1 #LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
5 % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
7 % I've designed this preamble to ensure that the User's Guide prints
8 % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble,
9 % parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. If you
10 % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact
11 % the documentation team
12 % email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
14 % provides missing characters,
15 % see note in chapter 'Character Tables'
18 \usepackage{ifpdf} % part of the hyperref bundle
19 \ifpdf % if pdflatex is used
21 % set fonts for nicer pdf view
22 \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}{%
23 \usepackage[scaled=0.92]{helvet}
25 \usepackage{courier} }
26 % the pages of the TOC are numbered roman
27 % and a pdf-bookmark for the TOC is added
29 \let\myTOC\tableofcontents
30 \renewcommand\tableofcontents{%
31 \pdfbookmark[1]{Contents}{}
34 \pagenumbering{arabic} }
35 % link all cross references and URLs in pdf output
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38 pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true,
39 pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false, pdfpagelabels,
40 pdfauthor={LyX Team}, pdftex,
41 pdftitle={The LyX User's Guide},pdfsubject={LyX},
42 pdfkeywords={LyX}]{hyperref}
44 \else % if dvi or ps is produced
46 % link all cross references and URLs in dvi output
47 \usepackage[ps2pdf]{hyperref}
49 % the pages of the TOC are numbered roman
51 \let\myTOC\tableofcontents
52 \renewcommand\tableofcontents{%
53 \pdfbookmark[1]{Contents}{}
56 \pagenumbering{arabic} }
60 \options bibtotoc,BCOR7mm
72 \use_numerical_citations 0
73 \paperorientation portrait
76 \paragraph_separation indent
78 \quotes_language english
82 \paperpagestyle default
95 Principal maintainer of this file is
100 If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX
101 Documentation mailing list:
103 lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
115 To export this document as pdf, ps or dvi, the LaTeX-package
122 This package should be part of all popular LaTeX-distributions.
129 \begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{}
142 LyX is a document preparation system.
143 It is a tool for producing beautiful manuscripts, publishable books, business
144 letters and proposals, and even poetry.
145 It is unlike most other
146 \begin_inset Quotes eld
150 \begin_inset Quotes erd
153 in the sense that it uses the paradigm of a markup language as its core
155 That means that when you type a section header, you mark it as a
156 \begin_inset Quotes eld
160 \begin_inset Quotes erd
164 \begin_inset Quotes eld
167 Bold, 17 pt type, left justified, 5 mm space below
168 \begin_inset Quotes erd
172 LyX takes care of the typesetting for you, so you deal only with concepts,
176 This philosophy is explained in much greater detail in the
179 \begin_inset Quotes eld
183 \begin_inset Quotes erd
189 If you haven't read it yet, you need to.
194 \begin_inset Quotes eld
202 \begin_inset Quotes erd
205 describes several things in addition to LyX's philosophy: most importantly,
206 the format of all of the manuals.
207 If you don't read it, you'll have a bear of a time navigating this manual.
208 You might also be better served looking in one of the other manuals instead
211 \begin_inset Quotes eld
219 \begin_inset Quotes erd
231 Similar to other Linux [and other brands of Unix] programs, you start LyX
237 You can, of course, include several command-line options, including file
239 We're not going to repeat all of the command-line options here, since we've
240 already done that in the
245 Check there for more info.
248 There are one or two things we'd like to comment on:
251 Please note that if you include more than one file name on the command line,
252 LyX will load them all, though it won't display them all simultaneously.
253 More on that in a bit.
259 Like most applications, LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of
261 Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons.
262 There is, of course, a vertical scrollbar and a main work area for editing
264 Near the bottom of the window is a small window containing a single line
270 (a term which we've swiped, lock, stock, and barrel, from GNU Emacs), which
272 \begin_inset Quotes eld
276 \begin_inset Quotes erd
284 when you need to type a command in the minibuffer.
287 Note that there is no horizontal scroll bar.
288 This is not a bug or an oversight, but intentional.
289 When you read a book, you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the
291 Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for
292 only a vertical scrollbar.
295 There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar.
296 The first case is large figures, displayed WYSIWYG\SpecialChar \@.
297 This, however, is due
298 to a flaw in the routine that displays graphics on the LyX screen in a
299 WYSIWYG fashion; it should rescale the graphics to fit in the window, just
300 as you'd need to rescale graphics to fit on a page.
301 The second and third cases are tables and equations which are wider than
303 You can use the arrow keys to scroll horizontally through the table, but
304 this doesn't work for equations yet.
310 First, the bad news: the help system is not as thorough or idiot-proof as
311 in many commercial applications.
316 Now the good news: the help system consists of the LyX manuals.
321 of the manuals from inside LyX.
322 Just select the manual you want read from the
332 While we're at it, we'd like to make a comment about the manuals.
333 They're not idiot-proof, not in the least.
334 Here's what one of our authors,
338 , once said about manuals:
344 Yes, we've all dealt with the terse, poorly-translated, or cryptic manuals.
345 They are aggravating.
346 I find, however, that the overly simplified ones are even more aggravating.
347 First, they spend about half their time carefully explaining to the user
348 how to operate a mouse, what a menu is, et cetera, ad nauseum.
349 Please, if someone doesn't know how to use their own computer, or a GUI,
350 then they should sit down and learn
354 they start up a major piece of software.
357 Second, what information they do provide seems to assume that the user is
359 Utter nonsense! Most users, in my experience, are some combination of clueless
360 and intimidated, not stupid.
361 Besides, if someone is truly slow on the uptake, they need help that a
362 manual for a piece of computer software can't give.
367 Editor's Note: With this in mind, I've instructed all of the other authors
368 to avoid patronizing you, the reader, and to be more pedagogical than pedantic.
369 As for those who are too lazy to read and understand the manuals --- well,
370 as we say here in America, there's no such thing as a free lunch.
377 Basic File Operations
387 menu are the 9 basic operations for any word processor in addition to some
388 more advanced operations:
469 They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors, with
470 a few minor differences.
476 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
485 command not only prompts you for a name for the new file, but also prompts
486 you for a template to use.
487 Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for
488 the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually.
489 They can be of use for certain classes, especially those for writing letters
492 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:doc-classes}
500 \begin_inset Quotes eld
504 \begin_inset Quotes erd
508 \begin_inset Quotes eld
512 \begin_inset Quotes erd
516 \begin_inset Quotes eld
520 \begin_inset Quotes erd
523 Unless you tell LyX to open a file or create a new one, that big, blank
524 space is just that --- a big, blank space.
534 command is useful if more people work on the same document at the same
541 If you plan to do this, you should check out the Version Control feature
552 It will simply reload the document from disk.
553 You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document
554 and want to restore it to the last save.
557 The second matter of note concerns the commands
562 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
574 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
583 \begin_inset Quotes eld
587 \begin_inset Quotes erd
590 to save us all from our own stupidity.
591 That is, if you try to close a file with changes [or exit LyX], you'll
592 be informed that there are unsaved files.
595 Basic Editing Features
598 Like most modern word processors, LyX can perform cut and paste operations
599 on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or screenful of text, and
600 can delete whole words as well as individual characters.
601 The next four sections cover the basic LyX editing features and how to
603 We'll start with cut and paste.
606 As you might expect, the
613 menu has the cut and paste commands, along with various other editing features.
614 Some of these are special and covered in later sections.
640 Replace\SpecialChar \ldots{}
644 The first three are self-explanatory.
645 One thing to note: whenever you delete a block of text that you've selected,
646 it's automatically placed in the clipboard.
655 keys also functions as the
660 Also, if you've selected text, be careful.
661 If you hit a key, LyX will completely delete the selected text and replace
662 it with what you just typed.
670 to get back the lost text.
678 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
685 Replace\SpecialChar \ldots{}
695 The text you want to find goes in the
704 Once you've found a word or expression, LyX selects it.
712 button replaces the selected text with the contents of the
714 Replace\SpecialChar ~
722 You can click to search again to skip the current word.
733 to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically.
745 toggle button can be used if you want the search to consider the case of
747 If the toggle is set, searching for
748 \begin_inset Quotes eld
756 \begin_inset Quotes erd
759 will not match the word
760 \begin_inset Quotes eld
768 \begin_inset Quotes erd
782 toggle button can be used to force LyX to only find complete words.
785 \begin_inset Quotes eld
793 \begin_inset Quotes erd
797 \begin_inset Quotes eld
805 \begin_inset Quotes erd
809 \begin_inset Quotes eld
817 \begin_inset Quotes erd
826 If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it.
827 LyX has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer.
833 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
840 to undo some mistake.
841 If you accidently undo too much, use
846 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
854 \begin_inset Quotes eld
858 \begin_inset Quotes erd
861 The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100 steps to minimise memory
866 Notice that if you revert back all changes to arrive to the document as
867 it was last saved, the
868 \begin_inset Quotes eld
872 \begin_inset Quotes erd
875 status of the document is unfortunately not reset.
876 This is a consequence of the 100 step undo limit, above.
893 work on almost everything in LyX.
894 They have some quirks, too.
909 text character by character, but by blocks of text.
910 That can take some getting used to; you'll have to play with
924 to get a feel for just how much they'll undo/redo, and after time, you'll
925 hopefully appreciate how it works.
931 We're not going to go into all of the mouse bindings here.
932 Some of the other sections of this manual cover specific operations you
933 can do with the mouse.
934 Instead, we're going to cover the most basic mouse operations.
945 once anywhere in the edit window.
946 The cursor moves to the text under the mouse.
959 LyX marks the text between the old and new mouse positions.
965 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
968 to create a copy of the text in LyX's buffer.
971 Re-position the cursor and then paste the text back into LyX using
976 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
983 Footnotes, Margin Notes, Figure and Table Floats, etc.
995 left mouse button to open or close any of these.
996 Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details.
1008 the right mouse button
1012 to open a dialog that will allow you to manipulate the table.
1017 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: key bindings}
1024 Again, we're not going to cover all of the keybindings.
1025 Be aware that there are at least two different primary binding maps: CUA
1027 I guarantee you will cuss when you press Control-d to delete a character,
1028 and it starts up a DVI previewer instead (or vice versa).
1057 , do exactly what you expect them to do.
1060 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1066 There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX.
1067 If you don't understand this, go read Sections
1068 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro}
1073 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:par-environments}
1077 , especially Section\SpecialChar ~
1079 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvlists}
1085 If you're still confused, look in the
1091 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1098 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1102 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1105 It's used, generically, to cancel operations.
1106 Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this.
1108 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1120 These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line,
1121 unless you are using the Emacs bindings where they jump to the beginning
1124 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1140 you have your keyboard set up correctly under the X Windows System,
1144 works as expected and
1148 deletes the character under the cursor [if no text is selected].
1152 If you haven't set up your keyboard under X, or have no idea what we mean
1153 by that, go read section
1154 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:x-win-keys}
1159 You'll save yourself a lot of headaches.
1163 Then there are the modifier keys:
1165 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1171 This has a couple of different uses, depending on which keys it's used
1172 in combination with:
1184 , it deletes an entire word instead of a single character.
1195 , it moves by words instead of characters.
1206 , it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively.
1209 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1215 Use this with any of the motion keys to select the text between the old
1216 and new cursor positions.
1218 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1224 This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless your keyboard has a distinct
1226 Unfortunately, X sometimes has their functionality swapped, so if you have
1227 both keys, you will need to do a little trial and error to find out which
1228 one actually performs the
1233 This key does many different things, but it also activates the
1235 menu accelerator keys
1238 If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a
1239 menu or menu item, it selects that menu item.
1243 For example, the sequence
1244 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1253 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1258 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1266 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1279 There are also other things bound to the
1283 key, but you'll have to check in the
1295 Hopefully, you'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as
1296 you use LyX, because most mouse actions will prompt a small message in
1297 the minibuffer which describe the name of the action, you've just triggered,
1298 and any existing keybindings for that action.
1299 The notation for the keybindings is very similar to the notation used in
1300 this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding it.
1301 However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so
1304 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1310 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1317 followed by a capital
1323 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1331 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1341 Using LyX with Other Programs
1344 Importing ASCII files
1347 You can import text from an ASCII file using the
1352 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1357 mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1372 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1377 mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1395 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1400 mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1409 puts each line of the file into its own LyX paragraph.
1410 This is useful if you're importing a text file with a simple list in it.
1411 However, if your text file contains paragraphs in it, LyX will mangle the
1412 paragraphs if you use this form of import.
1420 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1425 mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1435 preserves paragraphs in text files.
1436 Often in a text file, you didn't put the contents of an entire paragraph
1442 to break up the paragraph into separate lines.
1448 , LyX won't mangle such paragraphs.
1449 Anything between two consecutive blank lines goes into its own LyX paragraph.
1450 Remember: you must make sure there is a
1454 line between each and every paragraph in your text file.
1455 If not, LyX might end up merging two paragraphs.
1458 Cut and Paste Between LyX and Other X Programs
1473 operations will transfer text to and from LyX.
1474 You can copy text from LyX to another window in this way: Select the text
1475 that you want to copy, then go to the destination window and paste the
1476 text with the middle mouse button.
1480 Pasting text into LyX also works much the same way as in X.
1481 Select the text with the mouse in another X window.
1482 Go to the Lyx window and paste the text with the middle mouse button.
1485 LyX Setup and Supporting Applications
1491 If you're using LyX on a system someone else has set up for you, then you
1492 can safely skip this chapter.
1493 It describes all of the things you need beyond the LyX binary and files
1494 distributed with it.
1497 If you're installing LyX on your system,
1499 you should read the README's that came with the LyX distribution and then
1506 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1519 This chapter does not describe installation or setup of the LyX binary
1520 [Well, not everything\SpecialChar \ldots{}
1522 It does describe all of the things you'll need to use LyX to its fullest.
1528 This is basically where we decided to document a bunch of info about running
1529 LyX, including what other programs you'll need to make LyX useful.
1536 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:setup}
1543 There are two ways to run LyX.
1544 The first way is to install LyX and all of its support files on your system.
1545 Of course, you need root privileges to do that.
1546 The second way to run LyX doesn't require root access, letting you
1547 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1551 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1554 LyX somewhere in your own account.
1555 LyX will automatically detect where it is as long as the supporting directories
1556 are put in the correct places.
1559 There are several features of LyX that can be configured from inside LyX,
1560 without resorting to configuration files.
1561 First, LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs, LaTeX document
1562 classes and LaTeX packages are available.
1563 It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults to several
1570 Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed
1571 on your system, you might have some items that you installed locally and
1572 which are not seen by LyX.
1573 To force LyX to re-inspect your system, you should use
1578 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1586 You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account.
1587 As far as LaTeX classes and packages are concerned, you will find information
1588 about what has been found under
1593 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1604 The second set of settings that you might want to change comprises all the
1605 document-level setting that you can change via the
1610 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1618 To do this, open a scrap document, set all these options according to your
1619 taste and save them with the
1626 Document\SpecialChar ~
1637 This will create a template named
1641 which is automatically loaded by LyX when you open a document without template
1642 such that the settings are automatically set-up as you defined them.
1645 There are many other user-configurable options that you can feed to LyX.
1646 Upon startup, LyX reads a global options file called
1651 It will then attempt to read a file called
1655 beneath your home directory.
1661 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1678 dialog can be used to change these options; the document
1682 contains more information about the preferences dialog and these configuration
1686 Setting Up the X Keyboard
1687 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:x-win-keys}
1694 To use LyX properly, you
1699 This is especially vital if you're using the international support features
1700 of LyX and want to use non-English keyboard mappings.
1701 Unfortunately, almost nobody bothers to do this, especially those who've
1702 installed Linux on a PC\SpecialChar \@.
1703 Administrators of large systems can be guilty of
1704 this, too, so don't assume that you're safe if you're using a large system.
1705 Any user can instruct X how to use his or her keyboard.
1708 xmodmap and xkeycaps
1711 First of all read the man pages for these two programs.
1712 They are your best friends when you are trying to set up X key mapping
1714 If you don't have them, install them.
1715 \layout Subsubsection
1720 This document contains no information on how to use
1734 To load the new X keyboard mappings, place the command
1736 xmodmap\SpecialChar ~
1739 somewhere in your startup scripts [e.g.
1757 \layout Subsubsection
1762 This program is a dream come true! It brings up a graphical version of your
1763 keyboard, allows you to make modifications, and then spits those modifications
1764 out to the standard output in a form readable by
1769 It is very useful when you're trying to design a new
1773 file, though it will require you to do a bit of cut-and-pasting.
1776 Modifiers and Mode_switch
1779 LyX supports three modifiers: Shift [
1792 Moreover, if one of the keys of your keyboard is configured as a
1796 key, then you can use it to enter some characters not available on your
1798 This compose key can be used either as a modifier (like
1806 ) or as a prefix key.
1807 Here are some examples of what you can do with a
1819 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
1830 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
1841 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
1852 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
1858 This input method is particularly handy when you use accented characters
1859 only from time to time.
1860 It works by default for latin1 characters, but other input methods will
1861 be used if you setup your locale correctly.
1864 Helpful Hints and Tips
1867 First, open up two xterminals.
1868 Use one to edit a new
1881 , remap your keyboard the way you want it.
1886 to output the new keymap.
1891 will spit a bunch of stuff on the xterm you executed it from.
1892 Just copy and paste all of that into your
1896 file, and you're done.
1902 You could also save yourself some typing by executing
1907 This will create a usable map file.
1913 Also, there are some things you can do to help you get oriented.
1914 Try executing the command
1919 This will show you all of the currently active modifiers.
1922 xmodmap -v -pke | more
1924 to see which keycode numbers are mapped to which symbolic names.
1925 It will also give you some idea of the syntax of the
1932 There's one thing you'll need to check.
1945 defined as the same key symbol by X! Note that giving these two keys unique
1946 symbol names will not necessarily alter the behavior of your programs.
1955 to the same operation.
1957 Other programs, however, use
1965 for different operations.
1966 LyX is one of these programs, and if you have
1974 labeled with the same key symbol name, you'll have trouble using LyX.
1980 If you want to do more with LyX than simply create documents and spit out
1985 files, you'll need LaTeX.
1988 In case you were wondering, LaTeX is a markup language front end for TeX,
1989 a document preparation system invented in 1984 by Donald Knuth.
1995 A note about pronunciation: TeX originated from the Greek letters,
1996 \begin_inset Formula $\tau\epsilon\chi$
2000 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2004 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2007 That's how you pronounce
2008 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2012 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2016 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2020 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2023 [If you're American, just pronounce the
2024 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2028 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2032 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2036 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2042 TeX takes a set of commands in an ASCII file and converts it to a
2043 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2047 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2050 format, or Dvi, for short.
2051 The Dvi file can then be sent to printers.
2052 TeX is programmable, and LaTeX is nothing but a [really huge] set of TeX
2054 LaTeX will typically come as part of a TeX distribution, so all you need
2058 Note that on some old systems you may find that only LaTeX 2.09 is installed
2059 (as opposed to the more current LaTeX2e).
