.
15588 \begin_inset Float table
15596 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:a table float}
15604 \begin_inset Tabular
15605 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
15607 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
15608 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
15609 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
15610 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15611 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15628 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15645 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15663 <row topline="true">
15664 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15681 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15698 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15716 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15717 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15732 \begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$
15738 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15753 \begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
15755 c & d\end{array}\right]$
15761 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15776 \begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$
15793 Table of Contents and other Listings
15797 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:toc}
15801 One of the really nice features of LaTeX is the ease with which it lets
15803 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15807 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15810 such as a Table of Contents.
15811 All you need to do is to use certain environments and insert a reference
15812 at the place where you want the list to appear.
15815 The Table of Contents
15818 In order to get a Table of Contents, you need to do four things:
15821 Use a document class that includes support (all but
15828 Set paragraph environments appropriately:
15838 (Sub...), Paragraph
15841 Note that styles with a
15853 appear in the Table of Contents.
15856 Make sure you set the
15861 ection\SpecialChar ~
15862 number\SpecialChar ~
15881 Document\SpecialChar ~
15884 dialog to the appropriate value as described in
15885 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:section-depth}
15892 Insert the ToC command at some place in the document.
15893 You'll find it under
15898 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
15905 C\SpecialChar \menuseparator
15917 You can also bring up a dialog for navigating through your document with
15923 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
15935 List of Figures, Tables and Algorithms
15939 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ListsOf}
15943 Table, figure, and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents.
15944 You can insert them from the
15949 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
15959 If you want figures, tables, or algorithms to appear in the list, you must
15960 place them inside a float of the relevant type and add a caption.
15963 Mathematical Formulae
15969 To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon with
15970 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$
15974 That will open a little blue square, with purple markers around it, on
15976 That blue square is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate what
15977 level of nesting within the formula you are at.
15978 You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the
15985 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
15990 menu; or you can use a keyboard macro,
16004 (CUA binding only).
16007 If you simply need to type a single Greek letter, such as
16008 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
16011 , there is a special shortcut.
16019 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
16029 \begin_inset Formula $\beta$
16035 Editing the parameters of a formula may be done from the
16040 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16045 ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16057 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16065 The math panel is very useful, so you may want to open it and leave it
16066 somewhere on the screen.
16067 If you're not already in a formula, selecting anything from the math panel
16068 will insert a formula for you.
16071 Navigating a Formula
16074 The best control over cursor position within an existing formula is achieved
16075 with the arrow keys.
16076 Mathed uses small squares to indicate places where something can be inserted.
16077 The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula.
16082 will leave a fraction or other formula construct (a square root
16083 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$
16087 \begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$
16091 \begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
16093 3 & 4\end{array}\right]$
16101 will leave the formula, placing the cursor after the formula.
16106 can be used to move horizontally in a formula; for example, through the
16107 cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi-line equation.
16114 seems to do nothing in Mathed, since it does not in fact add a space between
16115 characters, but it does exit a nested structure.
16116 For this reason, you have to be careful about using
16121 For example, if you want
16122 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$
16152 Space\SpecialChar ~
16158 Space\SpecialChar ~
16164 Space\SpecialChar ~
16169 , since in the latter case only the
16172 \begin_inset Formula $2x$
16177 will be under the square root sign,
16178 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$
16182 For those who learned to space out expressions in this way, it takes a
16186 You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled
16188 \begin_inset Formula \[
16189 \left(\begin{array}{ccc}
16192 & & \lambda_{n}\end{array}\right).\]
16196 If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing
16197 in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most constructs don't mind.
16203 You can select text within a formula in two different ways.
16204 Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press
16208 and a cursor movement key to select text.
16209 It will be highlighted as with regular text selection.
16210 Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way.
16211 That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula
16212 (not in a plain text region in LyX, though).
16215 Exponents and Subscripts
16218 You can use the math panel to add superscripts or subscripts, but the much
16219 easier way is to use the standard TeX method.
16221 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$
16237 puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression, instead of
16238 in the superscript.
16244 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$
16248 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$
16269 Subscripts are similar, to get
16270 \begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$
16285 Note that by default, the superscript or subscript is only for the single
16286 symbol to the left, which changes the spacing and alignment; you should
16288 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Grouping}
16292 if you need to alter this.
16298 Create a fraction with either
16306 (in Mathed) or using the fraction icon in the
16326 You will be presented with an empty fraction, with two Mathed insertion
16327 squares top and bottom.
16328 The cursor moves immediately to the top of the fraction.
16329 To move to the bottom, simply press
16334 To move back up, press
16339 Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows:
16340 \begin_inset Formula \[
16341 \left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc}
16343 4 & 5\end{array}\right)}\right]\]
16354 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
16358 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
16361 ) signs are very often decorated with one or more sets of
16362 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16366 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16370 These limits can be entered in LyX by entering them as you would enter
16371 a superscript or subscript, directly after the symbol.
16372 Sum will automatically place its
16373 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16377 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16380 over and under the symbol in display style, but will move them to the side
16381 when inlined, such as
16382 \begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$
16391 We haven't yet explained what display vs.
16396 \begin_inset Formula \[
16397 \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{x^{n}}{n}=\ln\left(\frac{1}{1-x}\right).\]
16401 Integral signs, however, will not by default move the limits to directly
16402 over and under the integral sign in display style, as in
16403 \begin_inset Formula $\int_{a}^{x}f(t)dt:=F(x)$
16407 \begin_inset Formula \[
16408 \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{dx}{1+x^{2}}=\pi.\]
16412 Both symbols will be automatically re-sized when placed in display mode.
16413 In display mode, the placement of the limits (directly above and below,
16414 or offset to the right from the sign) can be changed by placing the cursor
16415 in front of the sign and hitting
16420 Exactly what change occurs depends on the sign.
16424 Certain other mathematical expressions have this
16425 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16429 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16432 feature as addition, such as
16433 \begin_inset Formula \[
16434 \lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x),\]
16438 which will place the
16439 \begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$
16443 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16447 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16450 in display mode, but not in inlined mode,
16451 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$
16456 \begin_inset Formula $\lim$
16459 was entered as a function - you get it in LyX by typing
16465 in math-mode, or choosing from the
16466 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16470 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16473 menu in the math panel; see
16474 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-functions}
16485 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-panel}
16498 dialog (accessible via
16503 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16510 ) has a more extensive list of symbols and structures.
