1 #LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
5 % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
7 % I've designed this preamble to ensure that the User's Guide prints
8 % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble,
9 % parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected. If you
10 % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact
11 % the documentation team
12 % email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
14 % provides missing characters,
15 % see note in chapter 'Character Tables'
18 \usepackage{ifpdf} % part of the hyperref bundle
19 \ifpdf % if pdflatex is used
21 % set fonts for nicer pdf view
22 \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}{%
23 \usepackage[scaled=0.92]{helvet}
25 \usepackage{courier} }
26 % the pages of the TOC are numbered roman
27 % and a pdf-bookmark for the TOC is added
29 \let\myTOC\tableofcontents
30 \renewcommand\tableofcontents{%
31 \pdfbookmark[1]{Contents}{}
34 \pagenumbering{arabic} }
35 % link all cross references and URLs in pdf output
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38 pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true,
39 pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false, pdfpagelabels,
40 pdfauthor={LyX Team}, pdftex,
41 pdftitle={The LyX User's Guide},pdfsubject={LyX},
42 pdfkeywords={LyX}]{hyperref}
44 \else % if dvi or ps is produced
46 % link all cross references and URLs in dvi output
47 \usepackage[ps2pdf]{hyperref}
49 % the pages of the TOC are numbered roman
51 \let\myTOC\tableofcontents
52 \renewcommand\tableofcontents{%
53 \pdfbookmark[1]{Contents}{}
56 \pagenumbering{arabic} }
60 \options bibtotoc,BCOR7mm
72 \use_numerical_citations 0
73 \paperorientation portrait
76 \paragraph_separation indent
78 \quotes_language english
82 \paperpagestyle default
95 Principal maintainer of this file is
100 If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX
101 Documentation mailing list:
103 lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
115 To export this document as pdf, ps or dvi, the LaTeX-package
122 This package should be part of all popular LaTeX-distributions.
129 \begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{}
142 LyX is a document preparation system.
143 It is a tool for producing beautiful manuscripts, publishable books, business
144 letters and proposals, and even poetry.
145 It is unlike most other
146 \begin_inset Quotes eld
150 \begin_inset Quotes erd
153 in the sense that it uses the paradigm of a markup language as its core
155 That means that when you type a section header, you mark it as a
156 \begin_inset Quotes eld
160 \begin_inset Quotes erd
164 \begin_inset Quotes eld
167 Bold, 17 pt type, left justified, 5 mm space below
168 \begin_inset Quotes erd
172 LyX takes care of the typesetting for you, so you deal only with concepts,
176 This philosophy is explained in much greater detail in the
179 \begin_inset Quotes eld
183 \begin_inset Quotes erd
189 If you haven't read it yet, you need to.
194 \begin_inset Quotes eld
202 \begin_inset Quotes erd
205 describes several things in addition to LyX's philosophy: most importantly,
206 the format of all of the manuals.
207 If you don't read it, you'll have a bear of a time navigating this manual.
208 You might also be better served looking in one of the other manuals instead
211 \begin_inset Quotes eld
219 \begin_inset Quotes erd
231 Similar to other Linux [and other brands of Unix] programs, you start LyX
237 You can, of course, include several command-line options, including file
239 We're not going to repeat all of the command-line options here, since we've
240 already done that in the
245 Check there for more info.
248 There are one or two things we'd like to comment on:
251 Please note that if you include more than one file name on the command line,
252 LyX will load them all, though it won't display them all simultaneously.
253 More on that in a bit.
259 Like most applications, LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of
261 Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons.
262 There is, of course, a vertical scrollbar and a main work area for editing
264 Near the bottom of the window is a small window containing a single line
270 (a term which we've swiped, lock, stock, and barrel, from GNU Emacs), which
272 \begin_inset Quotes eld
276 \begin_inset Quotes erd
284 when you need to type a command in the minibuffer.
287 Note that there is no horizontal scroll bar.
288 This is not a bug or an oversight, but intentional.
289 When you read a book, you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the
291 Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for
292 only a vertical scrollbar.
295 There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar.
296 The first case is large figures, displayed WYSIWYG\SpecialChar \@.
297 This, however, is due
298 to a flaw in the routine that displays graphics on the LyX screen in a
299 WYSIWYG fashion; it should rescale the graphics to fit in the window, just
300 as you'd need to rescale graphics to fit on a page.
301 The second and third cases are tables and equations which are wider than
303 You can use the arrow keys to scroll horizontally through the table, but
304 this doesn't work for equations yet.
310 First, the bad news: the help system is not as thorough or idiot-proof as
311 in many commercial applications.
316 Now the good news: the help system consists of the LyX manuals.
321 of the manuals from inside LyX.
322 Just select the manual you want read from the
332 While we're at it, we'd like to make a comment about the manuals.
333 They're not idiot-proof, not in the least.
334 Here's what one of our authors,
338 , once said about manuals:
344 Yes, we've all dealt with the terse, poorly-translated, or cryptic manuals.
345 They are aggravating.
346 I find, however, that the overly simplified ones are even more aggravating.
347 First, they spend about half their time carefully explaining to the user
348 how to operate a mouse, what a menu is, et cetera, ad nauseum.
349 Please, if someone doesn't know how to use their own computer, or a GUI,
350 then they should sit down and learn
354 they start up a major piece of software.
357 Second, what information they do provide seems to assume that the user is
359 Utter nonsense! Most users, in my experience, are some combination of clueless
360 and intimidated, not stupid.
361 Besides, if someone is truly slow on the uptake, they need help that a
362 manual for a piece of computer software can't give.
367 Editor's Note: With this in mind, I've instructed all of the other authors
368 to avoid patronizing you, the reader, and to be more pedagogical than pedantic.
369 As for those who are too lazy to read and understand the manuals --- well,
370 as we say here in America, there's no such thing as a free lunch.
377 Basic File Operations
387 menu are the 9 basic operations for any word processor in addition to some
388 more advanced operations:
469 They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors, with
470 a few minor differences.
476 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
485 command not only prompts you for a name for the new file, but also prompts
486 you for a template to use.
487 Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for
488 the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually.
489 They can be of use for certain classes, especially those for writing letters
492 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:doc-classes}
500 \begin_inset Quotes eld
504 \begin_inset Quotes erd
508 \begin_inset Quotes eld
512 \begin_inset Quotes erd
516 \begin_inset Quotes eld
520 \begin_inset Quotes erd
523 Unless you tell LyX to open a file or create a new one, that big, blank
524 space is just that --- a big, blank space.
534 command is useful if more people work on the same document at the same
541 If you plan to do this, you should check out the Version Control feature
552 It will simply reload the document from disk.
553 You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document
554 and want to restore it to the last save.
557 The second matter of note concerns the commands
562 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
574 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
583 \begin_inset Quotes eld
587 \begin_inset Quotes erd
590 to save us all from our own stupidity.
591 That is, if you try to close a file with changes [or exit LyX], you'll
592 be informed that there are unsaved files.
595 Basic Editing Features
598 Like most modern word processors, LyX can perform cut and paste operations
599 on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or screenful of text, and
600 can delete whole words as well as individual characters.
601 The next four sections cover the basic LyX editing features and how to
603 We'll start with cut and paste.
606 As you might expect, the
613 menu has the cut and paste commands, along with various other editing features.
614 Some of these are special and covered in later sections.
640 Replace\SpecialChar \ldots{}
644 The first three are self-explanatory.
645 One thing to note: whenever you delete a block of text that you've selected,
646 it's automatically placed in the clipboard.
655 keys also functions as the
660 Also, if you've selected text, be careful.
661 If you hit a key, LyX will completely delete the selected text and replace
662 it with what you just typed.
670 to get back the lost text.
678 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
685 Replace\SpecialChar \ldots{}
695 The text you want to find goes in the
704 Once you've found a word or expression, LyX selects it.
712 button replaces the selected text with the contents of the
714 Replace\SpecialChar ~
722 You can click to search again to skip the current word.
733 to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically.
745 toggle button can be used if you want the search to consider the case of
747 If the toggle is set, searching for
748 \begin_inset Quotes eld
756 \begin_inset Quotes erd
759 will not match the word
760 \begin_inset Quotes eld
768 \begin_inset Quotes erd
782 toggle button can be used to force LyX to only find complete words.
785 \begin_inset Quotes eld
793 \begin_inset Quotes erd
797 \begin_inset Quotes eld
805 \begin_inset Quotes erd
809 \begin_inset Quotes eld
817 \begin_inset Quotes erd
826 If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it.
827 LyX has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer.
833 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
840 to undo some mistake.
841 If you accidently undo too much, use
846 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
854 \begin_inset Quotes eld
858 \begin_inset Quotes erd
861 The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100 steps to minimise memory
866 Notice that if you revert back all changes to arrive to the document as
867 it was last saved, the
868 \begin_inset Quotes eld
872 \begin_inset Quotes erd
875 status of the document is unfortunately not reset.
876 This is a consequence of the 100 step undo limit, above.
893 work on almost everything in LyX.
894 They have some quirks, too.
909 text character by character, but by blocks of text.
910 That can take some getting used to; you'll have to play with
924 to get a feel for just how much they'll undo/redo, and after time, you'll
925 hopefully appreciate how it works.
931 We're not going to go into all of the mouse bindings here.
932 Some of the other sections of this manual cover specific operations you
933 can do with the mouse.
934 Instead, we're going to cover the most basic mouse operations.
945 once anywhere in the edit window.
946 The cursor moves to the text under the mouse.
959 LyX marks the text between the old and new mouse positions.
965 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
968 to create a copy of the text in LyX's buffer.
971 Re-position the cursor and then paste the text back into LyX using
976 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
983 Footnotes, Margin Notes, Figure and Table Floats, etc.
995 left mouse button to open or close any of these.
996 Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details.
1008 the right mouse button
1012 to open a dialog that will allow you to manipulate the table.
1017 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec: key bindings}
1024 Again, we're not going to cover all of the keybindings.
1025 Be aware that there are at least two different primary binding maps: CUA
1027 I guarantee you will cuss when you press Control-d to delete a character,
1028 and it starts up a DVI previewer instead (or vice versa).
1057 , do exactly what you expect them to do.
1060 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1066 There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX.
1067 If you don't understand this, go read Sections
1068 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro}
1073 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:par-environments}
1077 , especially Section\SpecialChar ~
1079 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvlists}
1085 If you're still confused, look in the
1091 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1098 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1102 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1105 It's used, generically, to cancel operations.
1106 Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this.
1108 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1120 These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line,
1121 unless you are using the Emacs bindings where they jump to the beginning
1124 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1140 you have your keyboard set up correctly under the X Windows System,
1144 works as expected and
1148 deletes the character under the cursor [if no text is selected].
1152 If you haven't set up your keyboard under X, or have no idea what we mean
1153 by that, go read section
1154 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:x-win-keys}
1159 You'll save yourself a lot of headaches.
1163 Then there are the modifier keys:
1165 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1171 This has a couple of different uses, depending on which keys it's used
1172 in combination with:
1184 , it deletes an entire word instead of a single character.