2060 LyX cannot be used with LaTeX 2.09.
2063 If you're using Linux, LaTeX2e should have come with your distribution.
2064 For other systems, you might need to install LaTeX yourself.You can obtain
2065 a LaTeX distribution (and anything and everything related to TeX and LaTeX)
2066 from a Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) mirror.
2067 A complete list of mirrors may be found at
2070 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ctan.org}
2075 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ctan}
2082 Dvips and Ghostscript
2088 There's one more step you need to take if you want to print your LyX documents.
2089 Obviously, you'll need to make sure your printer is configured [see next
2091 You'll also need to install these programs (or compatibles), if you don't
2115 The latter two programs are previewer for files in Dvi and PostScript®
2121 PostScript® is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated, and
2122 is the main page description language in the UN*X world.
2127 If you don't know what a DVI file is, you've probably also never worked
2128 with LaTeX and should read the
2132 document before proceeding further.
2137 converts DVI files into PostScript, which is the format most printers use
2139 For those of you using dot-matrix and inkjet printers, you'll want to filter
2140 the PostScript through
2144 , which is capable of creating output for a variety of printers.
2145 The following section on printer setup describes how to do this automatically
2146 every time you print.
2147 For now, we'll concentrate on
2155 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:dvipsconfig}
2162 Whether you'll be running LyX on a large system or a Linux box at home,
2163 you should configure
2173 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2177 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2180 into a file, or send output directly to the printer, depending on how it's
2182 If it is set up to print to a file, and if no filename is specified, it
2196 set up to send output to the default printer.
2197 For LyX, you'll want the flexibility to do both.
2200 If you are not a mood to configure
2204 to adapt its output to your printer, you can safely skip this section.
2205 Be warned however that the output will not match the quality that you could
2206 expect from your printer.
2207 At least, it will print.
2210 If you are using teTeX (a TeX distribution which is particularly popular
2211 on Linux), you should run the program
2216 To make the name of a new printer recognized by
2220 you should then select menu entry
2225 Enter the required parameters and, before exiting, remember to select the
2233 Let's turn now to manual configuration: in order to inform
2237 how to automagically convert a
2245 file adapted to printer
2249 , you need to have a config-file,
2250 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2258 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2261 lying around somewhere.
2272 /usr/lib/texmf/dvips
2274 in most TeX distributions.
2275 Your system will probably be different, of course, so just look under the
2276 main TeX directory for a subdirectory called
2277 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2285 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2288 It'll be there somewhere.
2291 Typically, there will be at least one config-file:
2296 This file is the default configuration file, which is
2306 In particular, this file is not necessarily connected to the existence of
2315 Read this file and see what options could need to be changed for your particula
2321 containing only the relevant lines.
2325 There's at least one thing you need to do to the config-file.
2326 There may exist a line that looks like,
2327 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2335 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2338 [without the quotes, of course\SpecialChar \ldots{}
2341 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2349 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2352 , so that the output is sent by default to printer
2357 However, you should probably investigate the entries
2358 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2366 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2370 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2378 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2381 , which define respectively the Metafont mode and the resolution of the
2383 If you do not know what a Metafont mode is, you can see it as a printer
2384 driver: it adapts the design of TeX fonts to ensure that they give the
2385 best possible result on your printer.
2386 Be warned however that, if you define different Metafont modes for different
2391 will generate several copies of your TeX fonts on disk, and these take
2395 Once you are satisfied that your printers are correctly configured, you
2396 should tell LyX to make use of this configuration.
2397 To do this, you should launch the
2406 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2413 ) and set the entries
2426 You can use as many configuration files as you like, one for each of your
2428 The default printer for LyX can be specified from the
2439 environment variable.
2440 You can also choose the desired printer from inside LyX, as described in
2442 Once you've done all that, you can print to either a PostScript printer
2447 If your printer doesn't understand PostScript®, you'll need to use
2451 as a filter for your print spooler.
2452 That's covered in numerous HOWTO's and manuals.
2453 We also have a section that covers a little bit of this.
2456 Some people don't seem to like using the
2465 As alternative, you can use a program that converts the DVI file directly
2466 into your printer language.
2467 You can specify this program in the
2472 There is a major disadvantage to this method.
2473 You can't include any PostScript files, such as graphics, in your documents,
2474 since the printer-specific conversion programs don't understand PostScript®.
2475 For that reason, the LyX team highly recommends using
2487 Ghostscript, Xdvi and Ghostview
2503 files, while the later interfaces with
2507 to allow you to view PostScript files.
2510 A quick note on both of these programs.
2511 Both automatically update themselves if the viewed file
2525 file, not the files used to make these.
2529 You can also force an update.
2530 So, once you've opened one of these two viewers, there's no reason to close
2532 Also, both programs are functionally the same, providing all of the same
2536 The LyX team recommends using
2540 for fine tuning documents.
2541 Why? It's faster; there's one less layer of processing you need to do before
2542 you can view the changes.
2550 to preview a document from LyX, and leave it running.
2553 Make changes to the document using LyX.
2556 To view those changes, just choose
2561 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2566 pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2574 When LaTeX's all done, click on the
2585 Now, this doesn't mean
2594 is better suited to those occasions where you
2598 view the PostScript version of the document.
2599 For repeated changes that aren't PostScript® dependent, you're better off
2605 There is an alternative to
2609 which sports a much better interface:
2614 LyX will automatically use it instead of ghostscript if it is available.
2622 Anyone working on a large system shouldn't have any problems here.
2623 Your sysadmin [or you, if you are the sysadmin] should already have the
2624 printers set up for your system.
2625 All you need to do is find out the name of the printer you want to use,
2630 as described in the last section.
2635 Those of you using Linux, however, will have a bit more work to do.
2636 Many people now receive a Linux distribution, such as Red Hat or Slackware,
2642 They follow the install instructions, get Linux up and running, but never
2643 realize that they need to set up their printer.
2646 If you find that you need to do this by hand, we've written a little something
2647 to help you out with that; check out the
2648 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2656 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2675 Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you
2680 of document you want to edit.
2681 Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings,
2682 numbering schemes, and so on.
2683 Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments,
2684 and format the title of your document differently.
2691 describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents.
2692 By setting the document class, you automagically select these properties,
2693 making it easier to create the type of document you want.
2694 If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default.
2695 So, it behooves you to change the class of your document.
2698 Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and
2699 how to fine-tune some of their properties.
2703 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:doc-classes}
2707 The Various Document Classes
2708 \layout Subsubsection
2713 There are five standard document classes in LyX.
2717 Article for basic articles
2720 Report for basic reports
2723 Book for writing a book
2726 Letter for US-style letters
2729 Slides is used to make transparencies
2732 There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have
2733 a LaTeX setup that supports them:
2736 Aapaper Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysic
2740 Amsart Journal articles in the style and format used by the AMS [American
2741 Mathematical Society].
2742 There are three amsart layouts available.
2743 The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems,
2747 , that prepends the section number to the number of the result.
2748 All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced
2749 together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence.
2751 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2754 sequential numbering
2755 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2758 scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers
2759 them throughout the article in a single sequence.
2760 Each type of result gets its own sequence.
2761 There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether.
2764 Amsbook Books in the style and format used by the AMS.
2765 Only the standard numbering scheme is provided, under the assumption that
2766 you would not want to number results consecutively throughout a book, and
2767 that you would need to number results.
2770 Dinbrief für Briefe nach deutscher Art
2773 Foils is used to make transparencies, but is better than
2778 Linuxdoc Used with the SGML-tools package (formerly known as LinuxDoc).
2779 It allows LyX to produce SGML output.
2780 SGML is a markup language and is the predecessor to HTML\SpecialChar \@.
2782 package allows you to convert SGML to HTML or to the format used by
2789 Paper for use with the
2793 LaTeX document class [not in all LaTeX distributions]
2796 Revtex is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical
2797 Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society
2799 This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features.
2802 We won't go into any detail about how to use these different document classes
2804 You can find all the details about the non-standard classes in the
2809 Here, we will settle with a list of some of the common properties of all
2810 of the document classes.
2811 \layout Subsubsection
2816 You can select a class using the
2823 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
2829 Select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options
2831 \layout Subsubsection
2836 Each class has a default set of options.
2837 Here's a quick table describing them:
2839 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
2841 \begin_inset Tabular
2842 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="5">
2844 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
2845 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
2846 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
2847 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
2848 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
2849 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
2850 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2857 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2874 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2891 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2908 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2926 <row topline="true">
2927 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2943 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2960 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2977 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2994 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3012 <row topline="true">
3013 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3029 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3046 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3063 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3080 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3098 <row topline="true">
3099 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3115 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3132 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3149 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3166 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3184 <row topline="true">
3185 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3201 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3218 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3235 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3252 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3269 <row topline="true">
3270 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3286 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3303 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3320 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3337 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3355 <row topline="true">
3356 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3372 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3389 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3406 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3423 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3441 <row topline="true">
3442 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3458 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3475 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3492 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3509 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3527 <row topline="true">
3528 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3544 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3561 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3578 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3595 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3612 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
3613 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3629 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3646 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3663 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3680 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3705 There is no default value of
3714 for any of these classes.
3718 You're probably also wondering what
3719 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3724 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3728 There are several paragraph environment used to create section headings.
3729 Different document classes allow different types of section headings.
3734 heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the
3739 Some document classes, such as the three for letters, don't use any section
3749 headings, there are also
3757 headings, and so on.
3758 We'll describe these headings fully in section
3759 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvheadings}
3766 Fine-tuning the Defaults
3769 Okay, we know we never told you what most of these
3770 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3774 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3785 That's what this section is for.
3787 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3796 This is another list, containing five options.
3797 It controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page:
3803 LaTeX does this part.
3809 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3815 Use default pagestyle of current class.
3817 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3823 No page numbers or headings.
3825 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3833 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3839 Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number.
3840 Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on
3841 which is the maximum sectioning level.
3843 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3849 This allows you to create fully customizable headers and footers if you
3855 At the moment, support in LyX is limited to this setting.
3856 To use the full power of this package, you have to resolve to magic codes
3858 Check the documentation for the
3862 package for more details.
3865 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3871 No, LyX can't make your printer print on both sides of a sheet of paper!
3872 However, it can use a different format for odd-numbered pages than even-numbere
3878 have a printer that duplexes
3885 prints on both sides of a sheet of paper
3888 , your page number will always be in the upper right corner of the page
3889 and the left margin will have extra room for a binding.
3893 There are two radio buttons here:
3897 for single-sided documents,
3901 for double-sided documents.
3904 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3910 Yes, this does control how many columns each page has.
3911 You can choose, using the toggle buttons,
3919 for the number of columns.
3924 Note that LyX won't show two columns on screen.
3925 That's impractical, often unreadable, and not part of the WYSIWYM concept.
3930 be two columns in the generated output.
3933 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3950 takes several options.
3951 LyX sets some of these automatically for you.
3952 This text box allows you to enter in others.
3953 Just type in a comma-separated list of options.
3954 See a good LaTeX book to find out what kinds of additional options you
3957 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3963 This has its own section.
3966 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro}
3970 for a description of what this does.
3973 Paper Size, Orientation, and Margins
3976 There are several other options to set in the
3978 Document\SpecialChar ~
3982 All of them are global options, but they have special purposes and only
3983 affect certain features.
3984 We describe what these options do in the same section that describes the
3985 features they affect.
3988 There are two options that affect the overall layout of the document, so
3989 we'll describe them here.
3990 You'll find them in the
4000 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
4006 Two toggle buttons choose whether to print the output as
4023 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
4033 What size paper to print on.
4078 Some of these settings require you to have the
4083 This package will also allow you to set the margins in the
4093 If you change a document's class, LyX has to convert
4098 That includes the paragraph environments.
4099 Some paragraph environments are standard; all of the document classes have
4101 Some classes have special paragraph environments, however.
4102 If this is the case, and you change document classes, LyX sets the missing
4103 paragraph environments to
4107 and places an error box at the beginning of the paragraph.
4108 Just click on them and you'll get a message dialog that tells you about
4109 the conversion and why it failed.
4112 Paragraph Indentation and Separation
4116 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parindentintro}
4123 Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to
4124 say a word or two about paragraph indentation.
4127 Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs.
4128 Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph.
4129 Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs.
4130 LyX uses the same convention you find among typographer.
4135 paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list,
4141 Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented.
4142 Some people don't like this convention, but if you want to use indented
4143 paragraphs, you'll have to live with it.
4149 There is a way to force LaTeX to indent all paragraphs.
4150 LyX won't show this, of course, but LaTeX
4155 You'll need to get a special package and insert an appropriate command
4159 Editor's Note: I'll insert this info when I get the time.
4168 The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings
4169 and text --- in fact, all of the spacings for just about everything are
4171 As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what.
4172 LyX takes care of that.
4173 In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a
4175 That way, LyX can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure
4176 figures fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom
4177 of a page, and so on.
4183 Actually, LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file.
4186 However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them.
4187 LyX gives you the ability to globally change
4191 of these pre-coded spacings.
4192 We'll explain more later.
4195 Global Indentation Method
4198 To select the default method of separating paragraphs, select
4213 to indent paragraphs or add extra space between paragraphs, respectively.
4219 You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph.
4225 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4230 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
4233 dialog and toggle the
4240 button to change the state of the current paragraph.
4241 If paragraphs indent by default, this button will be inactive at first.
4242 If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this
4243 button will be completely ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph
4247 You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph
4248 if you need to do some fine-tuning.
4249 Typically, you'll select
4264 for the entire document and edit away.
4267 Changing Line Spacing
4275 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4282 dialog you can choose your line spacing provided you have the
4289 Paragraph Environments
4290 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:par-environments}
4300 The paragraph environments correspond to the various
4326 command sequences in an ordinary LaTeX file.
4327 If you don't know LaTeX, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally
4328 alien to you, we urge you to read the
4337 also contains many more examples than this section does.
4340 A paragraph environment is simply a
4341 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4345 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4348 for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties.
4349 This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering
4350 scheme, labels, and so on.
4351 Additionally, you can
4352 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4356 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4359 the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment
4360 to inherit some of the properties of another.
4361 The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy
4362 tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other hold-overs from the
4363 days of typewriters.
4364 There are several paragraph environments which are specific to a particular
4366 We'll only be covering the most common ones here.
4369 To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box on the left
4371 LyX will change the environment of the
4375 paragraph in which the cursor sits.
4376 You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if
4377 you select them before choosing the new environment.
4389 create a new paragraph using the
4393 paragraph environment.
4395 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4399 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4402 because this isn't always the case.
4408 If you are in one of these environments:
4519 LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you hit
4523 , rather than resetting it to
4528 LyX will still reset the nesting depth, however.
4531 Usually, starting a new paragraph resets both the paragraph environment
4532 and the nesting depth [more on nesting in section
4533 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
4538 At the moment, all this is context-specific; you're better off expecting
4543 to reset the paragraph environment and depth.
4544 If you want a new paragraph to keep the current environment and depth,
4555 The default paragraph environment is
4560 It creates a plain paragraph.
4561 If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses.
4562 In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now [and most of the ones in
4563 this manual] are in the
4570 You can nest a paragraph using the
4574 environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything
4585 A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name[s] of the
4587 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4591 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4594 for thanks or contact information.
4595 For certain types of documents, LaTeX places all of this on a separate
4596 page along with today's date.
4597 For other types of documents, the title
4598 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4602 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4605 goes at the top of the first page of the document.
4609 LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph
4623 Here's how you use them:
4626 Put the title of your document in the
4633 Put the author name in the
4640 If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date,
4641 or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in
4647 Note that using this environment is optional.
4648 If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date.
4651 Be sure to do this at the top of the document.
4652 You can use footnotes to insert
4653 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4657 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4660 or contact information.
4664 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvheadings}
4671 There are nine paragraph environments for producing section headings.
4672 LyX takes care of the numbering for you.
4673 All you need to do is decide what you're going to call section 3 of chapter
4675 \layout Subsubsection
4680 There are 6 numbered types of section headings.
4686 Why no mention of Part ?
4722 LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods.
4723 The numbers describe where in the document you are.
4724 These headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text.
4725 For example, suppose you're writing a book.
4726 You group the book into chapters.
4727 LyX does similar grouping:
4738 is the maximum sectioning level.
4800 not all document types use the
4804 heading as the maximum sectioning level.
4809 is the top-level heading.
4816 environment to label a new sub-subsection, LyX labels it with its number,
4817 along with the number of the subsection, section, and, if applicable, chapter
4819 For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the
4821 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4825 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4829 \layout Subsubsection
4834 There are 3 types of unnumbered section headings.
4854 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4858 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4861 after each name means that these headings are not numbered.
4862 They work the same as their numbered counterparts.
4863 \layout Subsubsection
4865 Changing the Numbering
4866 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:section-depth}
4873 You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear
4874 in the Table of Contents.
4875 Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document
4877 Certain classes start with
4891 Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels.
4901 This is something you can change.
4909 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4917 You should see a counter labelled
4919 Section\SpecialChar ~
4920 number\SpecialChar ~
4928 This counter controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers
4930 Unfortunately, the number you choose with the slider is really goofy, so
4931 here's a table of values and what they do:
4933 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
4935 \begin_inset Tabular
4936 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
4938 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
4939 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
4940 <row topline="true">
4941 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
4960 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
4977 <row bottomline="true">
4978 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
4994 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5011 <row topline="true">
5012 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5028 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5041 no numbering of any kind
5045 <row topline="true">
5046 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5062 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5081 <row topline="true">
5082 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5098 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5116 <row topline="true">
5117 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5133 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5151 <row topline="true">
5152 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5168 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5186 <row topline="true">
5187 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5203 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5222 <row topline="true">
5223 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5239 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5258 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
5259 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5275 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5301 The increasing numbers are cumulative: a setting of
5302 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5306 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5309 will number parts and chapters, while
5310 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5314 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5317 will number parts, chapters, sections, and subsections.
5318 Of course, if you're using a document class that doesn't use part or chapter
5324 the default article class), then the numbering begins at the
5329 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5333 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5337 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5341 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5347 There's another counter in the dialog, called
5351 contents\SpecialChar ~
5355 It works the same way as
5357 Section\SpecialChar ~
5358 numbering\SpecialChar ~
5361 , only it controls which sectioning levels appear in, you guessed it, the
5363 This is a great control to have.
5364 Suppose you wanted to number
5368 sectioning heading, but you only wanted
5380 s in the Table of Contents.
5383 Section\SpecialChar ~
5384 numbering\SpecialChar ~
5388 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5392 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5397 Table of contents\SpecialChar ~
5401 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5405 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5408 and voilà! You're all set.