16511 As stated earlier, you can keep the math panel open when writing mathematics.
16512 The use of the panel should be fairly obvious; we'll describe some of the
16513 details in later sections.
16516 Note that right-clicking on a formula opens the panel as well.
16522 Most math symbols can be found in the math panel under one of several categories
16528 \begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\epsilon\epsilon\kappa$
16536 \begin_inset Formula $\pm\times$
16544 \begin_inset Formula $\leq\cong$
16552 \begin_inset Formula $\uparrow\Leftrightarrow$
16557 large\SpecialChar ~
16561 \begin_inset Formula $\sum\int$
16569 There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical
16571 If you know the standard LaTeX macro for a particular symbol you which
16572 to use, you do not have to use these dialogs, but they will help for those
16573 symbols whose LaTeX name you do not know.
16574 Note that the AMS symbols will not be displayed as symbols in LyX unless
16575 you install the right fonts as described in the relevant manual.
16578 It is possible to get an nth root symbol.
16579 In the minibuffer, type
16584 This generates a root symbol with an extra box above the root sign.
16593 to move between the two boxes.
16594 You can also use the key binding
16604 You may want to create blank spaces that differs from the standard spacing
16605 that LaTeX provides.
16606 We don't recommend this as a matter of course, since the whole idea of
16607 WYSIWYM is that you don't think about the typesetting, but the content.
16608 However, there are situations where you will want to add spaces.
16609 The first thing to do is to type
16614 This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen within
16616 \begin_inset Formula $a\, b$
16620 The next trick is to change that space to different sizes.
16625 you move the cursor, after typing
16633 again, you will change the size of the space, through a number of variable
16635 The last ones in the list are red, and are a negative space.
16637 \begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$
16641 \begin_inset Formula $a\! b$
16645 You can also insert these spaces via the math panel.
16652 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-functions}
16656 The math panel contains a number of
16657 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16661 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16665 \begin_inset Formula $\sin$
16669 \begin_inset Formula $\lim$
16677 (you can type them in a formula by typing
16684 Standard mathematical practice is that functions which are names, like
16686 \begin_inset Formula $\sin$
16689 , should not be italicized.
16690 Entering just the letters
16691 \begin_inset Formula $sin$
16694 within Mathed will give italics, of course, so these special macros are
16696 They do more to the final output than just change the typeface, however.
16697 For example, the expression
16698 \begin_inset Formula $\sin t$
16701 will typeset with a little extra space between the n and the t.
16702 For words which are more sophisticated mathematical objects, like
16703 \begin_inset Formula $\lim$
16706 , the macro changes the way that subscripts are placed, depending on whether
16707 the math-inset is inlined or displayed:
16708 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L$
16712 \begin_inset Formula \[
16713 \lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L.\]
16717 These two expressions were typed the same way, but using the macro
16723 alters the appearance (actually, it is the inlined version that is altered,
16724 to improve linespacing).
16730 In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text
16732 This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use.
16733 You can also use TeX macro equivalents, as macros.
16734 That is, you can enter
16735 \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
16738 to get the same effect if your keyboard does not have accents enabled.
16739 This is entered by typing
16740 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16750 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16754 These are the equivalences between the text names and the macro names for
16755 the various accents:
16759 \begin_inset Tabular
16760 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="3">
16762 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
16763 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
16764 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
16765 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
16766 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16783 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16800 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16818 <row topline="true">
16819 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16836 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16853 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16868 \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
16875 <row topline="true">
16876 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16893 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16910 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16925 \begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$
16932 <row topline="true">
16933 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16950 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16967 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16982 \begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$
16989 <row topline="true">
16990 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17007 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17024 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17039 \begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$
17046 <row topline="true">
17047 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17064 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17081 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17096 \begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$
17103 <row topline="true">
17104 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17121 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17138 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17153 \begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$
17160 <row topline="true">
17161 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17178 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17195 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17210 \begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$
17217 <row topline="true">
17218 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17235 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17252 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17267 \begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$
17274 <row topline="true">
17275 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17292 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17309 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17324 \begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$
17331 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
17332 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17349 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17366 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17381 \begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$
17395 Finally, you can choose one of these accents by selecting an item from the
17400 symbol set in the math panel; this will apply to any selection you have
17401 made within a formula too.
17404 The math editor for LaTeX users
17407 Editing mathematical expressions in LyX can be done in one of two ways.
17408 You can use the native LyX support for rendering the formulae in a WYSIWYM
17410 LaTeX users might like to be able to use the keyboard to enter things like
17417 (this gets, in ordinary TeX, an
17418 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
17421 in the final document), believing that it is faster than chasing around
17422 menus for a symbol.
17423 Here's a testimonial of one of those old LaTeX users,
17428 I was finally convinced that the math editor was the way to go when I found
17429 that, with a few modifications, I could use it the same way I was accustomed
17431 As an example, I created this
17432 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
17435 by typing the following keys: First type
17465 As soon as I typed that
17470 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
17473 was right there on the screen.
17482 sequence inserts a formula (you may also use
17497 is of course the standard TeX command for a Greek alpha letter, and the
17502 leaves the formula.