1195 , it moves by words instead of characters.
1206 , it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively.
1209 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1215 Use this with any of the motion keys to select the text between the old
1216 and new cursor positions.
1218 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1224 This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless your keyboard has a distinct
1226 Unfortunately, X sometimes has their functionality swapped, so if you have
1227 both keys, you will need to do a little trial and error to find out which
1228 one actually performs the
1233 This key does many different things, but it also activates the
1235 menu accelerator keys
1238 If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a
1239 menu or menu item, it selects that menu item.
1243 For example, the sequence
1244 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1253 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1258 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1266 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1279 There are also other things bound to the
1283 key, but you'll have to check in the
1295 Hopefully, you'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as
1296 you use LyX, because most mouse actions will prompt a small message in
1297 the minibuffer which describe the name of the action, you've just triggered,
1298 and any existing keybindings for that action.
1299 The notation for the keybindings is very similar to the notation used in
1300 this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding it.
1301 However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so
1304 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1310 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1317 followed by a capital
1323 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1331 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1341 Using LyX with Other Programs
1344 Importing ASCII files
1347 You can import text from an ASCII file using the
1352 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1357 mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1372 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1377 mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1395 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1400 mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1409 puts each line of the file into its own LyX paragraph.
1410 This is useful if you're importing a text file with a simple list in it.
1411 However, if your text file contains paragraphs in it, LyX will mangle the
1412 paragraphs if you use this form of import.
1420 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1425 mport\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1435 preserves paragraphs in text files.
1436 Often in a text file, you didn't put the contents of an entire paragraph
1442 to break up the paragraph into separate lines.
1448 , LyX won't mangle such paragraphs.
1449 Anything between two consecutive blank lines goes into its own LyX paragraph.
1450 Remember: you must make sure there is a
1454 line between each and every paragraph in your text file.
1455 If not, LyX might end up merging two paragraphs.
1458 Cut and Paste Between LyX and Other X Programs
1473 operations will transfer text to and from LyX.
1474 You can copy text from LyX to another window in this way: Select the text
1475 that you want to copy, then go to the destination window and paste the
1476 text with the middle mouse button.
1480 Pasting text into LyX also works much the same way as in X.
1481 Select the text with the mouse in another X window.
1482 Go to the Lyx window and paste the text with the middle mouse button.
1485 LyX Setup and Supporting Applications
1491 If you're using LyX on a system someone else has set up for you, then you
1492 can safely skip this chapter.
1493 It describes all of the things you need beyond the LyX binary and files
1494 distributed with it.
1497 If you're installing LyX on your system,
1499 you should read the README's that came with the LyX distribution and then
1506 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1519 This chapter does not describe installation or setup of the LyX binary
1520 [Well, not everything\SpecialChar \ldots{}
1522 It does describe all of the things you'll need to use LyX to its fullest.
1528 This is basically where we decided to document a bunch of info about running
1529 LyX, including what other programs you'll need to make LyX useful.
1536 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:setup}
1543 There are two ways to run LyX.
1544 The first way is to install LyX and all of its support files on your system.
1545 Of course, you need root privileges to do that.
1546 The second way to run LyX doesn't require root access, letting you
1547 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1551 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1554 LyX somewhere in your own account.
1555 LyX will automatically detect where it is as long as the supporting directories
1556 are put in the correct places.
1559 There are several features of LyX that can be configured from inside LyX,
1560 without resorting to configuration files.
1561 First, LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs, LaTeX document
1562 classes and LaTeX packages are available.
1563 It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults to several
1570 Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed
1571 on your system, you might have some items that you installed locally and
1572 which are not seen by LyX.
1573 To force LyX to re-inspect your system, you should use
1578 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1586 You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account.
1587 As far as LaTeX classes and packages are concerned, you will find information
1588 about what has been found under
1593 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1604 The second set of settings that you might want to change comprises all the
1605 document-level setting that you can change via the
1610 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1618 To do this, open a scrap document, set all these options according to your
1619 taste and save them with the
1626 Document\SpecialChar ~
1637 This will create a template named
1641 which is automatically loaded by LyX when you open a document without template
1642 such that the settings are automatically set-up as you defined them.
1645 There are many other user-configurable options that you can feed to LyX.
1646 Upon startup, LyX reads a global options file called
1651 It will then attempt to read a file called
1655 beneath your home directory.
1661 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1668 dialog can be used to change these options; the document
1672 contains more information about the preferences dialog and these configuration
1676 Setting Up the X Keyboard
1677 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:x-win-keys}
1684 To use LyX properly, you
1689 This is especially vital if you're using the international support features
1690 of LyX and want to use non-English keyboard mappings.
1691 Unfortunately, almost nobody bothers to do this, especially those who've
1692 installed Linux on a PC\SpecialChar \@.
1693 Administrators of large systems can be guilty of
1694 this, too, so don't assume that you're safe if you're using a large system.
1695 Any user can instruct X how to use his or her keyboard.
1698 xmodmap and xkeycaps
1701 First of all read the man pages for these two programs.
1702 They are your best friends when you are trying to set up X key mapping
1704 If you don't have them, install them.
1705 \layout Subsubsection
1710 This document contains no information on how to use
1724 To load the new X keyboard mappings, place the command
1726 xmodmap\SpecialChar ~
1729 somewhere in your startup scripts [e.g.
1747 \layout Subsubsection
1752 This program is a dream come true! It brings up a graphical version of your
1753 keyboard, allows you to make modifications, and then spits those modifications
1754 out to the standard output in a form readable by
1759 It is very useful when you're trying to design a new
1763 file, though it will require you to do a bit of cut-and-pasting.
1766 Modifiers and Mode_switch
1769 LyX supports three modifiers: Shift [
1782 Moreover, if one of the keys of your keyboard is configured as a
1786 key, then you can use it to enter some characters not available on your
1788 This compose key can be used either as a modifier (like
1796 ) or as a prefix key.
1797 Here are some examples of what you can do with a
1809 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
1820 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
1831 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
1842 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
1848 This input method is particularly handy when you use accented characters
1849 only from time to time.
1850 It works by default for latin1 characters, but other input methods will
1851 be used if you setup your locale correctly.
1854 Helpful Hints and Tips
1857 First, open up two xterminals.
1858 Use one to edit a new
1871 , remap your keyboard the way you want it.
1876 to output the new keymap.
1881 will spit a bunch of stuff on the xterm you executed it from.
1882 Just copy and paste all of that into your
1886 file, and you're done.
1892 You could also save yourself some typing by executing
1897 This will create a usable map file.
1903 Also, there are some things you can do to help you get oriented.
1904 Try executing the command
1909 This will show you all of the currently active modifiers.
1912 xmodmap -v -pke | more
1914 to see which keycode numbers are mapped to which symbolic names.
1915 It will also give you some idea of the syntax of the
1922 There's one thing you'll need to check.
1935 defined as the same key symbol by X! Note that giving these two keys unique
1936 symbol names will not necessarily alter the behavior of your programs.
1945 to the same operation.
1947 Other programs, however, use
1955 for different operations.
1956 LyX is one of these programs, and if you have
1964 labeled with the same key symbol name, you'll have trouble using LyX.
1970 If you want to do more with LyX than simply create documents and spit out
1975 files, you'll need LaTeX.
1978 In case you were wondering, LaTeX is a markup language front end for TeX,
1979 a document preparation system invented in 1984 by Donald Knuth.
1985 A note about pronunciation: TeX originated from the Greek letters,
1986 \begin_inset Formula $\tau\epsilon\chi$
1990 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1994 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1997 That's how you pronounce
1998 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2002 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2006 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2010 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2013 [If you're American, just pronounce the
2014 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2018 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2022 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2026 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2032 TeX takes a set of commands in an ASCII file and converts it to a
2033 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2037 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2040 format, or Dvi, for short.
2041 The Dvi file can then be sent to printers.
2042 TeX is programmable, and LaTeX is nothing but a [really huge] set of TeX
2044 LaTeX will typically come as part of a TeX distribution, so all you need
2048 Note that on some old systems you may find that only LaTeX 2.09 is installed
2049 (as opposed to the more current LaTeX2e).
2050 LyX cannot be used with LaTeX 2.09.
2053 If you're using Linux, LaTeX2e should have come with your distribution.
2054 For other systems, you might need to install LaTeX yourself.You can obtain
2055 a LaTeX distribution (and anything and everything related to TeX and LaTeX)
2056 from a Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) mirror.
2057 A complete list of mirrors may be found at
2060 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.ctan.org}
2065 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ctan}
2072 Dvips and Ghostscript
2078 There's one more step you need to take if you want to print your LyX documents.
2079 Obviously, you'll need to make sure your printer is configured [see next
2081 You'll also need to install these programs (or compatibles), if you don't
2105 The latter two programs are previewer for files in Dvi and PostScript®
2111 PostScript® is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated, and
2112 is the main page description language in the UN*X world.
2117 If you don't know what a DVI file is, you've probably also never worked
2118 with LaTeX and should read the
2122 document before proceeding further.
2127 converts DVI files into PostScript, which is the format most printers use
2129 For those of you using dot-matrix and inkjet printers, you'll want to filter
2130 the PostScript through
2134 , which is capable of creating output for a variety of printers.
2135 The following section on printer setup describes how to do this automatically
2136 every time you print.
2137 For now, we'll concentrate on
2145 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:dvipsconfig}
2152 Whether you'll be running LyX on a large system or a Linux box at home,
2153 you should configure
2163 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2167 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2170 into a file, or send output directly to the printer, depending on how it's
2172 If it is set up to print to a file, and if no filename is specified, it
2186 set up to send output to the default printer.
2187 For LyX, you'll want the flexibility to do both.
2190 If you are not a mood to configure
2194 to adapt its output to your printer, you can safely skip this section.
2195 Be warned however that the output will not match the quality that you could
2196 expect from your printer.
2197 At least, it will print.
2200 If you are using teTeX (a TeX distribution which is particularly popular
2201 on Linux), you should run the program
2206 To make the name of a new printer recognized by
2210 you should then select menu entry
2215 Enter the required parameters and, before exiting, remember to select the
2223 Let's turn now to manual configuration: in order to inform
2227 how to automagically convert a
2235 file adapted to printer
2239 , you need to have a config-file,
2240 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2248 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2251 lying around somewhere.
2262 /usr/lib/texmf/dvips
2264 in most TeX distributions.
2265 Your system will probably be different, of course, so just look under the
2266 main TeX directory for a subdirectory called
2267 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2275 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2278 It'll be there somewhere.
2281 Typically, there will be at least one config-file:
2286 This file is the default configuration file, which is
2296 In particular, this file is not necessarily connected to the existence of
2305 Read this file and see what options could need to be changed for your particula
2311 containing only the relevant lines.