5409 \layout Subsubsection
5414 The following information applies to
5453 You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments.
5456 You can only use inlined math in these environments.
5459 You cannot do any nesting with these environments.
5462 You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers.
5465 As for examples of these paragraph environments - look around you! We're
5466 using them everywhere in the manuals.
5467 \layout Subsubsection
5469 Creating an Appendix
5472 To create an appendix, simply start by adding a new chapter or section heading.
5473 Move the cursor back to the beginning of the heading and select
5478 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5486 ppendix\SpecialChar ~
5490 A red/brown box will be drawn around the remainder of the file to indicate
5491 there is something special about it, and the numerical chapter or section
5492 label(s) will be changed to a letter.
5498 LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations.
5512 Forget the days of changing linespacing and twiddling with margins.
5513 These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in.
5514 They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below
5515 the text they contain.
5516 They also allow nesting, so you can put a
5524 , as well as in some other paragraph environments.
5527 There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do
5536 when you start a new paragraph.
5537 So, you can type in that poem and merrily hit
5541 without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you.
5542 Of course, that means that, once you're done typing in that poem, you have
5543 to change back to the
5547 environment yourself.
5548 \layout Subsubsection
5559 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quote}
5566 Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's
5567 time for the differences.
5576 are identical except for one difference:
5580 uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line.
5589 indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout.
5592 Here's an example of the
5604 I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it
5606 See - no indentation!
5609 Here's the second paragraph of this quote.
5610 Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and
5611 the other paragraph.
5614 That ends that example.
5615 Here's another example, this time in the
5627 If I keep writing, you'll see the indentation.
5628 If your country uses a writing style that shows off new paragraphs by indenting
5629 the first line, then
5633 is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it
5637 you were quoting other text.
5640 Here's a new paragraph.
5641 I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time.
5642 If I did that, though, you'd get bored.
5645 That was our other example.
5646 As the example notes,
5650 is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs.
5651 They should put quotes in the
5656 Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the
5660 paragraph environment for quoted text.
5661 \layout Subsubsection
5666 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:verse}
5677 is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on.
5683 Which I did not rehearse!
5686 It could be much worse.
5687 This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps
5689 It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are
5690 indented a bit more than the first.
5691 Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore.
5697 And make things look fine
5710 does not indent both margins.
5711 Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph.
5712 To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the
5724 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvlists}
5731 LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds
5741 environments, LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively.
5750 environments, LyX lets you provide your own label.
5751 We'll present the individual details of each type of list next after describing
5752 some general features of all four of them.
5753 \layout Subsubsection
5758 The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments
5760 First, LyX treats each paragraph as a list item.
5769 reset the environment to
5773 but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item.
5774 The nesting depth is typically reset, however.
5775 If you want to keep both the current nesting depth and paragraph environment,
5780 to break paragraphs.
5783 You can nest lists of any type inside one another.
5784 In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how its
5786 If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we suggest
5787 you read all of section
5788 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
5794 \layout Subsubsection
5801 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:itemize}
5808 The first type of list we'll describe in detail is the
5812 paragraph environment.
5813 It has the following properties:
5816 Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label.
5820 LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level.
5823 The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line.
5827 The items can be any length.
5828 LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item.
5829 The offset is always relative to whatever environment the
5840 environment inside another
5844 environment, the label changes to a new symbol.
5848 There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting.
5851 LyX always shows the same symbol, an asterisk, on screen.
5855 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
5859 for a full explanation of nesting.
5863 Of course, that explanation was also an example of an
5872 environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter.
5875 We said that different levels use different symbols as their label.
5876 Here's an example of all four possible symbols.
5877 Note that those of you reading this manual online won't see any difference.
5880 The label for the first level
5884 is a large black dot, or bullet.
5888 The label for the second level is a dash.
5892 The label for the third is an asterisk.
5896 The label for the fourth is a centered dot.
5900 Back out to the third level.
5904 Back to the second level.
5908 Back to the outermost level.
5911 These are the default labels for an
5916 You can customize these labels in the
5931 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5945 Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth.
5946 We'll explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths
5948 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
5954 \layout Subsubsection
5961 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:enumerate}
5972 environment is the tool to use to create numbered lists and outlines.
5973 It has these properties:
5976 Each item has a numeral as its label.
5980 The type of numeral depends on the nesting depth.
5984 LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate.
5991 environment resets the counter to one.
6006 Offsets the items relative to the left margin.
6007 Items can be any length.
6010 Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases.
6013 Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth.
6016 Allows up to a four-fold nesting.
6032 show the different labels for each item.
6033 Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an
6040 The first level of an
6044 uses Arabic numerals followed by a period.
6048 The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses.
6052 The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period.
6056 The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period.
6059 Again, notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth
6064 Back to the third level
6068 Back to the second level.
6072 Back to the outermost level.
6075 Once again, you can customize the type of numbering used in the
6080 It involves adding commands to the LaTeX preamble (see the
6085 As stated earlier, such customization only shows up in the printed version,
6086 not on the LyX screen.
6089 There is more to nesting
6093 environments than we've stated here.
6099 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
6103 to learn more about nesting.
6104 \layout Subsubsection
6111 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:descrlist}
6118 Unlike the previous two environments, the
6122 list has no fixed label.
6123 Instead, LyX uses the first
6124 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6128 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6131 of the first line as the label.
6135 Example: This is an example of the
6142 LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the
6146 Now, you're probably wondering what we mean by,
6147 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6150 uses the first 'word'.
6151 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6158 key does not add a whitespace character, but separates words from one another.
6167 key tells LyX to end the label if we're at the beginning of the first line
6171 However, what if you want or need to use more than one word in the label
6176 environment? Simple: use a
6190 pecial\SpecialChar ~
6191 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6192 Protected\SpecialChar ~
6209 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace}
6213 for more info.] Here's an example:
6216 Second\SpecialChar ~
6217 Example: This one shows how to use a
6219 Protected\SpecialChar ~
6229 Usage: You should use the
6233 environment for things like definitions and theorems.
6234 Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text
6236 It's not a good idea to use a
6240 environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe.
6241 You're better off using
6253 paragraphs into them.
6256 Nesting: You can, of course, nest
6260 environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
6264 Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting
6265 them from the first line.
6266 \layout Subsubsection
6273 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:lyxlist}
6284 environment is a LyX extension to LaTeX.
6288 Now, if you jumped here without reading sections
6289 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:itemize}
6294 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:descrlist}
6307 create numbered lists.
6312 does, and it's documented in section
6313 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:enumerate}
6329 environment has user-defined labels for each list item.
6330 There are some key differences between this list environment and the other
6333 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6336 labels LyX uses the first
6337 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6341 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6344 of each line as the item label.
6349 after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label.
6350 If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a protected
6351 blank as described above.
6353 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6355 margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and
6356 the body of the item text.
6357 The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default
6358 label width plus a little extra space.
6361 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6364 width LyX uses one of two things for the label width: the actual width
6365 of the label, or the default width, whichever is larger.
6366 If the actual width is larger, then the label
6367 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6371 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6374 into the first line.
6375 In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left
6376 margin of the rest of the item text.
6378 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6380 default\SpecialChar ~
6381 width You can very easily set this default width.
6382 It's quite painless, actually.
6383 So, you can easily ensure that the text of all items in a
6387 environment have the same left margin.
6389 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6391 uses You should use the
6395 environment the same way you'd use as
6399 list: when you need one word to stand out from the text that describes
6405 environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall
6408 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6410 nesting You can nest
6414 environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
6416 They work just like the other list paragraph environments.
6418 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
6422 to learn about nesting.
6425 As you can see, this is a feature-packed paragraph environment!
6428 To change the default width of the label, select the items in the list to
6430 You can also simply move the cursor into a
6434 item if you want to change only its label width.
6440 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6445 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
6459 box determines the default label width.
6460 If you really, really want to, you can use the text of your largest label
6461 here, but you don't need to.
6462 We recommend using the letter
6463 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6467 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6471 It's the widest character and is a standard unit of width in LaTeX.
6472 The default label width in the example
6477 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6481 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6486 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6490 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6493 as your unit of width in the
6498 box has one more advantage: you don't need to keep changing the contents
6504 every time you alter a label in a
6511 There's yet another feature of the
6515 environment we need to tell you about.
6516 As you can see in the examples, LyX left-justifies the item labels by default.
6517 You can use additional
6521 to change how LyX justifies the item label.
6527 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace}
6532 Here are some examples:
6534 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
6536 Left The default for
6542 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
6550 at the beginning of the label right justifies it.
6552 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
6562 at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it.
6565 Don't worry if you have no idea what
6570 Just remember that you can use them to customize the look of the
6577 That does it for the four paragraph environments for making lists.
6578 Oh - did we mention that you should read about nesting environments in
6580 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
6584 if you want to use any of these list environments?
6588 \layout Subsubsection
6602 Although LyX has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph
6613 To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments
6614 in a specific order, otherwise LaTeX gags on the document.
6615 In contrast, you can use the
6624 paragraph environments anywhere with no problem.
6625 You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest
6629 Of course, you're not limited to using
6644 , in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in
6645 some European academic papers.
6646 \layout Subsubsection
6649 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:adress_usage}
6660 environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used
6661 for the opening and signature in some countries.
6667 environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which
6668 is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries.
6669 Here's an example of each:
6670 \layout Right Address
6678 When is it? What is today?
6687 Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which LyX sets to
6688 fit the largest block of text on a single line.
6689 Here's an example of the
6698 Where do I send this
6700 Your post office and country
6703 As you can see, both
6712 add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph.
6713 Speaking of which, if you hit
6717 in either of these environments, LyX resets the nesting depth and sets
6723 This makes sense, however, since
6731 function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs.
6745 pecial\SpecialChar ~
6746 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6760 menu] to start a new line in an
6775 Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography
6776 or list of references.
6777 LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these.
6778 \layout Subsubsection
6789 environment is used for the abstract of an article.
6794 use this environment anywhere, but you really
6798 only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title.
6799 Also, don't bother trying to nest
6803 in anything else or vice versa.
6809 environment is only useful in the
6810 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6814 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6818 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6822 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6825 document classes [as well as
6826 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6830 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6833 which is just a specialized version of
6834 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6838 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6843 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6847 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6850 document class ignores the
6854 completely, and it's utterly silly to use
6859 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6863 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6873 environment does several things for you.
6874 First, it puts the centered label
6875 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6879 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6883 The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical
6885 Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect.
6886 Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and
6887 the subsequent text.
6888 Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen.
6889 If your document is in the
6890 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6894 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6897 class, the abstract actually appears on a separate page in the printed
6898 version of the file.
6901 Starting a new paragraph by hitting
6909 reset the paragraph environment.
6910 The new paragraph will still be in the
6915 So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you
6916 finish entering the abstract of your document.
6919 We'd love to give you an example of the
6923 environment, but we can't, since this document is in the
6924 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6928 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6932 If you've never heard of an
6933 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6937 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6940 before, you can safely ignore this environment.
6941 \layout Subsubsection
6948 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliography}
6959 environment is used to list references.
6964 use this environment anywhere, but you really
6968 only use it at the end of the document.
6969 Also, don't bother trying to nest
6973 in anything else or vice versa.
6977 When you first open a
6981 environment, LyX add a large vertical space, followed by the heading
6982 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6986 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6990 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6994 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6997 depending on the document class.
6998 The heading is in a large boldface font.
6999 Each paragraph of the
7003 environment is a bibliography entry.
7012 reset the paragraph environment.
7013 Each new paragraph is still in the
7028 of each paragraph, you will see a gray button showing a number.
7029 If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a
7038 The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography
7040 For example, suppose your first entry in the bibliography was a book about
7042 We could choose the key
7043 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7047 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7051 You can also give a label, which will be displayed in the gray inset box.
7058 field isn't useless.
7059 You can refer to your bibliography entries using the
7064 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
7069 itation\SpecialChar ~
7073 Just choose the key inside in the available keys list, then add a reference
7074 by clicking on the left arrow, which will add it to the selected keys list.
7075 Multiple references can be placed by selecting more than one key.
7080 appears at the end of this document.
7082 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7086 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide}
7091 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite[Chapter 3]{latexcompanion}
7096 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7099 is an example of how to cite two of the entries in it.
7100 In the second one, we used the
7109 field of the citation dialog to add the text
7110 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7114 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7119 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7123 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7127 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7131 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7134 that you see on screen will be replaced in print by the number or the label
7135 of the bibliography entry.
7138 The more advanced LaTeX bibliography package BibTeX is also supported by
7140 For a description of how to use it, please refer to the
7142 Extended LyX Features
7150 There are three standard paragraph environments that simply don't fit any
7151 category, as they are very specialized for a particular purpose.
7152 We'll point out the highlights and uses of each.
7153 \layout Subsubsection
7160 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:captionlayout}
7171 environment is the default paragraph environment for
7173 Figure\SpecialChar ~
7182 On the LyX screen, you'll see either the label
7183 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7187 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7191 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7195 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7198 , depending on which type of
7203 The actual reference number is substituted in this label in the printed
7207 You can't really nest things into a
7211 environment or vice versa.
7212 Additionally, hitting
7216 resets the paragraph environment to
7224 can only be a single paragraph.
7231 environment outside of a
7233 Figure\SpecialChar ~
7243 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}
7248 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}
7252 for more information on
7254 Figure\SpecialChar ~
7264 \layout Subsubsection
7275 environment is another LyX extension.
7276 It type-sets text in a typewriter-style font.
7281 key as a fixed whitespace;
7297 Protected\SpecialChar ~
7300 instead of an end-of-word marker.
7303 this is the only case in which you can type multiple whitespaces in LyX.
7304 If you need to insert blank lines, you'll still need to use
7326 reset the paragraph environment.
7327 So, when you finish using the
7331 environment, you'll need to change the paragraph environment yourself.
7340 environment inside of others.
7343 There are a few quirks with this environment:
7350 at the beginning of a new paragraph [i.e.
7378 to begin a new paragraph, then you can use a
7393 You can't have an empty paragraph or an empty line.
7394 You must put at least one
7398 in any line you want blank.
7399 Otherwise, LaTeX generates errors.
7402 You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing
7406 since that will insert
7411 You get the typewriter double quotes with
7419 if you use Emacs-like key bindings).
7448 This is just the standard
7449 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7453 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7464 has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts,
7465 rc-files, and so on.
7466 Use it only in those very, very special cases where you need to generate
7467 text as if you used a typewriter.
7468 \layout Subsubsection
7473 The comment paragraph environment can be used to write comments about your
7474 document that will not appear in the final output.
7475 In order to make this clear, LyX will present the comment environment in
7476 a different color than the rest of the text.
7479 Nesting Environments
7480 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:nest}
7490 Throughout the previous sections, we've been nagging you to
7491 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7494 go read Section\SpecialChar ~
7496 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
7501 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7504 So, you're probably wondering what the big deal is.
7507 The big deal is that LyX differs rather strongly from the traditional
7508 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7512 processor-as-overglorified-typewriter
7513 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7517 With a typewriter, text is merely ink on a page.
7518 Most word processors aren't much better, treating text as pixels on the
7519 screen and bytes in memory.
7520 In contrast, LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context
7521 and specific properties.
7522 However, what if you wanted one
7523 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7527 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7530 to inherit some of the properties of another
7531 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7535 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7541 Here's a more specific example: outlines.
7542 You have three main points in your outline, but point #2 also has two subpoints.
7543 In other words, you have a list
7547 of another list, with the inner list
7548 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7552 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7575 How do you put a list inside of a list? By now, the answer should be obvious:
7576 you nest one list inside the other.
7580 How to nest an environment is quite simple.
7586 ncrease\SpecialChar ~
7587 Environment\SpecialChar ~
7595 ecrease\SpecialChar ~
7596 Environment\SpecialChar ~
7606 menu to change the nesting depth of the current paragraph (the status bar
7607 will tell you how far you are nested).
7610 You can also use the convenient key bindings
7632 are alternatives, if you prefer those bindings
7637 to change the nesting level.
7638 The change will work on the current selection if you have made one (allowing
7639 you to change the nesting of several paragraphs at once), or the current
7643 Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can.
7644 If it's invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth.
7645 Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the
7646 depth of every paragraph nested inside of it.
7647 It's hard to describe what exactly LyX does in this case.
7648 That depends specifically on what your text looks like.
7649 Your best bet is to simply play with changing the nesting depth and see
7653 Nesting isn't just limited to lists.
7654 In LyX, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're
7656 This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments.
7659 What You Can and Can't Nest
7662 Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell
7663 you a little bit more about how nesting works.
7666 The question of nesting is a bit more complicated than a simple yes or no,
7667 can you or can't you.
7668 There's also the question of how.
7669 Can you nest this environment into anything else? Can you nest another
7670 environment into it? A
7671 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7675 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7678 to one of these doesn't guarantee a
7679 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7683 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7689 The paragraph environments in LyX can do one of three things when it comes
7691 First, an environment may be completely unnestable.
7692 Second, there are environments that are fully nestable.
7693 You can nest them inside of things and you can also nest other things inside
7695 There is one last type of environment.
7696 You can nest them into other environments, but that's it.
7697 You can't nest anything into them.
7700 Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph
7701 environments have them:
7707 For some odd reason, LyX allows you to fully nest both
7716 Also, LyX allows you to nest
7728 into other environments.
7730 LaTeX may barf if you try it.
7731 Then again, it may not.
7732 We don't know for certain.
7733 However, it makes no sense contextually to perform any nesting with these
7734 environments, so why would you ever want to?
7740 Unnestable Can't nest them.
7741 Can't nest into them.
7836 Nestable You can nest them.
7837 You can nest other things into them.
7882 Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside of other things.
7883 You can't nest anything into them.
7908 environment doesn't really fit anywhere, since it's only used inside of
7916 Figure\SpecialChar ~
7922 Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc.
7923 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table-and-fig-nesting}
7930 There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are
7931 affected by nesting anyhow.
7944 [Note: if you put a figure or a table in a
7948 , this is no longer true.
7949 See below or look in sections
7950 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}
7955 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}
7962 LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph.
7963 Well, you can't inline a table, but you can inline math and figures.
7964 If a figure or an equation is inlined, it goes wherever the paragraph it's
7968 On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a
7969 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7973 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7976 of its own, it behaves just like a
7977 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7981 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7984 paragraph environment.
7985 You can nest it into any environment, but you [obviously] can't nest anything
7989 Here's an example with a table:
7996 This is (a) and it's nested.
7999 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
8001 \begin_inset Tabular
8002 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
8004 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
8005 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
8006 <row topline="true">
8007 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8024 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8042 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
8043 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8060 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8087 The table is actually nested inside (a).
8094 If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this:
8101 This is (a) and it's nested.
8104 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
8106 \begin_inset Tabular
8107 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
8109 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
8110 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
8111 <row topline="true">
8112 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8129 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8147 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
8148 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8165 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8196 In fact, it's not nested at all.