17503 Some of the advantages of this approach are:
17506 You have immediate visual feedback to be sure your TeX was correct
17509 You have the real mathematical expression on the screen, correctly displayed,
17510 to make sure your mathematics is correct (correctly written, at least)
17513 All the new LaTeX fuss with special environments and such are taken care
17517 You won't have to chase through the code trying to find that missing
17528 If you don't remember the LaTeX name of a particular symbol, like
17529 \begin_inset Formula $\wp$
17532 , you can find it in the dialogs
17535 Brackets and decorations
17538 There are several brackets available through LyX.
17539 For most purposes, using just the keys
17545 should suffice, but the effect, especially if you want to surround a large
17546 structure, such as a matrix or a fraction, or if you have several layers
17547 of brackets, is better using the math panel's
17553 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-panel}
17558 For example, that's how you would construct the brackets around a standard
17560 \begin_inset Formula \[
17561 \left[\begin{array}{cc}
17563 3 & 4\end{array}\right],\]
17567 and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses of an abomination
17569 \begin_inset Formula \[
17570 \frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\]
17575 \begin_inset Formula \[
17576 f\left(g\left(h\left(k\left(l\left(x\right)\right)\right)\right)\right).\]
17580 The parentheses, and other brackets, from that menu will automatically re-size
17581 to accommodate the size of what is inside (This is done in straight LaTeX
17594 It is very easy to construct the braces you want to use.
17595 Click on the brace you want on the left side with the left mouse button,
17596 the right side with the right button, and place them in the document by
17597 clicking on the button.
17598 If you want one side to not have a bracket, use the blank button.
17599 It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will print.
17602 If you decide after the fact to place parentheses (or other math structure,
17603 like a square root, or other decoration) around some math structure, you
17604 can do that by highlighting (selecting) the structure that is to go inside
17605 the parentheses (that is done by holding the
17609 key down and moving the cursor with the arrow keys, or selecting with the
17611 Then, choose the appropriate brackets for left and right, and click on
17617 The parentheses will be drawn around the selected structure.
17620 If you're trying to enter a LaTeX
17624 for grouping, you should read
17625 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Grouping}
17636 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Grouping}
17640 You may need to group a set of symbols.
17641 In LaTeX, for example, the typesetting of
17653 \begin_inset Formula \[
17654 {x^{y}}^{z}\mathrm{differs\, from}x^{{y^{z}}}\]
17661 However, trying to type the
17665 in LyX gives an actual closing brace in the output.
17666 To create this grouping, you need to use the key sequence
17673 Inside LyX, you will see red braces indicating the grouping.
17674 The example directly above shows how this works.
17677 Arrays and Multi-line Equations
17680 Arrays, such as matrices, are easily entered in LyX.
17686 there is a matrix button, which will open a dialog for you to choose the
17687 number of rows/columns.
17688 Here is an example:
17689 \begin_inset Formula \[
17690 \left(\begin{array}{ccc}
17693 7 & 8 & 9\end{array}\right).\]
17697 The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as usual.
17698 Remember that you can add this after the fact, by highlighting the matrix
17699 inside Mathed (Position the mouse on one side of the matrix, hold the
17703 key down, and hit the appropriate arrow key to move the cursor across the
17705 You can, when you construct the matrix, decide whether the columns (or
17706 some of them) will be left-, right-, or center-justified.
17707 The specification is
17712 Each letter corresponds to the relevant column.
17717 means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be
17718 centered, and the third column will be right-justified..
17719 It will look like this:
17720 \begin_inset Formula \[
17722 this & this\, column & this\, column\\
17723 column & has & has\, right\\
17724 has\, left\, alignment & center\, alignment & alignment\end{array}.\]
17731 You can add more rows to an existing matrix by hitting
17735 while in the matrix, and you can add columns, or delete either, via the
17741 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
17751 There are numerous other arrays used in LaTeX math-mode, particularly with
17752 the AMS-LaTeX packages included, such as
17758 and commutative diagrams.
17759 Not all of these are supported in LyX.
17760 However, it is possible to build these structures from a matrix.
17763 Multi-line equations are very easy to construct in LyX.
17764 A formula will automatically switch to an
17770 format (LaTeX's multi-line displayed equation format) if you hit
17778 The best way to do this, if you decide you want a multi-line displayed
17779 equation, is to insert a new line (with
17786 Each line then has three regions, left, center, and right, which you can
17787 move through using either the arrow keys, the mouse, or the
17794 Here is an example:
17795 \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
17797 4+5 & = & 9.\end{eqnarray*}
17801 You can also turn an existing displayed formula into a multi-line formula
17808 while the cursor is anywhere on the original formula.
17813 try to decide where to break the formula up into three parts, but places
17814 everything in the left side of the line.
17815 To change the alignment points of the equation, place the cursor where
17816 you want to start the middle part of the line, and hit
17821 It then puts everything to the right of the cursor in the middle region
17822 of the equation (which, by the way, is not typeset by LaTeX in display-math
17823 size, so you should not put large expressions like fractions there).
17824 Move to where you want the right side of the line to begin, and hit
17830 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17834 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17837 insertion points in the line will disappear.
17840 Equation Numbering and Labels
17844 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-label}
17848 Equation numbering is very easy in LyX.
17849 All it takes to change a displayed equation like:
17850 \begin_inset Formula \[
17855 into the numbered equation :
17856 \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
17857 1+2=3\label{mathed:first-eqn}\end{equation}
17868 menu, and select the
17877 This opens a dialog in which you must enter some string as the label.
17878 There is no need to call it by a specific number, since LaTeX will take
17879 care of re-numbering the equation.