2315 There's at least one thing you need to do to the config-file.
2316 There may exist a line that looks like,
2317 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2325 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2328 [without the quotes, of course\SpecialChar \ldots{}
2331 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2339 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2342 , so that the output is sent by default to printer
2347 However, you should probably investigate the entries
2348 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2356 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2360 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2368 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2371 , which define respectively the Metafont mode and the resolution of the
2373 If you do not know what a Metafont mode is, you can see it as a printer
2374 driver: it adapts the design of TeX fonts to ensure that they give the
2375 best possible result on your printer.
2376 Be warned however that, if you define different Metafont modes for different
2381 will generate several copies of your TeX fonts on disk, and these take
2385 Once you are satisfied that your printers are correctly configured, you
2386 should tell LyX to make use of this configuration.
2387 To do this, you should launch the
2396 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2403 ) and set the entries
2416 You can use as many configuration files as you like, one for each of your
2418 The default printer for LyX can be specified from the
2429 environment variable.
2430 You can also choose the desired printer from inside LyX, as described in
2432 Once you've done all that, you can print to either a PostScript printer
2437 If your printer doesn't understand PostScript®, you'll need to use
2441 as a filter for your print spooler.
2442 That's covered in numerous HOWTO's and manuals.
2443 We also have a section that covers a little bit of this.
2446 Some people don't seem to like using the
2455 As alternative, you can use a program that converts the DVI file directly
2456 into your printer language.
2457 You can specify this program in the
2462 There is a major disadvantage to this method.
2463 You can't include any PostScript files, such as graphics, in your documents,
2464 since the printer-specific conversion programs don't understand PostScript®.
2465 For that reason, the LyX team highly recommends using
2477 Ghostscript, Xdvi and Ghostview
2493 files, while the later interfaces with
2497 to allow you to view PostScript files.
2500 A quick note on both of these programs.
2501 Both automatically update themselves if the viewed file
2515 file, not the files used to make these.
2519 You can also force an update.
2520 So, once you've opened one of these two viewers, there's no reason to close
2522 Also, both programs are functionally the same, providing all of the same
2526 The LyX team recommends using
2530 for fine tuning documents.
2531 Why? It's faster; there's one less layer of processing you need to do before
2532 you can view the changes.
2540 to preview a document from LyX, and leave it running.
2543 Make changes to the document using LyX.
2546 To view those changes, just choose
2551 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2556 pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2564 When LaTeX's all done, click on the
2575 Now, this doesn't mean
2584 is better suited to those occasions where you
2588 view the PostScript version of the document.
2589 For repeated changes that aren't PostScript® dependent, you're better off
2595 There is an alternative to
2599 which sports a much better interface:
2604 LyX will automatically use it instead of ghostscript if it is available.
2612 Anyone working on a large system shouldn't have any problems here.
2613 Your sysadmin [or you, if you are the sysadmin] should already have the
2614 printers set up for your system.
2615 All you need to do is find out the name of the printer you want to use,
2620 as described in the last section.
2625 Those of you using Linux, however, will have a bit more work to do.
2626 Many people now receive a Linux distribution, such as Red Hat or Slackware,
2632 They follow the install instructions, get Linux up and running, but never
2633 realize that they need to set up their printer.
2636 If you find that you need to do this by hand, we've written a little something
2637 to help you out with that; check out the
2638 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2646 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2665 Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you
2670 of document you want to edit.
2671 Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings,
2672 numbering schemes, and so on.
2673 Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments,
2674 and format the title of your document differently.
2681 describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents.
2682 By setting the document class, you automagically select these properties,
2683 making it easier to create the type of document you want.
2684 If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default.
2685 So, it behooves you to change the class of your document.
2688 Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and
2689 how to fine-tune some of their properties.
2693 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:doc-classes}
2697 The Various Document Classes
2698 \layout Subsubsection
2703 There are five standard document classes in LyX.
2707 Article for basic articles
2710 Report for basic reports
2713 Book for writing a book
2716 Letter for US-style letters
2719 Slides is used to make transparencies
2722 There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have
2723 a LaTeX setup that supports them:
2726 Aapaper Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysic
2730 Amsart Journal articles in the style and format used by the AMS [American
2731 Mathematical Society].
2732 There are three amsart layouts available.
2733 The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems,
2737 , that prepends the section number to the number of the result.
2738 All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced
2739 together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence.
2741 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2744 sequential numbering
2745 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2748 scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers
2749 them throughout the article in a single sequence.
2750 Each type of result gets its own sequence.
2751 There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether.
2754 Amsbook Books in the style and format used by the AMS.
2755 Only the standard numbering scheme is provided, under the assumption that
2756 you would not want to number results consecutively throughout a book, and
2757 that you would need to number results.
2760 Dinbrief für Briefe nach deutscher Art
2763 Foils is used to make transparencies, but is better than
2768 Linuxdoc Used with the SGML-tools package (formerly known as LinuxDoc).
2769 It allows LyX to produce SGML output.
2770 SGML is a markup language and is the predecessor to HTML\SpecialChar \@.
2772 package allows you to convert SGML to HTML or to the format used by
2779 Paper for use with the
2783 LaTeX document class [not in all LaTeX distributions]
2786 Revtex is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical
2787 Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society
2789 This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features.
2792 We won't go into any detail about how to use these different document classes
2794 You can find all the details about the non-standard classes in the
2799 Here, we will settle with a list of some of the common properties of all
2800 of the document classes.
2801 \layout Subsubsection
2806 You can select a class using the
2813 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
2819 Select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options
2821 \layout Subsubsection
2826 Each class has a default set of options.
2827 Here's a quick table describing them:
2829 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
2831 \begin_inset Tabular
2832 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="5">
2834 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
2835 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
2836 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
2837 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
2838 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
2839 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
2840 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2847 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2864 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2881 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2898 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2916 <row topline="true">
2917 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2933 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2950 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2967 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2984 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3002 <row topline="true">
3003 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3019 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3036 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3053 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3070 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3088 <row topline="true">
3089 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3105 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3122 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3139 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3156 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3174 <row topline="true">
3175 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3191 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3208 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3225 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3242 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3259 <row topline="true">
3260 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3276 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3293 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3310 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3327 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3345 <row topline="true">
3346 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3362 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3379 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3396 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3413 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3431 <row topline="true">
3432 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3448 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3465 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3482 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3499 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3517 <row topline="true">
3518 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3534 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3551 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3568 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3585 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3602 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
3603 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3619 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3636 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3653 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
3670 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
3695 There is no default value of
3704 for any of these classes.
3708 You're probably also wondering what
3709 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3714 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3718 There are several paragraph environment used to create section headings.
3719 Different document classes allow different types of section headings.
3724 heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the
3729 Some document classes, such as the three for letters, don't use any section
3739 headings, there are also
3747 headings, and so on.
3748 We'll describe these headings fully in section
3749 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parenvheadings}
3756 Fine-tuning the Defaults
3759 Okay, we know we never told you what most of these
3760 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3764 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3775 That's what this section is for.
3777 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3786 This is another list, containing five options.
3787 It controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page:
3793 LaTeX does this part.
3799 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3805 Use default pagestyle of current class.
3807 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3813 No page numbers or headings.
3815 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3823 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3829 Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number.
3830 Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on
3831 which is the maximum sectioning level.
3833 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3839 This allows you to create fully customizable headers and footers if you
3845 At the moment, support in LyX is limited to this setting.
3846 To use the full power of this package, you have to resort to magic codes
3848 Check the documentation for the
3852 package for more details.
3855 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3861 No, LyX can't make your printer print on both sides of a sheet of paper!
3862 However, it can use a different format for odd-numbered pages than even-numbere
3868 have a printer that duplexes
3875 prints on both sides of a sheet of paper
3878 , your page number will always be in the upper right corner of the page
3879 and the left margin will have extra room for a binding.
3883 There are two radio buttons here:
3887 for single-sided documents,
3891 for double-sided documents.
3894 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3900 Yes, this does control how many columns each page has.
3901 You can choose, using the toggle buttons,
3909 for the number of columns.
3914 Note that LyX won't show two columns on screen.
3915 That's impractical, often unreadable, and not part of the WYSIWYM concept.
3920 be two columns in the generated output.
3923 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3940 takes several options.
3941 LyX sets some of these automatically for you.
3942 This text box allows you to enter in others.
3943 Just type in a comma-separated list of options.
3944 See a good LaTeX book to find out what kinds of additional options you
3947 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
3953 This has its own section.
3956 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:parindentintro}
3960 for a description of what this does.
3963 Paper Size, Orientation, and Margins
3966 There are several other options to set in the
3968 Document\SpecialChar ~
3972 All of them are global options, but they have special purposes and only
3973 affect certain features.
3974 We describe what these options do in the same section that describes the
3975 features they affect.
3978 There are two options that affect the overall layout of the document, so
3979 we'll describe them here.
3980 You'll find them in the
3990 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
3996 Two toggle buttons choose whether to print the output as
4013 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
4023 What size paper to print on.
4068 Some of these settings require you to have the
4073 This package will also allow you to set the margins in the
4083 If you change a document's class, LyX has to convert
4088 That includes the paragraph environments.
4089 Some paragraph environments are standard; all of the document classes have
4091 Some classes have special paragraph environments, however.
4092 If this is the case, and you change document classes, LyX sets the missing
4093 paragraph environments to
4097 and places an error box at the beginning of the paragraph.
4098 Just click on them and you'll get a message dialog that tells you about
4099 the conversion and why it failed.
4102 Paragraph Indentation and Separation
4106 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parindentintro}
4113 Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to
4114 say a word or two about paragraph indentation.
4117 Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs.
4118 Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph.
4119 Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs.
4120 LyX uses the same convention you find among typographer.
4125 paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list,
4131 Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented.
4132 Some people don't like this convention, but if you want to use indented
4133 paragraphs, you'll have to live with it.
4139 There is a way to force LaTeX to indent all paragraphs.
4140 LyX won't show this, of course, but LaTeX
4145 You'll need to get a special package and insert an appropriate command
4149 Editor's Note: I'll insert this info when I get the time.
4158 The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings
4159 and text --- in fact, all of the spacings for just about everything are
4161 As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what.
4162 LyX takes care of that.
4163 In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a
4165 That way, LyX can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure
4166 figures fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom
4167 of a page, and so on.
4173 Actually, LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file.
4176 However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them.
4177 LyX gives you the ability to globally change
4181 of these pre-coded spacings.
4182 We'll explain more later.
4185 Global Indentation Method
4188 To select the default method of separating paragraphs, select
4203 to indent paragraphs or add extra space between paragraphs, respectively.
4209 You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph.
4215 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4220 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
4223 dialog and toggle the
4230 button to change the state of the current paragraph.
4231 If paragraphs indent by default, this button will be inactive at first.
4232 If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this
4233 button will be completely ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph
4237 You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph
4238 if you need to do some fine-tuning.