8202 Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first
8206 There's another trap you can fall into: nesting the table, but not going
8208 LyX turns anything after the table into a new [sub]list.
8215 This is (a) and it's nested.
8217 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
8219 \begin_inset Tabular
8220 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
8222 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
8223 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
8224 <row topline="true">
8225 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8242 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8260 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
8261 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8278 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8304 The table is actually nested inside Item One, but
8315 As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a
8321 The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation.
8322 So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right
8326 Then there are the so-called
8335 is a block of text associated with some sort of label, but which doesn't
8336 have a fixed location.
8338 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8342 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8345 forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best.
8352 Margin\SpecialChar ~
8362 Figure\SpecialChar ~
8366 When you're editing a document in LyX, a closed
8370 looks like a gray button with a red label and goes wherever the paragraph
8376 has no fixed location in the final text, nesting has no effect on its actual
8377 location after you feed your document to LaTeX.
8380 Usage and General Features
8383 Speaking of levels, LyX can perform up to a six-fold nesting.
8385 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8389 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8392 is the innermost possible depth.
8393 Here's an example to display what we mean:
8396 level #1 - outermost
8424 Once again, LyX has a maximum of 6 levels, regardless of which specific
8425 paragraph environments you're using at a given level.
8431 Unfortunately, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation.
8432 If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go
8433 to produce output for your document.
8436 That means that you can perform a six-fold nesting of a
8444 environment, and so on.
8445 You can also mix environments, as we shall see later.
8448 There are two exceptions to the six-fold nesting limit, and you can see
8449 both of them in the example.
8450 Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a four-fold
8460 For example, if we tried to nest another
8465 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8469 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8478 Once again, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation.
8479 If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go
8480 to produce output for your document.
8489 The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration.
8490 We have several examples of nested environments.
8491 In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce
8493 \layout Subsubsection
8495 Example #1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting
8497 \labelwidthstring MMM
8499 #1-a This is the outermost level.
8507 \labelwidthstring MMM
8509 #2-a This is level #2.
8510 We created it by using
8522 \labelwidthstring MMM
8524 #3-a This is level #3.
8525 This time, we just hit
8535 We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level,
8553 environment, nested inside of
8554 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8558 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8562 So, it's at level #4.
8563 We did this by hitting
8572 , then changing the paragraph environment to
8577 Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph - it also works
8597 paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a
8603 \labelwidthstring MMM
8605 #4-a This is level #4.
8610 and changed the paragraph environment back to
8615 Remember - we can't nest anything inside of a
8619 environment, which is why we're still at level #4.
8624 keep nesting things inside of
8625 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8629 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8635 \labelwidthstring MMM
8637 #5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar \ldots{}
8641 \labelwidthstring MMM
8643 #6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8644 and this is level #6.
8645 By now, you should know how we made these two.
8648 \labelwidthstring MMM
8650 #5-b Back to level #5.
8663 \labelwidthstring MMM
8674 , we're back at level #4.
8677 \labelwidthstring MMM
8679 #3-b Back to level #3.
8680 By now it should be obvious how we did this.
8683 \labelwidthstring MMM
8685 #2-b Back to level #2.
8689 \labelwidthstring MMM
8691 #1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1.
8692 After this sentence, we'll hit
8696 and change the paragraph environment back to
8703 There you have it! Oh --- we could have also used the
8719 environment in place of the
8724 The example would have worked exactly the same.
8725 \layout Subsubsection
8727 Example #2: Inheritance
8730 This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost
8742 , after which, we'll change to the
8754 environment, at level #2.
8757 Notice how the nested
8761 not only inherits its margins from its parent environment [
8765 ], but also inherits its font and spacing!
8769 We ended this example by hitting
8774 After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to
8778 and resetting the nesting depth by using
8784 \layout Subsubsection
8786 Example #3: Labels, Levels, and the
8800 Example #3: Labels, Levels and other list environments
8806 This is level #1, in an
8810 paragraph environment.
8811 We're actually going to nest a bunch of these.
8826 Now, what happens if we nest an
8830 environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its
8831 label be? An asterisk?
8844 environment, even though it's at level #3.
8845 So, its label is a bullet.
8846 [Note: we got here by using
8855 , then changing the environment to
8863 Here's level #4, produced using
8873 We'll do that again\SpecialChar \ldots{}
8878 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8880 This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to
8885 Notice the type of numbering! It's
8917 change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What
8918 type of numbering does LyX use?
8921 Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using
8925 to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item.
8933 to decrease the depth after the next
8942 Look what type of label LyX is using!
8947 Even though we've changed levels, LyX is still using a lowercase Roman
8948 numeral as the label.
8952 Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is
8961 Notice, however, that LyX
8965 reset the counter for the label.
8978 sequence, and we're back to level #2.
8979 This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back
8980 into the twofold-nested
8988 The same thing happens if we do another
8997 sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level.
9000 Lastly, we reset the environment to
9005 As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labelling
9023 surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for an
9028 The same rule applies for the
9032 environment, as well.
9033 \layout Subsubsection
9035 Example #4: Going Bonkers
9038 We're going to go totally nuts now.
9039 We won't nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into the
9040 same detail with how we did it.
9051 Return, M-p\SpecialChar ~
9054 : level #2] We'll stick an encapsulated description of how we created the
9055 example in brackets someplace.
9056 For example, the two keybindings are how we changed the depth.
9057 The environment name is, obviously, the name of the current environment.
9058 Either before or after this, we'll put in the level.
9066 : level #1] This is the next item in the list.
9070 Now we'll add verse.
9072 It will get much worse.
9076 Return, M-p\SpecialChar ~
9082 Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo.
9084 Bippitey boppitey boo!
9093 Here comes a table for you:
9096 \added_space_top 0.3cm \align center
9098 \begin_inset Tabular
9099 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
9101 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
9102 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
9104 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9121 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
9139 <row topline="true">
9140 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9157 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
9185 M-Return, Table, M-p\SpecialChar ~
9190 M-Return, Verse, M-p\SpecialChar ~
9201 : level #1] This is another item.
9202 Note that selecting a
9206 resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth
9207 3 times to put the table inside the
9215 We're now ending the
9219 list and changing to
9224 We're still at level #1.
9225 We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments.
9226 The next set of paragraphs is a
9227 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9231 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9243 environments inside of this one, then use another nested
9247 for the letter body.
9252 to preserve the depth.
9253 Remember that you need to use
9257 to create multiple lines inside the
9269 \layout Right Address
9273 Moosegroin, MT 00100
9278 Dear Mr.\SpecialChar ~
9282 We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50L of compressed
9283 methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control.
9284 Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating
9285 a backlog in our orders for methane.
9286 We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order
9287 as soon as possible.
9288 In the meantime, we thank you for your patience.
9291 We do, however, now have a special on beef.
9292 If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form
9293 with your order, along with payment.
9296 We thank you again for your patience.
9305 That ends that example!
9308 As you can see, nesting environments in LyX gives you a lot of power with
9309 just a few keystrokes.
9310 We could have easily nested an
9331 You have a huge variety of options at your disposal.
9334 Fonts and Text Styles
9340 Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards
9341 specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font.
9342 For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current
9343 font to emphasize text, you use an
9344 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9348 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9352 This concept fits in perfectly with LyX.
9353 In LyX, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting
9357 Right now, LyX allows you to specify a global default font, and has two
9371 style corresponds to an italics font.
9376 style corresponds to a font in smallcaps, which some languages and writing
9377 styles use to typeset proper names.
9378 The LyX Team actually hopes to someday have a full set of character styles,
9379 and to also allow the user to customize which font changes correspond to
9381 At the moment, though, you'll have to be satisfied with what we've done
9388 You can set the default font from the
9393 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
9401 There are two options of interest here,
9418 The possible options under
9426 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9434 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9437 and a list of fonts available on your system.
9439 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9447 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9450 uses the standard TeX fonts, known as
9451 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9455 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9459 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9463 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9467 Most systems will typically have some version of a Times and Helvetica
9468 font, with other variants.
9469 You'll have to examine this for yourself.
9481 option, there are three possible values:
9494 Remember, this is the
9499 LyX actually scales all of the other possible font sizes (such as those
9500 used in footnotes, superscripts, and subscripts) by this value.
9501 You can always fine-tune the font size from within the document if you
9503 It's also rather silly to use an 8pt or 24pt font as the default font size,
9504 as this typically renders your document unreadable.
9507 Note that once you choose a new value for
9528 You'll only see a difference once you generate the final output.
9529 This is part of the WYSIWYM concept.
9530 Besides, you have certainly noticed that "Roman" text on the LyX screen
9531 corresponds to the default font.
9534 Using Different Character Styles
9537 As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for
9538 certain paragraph environments.
9539 We also mentioned two other character styles,
9548 You can activate both of these styles via keybindings, the menus, and the
9556 style, do one of the following:
9559 click on the toolbar button with the person-shaped icon
9568 These commands are all toggles.
9573 style is already active, they deactivate it.
9576 One typically uses the
9580 style for proper names.
9582 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9589 is the original author of LyX.
9590 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9596 A more widely used character style is the
9601 You can activate [or deactivate - it's also a toggle] the
9608 clicking on the toolbar button with the
9609 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9613 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9619 using the keybindings
9629 style is equivalent to an italicized font.
9630 We have plans to make that association more user-configurable in the future.
9633 We've been using the
9637 style all over the place in this document.
9638 Here's one more example:
9643 Don't overuse character styles!
9646 It's also a warning in addition to an example.
9647 One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation.
9648 Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid
9649 the common tendency to overuse character style.
9653 Oh --- one last note: You can always reset to the default font using the
9662 Fine-Tuning with the
9669 There are always occasions when you'll need to do some fine-tuning, so LyX
9670 gives you a way to create custom character style.
9671 For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet
9672 requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations.
9682 : There is, in fact, such a style sheet for the LyX Documentation, since
9683 manuals need a certain amount of consistency.
9686 Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts
9687 from ordinary dialogue.
9690 Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a
9691 warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles.
9692 Many modern word processors have a vast array of fonts available to them,
9693 providing you with the power of a printing press.
9694 Unfortunately, there is a tendency to overuse that power.
9696 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9699 Using a sledgehammer to swat a fly,
9700 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9704 And, as the old saying implies, documents that overuse different fonts
9705 and sizes tend to look like someone's knocked huge holes in it.
9711 To use custom fonts, open the
9716 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
9725 There are seven buttons on this dialog, each corresponding to a different
9726 font property which you can choose.
9727 You can choose an option for one of these seven properties, or select
9732 , which keeps the current state of that property.
9737 will reset the property to whatever is the default for the hosting paragraph
9739 You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph
9740 environments in a snap.
9743 The seven font properties, and their options [in addition to
9754 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
9764 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9768 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9772 The possible options are:
9775 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9781 This is the Roman font family.
9785 It's also the default family.
9794 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9803 This is the Sans Serif font family.
9815 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9823 This is the Typewriter font family.
9836 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
9845 This corresponds to the print weight.
9849 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9855 This is the Medium font series.
9859 It's also the default series.
9862 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9870 This is the Bold font series.
9874 You can toggle this series on or off with the keybinding
9883 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
9893 As the name implies.
9897 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9903 This is the Upright font shape.
9907 It's also the default shape.
9910 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9922 s the Italic font shape
9927 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9935 This is the Slanted font shape
9940 (although it might not be visible on screen, this is different from italic).
9942 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9951 This is the Small caps font shape
9957 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
9967 Alters the size of the font.
9968 You'll find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually proportio
9969 nal to the default font size.
9970 Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of
9971 what you want to do.
9975 The options [and their keybindings] are:
9977 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9986 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9990 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10010 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10018 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10022 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10037 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10045 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10049 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10069 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10078 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10082 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10102 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10109 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10113 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10120 It's also the default size.
10134 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10143 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10147 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10167 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10176 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10180 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10200 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10209 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10213 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10228 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10237 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10241 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10261 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10270 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10274 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10299 : don't go crazy with this feature.
10300 You should almost never need to change the font size.
10301 LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments
10302 - use that instead.
10303 This is here for fine-tuning
10308 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
10317 Here you can change a few other things at the character level.
10321 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10329 This is text with emphasize on
10335 This might seem like the same as
10339 , but it is actually a bit different.
10340 If you use emphasize on italicized text, it will make it upright.
10341 In future versions of LyX, we hope to let you customize the exact behavior
10349 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10357 This is text with Underbar on.
10369 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10377 This is text with Noun on.
10385 , this is a logical attribute.
10386 For the moment, it is equivalent to
10388 Small\SpecialChar ~
10391 , but that is bound to change some day.
10395 Avoid using underbar if you can! It's a holdover from the typewriter days,
10396 when you couldn't change fonts.
10397 We no longer need to resort to emphasizing text by overstriking it with
10398 an underscore character.
10399 It's only included in LyX because it's also in LaTeX, and because some
10404 need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions (and in
10405 fact we use it in these manuals to indicate keyboard shortcuts for menu
10409 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
10415 You can adjust the color of the text with this control.
10416 Of course, you need to have a color printer to exploit this, but you also
10421 LaTeX package installed.
10426 is not able to display these colors.
10437 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10441 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10444 , you can choose between
10478 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
10484 This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from
10485 the language of the document.
10486 Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change.
10489 You have a huge number of combinations to choose from.
10492 Once you've chosen a new character style via the
10497 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10505 dialog, you can activate it using the toolbar button labelled
10506 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10510 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10521 The toolbar button lets you toggle the state of your custom character style
10522 even when the dialog isn't visible.
10526 As we stated earlier, to completely reset the character style to the default,
10533 If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed
10534 (suppose you just sent the shape to
10535 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10539 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10543 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10547 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10552 Toggle on all these
10565 We conclude with the same warning we've been spewing: Don't overuse the
10567 They are, more often than not, a kludge and a horrible substitute for good
10569 Your writing should speak for itself --- and will.
10572 Printing and Previewing
10578 Now that we've covered some of the basic features of document preparation
10579 using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece.
10580 Before we tell you that, however, we want to give you a quickie explanation
10581 of what goes on behind-the-scenes.
10582 We cover this information in much greater detail in the
10589 LyX uses a program called
10590 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10594 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10598 (Actually, LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system,
10599 but to prevent confusion, we'll just refer to the whole magilla as
10600 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10604 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10607 ) Think of it this way: LyX is what you use to do your actual writing.
10608 Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output.
10609 This happens in a couple of stages:
10612 First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX,
10613 generating a file with the extension,
10614 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10622 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10629 Next, LaTeX uses the commands in the
10633 file to produce printable output.
10634 It doesn't know anything about your printer, however.
10635 Instead, LaTeX produces what's known as a
10639 file, or DVI for short.
10640 The actual output is in a file with the extension,
10641 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10649 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10653 DVI files are completely portable; you can move them from one machine to
10654 another without needing to do any sort of conversion.
10656 \layout Description
10658 NOTE: The DVI file only contains what was in the LaTeX file itself.
10659 If you have included PostScript pictures in your document, there will only
10660 be a link to these files.
10661 So don't forget these files if you move your
10665 file to another computer.
10674 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10678 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10681 Once you have it, you can view it, print it, or convert it to other formats.
10689 files using a program called
10696 Some printers and Unix systems understand DVI, and can print your
10703 Nowadays, most printers understand the PostScript format.
10704 LyX automatically converts the
10708 file to a PostScript file for you when you go to print out your document.
10709 LyX will also let you preview a PostScript version of your document using
10718 One advantage of using PostScript® is that the converter program [called
10723 ] takes any PostScript graphics you may have included in your document and
10724 puts it into the resulting PostScript version of your document.
10725 It also includes any special fonts you may have used.
10726 That makes the PostScript version much, much more portable than the DVI
10732 LyX does all of these steps automagically for you.
10735 As you have seen, a lot of things happen before you get a hardcopy or a
10736 preview of your document.
10737 So, don't worry if printing requires a bit more time than with other word
10739 The printed result is worth the wait.
10740 Quality always has its price.
10743 Quick Viewing with xdvi
10746 To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the pagebreaks
10747 in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, select
10752 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10763 When all of the behind-the-scenes action is done, LyX calls the program
10769 You can now look at the results.
10770 [If you want more info on the
10779 \layout Description
10781 Helpful-Tip: Keep the
10785 window open, maybe moving it to another desktop.
10786 Then, after you make changes to your document, just use
10791 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10796 pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10813 program will automatically reread the
10817 file and give you an updated view.
10820 Viewing the PostScript Version with ghostview
10827 to view your document is the easiest and fastest way.
10828 There may be times, however, when you want to look at the PostScript version.
10829 One reason is fonts.
10839 : Another reason is paranoia.
10840 I always like to look at the PostScript file before I print it, just so
10841 I see exactly what went to the printer\SpecialChar \ldots{}
10845 You can use PostScript fonts in a LaTeX document, but
10854 or some other PostScript file viewer to see the actual results.
10857 To view the PostScript version of your document, select
10873 When all of the magic behind-the-scenes is done, LyX calls the program
10878 You can now look at the results.
10881 You've guessed what the
10886 pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10900 menu does, haven't you? Remember to click once in the
10904 window after this command to update the view.
10910 To print a file, select
10924 menu, or click on the toolbar button with the printer on it.
10932 You can choose to only print even-numbered or odd-numbered pages - this
10933 is useful for printing on two sides: you can re-insert the pages after
10934 printing one set of pages, to print on the other side.
10935 Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down.
10936 By choosing a particular order to print in, you can take the entire stack
10937 of pages out of the printer without needing to reorder them.
10940 You can set the parameters in the
10946 \labelwidthstring MMMM
10955 This is the name of the printer to print to.
10961 Note that this printer name isn't for the
10974 has to be configured for this printer name.
10976 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:dvipsconfig}
10984 documentation for details.
10985 The default printer can also be set in
10992 The printer should understand PostScript files.
10994 \labelwidthstring MMMM
11003 The name of a file to print to.
11004 The output will be in Post\SpecialChar \-
11006 The file will generally be written in the current directory, unless you
11007 specify the full path.
11010 Note that printing may need little time, since LaTeX,
11014 and, if you don't have a PostScript printer,
11018 have to process your document.
11021 A Few Words about Typography
11024 Hyphens and Hyphenation
11025 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hyphens}
11033 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11041 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11044 character comes in three lengths, often called the
11064 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11072 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11083 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11101 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11112 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11140 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11149 \begin_inset Formula $-$
11155 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11163 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11169 You generate these by using the
11170 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11178 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11181 character multiple times in a row.
11182 LyX automatically converts them to the appropriate length dash in the final
11186 The three types of dash are distinct from the minus sign, which appears
11187 in math mode and has a length of its own.
11188 Here are some examples of the
11189 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11197 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11203 line- and page-breaks
11221 Oh --- there's a dash.
11231 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$
11243 Those of you reading this from within LyX will see no difference, though
11244 there is one in the printed version.