17880 Labels will not appear as such on the final output.
17881 LaTeX will insert appropriate numbers for the equations.
17882 The labels are used internally for cross-referencing.
17883 You can turn on numbering without a specific label with the menu option
17889 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
17894 ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
17895 Toggle\SpecialChar ~
17902 while the cursor is in the equation, such as:
17906 \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
17907 1+1=2.\end{equation}
17911 You can toggle it on or off with this menu item.
17912 You can reference a labelled (not just numbered) equation, (cf.
17914 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:first-eqn}
17922 dialog, which you open using
17927 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
17938 For numbered (or labelled) multi-line formulas, the default is that all
17939 lines are numbered separately.
17940 Once you attach a label to make the equation numbered, all subsequent lines
17941 receive a label of #.
17942 That label can be changed to another so that you can refer to that line,
17944 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:third-eqn}
17949 \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
17950 1 & = & 3-2\label{mathed:second-equation}\\
17951 2 & = & 4-2\label{mathed:third-eqn}\\
17952 4 & \leq & 7.\end{eqnarray}
17956 You can turn off numbering of a specific line with
17961 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
17966 ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
17967 Toggle\SpecialChar ~
17972 umbering\SpecialChar ~
17976 while the cursor is on that line of a multi-line numbered equation.
17979 \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
17980 1 & = & 4-3\label{mathed:fourth-eqn}\\
17982 1 & = & e^{2\pi i}\nonumber \\
17983 16 & \equiv & 2\,(mod\,7)\label{mathed:fifth-eqn}\end{eqnarray}
17987 Note that the first equation in this set (
17988 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fourth-eqn}
17992 ) is labelled, the next is numbered but unlabelled, the third is unnumbered,
17994 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fifth-eqn}
17998 ) is again labelled.
18002 User defined macros in math mode
18005 LyX allows the user to define macros for use in math mode.
18006 A macro definition box appears on screen as purple box with the name of
18007 the macro in blue (math color).
18008 It contains two cells initially marked empty by blue rectangles that can
18009 be edited as if it were ordinary math.
18011 \begin_inset FormulaMacro
18012 \newcommand{\macro}{a+b}
18015 The contents of the first cell will be used when the macro definition is
18016 written during export as LaTeX.
18017 The contents of the second cell, however, will be used for drawing the
18018 macro's expansion on screen.
18019 In the common case where both export and drawing use the same representation,
18020 the second cell can be left empty and LyX will use the contents of the
18021 first cell will be used for export and drawing automatically.
18024 Now, to use this macro in other math boxes just type the name in TeX mode,
18031 , and it will be automatically expanded:
18032 \begin_inset Formula $c=\macro$
18036 As you can verify, the cursor can't go inside the macro, the whole macro
18037 is like a single character, and the TeX generated code of this expression
18045 However the cursor could go inside of some kind of macros, those that have
18051 In a macro definition box an argument looks like a
18055 followed by the argument number:
18056 \begin_inset FormulaMacro
18057 \newcommand{\macrowarg}[1]{2+\sqrt{#1}}
18063 Once expanded, this macro includes the usual empty rectangle to indicate
18064 that you can insert there whatever you want:
18069 \begin_inset Formula $\macrowarg{}$
18076 \begin_inset Formula $b=\macrowarg{x-2}$
18083 When exported to LaTeX, a macro definition will produce the command
18094 Directions on using macros
18095 \layout Subsubsection
18100 To create a macro definition box use this syntax in the minibuffer:
18105 math-macro <macro name> [number of arguments]
18115 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18123 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18133 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18138 math-macro macrowarg 1
18141 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18147 To insert an argument mark (only inside a macro definition box) simply type
18156 math-macro-arg <number>
18159 The argument mark in
18165 was introduced with
18166 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18174 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18180 You can use no more than 9 arguments, numbered from 1 to 9.
18181 An argument can be repeated inside the macro definition box, but of course
18182 can be edited only once.
18183 \layout Subsubsection
18186 \layout Description
18190 arrow\SpecialChar ~
18191 keys: Opening a macro from the left side will put the cursor
18192 in the first argument, to move to the second argument use the TAB key.
18193 Remember that pressing the Space bar will get the cursor out and at the
18194 right side of the macro.
18195 \layout Description
18199 mouse: As usual, click on the desired argument box.
18200 Sometimes this fails if the box is empty or too small.
18203 Currently it is only possible to define command macros, but not environment
18213 You can use various typefaces in a formula.
18214 The standard font for text is italic,
18215 \begin_inset Formula $text$
18218 , but for numbers the standard is Roman.
18219 To set a font in a formula, choose it from the math panel, or by entering
18220 the LaTeX command for it directly, as follows:
18224 \begin_inset Tabular
18225 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
18227 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
18228 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" width="0pt">
18229 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
18230 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18238 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18247 <row topline="true">
18248 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18260 \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$
18266 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18279 <row topline="true">
18280 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18286 \begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbf{Bold}}$
18292 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18305 <row topline="true">
18306 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18312 \begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italic}$
18318 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18331 <row topline="true">
18332 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18344 \begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$
18350 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18363 <row topline="true">
18364 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18370 \begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}}$
18376 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18389 <row topline="true">
18390 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18396 \begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$
18402 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18415 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
18416 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18429 \begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$
18435 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18455 LaTeX's math mode does not support all characters in all fonts, and only
18456 letters will be supported with these font styles; some only support capital
18460 For any of these fonts, you have to be careful how you enter the text.
18461 If there is text to the right of the entry point, the font reverts to that
18462 style after one character.
18463 To be able to type a string in a particular font, make sure there is a
18464 protected-space to the right of the cursor.
18465 Also, entering a protected-space will revert subsequent text to standard
18467 The font styles are nestable, as LaTeX does.
18468 This can be a little confusing, as selecting a different font on a selection
18473 change the selection, but insert a new nested level with the new typeface.