4239 Typically, you'll select
4254 for the entire document and edit away.
4257 Changing Line Spacing
4265 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4272 dialog you can choose your line spacing provided you have the
4279 Paragraph Environments
4280 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:par-environments}
4290 The paragraph environments correspond to the various
4316 command sequences in an ordinary LaTeX file.
4317 If you don't know LaTeX, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally
4318 alien to you, we urge you to read the
4327 also contains many more examples than this section does.
4330 A paragraph environment is simply a
4331 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4335 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4338 for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties.
4339 This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering
4340 scheme, labels, and so on.
4341 Additionally, you can
4342 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4346 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4349 the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment
4350 to inherit some of the properties of another.
4351 The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy
4352 tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other hold-overs from the
4353 days of typewriters.
4354 There are several paragraph environments which are specific to a particular
4356 We'll only be covering the most common ones here.
4359 To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box on the left
4361 LyX will change the environment of the
4365 paragraph in which the cursor sits.
4366 You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if
4367 you select them before choosing the new environment.
4379 create a new paragraph using the
4383 paragraph environment.
4385 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4389 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4392 because this isn't always the case.
4398 If you are in one of these environments:
4509 LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you hit
4513 , rather than resetting it to
4518 LyX will still reset the nesting depth, however.
4521 Usually, starting a new paragraph resets both the paragraph environment
4522 and the nesting depth [more on nesting in section
4523 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
4528 At the moment, all this is context-specific; you're better off expecting
4533 to reset the paragraph environment and depth.
4534 If you want a new paragraph to keep the current environment and depth,
4545 The default paragraph environment is
4550 It creates a plain paragraph.
4551 If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses.
4552 In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now [and most of the ones in
4553 this manual] are in the
4560 You can nest a paragraph using the
4564 environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything
4575 A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name[s] of the
4577 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4581 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4584 for thanks or contact information.
4585 For certain types of documents, LaTeX places all of this on a separate
4586 page along with today's date.
4587 For other types of documents, the title
4588 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4592 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4595 goes at the top of the first page of the document.
4599 LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph
4613 Here's how you use them:
4616 Put the title of your document in the
4623 Put the author name in the
4630 If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date,
4631 or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in
4637 Note that using this environment is optional.
4638 If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date.
4641 Be sure to do this at the top of the document.
4642 You can use footnotes to insert
4643 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4647 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4650 or contact information.
4654 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvheadings}
4661 There are nine paragraph environments for producing section headings.
4662 LyX takes care of the numbering for you.
4663 All you need to do is decide what you're going to call section 3 of chapter
4665 \layout Subsubsection
4670 There are 6 numbered types of section headings.
4676 Why no mention of Part ?
4712 LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods.
4713 The numbers describe where in the document you are.
4714 These headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text.
4715 For example, suppose you're writing a book.
4716 You group the book into chapters.
4717 LyX does similar grouping:
4728 is the maximum sectioning level.
4790 not all document types use the
4794 heading as the maximum sectioning level.
4799 is the top-level heading.
4806 environment to label a new sub-subsection, LyX labels it with its number,
4807 along with the number of the subsection, section, and, if applicable, chapter
4809 For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the
4811 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4815 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4819 \layout Subsubsection
4824 There are 3 types of unnumbered section headings.
4844 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4848 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4851 after each name means that these headings are not numbered.
4852 They work the same as their numbered counterparts.
4853 \layout Subsubsection
4855 Changing the Numbering
4856 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sub:section-depth}
4863 You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear
4864 in the Table of Contents.
4865 Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document
4867 Certain classes start with
4881 Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels.
4891 This is something you can change.
4899 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4907 You should see a counter labelled
4909 Section\SpecialChar ~
4910 number\SpecialChar ~
4918 This counter controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers
4920 Unfortunately, the number you choose with the slider is really goofy, so
4921 here's a table of values and what they do:
4923 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
4925 \begin_inset Tabular
4926 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
4928 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
4929 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
4930 <row topline="true">
4931 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
4950 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
4967 <row bottomline="true">
4968 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
4984 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5001 <row topline="true">
5002 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5018 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5031 no numbering of any kind
5035 <row topline="true">
5036 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5052 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5071 <row topline="true">
5072 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5088 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5106 <row topline="true">
5107 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5123 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5141 <row topline="true">
5142 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5158 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5176 <row topline="true">
5177 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5193 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5212 <row topline="true">
5213 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5229 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5248 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
5249 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
5265 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
5291 The increasing numbers are cumulative: a setting of
5292 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5296 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5299 will number parts and chapters, while
5300 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5304 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5307 will number parts, chapters, sections, and subsections.
5308 Of course, if you're using a document class that doesn't use part or chapter
5314 the default article class), then the numbering begins at the
5319 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5323 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5327 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5331 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5337 There's another counter in the dialog, called
5341 contents\SpecialChar ~
5345 It works the same way as
5347 Section\SpecialChar ~
5348 numbering\SpecialChar ~
5351 , only it controls which sectioning levels appear in, you guessed it, the
5353 This is a great control to have.
5354 Suppose you wanted to number
5358 sectioning heading, but you only wanted
5370 s in the Table of Contents.
5373 Section\SpecialChar ~
5374 numbering\SpecialChar ~
5378 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5382 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5387 Table of contents\SpecialChar ~
5391 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5395 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5398 and voilà! You're all set.
5399 \layout Subsubsection
5404 The following information applies to
5443 You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments.
5446 You can only use inlined math in these environments.
5449 You cannot do any nesting with these environments.
5452 You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers.
5455 As for examples of these paragraph environments - look around you! We're
5456 using them everywhere in the manuals.
5457 \layout Subsubsection
5459 Creating an Appendix
5462 To create an appendix, simply start by adding a new chapter or section heading.
5463 Move the cursor back to the beginning of the heading and select
5468 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5476 ppendix\SpecialChar ~
5480 A red/brown box will be drawn around the remainder of the file to indicate
5481 there is something special about it, and the numerical chapter or section
5482 label(s) will be changed to a letter.
5488 LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations.
5502 Forget the days of changing linespacing and twiddling with margins.
5503 These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in.
5504 They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below
5505 the text they contain.
5506 They also allow nesting, so you can put a
5514 , as well as in some other paragraph environments.
5517 There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do
5526 when you start a new paragraph.
5527 So, you can type in that poem and merrily hit
5531 without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you.
5532 Of course, that means that, once you're done typing in that poem, you have
5533 to change back to the
5537 environment yourself.
5538 \layout Subsubsection
5549 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quote}
5556 Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's
5557 time for the differences.
5566 are identical except for one difference:
5570 uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line.
5579 indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout.
5582 Here's an example of the
5594 I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it
5596 See - no indentation!
5599 Here's the second paragraph of this quote.
5600 Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and
5601 the other paragraph.
5604 That ends that example.
5605 Here's another example, this time in the
5617 If I keep writing, you'll see the indentation.
5618 If your country uses a writing style that shows off new paragraphs by indenting
5619 the first line, then
5623 is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it
5627 you were quoting other text.
5630 Here's a new paragraph.
5631 I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time.
5632 If I did that, though, you'd get bored.
5635 That was our other example.
5636 As the example notes,
5640 is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs.
5641 They should put quotes in the
5646 Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the
5650 paragraph environment for quoted text.
5651 \layout Subsubsection
5656 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:verse}
5667 is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on.
5673 Which I did not rehearse!
5676 It could be much worse.
5677 This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps
5679 It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are
5680 indented a bit more than the first.
5681 Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore.
5687 And make things look fine
5700 does not indent both margins.
5701 Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph.
5702 To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the
5714 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:parenvlists}
5721 LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds
5731 environments, LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively.
5740 environments, LyX lets you provide your own label.
5741 We'll present the individual details of each type of list next after describing
5742 some general features of all four of them.
5743 \layout Subsubsection
5748 The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments
5750 First, LyX treats each paragraph as a list item.
5759 reset the environment to
5763 but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item.
5764 The nesting depth is typically reset, however.
5765 If you want to keep both the current nesting depth and paragraph environment,
5770 to break paragraphs.
5773 You can nest lists of any type inside one another.
5774 In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how its
5776 If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we suggest
5777 you read all of section
5778 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
5784 \layout Subsubsection
5791 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:itemize}
5798 The first type of list we'll describe in detail is the
5802 paragraph environment.
5803 It has the following properties:
5806 Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label.
5810 LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level.
5813 The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line.
5817 The items can be any length.
5818 LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item.
5819 The offset is always relative to whatever environment the
5830 environment inside another
5834 environment, the label changes to a new symbol.
5838 There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting.
5841 LyX always shows the same symbol, an asterisk, on screen.
5845 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
5849 for a full explanation of nesting.
5853 Of course, that explanation was also an example of an
5862 environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter.
5865 We said that different levels use different symbols as their label.
5866 Here's an example of all four possible symbols.
5867 Note that those of you reading this manual online won't see any difference.
5870 The label for the first level
5874 is a large black dot, or bullet.
5878 The label for the second level is a dash.
5882 The label for the third is an asterisk.
5886 The label for the fourth is a centered dot.
5890 Back out to the third level.
5894 Back to the second level.
5898 Back to the outermost level.
5901 These are the default labels for an
5906 You can customize these labels in the
5921 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5935 Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth.
5936 We'll explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths
5938 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
5944 \layout Subsubsection
5951 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:enumerate}
5962 environment is the tool to use to create numbered lists and outlines.
5963 It has these properties:
5966 Each item has a numeral as its label.
5970 The type of numeral depends on the nesting depth.
5974 LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate.
5981 environment resets the counter to one.
5996 Offsets the items relative to the left margin.
5997 Items can be any length.
6000 Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases.
6003 Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth.
6006 Allows up to a four-fold nesting.
6022 show the different labels for each item.
6023 Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an
6030 The first level of an
6034 uses Arabic numerals followed by a period.
6038 The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses.
6042 The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period.
6046 The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period.
6049 Again, notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth
6054 Back to the third level
6058 Back to the second level.
6062 Back to the outermost level.
6065 Once again, you can customize the type of numbering used in the
6070 It involves adding commands to the LaTeX preamble (see the
6075 As stated earlier, such customization only shows up in the printed version,
6076 not on the LyX screen.
6079 There is more to nesting
6083 environments than we've stated here.
6089 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
6093 to learn more about nesting.
6094 \layout Subsubsection
6101 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:descrlist}
6108 Unlike the previous two environments, the
6112 list has no fixed label.
6113 Instead, LyX uses the first
6114 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6118 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6121 of the first line as the label.
6125 Example: This is an example of the
6132 LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the
6136 Now, you're probably wondering what we mean by,
6137 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6140 uses the first 'word'.
6141 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6148 key does not add a whitespace character, but separates words from one another.