11247 One last note about hyphenation --- LyX automatically breaks up words and
11248 inserts hyphens in English text.
11249 (Actually, it's LaTeX that does this, and it will also hyphenate words
11254 other languages.) The words won't be hyphenated until you generate the final
11258 If, for some reason, LaTeX can't break a word correctly, you can set hyphenation
11260 This is done with the menu item
11262 Hyphenation\SpecialChar ~
11274 pecial\SpecialChar ~
11285 Note that these extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX.
11286 If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will totally ignore them.
11290 \layout Subsubsection
11292 Abbreviations and End of Sentence
11293 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:abbrev}
11300 When LyX calls LaTeX to generate the final version of your document, LaTeX
11301 automatically distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations.
11302 LaTeX then adds the
11303 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11306 appropriate amount of space
11307 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11310 : sentences get a little bit more space between the period and the next
11312 Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period as a word uses.
11315 Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation and
11316 what's the end of a sentence is really quite brain-dead.
11318 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11326 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11329 is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's
11330 at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation.
11333 Here are some examples of
11337 abbreviations and the end of a sentence:
11348 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
11349 and here's an example of the algorithm going wrong:
11354 this is too much space!
11361 You won't see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document.
11364 To fix this problem, use one of the following:
11369 Protected\SpecialChar ~
11376 after lowercase abbreviations (see section
11377 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline}
11388 sentence\SpecialChar ~
11396 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11401 pecial\SpecialChar ~
11404 menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing.
11405 This function is also bound to
11412 With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this:
11417 this is too much space!
11420 This is I\SpecialChar \@.
11424 Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences.
11425 If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry about all
11427 For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors:
11433 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11441 feature described in
11446 \layout Subsubsection
11449 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quotes}
11456 LyX usually sets quotes correctly.
11457 Specifically, it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text,
11458 and use a closing quote at the end.
11460 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11464 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11468 The keyboard character,
11472 , generates this automatically.
11475 You can change the behavior of the
11496 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11515 key produce the sequence:
11516 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11520 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11531 button, in contrast, makes the
11536 \begin_inset Quotes els
11542 You can also select quotes for different languages via the
11550 There are six choices:
11552 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11557 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11561 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11566 Use quotes like this
11567 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11571 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11575 \begin_inset Quotes els
11579 \begin_inset Quotes ers
11584 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11589 \begin_inset Quotes sld
11593 \begin_inset Quotes srd
11599 \begin_inset Quotes sld
11603 \begin_inset Quotes srd
11607 \begin_inset Quotes ers
11612 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11617 \begin_inset Quotes gld
11621 \begin_inset Quotes grd
11627 \begin_inset Quotes gld
11631 \begin_inset Quotes grd
11635 \begin_inset Quotes gls
11639 \begin_inset Quotes grs
11644 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11649 \begin_inset Quotes pld
11653 \begin_inset Quotes prd
11659 \begin_inset Quotes pld
11663 \begin_inset Quotes prd
11667 \begin_inset Quotes pls
11671 \begin_inset Quotes prs
11676 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11681 \begin_inset Quotes fld
11685 \begin_inset Quotes frd
11691 \begin_inset Quotes fld
11695 \begin_inset Quotes frd
11699 \begin_inset Quotes fls
11703 \begin_inset Quotes frs
11708 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11713 \begin_inset Quotes ald
11717 \begin_inset Quotes ard
11723 \begin_inset Quotes ald
11727 \begin_inset Quotes ard
11731 \begin_inset Quotes als
11735 \begin_inset Quotes ars
11741 Again, this affects what character the
11748 On the other hand, if you want to produce a bona-fide quote character, type
11762 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ligatures}
11769 It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and
11770 print them as single characters.
11771 These groups are known as
11776 Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your LyX documents will contain them,
11778 Here are the possible ligatures:
11796 Once in a while, though, you don't want a ligature in a word.
11797 While a ligature may be okay in the word,
11798 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11802 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11805 it looks really weird in compound words, such as
11806 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11810 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11814 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11818 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11821 To break a ligature, use
11826 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11831 pecial\SpecialChar ~
11834 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
11837 Ligature\SpecialChar ~
11842 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11846 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11850 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11853 cuff\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
11855 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11859 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11863 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11867 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11870 Dorf\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
11872 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11879 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:widows}
11886 In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page
11888 There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text.
11889 You may remember once printing out a document, only to find the heading
11890 for a new section printed at the very bottom of the page, the first line
11891 of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page, or the last line
11892 of a paragraph at the top of a new page.
11893 These dangly-bits of text became known as
11904 Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading.
11905 That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments.
11906 But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line
11907 of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules
11908 built into LaTeX governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there
11909 to specifically prevent widows and orphans.
11910 This is the advantage LyX has in using LaTeX as its backend.
11913 There's no way we can go into how TeX and LaTeX decide to break a page,
11914 or how you can tweak that behavior.
11915 Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography [such as\SpecialChar ~
11917 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexcompanion}
11923 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide}
11927 ] may have more information.
11928 You will almost never need to worry about this, however.
11931 Floats: Tables, Figures, Footnotes and Margin Notes
11932 \begin_inset OptArg
11937 Tables, Figures, and Notes
11946 Unlike other typesetting programs, LyX uses
11947 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11951 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11954 boxes instead of displaying its footnotes at the bottom of the screen or
11955 somewhere else in your text.
11956 When you insert a footnote with
11965 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
11989 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11993 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11996 appearing within your text.
11997 This box is LyX's representation of your footnote.
11998 You can enter your text into this box.
12000 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12008 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12019 label, the box will
12020 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12024 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12032 Clicking on the button again will
12037 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12041 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12050 To close this footnote, click on the red box at the top left.
12053 You will not see any numbers within LyX.
12054 You don't need to worry about those, anyhow, because LyX does the numbering
12055 for you, as well as putting the footnote at the bottom of the correct page,
12056 when it processes your file.
12057 If you want to turn already existing text into a footnote, simply mark
12058 it and click on the footnote button (a picture of text with an arrow pointing
12059 to stuff in the bottom margin).
12062 What LyX cannot do, yet, is take care of special needs like setting the
12063 footnote numbering back to 1 after each section in the
12064 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12072 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12077 document class or changing the counter
12082 You'll need to insert LaTeX commands like th
12090 Tricks for Footnotes and Marginpars
12093 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12105 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12109 \layout Description
12111 NOTE: A float in LaTeX and LyX isn't a simple paragraph as with usual word
12113 It is a complex text structure that may contain everything except floats.
12114 That means you can use all the layouts inside a float, even figures and
12116 You may not need this too often, but if you do occasionally need it, it's
12123 Margin notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX.
12124 When you insert a margin note via
12130 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12146 or the toolbar button (which contains a picture of text in a margin with
12147 an arrow pointing to it), you'll see
12163 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12167 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12170 appearing within your text.
12171 \begin_inset Marginal
12176 This is a margin note.
12179 This box is LyX's representation of your margin note.
12180 You can enter your text into this box.
12182 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12186 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12195 label, the box will
12196 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12200 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12204 You can access it at a later time by clicking on the
12211 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12215 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12221 As a default, LyX uses 1.9 cm (0.75 inches) as the margin width to allow room
12223 This might not be what you're looking for, but as with footnotes, LyX cannot
12224 yet do everything LaTeX has to offer.
12225 You might want to consult your LaTeX handbook for additional commands.
12229 Figures and Imported Graphics
12230 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figures}
12237 No document preparation system is complete without the ability to import
12238 graphics from other utilities into the document.
12239 In LyX, these are referred to as ``figures'' whether they are actually
12240 figures in the traditional sense or simply some kind of imported image.
12244 Note that figures referred to here are do not have captions and sit wherever
12245 in the document you place them.
12246 If you need one of these features, see sec.\SpecialChar ~
12248 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
12255 To place a figure in your document, click on the second right-most icon
12256 on the toolbar, or select
12261 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12272 A graphics inset will be added to your document and a dialog will appear
12273 for you to choose the file to load.
12274 You can also change any settings you need to in this dialog.
12278 \begin_inset Graphics
12279 filename mobius.eps
12282 rotateOrigin center
12289 This dialog has numerous parameters, though most should be self-explanatory.
12294 tab allows you to choose your image file (note that a wide variety of image
12295 formats are supported automatically).
12296 The figure can be transformed by setting a rotation angle, using a bounding
12298 Table\SpecialChar ~
12300 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cap:Units-for-image}
12304 describes all available units.
12305 It is possible to set a bounding box automatically for some image formats
12308 Bounding\SpecialChar ~
12312 Note that it is possible to control the display of the figure in LyX and
12313 the display in the final document separately, which can be very useful
12315 LaTeX wizards can specify additional LaTeX options in the
12320 You can also set the
12324 option here, for use in figure floats (see Section\SpecialChar ~
12326 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
12336 LyX has the ability to handle literally any graphics format in the known
12337 universe so long as a conversion path from this graphics format to the
12338 target output format can be created.
12339 If that sounds a little obtuse, consider how LyX handles Encapsulated PostScrip
12341 LaTeX provides native support for this format, so LyX needs do nothing
12348 LaTeX command to insert the figure in the final document.
12352 \begin_inset Float table
12358 \added_space_bottom medskip
12360 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cap:Units-for-image}
12364 Units for setting the image size
12368 \begin_inset Tabular
12369 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="20" columns="2">
12371 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
12372 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
12373 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
12374 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12382 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12391 <row topline="true">
12392 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12400 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12409 <row topline="true">
12410 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12418 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12427 <row topline="true">
12428 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12436 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12445 <row topline="true">
12446 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12454 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12459 point (72.27 pt = 1 in)
12463 <row topline="true">
12464 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12472 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12477 pica (1 pc = 12 pt)
12481 <row topline="true">
12482 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12490 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12495 scaled point (65536 sp = 1 pt)
12499 <row topline="true">
12500 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12508 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12513 big point (72 bp = 1 in)
12517 <row topline="true">
12518 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12526 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12532 \begin_inset Formula $\approx$
12536 \begin_inset Formula $\,$
12543 <row topline="true">
12544 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12552 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12557 cicero (1cc = 12 dd)
12561 <row topline="true">
12562 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12570 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12575 % of original image width
12579 <row topline="true">
12580 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12588 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12597 <row topline="true">
12598 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12606 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12615 <row topline="true">
12616 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12624 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12633 <row topline="true">
12634 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12642 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12651 <row topline="true">
12652 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12660 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12669 <row topline="true">
12670 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12678 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12687 <row topline="true">
12688 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12696 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12709 <row topline="true">
12710 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12718 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12731 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
12732 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12740 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12745 math unit (1 mu = 1/18 em)
12759 To view the figure on the LyX screen, however, some additional work is required
12760 because neither the XForms nor the Qt GUI libraries can load PostScript®
12761 figures themselves.
12762 The XForms library can load figures in the following, widely used graphics
12795 whilst the Qt library can also handle
12808 Thus, LyX must initiate a conversion from Encapsulated PostScript® to a
12809 loadable graphics format.
12812 It does this using the powerful, configurable converters mechanism exposed
12824 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
12833 If LyX cannot create a conversion path (which might have many steps) from
12834 Encapsulated PostScript® to one of the loadable formats listed above, then
12835 it defaults to the use of ImageMagick's
12840 If, after all that, LyX
12844 cannot load the figure, then it'll tell you so with a message
12845 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12848 Error converting to loadable format
12849 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12852 in place of an on-screen view of your figure.
12853 If you're presented with such a message, then you'll need to augment the
12854 list of known converters.
12857 This strategy is used both to generate on-screen views of your image and
12858 when generating the final document.
12859 In the latter case, the LaTeX compiler must be supplied with graphics files
12860 in PostScript® format.
12861 Similarly the PDFLaTeX compiler requires files in
12874 LyX will handle the necessary conversions behind the scenes.
12878 \layout Subsubsection
12880 Using Figure Floats
12881 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figurefloats}
12888 The problem with inserting figures straight into your text is that they
12889 might make the pagination of your document extremely awkward.
12890 To suit the LyX mentality of automating such processes, you might find
12891 it preferable to use
12893 Figure\SpecialChar ~
12896 , which LyX (actually, LaTeX) is free to move about your document as it
12897 deems necessary for a good fit.
12898 In return, LyX automates the listing of these figures and allows you to
12899 place a caption on them, using the
12903 environment explained in Section\SpecialChar ~
12905 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:captionlayout}
12914 Figure\SpecialChar ~
12922 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12927 t\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12931 You will get a float without a figure in it; use the toolbar icon described
12932 above to insert the actual figure.
12936 \begin_inset Float figure
12944 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:escher}
12953 \begin_inset Graphics
12954 filename escher-lsd.eps
12956 rotateOrigin center
12967 \begin_inset Float figure
12975 \begin_inset Graphics
12976 filename platypus.eps
12978 rotateOrigin center
12986 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:kill-plat}
12990 A severely distorted platypus in a float.
12996 It seems simple, but there is subtlety involved in the placement of the
12998 If you prefer your caption to appear below the figure, then you must press
12999 return when the cursor is at the very start of the caption, and insert
13000 the figure in the new paragraph created above the caption; or you can delete
13001 the caption and recreate it by selecting the
13005 environment after the figure has been inserted.
13006 This is what we did for figure
13007 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:kill-plat}
13012 If the cursor is in a paragraph after the caption when you insert the
13016 then it will be inserted after the caption, as was the case for
13017 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:escher}
13022 It is preferred to use one
13031 This allows LyX [actually LaTeX] to best position each figure.
13034 Right-clicking on a float opens a dialog where you can alter the placement
13035 options that LaTeX uses for positioning the float (see
13036 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn}
13046 is only useful for two-column documents: if you select it, the float will
13047 span across both columns on the page instead of being confined to just
13051 This figure also shows how we place a label and create a cross-reference
13052 to it; as you would expect from reading section
13053 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref}
13057 you can simply insert a
13064 in the caption and refer to it using a
13073 It is especially important to use these with figure floats, rather than
13074 using vague references to
13075 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13079 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13082 as LaTeX will reposition your floats for you in the final document; it
13084 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13088 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13092 If it is not possible to fit the floats neatly on the same page as the
13093 text which refers to it, the figures will be placed on a separate page
13095 Rest assured that the overall effect is usually quite nice.
13098 Note that the caption is used in a
13108 (as described in Section\SpecialChar ~
13110 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ListsOf}
13114 ) automatically, should you choose to include one in your document.
13115 \layout Subsubsection
13118 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:float-locn}
13125 Now, the whole idea behind
13127 Figure\SpecialChar ~
13132 Table\SpecialChar ~
13135 , which we introduce later] is to allow LyX to place a figure [or table]
13136 on a page in a consistent, sensible fashion.
13137 The rules LaTeX uses are rather arcane; refer to the LaTeX documentation
13138 for the exact details.
13139 You can use check boxes in the float dialog to set placement for a particular
13141 By default, each float uses the document's default placement rules.
13142 You can change these, if you wish, in the
13147 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13157 Float\SpecialChar ~
13160 box takes a LaTeX-style placement specification.
13161 You can place any combination of four letters in the
13163 Float\SpecialChar ~
13205 The letters correspond to the following behaviour:
13206 \layout Description
13208 Here: LyX tries to put the
13212 at the same point in the text where you put it.
13216 If there isn't enough room, LyX tries one of the other three location types.
13218 \layout Description
13220 Top: LyX tries to put the
13224 at the top of the current page.
13225 If the figure won't fit on the current page, it goes to the next page.
13226 \layout Description
13228 Bottom: LyX tries to put the
13232 at the bottom of the current page.
13233 If there isn't room, it goes to the next page.
13234 \layout Description
13236 Page: LyX tries to put the
13244 s) on a page of its own.
13247 There is some subtlety to how this all works.
13248 The order specifies what location LyX should try first.
13249 If that one fails, it tries the next one, and so on, though
13250 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13258 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13261 will always take precedence if it appears in the list.
13262 The default placement list is
13263 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13271 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13274 : try the top of a text page first, then the bottom of a text page, then
13275 on a page by itself.
13276 If you want LyX to try
13277 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13281 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13284 to place the figure where you command it, precede the list with an exclamation
13286 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13294 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13298 Here are some example entries and what they do:
13307 Try putting the figure/table at its actual position in the text.
13308 If that doesn't work, put it on the bottom of the page.
13309 If that fails, put it on a separate page.
13319 Try really hard to put the figure/table at its actual position in the text.
13320 Then the bottom of the page, then on a separate page.
13330 Put the figure/table at the top of each page.
13331 If it's too long, put it on a separate page.
13341 Always put figures and tables on their own page.
13348 One obvious question is
13349 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13352 how would I create the figures?
13353 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13356 Fortunately, the answer is included in most Linux and/or LaTeX distributions.
13361 is a powerful though slightly awkward drawing tool.
13362 If you want to include figures that you have created with
13366 there are several ways.
13367 We recommend the following:
13370 Export the figure as Encapsulated PostScript.
13371 This could be very easy included into LyX as described in the previous
13373 The great advantage of this way is, that you have the full power of PostScript®
13375 That means Bezier curves, colors, all line thicknesses and many more.
13376 If you have inserted text into your fig-document this will be printed with
13377 PostScript fonts, which is OK\SpecialChar \@.
13378 The figure can be manipulated like any other
13379 EPS figure, as described above.
13384 The only disadvantage is that you cannot create formulas as PostScript text
13386 If you also need formulas or simple exponents or indices in your figure,
13387 the next way is recommended.
13391 Export the figure as LaTeX.
13392 This is just as easy to include into LyX, with the advantage that you may
13393 use all LaTeX commands within the text inside XFig.
13394 Therefore you have to set the
13399 This is automatic if you invoke XFig with
13405 If this is done and you have also chosen a LaTeX font you may simply write
13407 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13411 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13416 XFig\SpecialChar \@.
13419 If you export this figure as LaTeX and include it in LyX with
13424 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13432 (see description in
13436 ) this text will appear as
13437 \begin_inset Formula $H_{2}$
13445 The disadvantage of this way is that the graphical power of LaTeX isn't
13446 as strong as PostScript®\SpecialChar \@.
13447 You cannot use all thicknesses of lines and, more
13448 annoyingly, not all slopes.
13449 This is why we recommend the third way for more complex figures.
13453 Export the figure as LaTeX/PostScript combined.
13462 , really] will generate two files:
13466 the PostScript part
13470 , that contains all painting.
13477 , that contains all text and a link to the PostScript part.
13481 Then you just have to include the LaTeX part as described above.
13482 This will automatically include the PostScript part, too.
13488 If you get an error like
13489 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13492 unknown graphics extension pstex
13493 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13496 you have to declare these graphic extensions.
13501 bug that occurs with LaTeX2e.