18476 It is possible (in AMS LaTeX) to embolden (not italicize) numbers and special
18478 However, LyX does not yet support this in WYSIWYM manner\SpecialChar \@.
18481 To get emboldened symbols, for example a bold
18482 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
18494 The closing brace appears (in red) automatically when you type the opening
18496 This works for all symbols, as well as numbers.
18499 A number of other options are available as well, via
18504 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18509 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
18519 Typefaces are useful for entering variable names in some given font, but
18520 certainly not for anything else, and in particular not text.
18521 For typing longer pieces of text, use math text mode, which is obtained
18526 while already in math mode.
18527 (The same command will get out of math text mode, too.) Math text mode appears
18528 on the screen in black instead of blue.
18529 You cannot enter punctuation or font changes in your text
18535 Moreover, math text mode outputs its contents inside a
18553 ) might have been a better choice
18556 , but it works for simple text.
18558 \begin_inset Formula \[
18559 f(x)=\begin{array}{cc}
18560 x & \textrm{if I say so}\\
18561 -x & \textrm{otherwise}\end{array}\]
18571 There are four (relative) font sizes (or
18572 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18576 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18579 ) used in math-mode, which are automatically chosen in most situations.
18597 For most characters,
18605 are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts,
18606 and certain other effects, are set larger or placed differently in
18611 Except for some operators, which re-size themselves to accommodate various
18612 situations, all text will be set in these various sizes as LaTeX thinks
18614 These choices can be over-ridden by using the
18618 function in the minibuffer.
18619 For example, you can set
18620 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
18627 ), or you can make it larger, which also changes the line-spacing, by entering
18630 math-size displaystyle
18632 in the minibuffer while the cursor is in the main line of the math-inset,
18634 \begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$
18638 Careful, though, if the cursor is on the denominator of that fraction,
18639 only the numerator will be enlarged, e.g.
18641 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
18644 ! This reflects a LaTeX
18645 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18649 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18662 These font-size changes are not as apparent in LyX as they are in the output.
18663 Here are some text in the various styles:
18664 \begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$
18668 \begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$
18672 \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$
18676 \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$
18682 All these math-mode font sizes are relative, that is, if the whole math
18683 inset and surrounding text are set in a particular size, all these sizes
18685 Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts
18686 will be adjusted to correspond.
18693 Here is a paragraph in
18694 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18698 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18701 font, with symbols:
18702 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
18708 This applies to math fonts in titles, etc.
18715 The American Mathematical Society (AMS) provide a LaTeX packages that are
18717 LyX includes some support for these packages.
18720 Enabling AMS Support
18728 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18735 dialog there is a checkbox,
18742 If selected, this will include the AMS package in the document, and make
18743 the facilities available.
18749 The AMS LaTeX packages add support for some mathematical symbols that are
18750 not accessible from plain LaTeX (or LyX), but are fairly common in mathematical
18751 typesetting, such as the old-German Fraktur font and the stylized
18752 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18756 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18759 fonts commonly used to denote the real or complex numbers, or the integers.
18760 Once activated, all AMS LaTeX symbols and environments are available.
18761 You will run into trouble if you include these packages from the preamble,
18762 since LyX now defines a few of the macros used in these packages on its
18764 The AMS layouts include these packages automatically.
18770 AMS provide a selection of different formula types.
18771 LyX allows you to choose between
18792 Refer to the AMS documentation for the differences between these formula
18803 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:crossref}
18807 Those of you reading this manual online will see a grey box with text in
18808 it, right before the beginning of this sentence.
18814 Properly speaking, it is one half of a cross-reference.
18815 The other half is the
18819 proper, and it looks like this:
18820 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref}
18825 Again, those of you reading the manual online will see a gray box with
18827 Those reading printed versions, however, will see a number --- in this
18828 case, the number of this section.
18829 There are also other varieties of cross-reference: for example,
18830 \begin_inset LatexCommand \pageref{sec:crossref}
18835 This is the page number containing the location of the label.
18836 That's what cross-references do: they let you reference other parts of
18838 You don't need to remember which section number was what anymore --- LyX
18839 will do that for you! All you need to do is use a
18843 to mark a section, figure, table, formula, etc., and then refer to it via
18851 To insert a label, use
18858 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
18864 A box will appear where you can enter your label.
18865 You can change the name of the label at a later time by simply clicking
18866 on the gray box and reopening the label dialog.
18869 To insert a reference, select
18876 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
18885 Insert\SpecialChar ~
18888 dialog appears with a list of labels.
18889 Selecting a list item, then clicking
18893 inserts a reference into the text; changing the
18900 allows you to insert a page number or other reference variant instead.
18903 Note that if you cut & paste text from another document that contains a
18912 , or if you delete a label in your text, LaTeX will complain:
18917 LaTeX Warning: Reference `X' on page Y undefined on input line Z.
18919 LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references.
18922 You'll also see two question marks in the output instead of the reference.
18925 There are a few more comments we need to make about the
18930 They always print the number of the section heading closest to them.
18931 So --- if you want to put a label on a
18939 heading immediately follows it, you need to put the
18952 It doesn't matter where, and it will look weird on the LyX screen.
18953 However, you need to do this if you want to label the
18957 separately from the
18962 The same goes for all other section headings.
18977 section headings and table and figure floats.
18978 Bare figures and tables aren't numbered, so, like unnumbered section headings,
18979 you can't really use a
18993 , but only if you use the
19003 --- the one that refers to a section/table/figure number --- won't work,
19004 because there's no numbered thingy to refer to! You could also use bare
19009 s as page markers, then refer back to them using the
19015 Once again, the regular
19019 won't work very well.
19020 It will refer to something, but that something will typically be the number
19021 of the previous numbered section heading.
19025 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
19030 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:table float}
19035 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-label}
19039 for details on using a
19043 with figures, tables, and equations, respectively.