6157 key tells LyX to end the label if we're at the beginning of the first line
6161 However, what if you want or need to use more than one word in the label
6166 environment? Simple: use a
6180 pecial\SpecialChar ~
6181 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6182 Protected\SpecialChar ~
6199 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace}
6203 for more info.] Here's an example:
6206 Second\SpecialChar ~
6207 Example: This one shows how to use a
6209 Protected\SpecialChar ~
6219 Usage: You should use the
6223 environment for things like definitions and theorems.
6224 Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text
6226 It's not a good idea to use a
6230 environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe.
6231 You're better off using
6243 paragraphs into them.
6246 Nesting: You can, of course, nest
6250 environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
6254 Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting
6255 them from the first line.
6256 \layout Subsubsection
6263 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:lyxlist}
6274 environment is a LyX extension to LaTeX.
6278 Now, if you jumped here without reading sections
6279 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:itemize}
6284 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:descrlist}
6297 create numbered lists.
6302 does, and it's documented in section
6303 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:enumerate}
6319 environment has user-defined labels for each list item.
6320 There are some key differences between this list environment and the other
6323 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6326 labels LyX uses the first
6327 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6331 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6334 of each line as the item label.
6339 after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label.
6340 If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a protected
6341 blank as described above.
6343 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6345 margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and
6346 the body of the item text.
6347 The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default
6348 label width plus a little extra space.
6351 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6354 width LyX uses one of two things for the label width: the actual width
6355 of the label, or the default width, whichever is larger.
6356 If the actual width is larger, then the label
6357 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6361 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6364 into the first line.
6365 In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left
6366 margin of the rest of the item text.
6368 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6370 default\SpecialChar ~
6371 width You can very easily set this default width.
6372 It's quite painless, actually.
6373 So, you can easily ensure that the text of all items in a
6377 environment have the same left margin.
6379 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6381 uses You should use the
6385 environment the same way you'd use as
6389 list: when you need one word to stand out from the text that describes
6395 environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall
6398 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
6400 nesting You can nest
6404 environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
6406 They work just like the other list paragraph environments.
6408 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
6412 to learn about nesting.
6415 As you can see, this is a feature-packed paragraph environment!
6418 To change the default width of the label, select the items in the list to
6420 You can also simply move the cursor into a
6424 item if you want to change only its label width.
6430 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6435 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
6449 box determines the default label width.
6450 If you really, really want to, you can use the text of your largest label
6451 here, but you don't need to.
6452 We recommend using the letter
6453 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6457 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6461 It's the widest character and is a standard unit of width in LaTeX.
6462 The default label width in the example
6467 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6471 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6476 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6480 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6483 as your unit of width in the
6488 box has one more advantage: you don't need to keep changing the contents
6494 every time you alter a label in a
6501 There's yet another feature of the
6505 environment we need to tell you about.
6506 As you can see in the examples, LyX left-justifies the item labels by default.
6507 You can use additional
6511 to change how LyX justifies the item label.
6517 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:hspace}
6522 Here are some examples:
6524 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
6526 Left The default for
6532 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
6540 at the beginning of the label right justifies it.
6542 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMMM
6552 at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it.
6555 Don't worry if you have no idea what
6560 Just remember that you can use them to customize the look of the
6567 That does it for the four paragraph environments for making lists.
6568 Oh - did we mention that you should read about nesting environments in
6570 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
6574 if you want to use any of these list environments?
6578 \layout Subsubsection
6592 Although LyX has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph
6603 To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments
6604 in a specific order, otherwise LaTeX gags on the document.
6605 In contrast, you can use the
6614 paragraph environments anywhere with no problem.
6615 You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest
6619 Of course, you're not limited to using
6634 , in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in
6635 some European academic papers.
6636 \layout Subsubsection
6639 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:adress_usage}
6650 environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used
6651 for the opening and signature in some countries.
6657 environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which
6658 is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries.
6659 Here's an example of each:
6660 \layout Right Address
6668 When is it? What is today?
6677 Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which LyX sets to
6678 fit the largest block of text on a single line.
6679 Here's an example of the
6688 Where do I send this
6690 Your post office and country
6693 As you can see, both
6702 add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph.
6703 Speaking of which, if you hit
6707 in either of these environments, LyX resets the nesting depth and sets
6713 This makes sense, however, since
6721 function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs.
6735 pecial\SpecialChar ~
6736 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6750 menu] to start a new line in an
6765 Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography
6766 or list of references.
6767 LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these.
6768 \layout Subsubsection
6779 environment is used for the abstract of an article.
6784 use this environment anywhere, but you really
6788 only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title.
6789 Also, don't bother trying to nest
6793 in anything else or vice versa.
6799 environment is only useful in the
6800 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6804 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6808 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6812 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6815 document classes [as well as
6816 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6820 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6823 which is just a specialized version of
6824 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6828 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6833 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6837 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6840 document class ignores the
6844 completely, and it's utterly silly to use
6849 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6853 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6863 environment does several things for you.
6864 First, it puts the centered label
6865 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6869 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6873 The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical
6875 Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect.
6876 Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and
6877 the subsequent text.
6878 Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen.
6879 If your document is in the
6880 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6884 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6887 class, the abstract actually appears on a separate page in the printed
6888 version of the file.
6891 Starting a new paragraph by hitting
6899 reset the paragraph environment.
6900 The new paragraph will still be in the
6905 So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you
6906 finish entering the abstract of your document.
6909 We'd love to give you an example of the
6913 environment, but we can't, since this document is in the
6914 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6918 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6922 If you've never heard of an
6923 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6927 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6930 before, you can safely ignore this environment.
6931 \layout Subsubsection
6938 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bibliography}
6949 environment is used to list references.
6954 use this environment anywhere, but you really
6958 only use it at the end of the document.
6959 Also, don't bother trying to nest
6963 in anything else or vice versa.
6967 When you first open a
6971 environment, LyX add a large vertical space, followed by the heading
6972 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6976 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6980 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6984 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6987 depending on the document class.
6988 The heading is in a large boldface font.
6989 Each paragraph of the
6993 environment is a bibliography entry.
7002 reset the paragraph environment.
7003 Each new paragraph is still in the
7018 of each paragraph, you will see a gray button showing a number.
7019 If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a
7028 The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography
7030 For example, suppose your first entry in the bibliography was a book about
7032 We could choose the key
7033 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7037 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7041 You can also give a label, which will be displayed in the gray inset box.
7048 field isn't useless.
7049 You can refer to your bibliography entries using the
7054 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
7059 itation\SpecialChar ~
7063 Just choose the key inside in the available keys list, then add a reference
7064 by clicking on the left arrow, which will add it to the selected keys list.
7065 Multiple references can be placed by selecting more than one key.
7070 appears at the end of this document.
7072 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7076 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide}
7081 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite[Chapter 3]{latexcompanion}
7086 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7089 is an example of how to cite two of the entries in it.
7090 In the second one, we used the
7099 field of the citation dialog to add the text
7100 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7104 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7109 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7113 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7117 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7121 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7124 that you see on screen will be replaced in print by the number or the label
7125 of the bibliography entry.
7128 The more advanced LaTeX bibliography package BibTeX is also supported by
7130 For a description of how to use it, please refer to the
7132 Extended LyX Features
7140 There are three standard paragraph environments that simply don't fit any
7141 category, as they are very specialized for a particular purpose.
7142 We'll point out the highlights and uses of each.
7143 \layout Subsubsection
7150 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:captionlayout}
7161 environment is the default paragraph environment for
7163 Figure\SpecialChar ~
7172 On the LyX screen, you'll see either the label
7173 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7177 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7181 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7185 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7188 , depending on which type of
7193 The actual reference number is substituted in this label in the printed
7197 You can't really nest things into a
7201 environment or vice versa.
7202 Additionally, hitting
7206 resets the paragraph environment to
7214 can only be a single paragraph.
7221 environment outside of a
7223 Figure\SpecialChar ~
7233 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}
7238 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}
7242 for more information on
7244 Figure\SpecialChar ~
7254 \layout Subsubsection
7265 environment is another LyX extension.
7266 It type-sets text in a typewriter-style font.
7271 key as a fixed whitespace;
7287 Protected\SpecialChar ~
7290 instead of an end-of-word marker.
7293 this is the only case in which you can type multiple whitespaces in LyX.
7294 If you need to insert blank lines, you'll still need to use
7316 reset the paragraph environment.
7317 So, when you finish using the
7321 environment, you'll need to change the paragraph environment yourself.
7330 environment inside of others.
7333 There are a few quirks with this environment:
7340 at the beginning of a new paragraph [i.e.
7368 to begin a new paragraph, then you can use a
7383 You can't have an empty paragraph or an empty line.
7384 You must put at least one
7388 in any line you want blank.
7389 Otherwise, LaTeX generates errors.
7392 You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing
7396 since that will insert
7401 You get the typewriter double quotes with
7409 if you use Emacs-like key bindings).
7438 This is just the standard
7439 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7443 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7454 has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts,
7455 rc-files, and so on.
7456 Use it only in those very, very special cases where you need to generate
7457 text as if you used a typewriter.
7458 \layout Subsubsection
7463 The comment paragraph environment can be used to write comments about your
7464 document that will not appear in the final output.
7465 In order to make this clear, LyX will present the comment environment in
7466 a different color than the rest of the text.
7469 Nesting Environments
7470 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:nest}
7480 Throughout the previous sections, we've been nagging you to
7481 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7484 go read Section\SpecialChar ~
7486 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:nest}
7491 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7494 So, you're probably wondering what the big deal is.
7497 The big deal is that LyX differs rather strongly from the traditional
7498 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7502 processor-as-overglorified-typewriter
7503 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7507 With a typewriter, text is merely ink on a page.
7508 Most word processors aren't much better, treating text as pixels on the
7509 screen and bytes in memory.
7510 In contrast, LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context
7511 and specific properties.
7512 However, what if you wanted one
7513 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7517 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7520 to inherit some of the properties of another
7521 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7525 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7531 Here's a more specific example: outlines.
7532 You have three main points in your outline, but point #2 also has two subpoints.
7533 In other words, you have a list
7537 of another list, with the inner list
7538 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7542 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7565 How do you put a list inside of a list? By now, the answer should be obvious:
7566 you nest one list inside the other.
7570 How to nest an environment is quite simple.
7576 ncrease\SpecialChar ~
7577 Environment\SpecialChar ~
7585 ecrease\SpecialChar ~
7586 Environment\SpecialChar ~
7596 menu to change the nesting depth of the current paragraph (the status bar
7597 will tell you how far you are nested).
7600 You can also use the convenient key bindings
7622 are alternatives, if you prefer those bindings
7627 to change the nesting level.
7628 The change will work on the current selection if you have made one (allowing
7629 you to change the nesting of several paragraphs at once), or the current
7633 Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can.
7634 If it's invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth.
7635 Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the
7636 depth of every paragraph nested inside of it.