13502 Simply add a line like
13509 @namedef{Gin@rule@ps_tex}#1{{eps}{ps_tex}{#1}}
13514 /usr/lib/texmf/tex/latex/graphics/dvips.def
13528 Gin@extensions{eps, ps, pstex, eps.gz, ps.gz, eps=2EZ}
13531 This should fix the whole thing.
13532 Alternatively you may export the postscript part as
13536 and change the LaTeX part
13541 But this is annoying.
13545 This way you have the full PostScript® and LaTeX power combined except
13546 for the possibility to scale the figure after creating.
13547 So if you want scalable pictures, the PostScript format is your only choice.
13548 Another little advantage of letting LaTeX typeset the font is that the
13549 same font will appear in your figures as in your text, which looks a little
13554 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tables}
13561 LyX has powerful table support, but LaTeX can do many more things with tables
13562 than LyX is currently capable of, so you might want to look at a good LaTeX
13563 book if the features described here should turn out to be inadequate.
13566 You can insert a table using either the table toolbar button or
13571 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13579 A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns.
13580 The default table has lines at the top and to the left of every cell, a
13581 line to the right of the rightmost column and a line at the bottom of the
13582 lowest row, forming a box around the table.
13583 Additionally, the topmost row also has a line at the bottom, which causes
13584 this row to appear separated from the rest of the table.
13589 \begin_inset Tabular
13590 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="4">
13592 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13593 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13594 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
13595 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
13596 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
13597 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13604 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13621 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13638 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13656 <row topline="true">
13657 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13674 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13681 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13688 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13696 <row topline="true">
13697 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13714 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13721 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13738 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13746 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
13747 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13764 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13771 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13778 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13796 You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button, which
13797 brings up a settings dialog.
13798 Among these options are:
13801 Adding/removing border lines from a row or column.
13802 If you remove the top line from one of the rows, you'll get a dotted line
13803 in LyX, but no line will appear in the printout.
13804 If you set the bottom line of one row and the top line of the row below,
13805 then the rows are separated by a small space, as you can see with the top
13806 row in the example above.
13807 You can do the same vertically if you set the right line of a column and
13808 the left line of the column to the right.
13811 Text alignment in a column
13814 Appending rows and columns
13817 Deleting rows, columns, or the entire table
13823 Setting a fixed width for a column
13826 Longtable options - this is useful if your table is higher than the paper.
13827 Then the table is split on the bottom of the page and continued on the
13828 next one, instead of running of the end of the page.
13831 Rotate the whole table or a single cell sideways, by 90 degrees
13834 You can also use the menu to perform these operations.
13840 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13849 when the cursor is inside a table.
13853 Most of these options also work on selections.
13854 This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is
13855 done on all of your selection.
13856 Note that there is a difference between selecting the
13860 of the cell, and the cell itself.
13861 If you can see a red border inside a cell, then a selection will select
13867 or click outside of the box, then the selection will select cells (whether
13868 you use the mouse or the normal cursor-movement keys).
13871 When you append a row, it is added
13875 the row containing the cursor.
13876 Similarly, columns are appended to the
13881 This makes it difficult to add columns on the left edge of a table without
13882 a lot of cutting and pasting.
13883 Deletion is always performed on the row or column containing the cursor.
13887 The multicolumn option merges two or more adjacent cells on a given row.
13888 For example, in the above table, row
13889 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13893 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13896 has had multicolumn applied to the columns labelled
13897 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13901 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13905 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13909 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13912 To use it, you must first select the cells, then choose
13917 This will not work vertically - see the Table Examples document for how
13925 if you need to have a special handling for a single table cell's top and
13926 bottom border lines and text alignment.
13927 Here an example of this special handling of a cell:
13931 \begin_inset Tabular
13932 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
13934 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
13935 <column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13936 <column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
13937 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
13938 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13955 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13972 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13990 <row topline="true">
13991 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14008 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14024 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14041 <row topline="true">
14042 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14059 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14075 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14092 <row topline="true">
14093 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14110 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14126 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14143 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
14144 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14161 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14177 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14201 You see here that the header line cells are aligned to the center, whereas
14202 the left column is aligned to the left, and the other columns are aligned
14204 Also the bottom and top line of two cells have been removed.
14210 I can make nothing of this explanation.
14211 An improvement would be nice :) - jbl
14217 If you want your column to have a fixed width, then you can insert a width
14230 This will then allow the cell to have multiple paragraphs of text.
14233 If your table becomes too large to fit on a portrait document layout, you
14236 Rotate\SpecialChar ~
14239 button, and the table will appear sideways (this means landscape in a portrait
14241 You might also like to rotate single table cells to give them more horizontal
14243 The example below demonstrates why it is useful to rotate single cells.
14252 Rotate\SpecialChar ~
14259 display on screen, and works
14263 for PostScript output.
14264 So, if you want to preview them, use
14269 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14283 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
14288 will not show the table properly.
14292 \begin_inset Tabular
14293 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="12">
14295 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
14296 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14297 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14298 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14299 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14300 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14301 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14302 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14303 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14304 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14305 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
14306 <column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
14307 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
14308 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14325 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14342 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14359 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14376 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14393 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14410 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14427 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14444 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14461 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14478 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14495 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14513 <row topline="true">
14514 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14528 Desc.\SpecialChar ~
14532 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14549 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14556 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14573 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14590 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14597 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14614 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14621 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14638 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14655 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14672 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14690 <row topline="true">
14691 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14705 Desc.\SpecialChar ~
14709 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14716 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14733 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14750 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14767 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14784 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14801 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14818 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14835 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14852 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14869 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14887 <row topline="true">
14888 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14902 Desc.\SpecialChar ~
14906 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14923 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14940 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14957 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14964 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14981 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14998 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15015 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15032 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15039 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15056 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15074 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15075 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15089 Desc.\SpecialChar ~
15093 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15110 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15117 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15134 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15151 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15158 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15165 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15182 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15199 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15216 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15223 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15241 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15242 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15259 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15276 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15283 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15290 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15297 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15304 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15311 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15318 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15325 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15332 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15339 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15364 What can be placed inside a table cell?
15367 Many objects can be placed inside a table cell.
15368 Any single line of text, an equation (not a displayed or multilined equation,
15369 though), or a figure can be in a cell; in fact, all three kinds of objects
15370 can be placed in the same cell.
15371 Font sizes and shapes can be altered, and the table will adjust to display
15373 However, you can't put a special environment in a cell (like
15377 , etc.), nor set spacing options etc.
15378 for the cell's paragraph.
15381 Cut & Paste in Tables
15384 Cutting and pasting between tables works reasonably well.
15385 You can cut and paste even more than one row.
15386 Selection with the mouse or with
15390 plus the arrow keys works as usual.
15391 The values in the second table below were cut and pasted from the first,
15392 using the mouse to select and paste.
15396 \begin_inset Tabular
15397 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
15399 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
15400 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
15401 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
15402 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15403 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15420 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15437 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15456 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15473 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15490 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15508 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15509 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15526 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15543 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15569 \begin_inset Tabular
15570 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
15572 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
15573 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
15574 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
15575 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15576 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15593 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15610 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15629 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15646 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15663 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15681 <row topline="true">
15682 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15699 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15706 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15714 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15715 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15722 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15729 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15744 Note that you can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit
15745 by starting the selection from outside the table.
15748 Multiple lines in cells
15751 It is possible to have multi-line entries in tables, but not in a completely
15753 Define a fixed length for the column in the
15758 After this, your text is automatically split into more lines and the cell
15759 enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given fixed
15765 \begin_inset Tabular
15766 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
15768 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
15769 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="3cm">
15770 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
15771 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15772 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15789 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15806 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15825 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15842 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15856 This is a multiline entry in a table.
15859 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15877 <row bottomline="true">
15878 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15895 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15909 This is longer now.
15912 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15930 <row bottomline="true">
15931 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15948 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15962 This is a multiline entry in a table.
15963 This is longer now.
15966 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15991 Text within a cell will not normally wrap to fit the page, so if a line
15992 of text in a table is too long, the table will extend beyond the right
15993 margin of the page.
15994 Similarly, tables will not split themselves at the bottom of a page, and
15995 so might extend below the bottom margin.
15996 You have these options to resolve this problem:
15999 Split it into two tables.
16011 This automatically splits the table over more pages, if it is too tall.
16012 After doing this, the list of
16016 buttons activate themselves and you may now define:
16022 First\SpecialChar ~
16025 : The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options
16026 defined are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable.
16033 : The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options
16034 defined are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable;
16035 except for the first page, if
16037 First\SpecialChar ~
16047 : The current row and all rows below that don't have any special options
16048 defined are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable;
16049 except for the last page, if
16062 : The current row and all rows below that don't have any special options
16063 defined are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable.
16066 If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware
16067 of the fact that only the first flag is used in the given table rows.
16068 The others will then be defined as
16073 In this context, first means first in this order:
16075 Footer, Last\SpecialChar ~
16084 First\SpecialChar ~
16095 example file to see how this works.
16101 The check box in the long table options can be used to specify specific
16102 rows to break the page on as well.
16106 A table can also be placed in a float, as described below, which will allow
16107 TeX to place it as well as it can within the page.
16111 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table float}
16118 Outside of a float, the table will be positioned exactly where it is placed
16137 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16147 menu will enable LaTeX to place the table where it fits best, rather than
16148 exactly where you insert it.
16149 Float placement for table floats is similar to that for figure floats
16150 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
16154 , and is described in section
16155 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn}
16160 Captions also work the same way as with figure floats, as described in
16162 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
16168 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table:a table float}
16172 is an example of a table float.
16173 \begin_inset Float table
16181 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:a table float}
16189 \begin_inset Tabular
16190 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
16192 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
16193 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
16194 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
16195 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
16196 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16213 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16230 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16248 <row topline="true">
16249 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16266 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16283 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16301 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
16302 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16317 \begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$
16323 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16338 \begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
16340 c & d\end{array}\right]$
16346 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16361 \begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$
16378 Table of Contents and other Listings
16379 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:toc}
16386 One of the really nice features of LaTeX is the ease with which it lets
16388 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16392 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16395 such as a Table of Contents.
16396 All you need to do is to use certain environments and insert a reference
16397 at the place where you want the list to appear.
16400 The Table of Contents
16403 In order to get a Table of Contents, you need to do four things:
16406 Use a document class that includes support (all but
16413 Set paragraph environments appropriately:
16423 (Sub...), Paragraph
16426 Note that styles with a
16438 appear in the Table of Contents.
16441 Make sure you set the
16446 ection\SpecialChar ~
16447 number\SpecialChar ~
16466 Document\SpecialChar ~
16469 dialog to the appropriate value as described in
16470 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:section-depth}
16477 Insert the ToC command at some place in the document.
16478 You'll find it under
16483 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16490 C\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16502 You can also bring up a dialog for navigating through your document with
16508 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16520 List of Figures, Tables and Algorithms
16521 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ListsOf}
16528 Table, figure, and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents.
16529 You can insert them from the
16534 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16544 If you want figures, tables, or algorithms to appear in the list, you must
16545 place them inside a float of the relevant type and add a caption.
16548 Mathematical Formulae
16554 To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon with
16555 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$
16559 That will open a little blue square, with purple markers around it, on
16561 That blue square is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate what
16562 level of nesting within the formula you are at.
16563 You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the
16570 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
16575 menu; or you can use a keyboard macro,
16589 (CUA binding only).
16592 If you simply need to type a single Greek letter, such as
16593 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
16596 , there is a special shortcut.
16604 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
16614 \begin_inset Formula $\beta$
16620 Editing the parameters of a formula may be done from the
16625 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16630 ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16642 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16650 The math panel is very useful, so you may want to open it and leave it
16651 somewhere on the screen.
16652 If you're not already in a formula, selecting anything from the math panel
16653 will insert a formula for you.
16656 Navigating a Formula
16659 The best control over cursor position within an existing formula is achieved
16660 with the arrow keys.
16661 Mathed uses small squares to indicate places where something can be inserted.
16662 The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula.
16667 will leave a fraction or other formula construct (a square root
16668 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$
16672 \begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$
16676 \begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
16678 3 & 4\end{array}\right]$
16686 will leave the formula, placing the cursor after the formula.
16691 can be used to move horizontally in a formula; for example, through the
16692 cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi-line equation.
16699 seems to do nothing in Mathed, since it does not in fact add a space between
16700 characters, but it does exit a nested structure.
16701 For this reason, you have to be careful about using
16706 For example, if you want
16707 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$
16737 Space\SpecialChar ~
16743 Space\SpecialChar ~
16749 Space\SpecialChar ~
16754 , since in the latter case only the
16757 \begin_inset Formula $2x$
16762 will be under the square root sign,
16763 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$
16767 For those who learned to space out expressions in this way, it takes a
16771 You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled
16773 \begin_inset Formula \[
16774 \left(\begin{array}{ccc}
16777 & & \lambda_{n}\end{array}\right).\]
16781 If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing
16782 in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most constructs don't mind.
16788 You can select text within a formula in two different ways.
16789 Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press
16793 and a cursor movement key to select text.
16794 It will be highlighted as with regular text selection.
16795 Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way.
16796 That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula
16797 (not in a plain text region in LyX, though).
16800 Exponents and Subscripts
16803 You can use the math panel to add superscripts or subscripts, but the much
16804 easier way is to use the standard TeX method.
16806 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$
16822 puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression, instead of
16823 in the superscript.
16829 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$
16833 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$
16854 Subscripts are similar, to get
16855 \begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$
16870 Note that by default, the superscript or subscript is only for the single
16871 symbol to the left, which changes the spacing and alignment; you should
16873 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Grouping}
16877 if you need to alter this.
16883 Create a fraction with either
16891 (in Mathed) or using the fraction icon in the
16911 You will be presented with an empty fraction, with two Mathed insertion
16912 squares top and bottom.
16913 The cursor moves immediately to the top of the fraction.
16914 To move to the bottom, simply press
16919 To move back up, press
16924 Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows:
16925 \begin_inset Formula \[
16926 \left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc}
16928 4 & 5\end{array}\right)}\right]\]
16939 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
16943 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
16946 ) signs are very often decorated with one or more sets of
16947 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16951 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16955 These limits can be entered in LyX by entering them as you would enter
16956 a superscript or subscript, directly after the symbol.
16957 Sum will automatically place its
16958 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16962 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16965 over and under the symbol in display style, but will move them to the side
16966 when inlined, such as
16967 \begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$
16976 We haven't yet explained what display vs.
16981 \begin_inset Formula \[
16982 \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{x^{n}}{n}=\ln\left(\frac{1}{1-x}\right).\]
16986 Integral signs, however, will not by default move the limits to directly
16987 over and under the integral sign in display style, as in
16988 \begin_inset Formula $\int_{a}^{x}f(t)dt:=F(x)$
16992 \begin_inset Formula \[
16993 \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{dx}{1+x^{2}}=\pi.\]
16997 Both symbols will be automatically re-sized when placed in display mode.
16998 In display mode, the placement of the limits (directly above and below,
16999 or offset to the right from the sign) can be changed by placing the cursor
17000 in front of the sign and hitting
17005 Exactly what change occurs depends on the sign.
17009 Certain other mathematical expressions have this
17010 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17014 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17017 feature as addition, such as
17018 \begin_inset Formula \[
17019 \lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x),\]
17023 which will place the
17024 \begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$
17028 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17032 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17035 in display mode, but not in inlined mode,
17036 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$
17041 \begin_inset Formula $\lim$
17044 was entered as a function - you get it in LyX by typing
17050 in math-mode, or choosing from the
17051 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17055 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17058 menu in the math panel; see
17059 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-functions}
17067 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-panel}
17083 dialog (accessible via
17088 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
17095 ) has a more extensive list of symbols and structures.
17096 As stated earlier, you can keep the math panel open when writing mathematics.
17097 The use of the panel should be fairly obvious; we'll describe some of the
17098 details in later sections.
17101 Note that right-clicking on a formula opens the panel as well.
17107 Most math symbols can be found in the math panel under one of several categories
17113 \begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\epsilon\epsilon\kappa$
17121 \begin_inset Formula $\pm\times$
17129 \begin_inset Formula $\leq\cong$
17137 \begin_inset Formula $\uparrow\Leftrightarrow$
17142 large\SpecialChar ~
17146 \begin_inset Formula $\sum\int$
17154 There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical
17156 If you know the standard LaTeX macro for a particular symbol you which
17157 to use, you do not have to use these dialogs, but they will help for those
17158 symbols whose LaTeX name you do not know.
17159 Note that the AMS symbols will not be displayed as symbols in LyX unless
17160 you install the right fonts as described in the relevant manual.
17163 It is possible to get an nth root symbol.
17164 In the minibuffer, type
17169 This generates a root symbol with an extra box above the root sign.
17178 to move between the two boxes.
17179 You can also use the key binding
17189 You may want to create blank spaces that differs from the standard spacing
17190 that LaTeX provides.
17191 We don't recommend this as a matter of course, since the whole idea of
17192 WYSIWYM is that you don't think about the typesetting, but the content.
17193 However, there are situations where you will want to add spaces.
17194 The first thing to do is to type
17199 This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen within
17201 \begin_inset Formula $a\, b$
17205 The next trick is to change that space to different sizes.
17210 you move the cursor, after typing
17218 again, you will change the size of the space, through a number of variable
17220 The last ones in the list are red, and are a negative space.
17222 \begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$
17226 \begin_inset Formula $a\! b$
17230 You can also insert these spaces via the math panel.
17234 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-functions}
17241 The math panel contains a number of
17242 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17246 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17250 \begin_inset Formula $\sin$
17254 \begin_inset Formula $\lim$
17262 (you can type them in a formula by typing
17269 Standard mathematical practice is that functions which are names, like
17271 \begin_inset Formula $\sin$
17274 , should not be italicized.
17275 Entering just the letters
17276 \begin_inset Formula $sin$
17279 within Mathed will give italics, of course, so these special macros are
17281 They do more to the final output than just change the typeface, however.
17282 For example, the expression
17283 \begin_inset Formula $\sin t$
17286 will typeset with a little extra space between the n and the t.
17287 For words which are more sophisticated mathematical objects, like
17288 \begin_inset Formula $\lim$
17291 , the macro changes the way that subscripts are placed, depending on whether
17292 the math-inset is inlined or displayed:
17293 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L$
17297 \begin_inset Formula \[
17298 \lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L.\]
17302 These two expressions were typed the same way, but using the macro
17308 alters the appearance (actually, it is the inlined version that is altered,
17309 to improve linespacing).
17315 In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text
17317 This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use.
17318 You can also use TeX macro equivalents, as macros.
17319 That is, you can enter
17320 \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
17323 to get the same effect if your keyboard does not have accents enabled.