19047 URLs (Uniform Resource Locators)
19050 It is often desirable to include long
19051 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19055 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19058 items in a document such as Web site URLs, e-mail addresses, etc.; these
19059 things typically do not contain any spaces and are thus difficult to typeset
19061 Such items will often fall on a line boundary if they cannot be split,
19062 resulting in an overfull or underfull line depending on the circumstances.
19065 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19072 within LyX to enter a long URL and have it split gracefully (if necessary)
19073 along automatically determined boundaries.
19076 At the point in the document where you want to enter the URL (or other address-l
19077 ike entity) simply select
19079 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19086 ; a dialog will appear where you can enter the full URL (in the
19094 In its simplest usage, that's all you need to do.
19095 Click on the following gray box to see how LyX's homepage would be entered:
19097 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org}
19104 If you would like to associate some definite phrase with the URL, enter
19112 field of the dialog; it will be typeset as plain text immediately before
19114 For example, I might say that you can find all things related to LaTeX
19116 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[CTAN]{http://ctan.tug.org}
19121 On the printed page, the last sentence ends as
19122 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19125 all things related to LaTeX at CTAN
19127 http://ctan.tug.org
19130 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19138 Author's Note: somebody needs to document the
19152 Specifying Short Titles with Optional Arguments
19153 \begin_inset OptArg
19164 Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long.
19165 This can cause over-runs when there is limited horizontal space.
19166 For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section
19167 title, a long title will over-run past the edges, and look awful.
19170 LaTeX allows you to specify an optional argument to the section commands
19171 that specifies a shorter version of the title
19177 For those who don't know LaTeX, commands look like this:
19181 command[optionalargument]{the content}
19185 This shorter version is used in the header and in the actual Table of Contents,
19186 avoiding the problem mentioned.
19187 LyX allows you to specify this optional argument by selecting
19192 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19193 Short\SpecialChar ~
19197 This will insert a box (labelled
19198 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19202 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19206 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19210 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19213 ) which you can use to enter the short title text.
19214 This also works for captions inside floats.
19217 The title of this section is a good example of using this feature.
19220 Spacing, pagination and line breaks
19223 Extra Horizontal Space
19227 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hspace}
19235 s are a special LyX feature for adding extra space in a uniform fashion.
19240 is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals the remaining
19241 space between the left and right margins.
19242 If there is more than one
19246 on a line, they divide the available space equally between themselves.
19254 is at the beginning of a line, and it's
19258 the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it.
19263 s from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line.
19272 can be inserted with
19278 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19283 pecial\SpecialChar ~
19284 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19289 orizontal\SpecialChar ~
19293 Here a few examples what you can do with them:
19296 This is on the left side
19298 This is on the right
19317 That was an example in the
19324 :is one in a standard paragraph.
19325 It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it
19329 sitting in-between the two
19330 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19334 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19340 Remember that we said that an
19344 always fills the remaining space between the margins? There may be more
19345 than one set of margins on a line.
19346 Here's an example with the
19352 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
19366 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19370 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19373 marks the beginning of the item.
19374 (There is actually a
19375 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19379 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19386 inside of the label of the
19390 environment; it's put at the end of the label automatically.)
19394 s work similarly in other
19395 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19399 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19402 situations, like two-column mode.
19405 Extra Vertical Space
19409 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:vertspace}
19413 To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use
19418 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19423 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
19428 Paragraph\SpecialChar ~
19434 We will not provide an example of a
19438 , as it would waste paper.
19439 They work the same as any other type of filler, including
19443 s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space.
19444 If there are several
19448 s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves.
19449 You can therefore use
19453 s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page, or 1/4,
19457 Note that for paragraphs at the top/bottom of a page, the extra space is
19458 only added if you have also checked the option
19463 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19468 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
19469 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19474 pacing\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19485 Changing Paragraph Alignment
19488 You can also change the paragraph alignment with the
19493 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19498 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
19502 There are four possibilities:
19537 The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word
19538 spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between
19539 the left and right margins.
19540 The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this:
19543 This paragraph is right aligned,
19546 this one is centered,
19549 this one is left aligned.
19552 In some paragraph environments, the default is something other than justified
19557 Forcing Page Breaks
19561 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:pagebreak}
19565 If you don't like the way LaTeX does the page breaks in your document, you
19566 can force a pagebreak where you want one.
19567 In general, this will
19571 be necessary because LaTeX is good at pagebreaking, as was already mentioned
19573 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:widows}
19580 So in general there is no need to use the option described below, and we
19581 recommend not using it until the text is
19585 finished, and until you have checked in the preview to see if you
19589 have to change the pagebreaking.You can force a pagebreak above or below
19595 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19600 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
19603 dialog by selecting the checkboxes to add a pagebreak above or below the
19607 You might try to use a pagebreak to ensure that a figure or table appears
19608 at the top of a page.
19609 This is, of course, the wrong way to do it.
19610 LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables
19611 appear at the top of a page [or the bottom, or on their own page] without
19612 having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table.
19614 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}
19619 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}
19634 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline}
19638 The protected blank: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the
19639 line at that point.
19640 This may be necessary to avoid unlucky linebreaks, like in:
19643 A good documentation should weight no more than 1
19649 Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected blank between
19650 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19654 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19658 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19662 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19666 A protected blank is set with
19671 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19676 pecial\SpecialChar ~
19677 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19693 You can force line breaks within a paragraph by selecting
19698 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19703 pecial\SpecialChar ~
19704 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19716 You should, however, not use this to correct LaTeX's linebreaking, as LaTeX
19721 good at linebreaking\SpecialChar \ldots{}
19723 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:pagebreak}
19728 There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to actively
19729 set a linebreak, e.g.
19730 in a poem or for an Address (see sections
19731 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quote}
19736 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:verse}
19741 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:adress_usage}
19752 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spellchecking}
19756 LyX itself has no built-in spell checker.
19757 Rather it uses the external
19761 program as a backend or the newer and generally better
19766 This section assumes you have already installed and set up one of these
19771 The spellchecker can be started with the menu entry
19778 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
19787 Checking will start just after the current cursor position.
19788 A dialog window will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found,
19789 allowing you to edit and replace it in a second line.