7637 It's hard to describe what exactly LyX does in this case.
7638 That depends specifically on what your text looks like.
7639 Your best bet is to simply play with changing the nesting depth and see
7643 Nesting isn't just limited to lists.
7644 In LyX, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're
7646 This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments.
7649 What You Can and Can't Nest
7652 Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell
7653 you a little bit more about how nesting works.
7656 The question of nesting is a bit more complicated than a simple yes or no,
7657 can you or can't you.
7658 There's also the question of how.
7659 Can you nest this environment into anything else? Can you nest another
7660 environment into it? A
7661 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7665 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7668 to one of these doesn't guarantee a
7669 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7673 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7679 The paragraph environments in LyX can do one of three things when it comes
7681 First, an environment may be completely unnestable.
7682 Second, there are environments that are fully nestable.
7683 You can nest them inside of things and you can also nest other things inside
7685 There is one last type of environment.
7686 You can nest them into other environments, but that's it.
7687 You can't nest anything into them.
7690 Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph
7691 environments have them:
7697 For some odd reason, LyX allows you to fully nest both
7706 Also, LyX allows you to nest
7718 into other environments.
7720 LaTeX may barf if you try it.
7721 Then again, it may not.
7722 We don't know for certain.
7723 However, it makes no sense contextually to perform any nesting with these
7724 environments, so why would you ever want to?
7730 Unnestable Can't nest them.
7731 Can't nest into them.
7826 Nestable You can nest them.
7827 You can nest other things into them.
7872 Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside of other things.
7873 You can't nest anything into them.
7898 environment doesn't really fit anywhere, since it's only used inside of
7906 Figure\SpecialChar ~
7912 Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc.
7913 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table-and-fig-nesting}
7920 There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are
7921 affected by nesting anyhow.
7934 [Note: if you put a figure or a table in a
7938 , this is no longer true.
7939 See below or look in sections
7940 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}
7945 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}
7952 LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph.
7953 Well, you can't inline a table, but you can inline math and figures.
7954 If a figure or an equation is inlined, it goes wherever the paragraph it's
7958 On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a
7959 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7963 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7966 of its own, it behaves just like a
7967 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7971 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7974 paragraph environment.
7975 You can nest it into any environment, but you [obviously] can't nest anything
7979 Here's an example with a table:
7986 This is (a) and it's nested.
7989 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
7991 \begin_inset Tabular
7992 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
7994 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
7995 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
7996 <row topline="true">
7997 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8014 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8032 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
8033 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8050 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8077 The table is actually nested inside (a).
8084 If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this:
8091 This is (a) and it's nested.
8094 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
8096 \begin_inset Tabular
8097 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
8099 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
8100 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
8101 <row topline="true">
8102 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8119 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8137 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
8138 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8155 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8186 In fact, it's not nested at all.
8192 Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first
8196 There's another trap you can fall into: nesting the table, but not going
8198 LyX turns anything after the table into a new [sub]list.
8205 This is (a) and it's nested.
8207 \added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center
8209 \begin_inset Tabular
8210 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
8212 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
8213 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
8214 <row topline="true">
8215 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8232 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8250 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
8251 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
8268 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
8294 The table is actually nested inside Item One, but
8305 As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a
8311 The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation.
8312 So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right
8316 Then there are the so-called
8325 is a block of text associated with some sort of label, but which doesn't
8326 have a fixed location.
8328 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8332 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8335 forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best.
8342 Margin\SpecialChar ~
8352 Figure\SpecialChar ~
8356 When you're editing a document in LyX, a closed
8360 looks like a gray button with a red label and goes wherever the paragraph
8366 has no fixed location in the final text, nesting has no effect on its actual
8367 location after you feed your document to LaTeX.
8370 Usage and General Features
8373 Speaking of levels, LyX can perform up to a six-fold nesting.
8375 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8379 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8382 is the innermost possible depth.
8383 Here's an example to display what we mean:
8386 level #1 - outermost
8414 Once again, LyX has a maximum of 6 levels, regardless of which specific
8415 paragraph environments you're using at a given level.
8421 Unfortunately, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation.
8422 If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go
8423 to produce output for your document.
8426 That means that you can perform a six-fold nesting of a
8434 environment, and so on.
8435 You can also mix environments, as we shall see later.
8438 There are two exceptions to the six-fold nesting limit, and you can see
8439 both of them in the example.
8440 Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a four-fold
8450 For example, if we tried to nest another
8455 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8459 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8468 Once again, LyX doesn't enforce this limitation.
8469 If you try to exceed it, however, LaTeX will return errors when you go
8470 to produce output for your document.
8479 The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration.
8480 We have several examples of nested environments.
8481 In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce
8483 \layout Subsubsection
8485 Example #1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting
8487 \labelwidthstring MMM
8489 #1-a This is the outermost level.
8497 \labelwidthstring MMM
8499 #2-a This is level #2.
8500 We created it by using
8512 \labelwidthstring MMM
8514 #3-a This is level #3.
8515 This time, we just hit
8525 We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level,
8543 environment, nested inside of
8544 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8548 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8552 So, it's at level #4.
8553 We did this by hitting
8562 , then changing the paragraph environment to
8567 Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph - it also works
8587 paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a
8593 \labelwidthstring MMM
8595 #4-a This is level #4.
8600 and changed the paragraph environment back to
8605 Remember - we can't nest anything inside of a
8609 environment, which is why we're still at level #4.
8614 keep nesting things inside of
8615 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8619 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8625 \labelwidthstring MMM
8627 #5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar \ldots{}
8631 \labelwidthstring MMM
8633 #6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8634 and this is level #6.
8635 By now, you should know how we made these two.
8638 \labelwidthstring MMM
8640 #5-b Back to level #5.
8653 \labelwidthstring MMM
8664 , we're back at level #4.
8667 \labelwidthstring MMM
8669 #3-b Back to level #3.
8670 By now it should be obvious how we did this.
8673 \labelwidthstring MMM
8675 #2-b Back to level #2.
8679 \labelwidthstring MMM
8681 #1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1.
8682 After this sentence, we'll hit
8686 and change the paragraph environment back to
8693 There you have it! Oh --- we could have also used the
8709 environment in place of the
8714 The example would have worked exactly the same.
8715 \layout Subsubsection
8717 Example #2: Inheritance
8720 This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost
8732 , after which, we'll change to the
8744 environment, at level #2.
8747 Notice how the nested
8751 not only inherits its margins from its parent environment [
8755 ], but also inherits its font and spacing!
8759 We ended this example by hitting
8764 After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to
8768 and resetting the nesting depth by using
8774 \layout Subsubsection
8776 Example #3: Labels, Levels, and the
8790 Example #3: Labels, Levels and other list environments
8796 This is level #1, in an
8800 paragraph environment.
8801 We're actually going to nest a bunch of these.
8816 Now, what happens if we nest an
8820 environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its
8821 label be? An asterisk?
8834 environment, even though it's at level #3.
8835 So, its label is a bullet.
8836 [Note: we got here by using
8845 , then changing the environment to
8853 Here's level #4, produced using
8863 We'll do that again\SpecialChar \ldots{}
8868 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8870 This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to
8875 Notice the type of numbering! It's
8907 change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What
8908 type of numbering does LyX use?
8911 Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using
8915 to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item.
8923 to decrease the depth after the next
8932 Look what type of label LyX is using!
8937 Even though we've changed levels, LyX is still using a lowercase Roman
8938 numeral as the label.
8942 Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is
8951 Notice, however, that LyX
8955 reset the counter for the label.
8968 sequence, and we're back to level #2.
8969 This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back
8970 into the twofold-nested
8978 The same thing happens if we do another
8987 sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level.
8990 Lastly, we reset the environment to
8995 As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labelling
9013 surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for an
9018 The same rule applies for the
9022 environment, as well.
9023 \layout Subsubsection
9025 Example #4: Going Bonkers
9028 We're going to go totally nuts now.
9029 We won't nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into the
9030 same detail with how we did it.
9041 Return, M-p\SpecialChar ~
9044 : level #2] We'll stick an encapsulated description of how we created the
9045 example in brackets someplace.
9046 For example, the two keybindings are how we changed the depth.
9047 The environment name is, obviously, the name of the current environment.
9048 Either before or after this, we'll put in the level.
9056 : level #1] This is the next item in the list.
9060 Now we'll add verse.
9062 It will get much worse.
9066 Return, M-p\SpecialChar ~
9072 Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo.
9074 Bippitey boppitey boo!
9083 Here comes a table for you:
9086 \added_space_top 0.3cm \align center
9088 \begin_inset Tabular
9089 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
9091 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
9092 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
9094 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9111 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
9129 <row topline="true">
9130 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9147 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
9175 M-Return, Table, M-p\SpecialChar ~
9180 M-Return, Verse, M-p\SpecialChar ~
9191 : level #1] This is another item.
9192 Note that selecting a
9196 resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth
9197 3 times to put the table inside the
9205 We're now ending the
9209 list and changing to
9214 We're still at level #1.
9215 We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments.
9216 The next set of paragraphs is a
9217 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9221 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9233 environments inside of this one, then use another nested
9237 for the letter body.
9242 to preserve the depth.
9243 Remember that you need to use
9247 to create multiple lines inside the
9259 \layout Right Address
9263 Moosegroin, MT 00100
9268 Dear Mr.\SpecialChar ~
9272 We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50L of compressed
9273 methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control.
9274 Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating
9275 a backlog in our orders for methane.
9276 We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order
9277 as soon as possible.
9278 In the meantime, we thank you for your patience.
9281 We do, however, now have a special on beef.
9282 If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form
9283 with your order, along with payment.
9286 We thank you again for your patience.
9295 That ends that example!
9298 As you can see, nesting environments in LyX gives you a lot of power with
9299 just a few keystrokes.
9300 We could have easily nested an
9321 You have a huge variety of options at your disposal.
9324 Fonts and Text Styles
9330 Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards
9331 specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font.
9332 For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current
9333 font to emphasize text, you use an
9334 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9338 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9342 This concept fits in perfectly with LyX.
9343 In LyX, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting
9347 Right now, LyX allows you to specify a global default font, and has two
9361 style corresponds to an italics font.
9366 style corresponds to a font in smallcaps, which some languages and writing
9367 styles use to typeset proper names.
9368 The LyX Team actually hopes to someday have a full set of character styles,
9369 and to also allow the user to customize which font changes correspond to
9371 At the moment, though, you'll have to be satisfied with what we've done
9378 You can set the default font from the
9383 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
9391 There are two options of interest here,
9408 The possible options under
9416 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9424 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9427 and a list of fonts available on your system.
9429 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9437 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9440 uses the standard TeX fonts, known as
9441 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9445 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9449 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9453 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9457 Most systems will typically have some version of a Times and Helvetica
9458 font, with other variants.
9459 You'll have to examine this for yourself.
9471 option, there are three possible values:
9484 Remember, this is the
9489 LyX actually scales all of the other possible font sizes (such as those
9490 used in footnotes, superscripts, and subscripts) by this value.