17324 This is entered by typing
17325 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17335 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17339 These are the equivalences between the text names and the macro names for
17340 the various accents:
17344 \begin_inset Tabular
17345 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="3">
17347 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
17348 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
17349 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
17350 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
17351 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17368 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17385 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17403 <row topline="true">
17404 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17421 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17438 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17453 \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
17460 <row topline="true">
17461 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17478 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17495 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17510 \begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$
17517 <row topline="true">
17518 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17535 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17552 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17567 \begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$
17574 <row topline="true">
17575 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17592 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17609 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17624 \begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$
17631 <row topline="true">
17632 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17649 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17666 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17681 \begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$
17688 <row topline="true">
17689 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17706 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17723 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17738 \begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$
17745 <row topline="true">
17746 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17763 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17780 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17795 \begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$
17802 <row topline="true">
17803 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17820 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17837 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17852 \begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$
17859 <row topline="true">
17860 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17877 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17894 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17909 \begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$
17916 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
17917 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17934 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17951 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17966 \begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$
17980 Finally, you can choose one of these accents by selecting an item from the
17985 symbol set in the math panel; this will apply to any selection you have
17986 made within a formula too.
17989 The math editor for LaTeX users
17992 Editing mathematical expressions in LyX can be done in one of two ways.
17993 You can use the native LyX support for rendering the formulae in a WYSIWYM
17995 LaTeX users might like to be able to use the keyboard to enter things like
18002 (this gets, in ordinary TeX, an
18003 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
18006 in the final document), believing that it is faster than chasing around
18007 menus for a symbol.
18008 Here's a testimonial of one of those old LaTeX users,
18013 I was finally convinced that the math editor was the way to go when I found
18014 that, with a few modifications, I could use it the same way I was accustomed
18016 As an example, I created this
18017 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
18020 by typing the following keys: First type
18050 As soon as I typed that
18055 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
18058 was right there on the screen.
18067 sequence inserts a formula (you may also use
18082 is of course the standard TeX command for a Greek alpha letter, and the
18087 leaves the formula.
18088 Some of the advantages of this approach are:
18091 You have immediate visual feedback to be sure your TeX was correct
18094 You have the real mathematical expression on the screen, correctly displayed,
18095 to make sure your mathematics is correct (correctly written, at least)
18098 All the new LaTeX fuss with special environments and such are taken care
18102 You won't have to chase through the code trying to find that missing
18113 If you don't remember the LaTeX name of a particular symbol, like
18114 \begin_inset Formula $\wp$
18117 , you can find it in the dialogs
18120 Brackets and decorations
18123 There are several brackets available through LyX.
18124 For most purposes, using just the keys
18130 should suffice, but the effect, especially if you want to surround a large
18131 structure, such as a matrix or a fraction, or if you have several layers
18132 of brackets, is better using the math panel's
18138 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-panel}
18143 For example, that's how you would construct the brackets around a standard
18145 \begin_inset Formula \[
18146 \left[\begin{array}{cc}
18148 3 & 4\end{array}\right],\]
18152 and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses of an abomination
18154 \begin_inset Formula \[
18155 \frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\]
18160 \begin_inset Formula \[
18161 f\left(g\left(h\left(k\left(l\left(x\right)\right)\right)\right)\right).\]
18165 The parentheses, and other brackets, from that menu will automatically re-size
18166 to accommodate the size of what is inside (This is done in straight LaTeX
18179 It is very easy to construct the braces you want to use.
18180 Click on the brace you want on the left side with the left mouse button,
18181 the right side with the right button, and place them in the document by
18182 clicking on the button.
18183 If you want one side to not have a bracket, use the blank button.
18184 It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will print.
18187 If you decide after the fact to place parentheses (or other math structure,
18188 like a square root, or other decoration) around some math structure, you
18189 can do that by highlighting (selecting) the structure that is to go inside
18190 the parentheses (that is done by holding the
18194 key down and moving the cursor with the arrow keys, or selecting with the
18196 Then, choose the appropriate brackets for left and right, and click on
18202 The parentheses will be drawn around the selected structure.
18205 If you're trying to enter a LaTeX
18209 for grouping, you should read
18210 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Grouping}
18218 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Grouping}
18225 You may need to group a set of symbols.
18226 In LaTeX, for example, the typesetting of
18238 \begin_inset Formula \[
18239 {x^{y}}^{z}\quad\mathrm{differs\; from}\quad x^{{y^{z}}}\]
18246 However, trying to type the
18250 in LyX gives an actual closing brace in the output.
18251 To create this grouping, you need to use the key sequence
18258 Inside LyX, you will see red braces indicating the grouping.
18259 The example directly above shows how this works.
18262 Arrays and Multi-line Equations
18265 Arrays, such as matrices, are easily entered in LyX.
18271 there is a matrix button, which will open a dialog for you to choose the
18272 number of rows/columns.
18273 Here is an example:
18274 \begin_inset Formula \[
18275 \left(\begin{array}{ccc}
18278 7 & 8 & 9\end{array}\right).\]
18282 The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as usual.
18283 Remember that you can add this after the fact, by highlighting the matrix
18284 inside Mathed (Position the mouse on one side of the matrix, hold the
18288 key down, and hit the appropriate arrow key to move the cursor across the
18290 You can, when you construct the matrix, decide whether the columns (or
18291 some of them) will be left-, right-, or center-justified.
18292 The specification is
18297 Each letter corresponds to the relevant column.
18302 means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be
18303 centered, and the third column will be right-justified..
18304 It will look like this:
18305 \begin_inset Formula \[
18307 this & this\, column & this\, column\\
18308 column & has & has\, right\\
18309 has\, left\, alignment & center\, alignment & alignment\end{array}.\]
18316 You can add more rows to an existing matrix by hitting
18320 while in the matrix, and you can add columns, or delete either, via the
18326 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18336 There are numerous other arrays used in LaTeX math-mode, particularly with
18337 the AMS-LaTeX packages included, such as
18343 and commutative diagrams.
18344 Not all of these are supported in LyX.
18345 However, it is possible to build these structures from a matrix.
18348 Multi-line equations are very easy to construct in LyX.
18349 A formula will automatically switch to an
18355 format (LaTeX's multi-line displayed equation format) if you hit
18363 The best way to do this, if you decide you want a multi-line displayed
18364 equation, is to insert a new line (with
18371 Each line then has three regions, left, center, and right, which you can
18372 move through using either the arrow keys, the mouse, or the
18379 Here is an example:
18380 \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
18382 4+5 & = & 9.\end{eqnarray*}
18386 You can also turn an existing displayed formula into a multi-line formula
18393 while the cursor is anywhere on the original formula.
18398 try to decide where to break the formula up into three parts, but places
18399 everything in the left side of the line.
18400 To change the alignment points of the equation, place the cursor where
18401 you want to start the middle part of the line, and hit
18406 It then puts everything to the right of the cursor in the middle region
18407 of the equation (which, by the way, is not typeset by LaTeX in display-math
18408 size, so you should not put large expressions like fractions there).
18409 Move to where you want the right side of the line to begin, and hit
18415 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18419 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18422 insertion points in the line will disappear.
18425 Equation Numbering and Labels
18426 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-label}
18433 Equation numbering is very easy in LyX.
18434 All it takes to change a displayed equation like:
18435 \begin_inset Formula \[
18440 into the numbered equation :
18441 \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
18442 1+2=3\label{mathed:first-eqn}\end{equation}
18453 menu, and select the
18462 This opens a dialog in which you must enter some string as the label.
18463 There is no need to call it by a specific number, since LaTeX will take
18464 care of re-numbering the equation.
18465 Labels will not appear as such on the final output.
18466 LaTeX will insert appropriate numbers for the equations.
18467 The labels are used internally for cross-referencing.
18468 You can turn on numbering without a specific label with the menu option
18474 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18479 ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18480 Toggle\SpecialChar ~
18487 while the cursor is in the equation, such as:
18491 \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
18492 1+1=2.\end{equation}
18496 You can toggle it on or off with this menu item.
18497 You can reference a labelled (not just numbered) equation, (cf.
18499 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:first-eqn}
18507 dialog, which you open using
18512 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18523 For numbered (or labelled) multi-line formulas, the default is that all
18524 lines are numbered separately.
18525 Once you attach a label to make the equation numbered, all subsequent lines
18526 receive a label of #.
18527 That label can be changed to another so that you can refer to that line,
18529 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:third-eqn}
18534 \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
18535 1 & = & 3-2\label{mathed:second-equation}\\
18536 2 & = & 4-2\label{mathed:third-eqn}\\
18537 4 & \leq & 7.\end{eqnarray}
18541 You can turn off numbering of a specific line with
18546 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18551 ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18552 Toggle\SpecialChar ~
18557 umbering\SpecialChar ~
18561 while the cursor is on that line of a multi-line numbered equation.
18564 \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
18565 1 & = & 4-3\label{mathed:fourth-eqn}\\
18567 1 & = & e^{2\pi i}\nonumber \\
18568 16 & \equiv & 2\,(mod\,7)\label{mathed:fifth-eqn}\end{eqnarray}
18572 Note that the first equation in this set (
18573 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fourth-eqn}
18577 ) is labelled, the next is numbered but unlabelled, the third is unnumbered,
18579 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fifth-eqn}
18583 ) is again labelled.
18587 User defined macros in math mode
18590 LyX allows the user to define macros for use in math mode.
18591 A macro definition box appears on screen as purple box with the name of
18592 the macro in blue (math color).
18593 It contains two cells initially marked empty by blue rectangles that can
18594 be edited as if it were ordinary math.
18596 \begin_inset FormulaMacro
18597 \newcommand{\macro}{a+b}
18600 The contents of the first cell will be used when the macro definition is
18601 written during export as LaTeX.
18602 The contents of the second cell, however, will be used for drawing the
18603 macro's expansion on screen.
18604 In the common case where both export and drawing use the same representation,
18605 the second cell can be left empty and LyX will use the contents of the
18606 first cell will be used for export and drawing automatically.
18609 Now, to use this macro in other math boxes just type the name in TeX mode,
18616 , and it will be automatically expanded:
18617 \begin_inset Formula $c=\macro$
18621 As you can verify, the cursor can't go inside the macro, the whole macro
18622 is like a single character, and the TeX generated code of this expression
18630 However the cursor could go inside of some kind of macros, those that have
18636 In a macro definition box an argument looks like a
18640 followed by the argument number:
18641 \begin_inset FormulaMacro
18642 \newcommand{\macrowarg}[1]{2+\sqrt{#1}}
18648 Once expanded, this macro includes the usual empty rectangle to indicate
18649 that you can insert there whatever you want:
18654 \begin_inset Formula $\macrowarg{}$
18661 \begin_inset Formula $b=\macrowarg{x-2}$
18668 When exported to LaTeX, a macro definition will produce the command
18681 How to create macros
18684 To create a macro definition box use this syntax in the minibuffer:
18690 Macro names mustn't contain numbers!
18698 math-macro <macro name> [number of arguments]
18708 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18716 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18726 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18731 math-macro macrowarg 1
18734 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18740 To insert an argument mark (only inside a macro definition box) simply type
18748 math-macro-arg <number>
18751 The argument mark in
18757 was introduced with
18758 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18766 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18772 You can use no more than 9 arguments, numbered from 1 to 9.
18773 An argument can be repeated inside the macro definition box, but of course
18774 can be edited only once.
18777 How to navigate in macros
18778 \layout Description
18782 arrow\SpecialChar ~
18783 keys: Opening a macro from the left side will put the cursor
18784 in the first argument, to move to the second argument use the TAB key.
18785 Remember that pressing the Space bar will get the cursor out and at the
18786 right side of the macro.
18787 \layout Description
18791 mouse: As usual, click on the desired argument box.
18792 Sometimes this fails if the box is empty or too small.
18795 Currently it is only possible to define command macros, but not environment
18805 You can use various typefaces in a formula.
18806 The standard font for text is italic,
18807 \begin_inset Formula $text$
18810 , but for numbers the standard is Roman.
18811 To set a font in a formula, choose it from the math panel, or by entering
18812 the LaTeX command for it directly, as follows:
18816 \begin_inset Tabular
18817 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
18819 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
18820 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" width="0pt">
18821 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
18822 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18830 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18839 <row topline="true">
18840 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18852 \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$
18858 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18871 <row topline="true">
18872 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18878 \begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbf{Bold}}$
18884 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18897 <row topline="true">
18898 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18904 \begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italic}$
18910 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18923 <row topline="true">
18924 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18936 \begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$
18942 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18955 <row topline="true">
18956 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18962 \begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}}$
18968 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18981 <row topline="true">
18982 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18988 \begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$
18994 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19007 <row topline="true">
19008 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19021 \begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$
19027 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19040 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
19041 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19047 \begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{SansSerif}$
19053 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19073 LaTeX's math mode does not support all characters in all fonts, and only
19074 letters will be supported with these font styles; some only support capital
19078 For any of these fonts, you have to be careful how you enter the text.
19079 If there is text to the right of the entry point, the font reverts to that
19080 style after one character.
19081 To be able to type a string in a particular font, make sure there is a
19082 protected-space to the right of the cursor.
19083 Also, entering a protected-space will revert subsequent text to standard
19085 The font styles are nestable, as LaTeX does.
19086 This can be a little confusing, as selecting a different font on a selection
19091 change the selection, but insert a new nested level with the new typeface.
19094 It is possible (in AMS-LaTeX) to embolden (not italicize) numbers and special
19096 However, LyX does not yet support this in WYSIWYM manner\SpecialChar \@.
19099 To get emboldened symbols, for example a bold
19100 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
19112 The closing brace appears (in red) automatically when you type the opening
19114 This works for all symbols, as well as numbers.
19117 A number of other options are available as well, via
19122 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19127 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
19137 Typefaces are useful for entering variable names in some given font, but
19138 certainly not for anything else, and in particular not text.
19139 For typing longer pieces of text, use math text mode, which is obtained
19144 while already in math mode.
19145 (The same command will get out of math text mode, too.) Math text mode appears
19146 on the screen in black instead of blue.
19147 You cannot enter punctuation or font changes in your text
19153 Moreover, math text mode outputs its contents inside a
19171 ) might have been a better choice
19174 , but it works for simple text.
19176 \begin_inset Formula \[
19177 f(x)=\begin{array}{cc}
19178 x & \textrm{if I say so}\\
19179 -x & \textrm{otherwise}\end{array}\]
19189 There are four (relative) font sizes (or
19190 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19194 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19197 ) used in math-mode, which are automatically chosen in most situations.
19215 For most characters,
19223 are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts,
19224 and certain other effects, are set larger or placed differently in
19229 Except for some operators, which re-size themselves to accommodate various
19230 situations, all text will be set in these various sizes as LaTeX thinks
19232 These choices can be over-ridden by using the
19236 function in the minibuffer.
19237 For example, you can set
19238 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
19245 ), or you can make it larger, which also changes the line-spacing, by entering
19248 math-size displaystyle
19250 in the minibuffer while the cursor is in the main line of the math-inset,
19252 \begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$
19256 Careful, though, if the cursor is on the denominator of that fraction,
19257 only the numerator will be enlarged, e.g.
19259 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
19262 ! This reflects a LaTeX
19263 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19267 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19280 These font-size changes are not as apparent in LyX as they are in the output.
19281 Here are some text in the various styles:
19282 \begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$
19286 \begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$
19290 \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$
19294 \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$
19300 All these math-mode font sizes are relative, that is, if the whole math
19301 inset and surrounding text are set in a particular size, all these sizes
19303 Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts
19304 will be adjusted to correspond.
19311 Here is a paragraph in
19312 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19316 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19319 font, with symbols:
19320 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
19326 This applies to math fonts in titles, etc.
19333 The American Mathematical Society (AMS) provide a LaTeX packages that are
19335 LyX includes some support for these packages.
19338 Enabling AMS-Support
19346 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19353 dialog there is a checkbox,
19360 If selected, this will include the AMS-package in the document, and make
19361 the facilities available.
19367 The AMS-LaTeX packages add support for some mathematical symbols that are
19368 not accessible from plain LaTeX (or LyX), but are fairly common in mathematical
19369 typesetting, such as the old-German Fraktur font and the stylized
19370 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19374 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19377 fonts commonly used to denote the real or complex numbers, or the integers.
19378 Once activated, all AMS-LaTeX symbols and environments are available.
19379 You will run into trouble if you include these packages from the preamble,
19380 since LyX now defines a few of the macros used in these packages on its
19382 The AMS-layouts include these packages automatically.
19388 AMS-LaTeX provides a selection of different formula types.
19389 LyX allows you to choose between
19410 Refer to the AMS-documenta\SpecialChar \-
19411 tion for the differences between these formula
19419 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:crossref}
19426 Those of you reading this manual online will see a grey box with text in
19427 it, right before the beginning of this sentence.
19433 Properly speaking, it is one half of a cross-reference.
19434 The other half is the
19438 proper, and it looks like this:
19439 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref}
19444 Again, those of you reading the manual online will see a gray box with
19446 Those reading printed versions, however, will see a number --- in this
19447 case, the number of this section.
19448 There are also other varieties of cross-reference: for example,
19449 \begin_inset LatexCommand \pageref{sec:crossref}
19454 This is the page number containing the location of the label.
19455 That's what cross-references do: they let you reference other parts of
19457 You don't need to remember which section number was what anymore --- LyX
19458 will do that for you! All you need to do is use a
19462 to mark a section, figure, table, formula, etc., and then refer to it via
19470 To insert a label, use
19477 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
19483 A box will appear where you can enter your label.
19484 You can change the name of the label at a later time by simply clicking
19485 on the gray box and reopening the label dialog.
19488 To insert a reference, select
19495 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
19504 Insert\SpecialChar ~
19507 dialog appears with a list of labels.
19508 Selecting a list item, then clicking
19512 inserts a reference into the text; changing the
19519 allows you to insert a page number or other reference variant instead.
19522 Note that if you cut & paste text from another document that contains a
19531 , or if you delete a label in your text, LaTeX will complain:
19540 Reference `X' on page Y undefined on input line Z
19546 There were undefined references
19549 You'll also see two question marks in the output instead of the reference.
19552 There are a few more comments we need to make about the
19557 They always print the number of the section heading closest to them.
19558 So --- if you want to put a label on a
19566 heading immediately follows it, you need to put the
19579 It doesn't matter where, and it will look weird on the LyX screen.
19580 However, you need to do this if you want to label the
19584 separately from the
19589 The same goes for all other section headings.
19604 section headings and table and figure floats.
19605 Bare figures and tables aren't numbered, so, like unnumbered section headings,
19606 you can't really use a
19620 , but only if you use the
19630 --- the one that refers to a section/table/figure number --- won't work,
19631 because there's no numbered thingy to refer to! You could also use bare
19636 s as page markers, then refer back to them using the
19642 Once again, the regular
19646 won't work very well.
19647 It will refer to something, but that something will typically be the number
19648 of the previous numbered section heading.
19652 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
19657 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:table float}
19662 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-label}
19666 for details on using a
19670 with figures, tables, and equations, respectively.