19790 Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the view
19791 in your text buffer is updated to make the word visible.
19796 dialog, there is also a box showing suggestions for a correction, if any
19798 Clicking on one of the corrections will copy the near miss into the replace
19799 input field (double-click to invoke replace).
19802 Spellchecker Options
19806 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spell_opt}
19810 The following options can be set in the
19815 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19823 \layout Subsubsection
19828 By default, the dictionary file to use is determined by the language of
19829 the text you're checking, which is set in the
19837 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19845 If you do not have a dictionary for the document language, the spellchecker
19847 In this case, you can specify another dictionary file in the dialog by
19848 specifying a different
19849 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19852 alternative language
19853 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19863 , you may need to make a link from say
19871 or whatever applies for your language.
19872 This is because these
19876 files normally have the native language name (
19877 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19881 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19888 , when started from LyX, searches for the English version of the name used
19889 with the LaTeX babel package (
19890 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19894 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19900 You may also have problems the font encoding is not correct for that dictionary.
19901 If you use a language with
19905 encoding and set the
19917 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19932 ), you must have this option in your language dictionary as well.
19933 If your dictionary doesn't support the
19937 you chose, you'll have an error like this on stderr:
19942 ispell: unrecognized formatter type 'latin1'
19945 The spellchecker gives you an error that it couldn't start the
19949 process and that you probably have some problems with your dictionary file.
19953 There are four solutions to this problem.
19954 The easiest is to try the
19957 Input\SpecialChar ~
19961 If that does not help, you can set
19972 when calling the spellchecker (which is probably annoying).
19973 The third is to add the
19977 option to your dictionary
19988 file and recompile the dictionary (which probably isn't easy if you installed
19989 the whole stuff with some distribution and don't have the language directory
19999 documentation for this task! The fourth is to send a message to your package-ma
20000 intainer, or better yet to the maintainer of the dictionary file in question
20001 and ask him to solve your problem.
20002 \layout Subsubsection
20004 Personal dictionary
20007 If you want to use a different file from the spellchecker's default choice
20008 as your personal dictionary, you can set this in the dialog.
20009 Specifying a filename which does not already exist will result in an error
20010 message on stderr which you can ignore (
20014 will create the file at the end of your spell checking).
20015 \layout Subsubsection
20025 pellchecker\SpecialChar ~
20028 dialog has some additional options which are fairly self-explanatory:
20036 ccept compound words
20040 Prevent the spellchecker from complaining about compounded words like
20041 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20045 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20060 Allows you to add nonstandard characters to what the spellchecker considers
20063 This should not normally be needed.
20069 Some users have expressed a wish to be able to globally change the spelling
20070 of a particular word, rather than having to change the spelling separately
20071 for each occurrence of the word.
20072 Per-document word lists would also be useful.
20073 Neither of these features are present as of this writing.
20076 Unless you're using the
20080 spellchecker, LyX cannot correctly spellcheck documents containing multiple
20082 This, does, however, work with
20086 , assuming you have marked the different languages appropriately.
20089 International Support
20092 This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want.
20093 LyX comes with a default configuration which supports the English language
20094 on a U.S.-style keyboard, with a standard U.S.
20095 paper size and the spell checker set to U.S.
20097 You can change any or all of these settings as desired, and you can make
20098 the changes apply to the current session only, or use them as your new
20099 default configuration.
20102 If you have a keyboard suited to the language you are using (for example,
20103 a German keyboard for writing in German), and you have correctly configured
20104 your X environment, all you need to do for LyX is tell it your language,
20105 the character encoding, and desired paper size.
20107 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:langlay}
20111 for more information.
20114 If, however, you have a U.S.-style keyboard and want to write in a different
20115 language than English, you can use an alternate keymap.
20116 For example, if you have a U.S.-style keyboard but want to write in Italian,
20117 you can configure LyX to use an Italian keymap.
20119 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:optkey}
20127 Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely
20128 different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance).
20129 You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U.S.
20130 keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German.
20131 In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing
20132 one to support the characters you want.
20136 The details of how to customize LyX to your own language are
20140 beyond the scope of this manual.
20141 You can not only alter the keyboard layout, you can also change the names
20142 of the menus buttons, etc., to reflect your language.
20143 If you want to learn more about writing keymap files and tailoring LyX
20144 to your native tongue, please see the
20148 manual for details.
20155 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:langlay}
20164 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20171 dialog lets you set
20173 the language and character encoding for your language.
20177 Choose your language by clicking on the arrow in t
20194 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20202 The default is U.S.
20204 Scroll to find the language you want and then click on your choice.
20205 The language name appears in the window.
20211 In LaTeX terms, selecting a language other than default adds Babel support.
20212 If you do not have Babel installed, refer to the different LaTeX distributions
20227 box lets you choose the character encoding map you want to use.
20232 encoding, which includes the characters required by the various Western
20233 European languages.
20236 Keyboard mapping configuration
20240 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:optkey}
20244 The preferences dialog allows you to choose up to two keyboard mappings.
20245 This allows you to choose the keymap of your choice for your U.S.-style keyboard.
20246 You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select
20247 which one you want to use.