9491 You can always fine-tune the font size from within the document if you
9493 It's also rather silly to use an 8pt or 24pt font as the default font size,
9494 as this typically renders your document unreadable.
9497 Note that once you choose a new value for
9518 You'll only see a difference once you generate the final output.
9519 This is part of the WYSIWYM concept.
9520 Besides, you have certainly noticed that "Roman" text on the LyX screen
9521 corresponds to the default font.
9524 Using Different Character Styles
9527 As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for
9528 certain paragraph environments.
9529 We also mentioned two other character styles,
9538 You can activate both of these styles via keybindings, the menus, and the
9546 style, do one of the following:
9549 click on the toolbar button with the person-shaped icon
9558 These commands are all toggles.
9563 style is already active, they deactivate it.
9566 One typically uses the
9570 style for proper names.
9572 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9579 is the original author of LyX.
9580 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9586 A more widely used character style is the
9591 You can activate [or deactivate - it's also a toggle] the
9598 clicking on the toolbar button with the
9599 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9603 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9609 using the keybindings
9619 style is equivalent to an italicized font.
9620 We have plans to make that association more user-configurable in the future.
9623 We've been using the
9627 style all over the place in this document.
9628 Here's one more example:
9633 Don't overuse character styles!
9636 It's also a warning in addition to an example.
9637 One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation.
9638 Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid
9639 the common tendency to overuse character style.
9643 Oh --- one last note: You can always reset to the default font using the
9652 Fine-Tuning with the
9659 There are always occasions when you'll need to do some fine-tuning, so LyX
9660 gives you a way to create custom character style.
9661 For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet
9662 requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations.
9672 : There is, in fact, such a style sheet for the LyX Documentation, since
9673 manuals need a certain amount of consistency.
9676 Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts
9677 from ordinary dialogue.
9680 Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a
9681 warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles.
9682 Many modern word processors have a vast array of fonts available to them,
9683 providing you with the power of a printing press.
9684 Unfortunately, there is a tendency to overuse that power.
9686 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9689 Using a sledgehammer to swat a fly,
9690 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9694 And, as the old saying implies, documents that overuse different fonts
9695 and sizes tend to look like someone's knocked huge holes in it.
9701 To use custom fonts, open the
9706 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
9715 There are seven buttons on this dialog, each corresponding to a different
9716 font property which you can choose.
9717 You can choose an option for one of these seven properties, or select
9722 , which keeps the current state of that property.
9727 will reset the property to whatever is the default for the hosting paragraph
9729 You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph
9730 environments in a snap.
9733 The seven font properties, and their options [in addition to
9744 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
9754 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9758 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9762 The possible options are:
9765 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9771 This is the Roman font family.
9775 It's also the default family.
9784 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9793 This is the Sans Serif font family.
9805 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9813 This is the Typewriter font family.
9826 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
9835 This corresponds to the print weight.
9839 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9845 This is the Medium font series.
9849 It's also the default series.
9852 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9860 This is the Bold font series.
9864 You can toggle this series on or off with the keybinding
9873 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
9883 As the name implies.
9887 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9893 This is the Upright font shape.
9897 It's also the default shape.
9900 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9912 s the Italic font shape
9917 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9925 This is the Slanted font shape
9930 (although it might not be visible on screen, this is different from italic).
9932 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9941 This is the Small caps font shape
9947 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
9957 Alters the size of the font.
9958 You'll find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually proportio
9959 nal to the default font size.
9960 Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of
9961 what you want to do.
9965 The options [and their keybindings] are:
9967 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
9976 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9980 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10000 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10008 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10012 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10027 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10035 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10039 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10059 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10068 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10072 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10092 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10099 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10103 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10110 It's also the default size.
10124 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10133 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10137 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10157 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10166 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10170 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10190 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10199 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10203 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10218 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10227 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10231 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10251 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10260 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10264 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10289 : don't go crazy with this feature.
10290 You should almost never need to change the font size.
10291 LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments
10292 - use that instead.
10293 This is here for fine-tuning
10298 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
10307 Here you can change a few other things at the character level.
10311 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10319 This is text with emphasize on
10325 This might seem like the same as
10329 , but it is actually a bit different.
10330 If you use emphasize on italicized text, it will make it upright.
10331 In future versions of LyX, we hope to let you customize the exact behavior
10339 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10347 This is text with Underbar on.
10359 \labelwidthstring MMMMMM
10367 This is text with Noun on.
10375 , this is a logical attribute.
10376 For the moment, it is equivalent to
10378 Small\SpecialChar ~
10381 , but that is bound to change some day.
10385 Avoid using underbar if you can! It's a holdover from the typewriter days,
10386 when you couldn't change fonts.
10387 We no longer need to resort to emphasizing text by overstriking it with
10388 an underscore character.
10389 It's only included in LyX because it's also in LaTeX, and because some
10394 need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions (and in
10395 fact we use it in these manuals to indicate keyboard shortcuts for menu
10399 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
10405 You can adjust the color of the text with this control.
10406 Of course, you need to have a color printer to exploit this, but you also
10411 LaTeX package installed.
10416 is not able to display these colors.
10427 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10431 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10434 , you can choose between
10468 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
10474 This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from
10475 the language of the document.
10476 Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change.
10479 You have a huge number of combinations to choose from.
10482 Once you've chosen a new character style via the
10487 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10495 dialog, you can activate it using the toolbar button labelled
10496 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10500 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10511 The toolbar button lets you toggle the state of your custom character style
10512 even when the dialog isn't visible.
10516 As we stated earlier, to completely reset the character style to the default,
10523 If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed
10524 (suppose you just sent the shape to
10525 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10529 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10533 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10537 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10542 Toggle on all these
10555 We conclude with the same warning we've been spewing: Don't overuse the
10557 They are, more often than not, a kludge and a horrible substitute for good
10559 Your writing should speak for itself --- and will.
10562 Printing and Previewing
10568 Now that we've covered some of the basic features of document preparation
10569 using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece.
10570 Before we tell you that, however, we want to give you a quickie explanation
10571 of what goes on behind-the-scenes.
10572 We cover this information in much greater detail in the
10579 LyX uses a program called
10580 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10584 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10588 (Actually, LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system,
10589 but to prevent confusion, we'll just refer to the whole magilla as
10590 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10594 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10597 ) Think of it this way: LyX is what you use to do your actual writing.
10598 Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output.
10599 This happens in a couple of stages:
10602 First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX,
10603 generating a file with the extension,
10604 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10612 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10619 Next, LaTeX uses the commands in the
10623 file to produce printable output.
10624 It doesn't know anything about your printer, however.
10625 Instead, LaTeX produces what's known as a
10629 file, or DVI for short.
10630 The actual output is in a file with the extension,
10631 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10639 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10643 DVI files are completely portable; you can move them from one machine to
10644 another without needing to do any sort of conversion.
10646 \layout Description
10648 NOTE: The DVI file only contains what was in the LaTeX file itself.
10649 If you have included PostScript pictures in your document, there will only
10650 be a link to these files.
10651 So don't forget these files if you move your
10655 file to another computer.
10664 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10668 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10671 Once you have it, you can view it, print it, or convert it to other formats.
10679 files using a program called
10686 Some printers and Unix systems understand DVI, and can print your
10693 Nowadays, most printers understand the PostScript format.
10694 LyX automatically converts the
10698 file to a PostScript file for you when you go to print out your document.
10699 LyX will also let you preview a PostScript version of your document using
10708 One advantage of using PostScript® is that the converter program [called
10713 ] takes any PostScript graphics you may have included in your document and
10714 puts it into the resulting PostScript version of your document.
10715 It also includes any special fonts you may have used.
10716 That makes the PostScript version much, much more portable than the DVI
10722 LyX does all of these steps automagically for you.
10725 As you have seen, a lot of things happen before you get a hardcopy or a
10726 preview of your document.
10727 So, don't worry if printing requires a bit more time than with other word
10729 The printed result is worth the wait.
10730 Quality always has its price.
10733 Quick Viewing with xdvi
10736 To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the pagebreaks
10737 in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, select
10742 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10753 When all of the behind-the-scenes action is done, LyX calls the program
10759 You can now look at the results.
10760 [If you want more info on the
10769 \layout Description
10771 Helpful-Tip: Keep the
10775 window open, maybe moving it to another desktop.
10776 Then, after you make changes to your document, just use
10781 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10786 pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10803 program will automatically reread the
10807 file and give you an updated view.
10810 Viewing the PostScript Version with ghostview
10817 to view your document is the easiest and fastest way.
10818 There may be times, however, when you want to look at the PostScript version.
10819 One reason is fonts.
10829 : Another reason is paranoia.
10830 I always like to look at the PostScript file before I print it, just so
10831 I see exactly what went to the printer\SpecialChar \ldots{}
10835 You can use PostScript fonts in a LaTeX document, but
10844 or some other PostScript file viewer to see the actual results.
10847 To view the PostScript version of your document, select
10863 When all of the magic behind-the-scenes is done, LyX calls the program
10868 You can now look at the results.
10871 You've guessed what the
10876 pdate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10890 menu does, haven't you? Remember to click once in the
10894 window after this command to update the view.
10900 To print a file, select
10914 menu, or click on the toolbar button with the printer on it.
10922 You can choose to only print even-numbered or odd-numbered pages - this
10923 is useful for printing on two sides: you can re-insert the pages after
10924 printing one set of pages, to print on the other side.
10925 Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down.
10926 By choosing a particular order to print in, you can take the entire stack
10927 of pages out of the printer without needing to reorder them.
10930 You can set the parameters in the
10936 \labelwidthstring MMMM
10945 This is the name of the printer to print to.
10951 Note that this printer name isn't for the
10964 has to be configured for this printer name.
10966 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:dvipsconfig}
10974 documentation for details.
10975 The default printer can also be set in
10982 The printer should understand PostScript files.
10984 \labelwidthstring MMMM
10993 The name of a file to print to.
10994 The output will be in Post\SpecialChar \-
10996 The file will generally be written in the current directory, unless you
10997 specify the full path.
11000 Note that printing may need little time, since LaTeX,
11004 and, if you don't have a PostScript printer,
11008 have to process your document.
11011 A Few Words about Typography
11014 Hyphens and Hyphenation
11015 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hyphens}
11023 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11031 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11034 character comes in three lengths, often called the
11054 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11062 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11073 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11091 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11102 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11130 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11139 \begin_inset Formula $-$
11145 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11153 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11159 You generate these by using the
11160 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11168 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11171 character multiple times in a row.
11172 LyX automatically converts them to the appropriate length dash in the final
11176 The three types of dash are distinct from the minus sign, which appears
11177 in math mode and has a length of its own.
11178 Here are some examples of the
11179 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11187 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11193 line- and page-breaks
11211 Oh --- there's a dash.
11221 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$
11233 Those of you reading this from within LyX will see no difference, though
11234 there is one in the printed version.