19674 URLs (Uniform Resource Locators)
19677 It is often desirable to include long
19678 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19682 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19685 items in a document such as Web site URLs, e-mail addresses, etc.; these
19686 things typically do not contain any spaces and are thus difficult to typeset
19688 Such items will often fall on a line boundary if they cannot be split,
19689 resulting in an overfull or underfull line depending on the circumstances.
19692 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19699 within LyX to enter a long URL and have it split gracefully (if necessary)
19700 along automatically determined boundaries.
19703 At the point in the document where you want to enter the URL (or other address-l
19704 ike entity) simply select
19706 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19713 ; a dialog will appear where you can enter the full URL (in the
19721 In its simplest usage, that's all you need to do.
19722 Click on the following gray box to see how LyX's homepage would be entered:
19724 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org}
19738 : When you use the following characters: "%", "#", "^", you have to write
19739 them with a backslash before, e.g.
19741 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19747 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19751 URLs mustn't end with a backslash!
19757 If you would like to associate some definite phrase with the URL, enter
19765 field of the dialog; it will be typeset as plain text immediately before
19767 For example, I might say that you can find all things related to LaTeX
19771 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[CTAN]{http://ctan.tug.org}
19776 On the printed page, the last sentence ends as
19777 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19780 all things related to LaTeX at CTAN
19782 http://ctan.tug.org
19785 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19793 Author's Note: somebody needs to document the
19807 Specifying Short Titles with Optional Arguments
19808 \begin_inset OptArg
19819 Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long.
19820 This can cause over-runs when there is limited horizontal space.
19821 For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section
19822 title, a long title will over-run past the edges, and look awful.
19825 LaTeX allows you to specify an optional argument to the section commands
19826 that specifies a shorter version of the title
19832 For those who don't know LaTeX, commands look like this:
19836 command[optionalargument]{the content}
19840 This shorter version is used in the header and in the actual Table of Contents,
19841 avoiding the problem mentioned.
19842 LyX allows you to specify this optional argument by selecting
19847 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19848 Short\SpecialChar ~
19852 This will insert a box (labelled
19853 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19857 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19861 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19865 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19868 ) which you can use to enter the short title text.
19869 This also works for captions inside floats.
19872 The title of this section is a good example of using this feature.
19875 Previewing snippets of your document
19878 LyX allows you to generate previews of sections of your document on the
19879 fly so you can see how they'll look in the final document without having
19880 to break your train of thought with
19885 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19893 If you'd like to see your math formulae typeset by LaTeX then install the
19894 necessary software (see below) and select the
19908 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19916 (It can be found in the
19920 feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19923 pane in the Qt frontend and the
19927 Feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19930 tab in the XForms frontend.) Previews are generated when you load a document
19931 into LyX and when you finish editing an inset.
19932 Previews of an already loaded document are
19936 generated just by selecting the
19947 LyX will generate previews of math insets.
19948 It will also generate previews of include insets if you select the
19956 check box in the inset's dialog.
19957 This latter is useful if you wish to generate a preview of a LaTeX figure,
19959 Coming in version 1.4 are previews of the external inset also.
19962 To get previews working, you'll need some additional software.
19963 First, you'll need the preview.sty LaTeX package.
19964 Find it on your local CTAN mirror at
19968 CTAN/support/preview-latex/
19971 Thereafter, you'll need the usual tools:
19983 .Finally, you'll obtain prettier results if you install
19994 Spacing, pagination and line breaks
19997 Extra Horizontal Space
19998 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hspace}
20009 s are a special LyX feature for adding extra space in a uniform fashion.
20014 is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals the remaining
20015 space between the left and right margins.
20016 If there is more than one
20020 on a line, they divide the available space equally between themselves.
20028 is at the beginning of a line, and it's
20032 the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it.
20037 s from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line.
20046 can be inserted with
20052 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20057 pecial\SpecialChar ~
20058 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20063 orizontal\SpecialChar ~
20067 Here a few examples what you can do with them:
20070 This is on the left side
20072 This is on the right
20091 That was an example in the
20098 :is one in a standard paragraph.
20099 It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it
20103 sitting in-between the two
20104 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20108 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20114 Remember that we said that an
20118 always fills the remaining space between the margins? There may be more
20119 than one set of margins on a line.
20120 Here's an example with the
20126 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
20140 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20144 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20147 marks the beginning of the item.
20148 (There is actually a
20149 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20153 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20160 inside of the label of the
20164 environment; it's put at the end of the label automatically.)
20168 s work similarly in other
20169 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20173 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20176 situations, like two-column mode.
20179 Extra Vertical Space
20180 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:vertspace}
20187 To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use
20192 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20197 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
20202 Paragraph\SpecialChar ~
20208 We will not provide an example of a
20212 , as it would waste paper.
20213 They work the same as any other type of filler, including
20217 s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space.
20218 If there are several
20222 s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves.
20223 You can therefore use
20227 s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page, or 1/4,
20231 Note that for paragraphs at the top/bottom of a page, the extra space is
20232 only added if you have also checked the option
20237 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20242 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
20243 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20248 pacing\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20259 Changing Paragraph Alignment
20262 You can also change the paragraph alignment with the
20267 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20272 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
20276 There are four possibilities:
20311 The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word
20312 spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between
20313 the left and right margins.
20314 The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this:
20317 This paragraph is right aligned,
20320 this one is centered,
20323 this one is left aligned.
20326 In some paragraph environments, the default is something other than justified
20331 Forcing Page Breaks
20332 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:pagebreak}
20339 If you don't like the way LaTeX does the page breaks in your document, you
20340 can force a pagebreak where you want one.
20341 In general, this will
20345 be necessary because LaTeX is good at pagebreaking, as was already mentioned
20347 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:widows}
20354 So in general there is no need to use the option described below, and we
20355 recommend not using it until the text is
20359 finished, and until you have checked in the preview to see if you
20363 have to change the pagebreaking.You can force a pagebreak above or below
20369 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20374 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
20377 dialog by selecting the checkboxes to add a pagebreak above or below the
20381 You might try to use a pagebreak to ensure that a figure or table appears
20382 at the top of a page.
20383 This is, of course, the wrong way to do it.
20384 LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables
20385 appear at the top of a page [or the bottom, or on their own page] without
20386 having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table.
20388 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}
20393 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}
20405 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline}
20412 The protected blank: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the
20413 line at that point.
20414 This may be necessary to avoid unlucky linebreaks, like in:
20417 A good documentation should weight no more than 1
20423 Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected blank between
20424 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20428 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20432 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20436 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20440 A protected blank is set with
20445 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20450 pecial\SpecialChar ~
20451 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20467 You can force line breaks within a paragraph by selecting
20472 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20477 pecial\SpecialChar ~
20478 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20490 You should, however, not use this to correct LaTeX's linebreaking, as LaTeX
20495 good at linebreaking\SpecialChar \ldots{}
20497 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:pagebreak}
20502 There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to actively
20503 set a linebreak, e.g.
20504 in a poem or for an Address (see sections
20505 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quote}
20510 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:verse}
20515 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:adress_usage}
20523 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spellchecking}
20530 LyX itself has no built-in spell checker.
20531 Rather it uses the external
20535 program as a backend or the newer and generally better
20540 This section assumes you have already installed and set up one of these
20545 The spellchecker can be started with the menu entry
20552 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
20561 Checking will start just after the current cursor position.
20562 A dialog window will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found,
20563 allowing you to edit and replace it in a second line.
20564 Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the view
20565 in your text buffer is updated to make the word visible.
20570 dialog, there is also a box showing suggestions for a correction, if any
20572 Clicking on one of the corrections will copy the near miss into the replace
20573 input field (double-click to invoke replace).
20576 Spellchecker Options
20577 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spell_opt}
20584 The following options can be set in the
20589 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20597 \layout Subsubsection
20602 By default, the dictionary file to use is determined by the language of
20603 the text you're checking, which is set in the
20611 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20619 If you do not have a dictionary for the document language, the spellchecker
20621 In this case, you can specify another dictionary file in the dialog by
20622 specifying a different
20623 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20626 alternative language
20627 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20637 , you may need to make a link from say
20645 or whatever applies for your language.
20646 This is because these
20650 files normally have the native language name (
20651 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20655 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20662 , when started from LyX, searches for the English version of the name used
20663 with the LaTeX babel package (
20664 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20668 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20674 You may also have problems the font encoding is not correct for that dictionary.
20675 If you use a language with
20679 encoding and set the
20691 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20706 ), you must have this option in your language dictionary as well.
20707 If your dictionary doesn't support the
20711 you chose, you'll have an error like this on stderr:
20716 ispell: unrecognized formatter type 'latin1'
20719 The spellchecker gives you an error that it couldn't start the
20723 process and that you probably have some problems with your dictionary file.
20727 There are four solutions to this problem.
20728 The easiest is to try the
20731 Input\SpecialChar ~
20735 If that does not help, you can set
20746 when calling the spellchecker (which is probably annoying).
20747 The third is to add the
20751 option to your dictionary
20762 file and recompile the dictionary (which probably isn't easy if you installed
20763 the whole stuff with some distribution and don't have the language directory
20773 documentation for this task! The fourth is to send a message to your package-ma
20774 intainer, or better yet to the maintainer of the dictionary file in question
20775 and ask him to solve your problem.
20776 \layout Subsubsection
20778 Personal dictionary
20781 If you want to use a different file from the spellchecker's default choice
20782 as your personal dictionary, you can set this in the dialog.
20783 Specifying a filename which does not already exist will result in an error
20784 message on stderr which you can ignore (
20788 will create the file at the end of your spell checking).
20789 \layout Subsubsection
20799 pellchecker\SpecialChar ~
20802 dialog has some additional options which are self-explanatory:
20810 ccept compound words
20814 Prevent the spellchecker from complaining about compounded words like
20817 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20821 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20836 Allows you to add nonstandard characters to what the spellchecker considers
20839 This should not normally be needed.
20845 Some users have expressed a wish to be able to globally change the spelling
20846 of a particular word, rather than having to change the spelling separately
20847 for each occurrence of the word.
20848 Per-document word lists would also be useful.
20849 Neither of these features are present as of this writing.
20852 Unless you're using the
20856 spellchecker, LyX cannot correctly spellcheck documents containing multiple
20858 This, does, however, work with
20862 , assuming you have marked the different languages appropriately.
20865 International Support
20868 This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want.
20869 LyX comes with a default configuration which supports the English language
20870 on a U.S.-style keyboard, with a standard U.S.
20871 paper size and the spell checker set to U.S.
20873 You can change any or all of these settings as desired, and you can make
20874 the changes apply to the current session only, or use them as your new
20875 default configuration.
20878 If you have a keyboard suited to the language you are using (for example,
20879 a German keyboard for writing in German), and you have correctly configured
20880 your X environment, all you need to do for LyX is tell it your language,
20881 the character encoding, and desired paper size.
20883 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:langlay}
20887 for more information.
20890 If, however, you have a U.S.-style keyboard and want to write in a different
20891 language than English, you can use an alternate keymap.
20892 For example, if you have a U.S.-style keyboard but want to write in Italian,
20893 you can configure LyX to use an Italian keymap.
20895 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:optkey}
20903 Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely
20904 different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance).
20905 You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U.S.
20906 keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German.
20907 In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing
20908 one to support the characters you want.
20912 The details of how to customize LyX to your own language are
20916 beyond the scope of this manual.
20917 You can not only alter the keyboard layout, you can also change the names
20918 of the menus buttons, etc., to reflect your language.
20919 If you want to learn more about writing keymap files and tailoring LyX
20920 to your native tongue, please see the
20924 manual for details.
20928 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:langlay}
20940 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20947 dialog lets you set
20949 the language and character encoding for your language.
20953 Choose your language by clicking on the arrow in t
20970 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20978 The default is U.S.
20980 Scroll to find the language you want and then click on your choice.
20981 The language name appears in the window.
20987 In LaTeX terms, selecting a language other than default adds Babel support.
20988 If you do not have Babel installed, refer to the different LaTeX distributions
21003 box lets you choose the character encoding map you want to use.
21008 encoding, which includes the characters required by the various Western
21009 European languages.
21012 Keyboard mapping configuration
21013 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:optkey}
21020 The preferences dialog allows you to choose up to two keyboard mappings.
21021 This allows you to choose the keymap of your choice for your U.S.-style keyboard.
21022 You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select
21023 which one you want to use.
21027 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:keytab}
21034 Table\SpecialChar ~
21036 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cap:The-latin1-character}
21045 You should be able to enter the characters in the first eight columns directly
21049 There are a few things you need to know about this table.
21050 This manual is set up --- by hand, mind you --- to print all of these character
21052 That ain't the default.
21053 Nowhere near, in fact.
21054 Here are some of the details you'll need to bear in mind when using characters
21062 The characters at entries A2, A4, A5, A6 and AD -- the cent, the yen, the
21063 generic-currency-symbol, the broken vertical bar and the short dash are
21064 just plain missing in the default encodings.
21065 We don't know where they are or why this is the case.
21068 Even if you've selected
21077 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
21084 dialog, users who have only the
21088 -fonts for LaTeX [or who have the
21092 -fonts but aren't using them] will still miss a few characters: D0, F0,
21093 DE, FE, AB, and BB -- the uppercase and lowercase eth and thorn, and the
21094 french quotes won't show up.
21101 -fonts can, however, get the french quotes [characters AB and BB] if they
21102 include the either the package
21110 in their documents.
21116 This only holds when you want to input these quotes by yourself.
21117 The automatic quote feature described in Section
21118 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quotes}
21122 , will generate automatically LaTeX code adapted to available fonts and
21132 The characters of the following table, which are inserted as commands, could
21133 not be inserted directly with the keyboard, because the standard encoding
21135 \begin_inset Quotes eld
21139 \begin_inset Quotes erd
21143 To let LaTeX understand the commands, the package
21147 needs to be loaded in the peamble with the line
21154 usepackage{textcomp}
21161 is available on every LaTeX system.
21168 \begin_inset Float table
21175 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cap:The-latin1-character}
21187 \begin_inset Tabular
21188 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="17">
21190 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
21191 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21192 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21193 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21194 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21195 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21196 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21197 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21198 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21199 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21200 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21201 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21202 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21203 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21204 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21205 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21206 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
21207 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
21208 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21215 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21232 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21249 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21266 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21283 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21300 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21317 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21334 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21351 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21368 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21385 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21402 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21419 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21436 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21453 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21470 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21488 <row topline="true">
21489 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21506 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21513 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21520 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21527 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21543 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21559 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21575 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21591 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21607 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21614 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21621 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21628 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21644 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21660 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21676 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21692 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21709 <row topline="true">
21710 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21727 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21734 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21741 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21757 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21773 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21789 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21805 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21821 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21837 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21844 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21851 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21867 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21883 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21899 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21915 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21931 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21948 <row topline="true">
21949 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21966 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21973 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21980 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21994 \begin_inset Quotes eld
22000 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22016 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22032 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22048 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22064 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22080 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22087 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22094 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22121 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22137 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22153 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22169 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22185 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22202 <row topline="true">
22203 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22220 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22227 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22234 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22250 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22266 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22282 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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23669 <row topline="true">
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24387 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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24466 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24484 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24500 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24516 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24523 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24530 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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24562 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24578 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24594 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24610 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24627 <row topline="true">
24628 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24645 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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24675 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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24707 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24723 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24739 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24755 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24762 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24769 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24796 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24812 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24828 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24844 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24860 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24877 <row topline="true">
24878 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24895 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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24941 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24957 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24973 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24989 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25005 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25012 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25019 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25035 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25051 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25067 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25083 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25099 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25116 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
25117 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25134 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25141 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25148 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25164 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25180 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25196 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25212 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25228 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25235 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25242 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25249 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25265 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25281 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25297 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25313 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25329 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25356 The following is a full list of all of the accented characters LyX can display
25358 It includes not only the accented characters from the previous table, but
25359 also the characters from
25379 ¨ Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü ä ë ï ö ü ÿ
25384 ^ Â Ê Î Ô Û â ê î ô û
25389 ` À È Ì Ò Ù à è ì ò ù
25394 ´ Á É Í Ó Ú Ý á é í ó ú ý
25417 The dead macron in usually not needed, as you will use a non--dead key for
25419 For example, S-M-minus, or if
25425 is correct, S-M-macron.
25507 These characters might not look very nice on screen, but they will be just
25508 fine when run through LaTeX and printed.
25539 All the characters above are actively supported by TeX fonts.
25540 In addition TeX allows diacritical marks on almost all characters .
25541 Also make sure you're using the
25545 font-encoding and have the package
25549 with the definition file
25559 The documentation is a collaborative effort between many different people
25560 (and we would encourage people to contribute !).
25563 First, we need to give due credit to those who came before us.
25564 They gave us the base upon which the new manuals are built, and some continue
25565 to provide information:
25572 wrote the original documentation, from which this manual is built, as well
25573 as the introduction to this manual [or the
25574 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25578 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25581 as some of us call it].
25586 Lars Gullik Bjønnes
25588 wrote several minidocs, including some of the information about international
25596 also wrote a minidoc about international support, specifically about internatio
25597 nal keyboard maps and customization.
25604 originally documented the LinuxDoc SGML interface.
25609 Alejandro Aguilar Sierra
25611 originally documented math mode and provided the entries for the math functions
25617 Special thanks to the LyX Team\SpecialChar ~
25619 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{lyxcredit}
25623 for help and answers to questions.
25626 Next, it's time to give credit to the
25627 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25630 LyX Documentation Team,
25631 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25634 all of the people who helped rewrite the old documentation into the form
25635 it had after LyX version 0.10:
25646 Contributor to the FAQ and the old
25647 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25655 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25661 General editing assistance.
25687 Primary contributor to
25692 Documentation of the basic LyX interface in
25706 Former maintainer of the FAQ and the old
25707 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25715 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25721 Documentation of LinuxDoc in
25733 Documentation of figures and imported graphics in
25747 Documentation of internationalization features in
25783 Primary contributor to
25802 using LaTeX from within LyX
25815 General organization and format of the documents.
25825 paragraph environments, document layout, nesting, typography notes, fonts
25829 Also responsible for Introduction in
25834 Editor of the documents.
25835 [from 6/96-fall 1997]
25839 After fall of 1997, the LyX Team as a whole took over maintenance of the
25841 \layout Bibliography
25842 \bibitem {lyxcredit}
25851 href{http://www.lyx.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/lyx-devel/lib/CREDITS?rev=HEAD&content-type=text/plain}{
25867 \layout Bibliography
25868 \bibitem {latexbook}
25872 LaTeX: A Document Preparation System.
25875 Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994
25876 \layout Bibliography
25877 \bibitem {latexcompanion}
25879 Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin:
25881 The LaTeX Companion.
25884 Addison-Wesley, 1994
25885 \layout Bibliography
25886 \bibitem {latexguide}
25891 \layout Bibliography