20254 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:keytab}
20258 Here is a table with all the characters in the
20263 You should be able to enter all these characters directly from the keyboard
20264 without using too many modifier keys (if your keyboard is set up correctly,
20267 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
20269 \begin_inset Tabular
20270 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="17">
20272 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
20273 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
20274 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
20275 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
20276 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
20277 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
20278 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
20279 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
20280 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
20281 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
20282 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
20283 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
20284 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
20285 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
20286 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
20287 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
20288 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
20289 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
20290 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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20791 <row topline="true">
20792 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20809 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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20887 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20903 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20919 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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20933 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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21031 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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21062 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21076 \begin_inset Quotes eld
21082 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21098 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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22819 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22835 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22842 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22849 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22865 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22881 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22897 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22913 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22929 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22946 <row topline="true">
22947 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22964 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22971 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22978 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22994 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23010 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23026 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23042 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23058 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23074 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23081 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23088 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23104 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23120 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23136 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23152 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23168 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23185 <row topline="true">
23186 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23203 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23210 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23217 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23233 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23249 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23265 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23281 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23297 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23313 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23320 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23327 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23343 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23359 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23375 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23391 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23407 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23424 <row topline="true">
23425 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23442 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23449 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23456 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23472 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23488 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23504 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23522 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23538 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23554 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23561 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23568 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23584 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23600 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23616 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23632 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23648 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23665 <row topline="true">
23666 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23683 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23690 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23697 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23713 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23729 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23745 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23761 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23777 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23793 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23800 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23807 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23823 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23839 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23855 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23871 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23887 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23904 <row topline="true">
23905 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23922 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23929 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23936 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23952 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23968 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23984 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24000 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24016 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24032 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24039 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24046 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24062 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24078 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24094 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24110 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24126 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24143 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
24144 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24161 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24168 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24175 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24191 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24207 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24223 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24239 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24255 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24262 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24269 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24276 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24292 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24308 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24324 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24340 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24356 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24380 There are a few things you need to know about this table.
24381 This manual is set up --- by hand, mind you --- to print all of these character
24383 That ain't the default.
24384 Nowhere near, in fact.
24385 Here are some of the details you'll need to bear in mind when using characters
24393 The characters at entries A2, A4, A5, A6 and AD -- the cent, the yen, the
24394 generic-currency-symbol, the broken vertical bar, and the short dash --
24395 are just plain missing in the default encodings.
24396 We don't know where they are or why this is the case.
24399 Even if you've selected
24408 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
24415 dialog, users who have only the
24419 -fonts for LaTeX [or who have the
24423 -fonts but aren't using them] will still be missing a few characters: D0,
24424 F0, DE, FE, AB, and BB -- the uppercase and lowercase eth and thorn, and
24425 the french quotes -- won't show up.
24432 -fonts can, however, get the french quotes [characters AB and BB] if they
24433 include the either the package
24441 in their documents.
24447 This only holds when you want to input these quotes by yourself.
24448 The automatic quote feature described in Section
24449 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quotes}
24453 , will generate automatically LaTeX code adapted to available fonts and
24460 The following is a full list of all of the accented characters LyX can display
24462 It includes not only the accented characters from the previous table, but
24463 also the characters from
24483 ¨ Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü ä ë ï ö ü ÿ
24488 ^ Â Ê Î Ô Û â ê î ô û
24493 ` À È Ì Ò Ù à è ì ò ù
24498 ´ Á É Í Ó Ú Ý á é í ó ú ý
24521 The dead macron in usually not needed, as you will use a non--dead key for
24523 For example, S-M-minus, or if
24529 is correct, S-M-macron.
24611 These characters might not look very nice on screen, but they will be just
24612 fine when run through LaTeX and printed.
24643 All the characters above are actively supported by TeX fonts.
24644 In addition TeX allows diacritical marks on almost all characters .
24645 Also make sure you're using the
24649 font-encoding and have the package
24653 with the definition file
24663 The documentation is a collaborative effort between many different people
24664 (and we would encourage people to contribute !).
24667 First, we need to give due credit to those who came before us.
24668 They gave us the base upon which the new manuals are built, and some continue
24669 to provide information:
24676 wrote the original documentation, from which this manual is built, as well
24677 as the introduction to this manual [or the
24678 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24682 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24685 as some of us call it].
24690 Lars Gullik Bjønnes
24692 wrote several minidocs, including some of the information about international
24700 also wrote a minidoc about international support, specifically about internatio
24701 nal keyboard maps and customization.
24708 originally documented the LinuxDoc SGML interface.
24713 Alejandro Aguilar Sierra
24715 originally documented math mode and provided the entries for the math functions
24721 Special thanks to the LyX Team\SpecialChar ~
24723 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{lyxcredit}
24727 for help and answers to questions.
24730 Next, it's time to give credit to the
24731 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24734 LyX Documentation Team,
24735 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24738 all of the people who helped rewrite the old documentation into the form
24739 it had after LyX version 0.10:
24750 Contributor to the FAQ and the old
24751 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24759 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24765 General editing assistance.
24791 Primary contributor to
24796 Documentation of the basic LyX interface in
24810 Former maintainer of the FAQ and the old
24811 \begin_inset Quotes eld
24819 \begin_inset Quotes erd
24825 Documentation of LinuxDoc in
24837 Documentation of figures and imported graphics in
24851 Documentation of internationalization features in
24887 Primary contributor to
24906 using LaTeX from within LyX
24919 General organization and format of the documents.
24929 paragraph environments, document layout, nesting, typography notes, fonts
24933 Also responsible for Introduction in
24938 Editor of the documents.
24939 [from 6/96-fall 1997]
24943 After fall of 1997, the LyX Team as a whole took over maintenance of the
24945 \layout Bibliography
24946 \bibitem {lyxcredit}
24948 The LyX source tree.
24950 \layout Bibliography
24951 \bibitem {latexbook}
24956 LaTeX: A Document Preparation System.
24959 Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994
24960 \layout Bibliography
24961 \bibitem {latexcompanion}
24963 Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin:
24965 The LaTeX Companion.
24968 Addison-Wesley, 1994
24969 \layout Bibliography
24970 \bibitem {latexguide}
24972 A Guide to LaTeX2e, Kopka and Daly.
24974 \layout Bibliography