11237 One last note about hyphenation --- LyX automatically breaks up words and
11238 inserts hyphens in English text.
11239 (Actually, it's LaTeX that does this, and it will also hyphenate words
11244 other languages.) The words won't be hyphenated until you generate the final
11248 If, for some reason, LaTeX can't break a word correctly, you can set hyphenation
11250 This is done with the menu item
11252 Hyphenation\SpecialChar ~
11264 pecial\SpecialChar ~
11275 Note that these extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX.
11276 If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will totally ignore them.
11280 \layout Subsubsection
11282 Abbreviations and End of Sentence
11283 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:abbrev}
11290 When LyX calls LaTeX to generate the final version of your document, LaTeX
11291 automatically distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations.
11292 LaTeX then adds the
11293 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11296 appropriate amount of space
11297 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11300 : sentences get a little bit more space between the period and the next
11302 Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period as a word uses.
11305 Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation and
11306 what's the end of a sentence is really quite brain-dead.
11308 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11316 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11319 is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's
11320 at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation.
11323 Here are some examples of
11327 abbreviations and the end of a sentence:
11338 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
11339 and here's an example of the algorithm going wrong:
11344 this is too much space!
11351 You won't see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document.
11354 To fix this problem, use one of the following:
11359 Protected\SpecialChar ~
11366 after lowercase abbreviations (see section
11367 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline}
11378 sentence\SpecialChar ~
11386 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11391 pecial\SpecialChar ~
11394 menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing.
11395 This function is also bound to
11402 With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this:
11407 this is too much space!
11410 This is I\SpecialChar \@.
11414 Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences.
11415 If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry about all
11417 For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors:
11423 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11431 feature described in
11436 \layout Subsubsection
11439 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:quotes}
11446 LyX usually sets quotes correctly.
11447 Specifically, it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text,
11448 and use a closing quote at the end.
11450 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11454 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11458 The keyboard character,
11462 , generates this automatically.
11465 You can change the behavior of the
11486 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11505 key produce the sequence:
11506 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11510 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11521 button, in contrast, makes the
11526 \begin_inset Quotes els
11532 You can also select quotes for different languages via the
11540 There are six choices:
11542 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11547 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11551 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11556 Use quotes like this
11557 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11561 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11565 \begin_inset Quotes els
11569 \begin_inset Quotes ers
11574 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11579 \begin_inset Quotes sld
11583 \begin_inset Quotes srd
11589 \begin_inset Quotes sld
11593 \begin_inset Quotes srd
11597 \begin_inset Quotes ers
11602 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11607 \begin_inset Quotes gld
11611 \begin_inset Quotes grd
11617 \begin_inset Quotes gld
11621 \begin_inset Quotes grd
11625 \begin_inset Quotes gls
11629 \begin_inset Quotes grs
11634 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11639 \begin_inset Quotes pld
11643 \begin_inset Quotes prd
11649 \begin_inset Quotes pld
11653 \begin_inset Quotes prd
11657 \begin_inset Quotes pls
11661 \begin_inset Quotes prs
11666 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11671 \begin_inset Quotes fld
11675 \begin_inset Quotes frd
11681 \begin_inset Quotes fld
11685 \begin_inset Quotes frd
11689 \begin_inset Quotes fls
11693 \begin_inset Quotes frs
11698 \labelwidthstring MMMMM
11703 \begin_inset Quotes ald
11707 \begin_inset Quotes ard
11713 \begin_inset Quotes ald
11717 \begin_inset Quotes ard
11721 \begin_inset Quotes als
11725 \begin_inset Quotes ars
11731 Again, this affects what character the
11738 On the other hand, if you want to produce a bona-fide quote character, type
11752 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ligatures}
11759 It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and
11760 print them as single characters.
11761 These groups are known as
11766 Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your LyX documents will contain them,
11768 Here are the possible ligatures:
11786 Once in a while, though, you don't want a ligature in a word.
11787 While a ligature may be okay in the word,
11788 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11792 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11795 it looks really weird in compound words, such as
11796 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11800 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11804 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11808 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11811 To break a ligature, use
11816 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
11821 pecial\SpecialChar ~
11824 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
11827 Ligature\SpecialChar ~
11832 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11836 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11840 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11843 cuff\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
11845 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11849 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11853 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11857 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11860 Dorf\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
11862 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11869 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:widows}
11876 In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page
11878 There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text.
11879 You may remember once printing out a document, only to find the heading
11880 for a new section printed at the very bottom of the page, the first line
11881 of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page, or the last line
11882 of a paragraph at the top of a new page.
11883 These dangly-bits of text became known as
11894 Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading.
11895 That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments.
11896 But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line
11897 of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules
11898 built into LaTeX governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there
11899 to specifically prevent widows and orphans.
11900 This is the advantage LyX has in using LaTeX as its backend.
11903 There's no way we can go into how TeX and LaTeX decide to break a page,
11904 or how you can tweak that behavior.
11905 Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography [such as\SpecialChar ~
11907 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexcompanion}
11913 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{latexguide}
11917 ] may have more information.
11918 You will almost never need to worry about this, however.
11921 Floats: Tables, Figures, Footnotes and Margin Notes
11922 \begin_inset OptArg
11927 Tables, Figures, and Notes
11936 Unlike other typesetting programs, LyX uses
11937 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11941 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11944 boxes instead of displaying its footnotes at the bottom of the screen or
11945 somewhere else in your text.
11946 When you insert a footnote with
11955 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
11979 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11983 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11986 appearing within your text.
11987 This box is LyX's representation of your footnote.
11988 You can enter your text into this box.
11990 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11998 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12009 label, the box will
12010 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12014 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12022 Clicking on the button again will
12027 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12031 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12040 To close this footnote, click on the red box at the top left.
12043 You will not see any numbers within LyX.
12044 You don't need to worry about those, anyhow, because LyX does the numbering
12045 for you, as well as putting the footnote at the bottom of the correct page,
12046 when it processes your file.
12047 If you want to turn already existing text into a footnote, simply mark
12048 it and click on the footnote button (a picture of text with an arrow pointing
12049 to stuff in the bottom margin).
12052 What LyX cannot do, yet, is take care of special needs like setting the
12053 footnote numbering back to 1 after each section in the
12054 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12062 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12067 document class or changing the counter
12072 You'll need to insert LaTeX commands like th
12080 Tricks for Footnotes and Marginpars
12083 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12095 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12099 \layout Description
12101 NOTE: A float in LaTeX and LyX isn't a simple paragraph as with usual word
12103 It is a complex text structure that may contain everything except floats.
12104 That means you can use all the layouts inside a float, even figures and
12106 You may not need this too often, but if you do occasionally need it, it's
12113 Margin notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX.
12114 When you insert a margin note via
12120 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12136 or the toolbar button (which contains a picture of text in a margin with
12137 an arrow pointing to it), you'll see
12153 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12157 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12160 appearing within your text.
12161 \begin_inset Marginal
12166 This is a margin note.
12169 This box is LyX's representation of your margin note.
12170 You can enter your text into this box.
12172 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12176 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12185 label, the box will
12186 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12190 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12194 You can access it at a later time by clicking on the
12201 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12205 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12211 As a default, LyX uses 1.9 cm (0.75 inches) as the margin width to allow room
12213 This might not be what you're looking for, but as with footnotes, LyX cannot
12214 yet do everything LaTeX has to offer.
12215 You might want to consult your LaTeX handbook for additional commands.
12219 Figures and Imported Graphics
12220 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figures}
12227 No document preparation system is complete without the ability to import
12228 graphics from other utilities into the document.
12229 In LyX, these are referred to as ``figures'' whether they are actually
12230 figures in the traditional sense or simply some kind of imported image.
12234 Note that figures referred to here are do not have captions and sit wherever
12235 in the document you place them.
12236 If you need one of these features, see sec.\SpecialChar ~
12238 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
12245 To place a figure in your document, click on the second right-most icon
12246 on the toolbar, or select
12251 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12262 A graphics inset will be added to your document and a dialog will appear
12263 for you to choose the file to load.
12264 You can also change any settings you need to in this dialog.
12268 \begin_inset Graphics
12269 filename mobius.eps
12272 rotateOrigin center
12279 This dialog has numerous parameters, though most should be self-explanatory.
12284 tab allows you to choose your image file (note that a wide variety of image
12285 formats are supported automatically).
12286 The figure can be transformed by setting a rotation angle, using a bounding
12288 Table\SpecialChar ~
12290 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cap:Units-for-image}
12294 describes all available units.
12295 It is possible to set a bounding box automatically for some image formats
12298 Bounding\SpecialChar ~
12302 Note that it is possible to control the display of the figure in LyX and
12303 the display in the final document separately, which can be very useful
12305 LaTeX wizards can specify additional LaTeX options in the
12310 You can also set the
12314 option here, for use in figure floats (see Section\SpecialChar ~
12316 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
12326 LyX has the ability to handle literally any graphics format in the known
12327 universe so long as a conversion path from this graphics format to the
12328 target output format can be created.
12329 If that sounds a little obtuse, consider how LyX handles Encapsulated PostScrip
12331 LaTeX provides native support for this format, so LyX needs do nothing
12338 LaTeX command to insert the figure in the final document.
12342 \begin_inset Float table
12348 \added_space_bottom medskip
12350 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cap:Units-for-image}
12354 Units for setting the image size
12358 \begin_inset Tabular
12359 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="20" columns="2">
12361 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
12362 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
12363 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
12364 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12372 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12381 <row topline="true">
12382 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12390 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12399 <row topline="true">
12400 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12408 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12417 <row topline="true">
12418 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12426 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12435 <row topline="true">
12436 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12444 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12449 point (72.27 pt = 1 in)
12453 <row topline="true">
12454 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12462 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12467 pica (1 pc = 12 pt)
12471 <row topline="true">
12472 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12480 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12485 scaled point (65536 sp = 1 pt)
12489 <row topline="true">
12490 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12498 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12503 big point (72 bp = 1 in)
12507 <row topline="true">
12508 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12516 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12522 \begin_inset Formula $\approx$
12526 \begin_inset Formula $\,$
12533 <row topline="true">
12534 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12542 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12547 cicero (1cc = 12 dd)
12551 <row topline="true">
12552 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12560 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12565 % of original image width
12569 <row topline="true">
12570 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12578 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12587 <row topline="true">
12588 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12596 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12605 <row topline="true">
12606 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12614 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12623 <row topline="true">
12624 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12632 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12641 <row topline="true">
12642 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12650 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12659 <row topline="true">
12660 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12668 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12677 <row topline="true">
12678 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12686 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12699 <row topline="true">
12700 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12708 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12721 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
12722 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12730 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12735 math unit (1 mu = 1/18 em)
12749 To view the figure on the LyX screen, however, some additional work is required
12750 because neither the XForms nor the Qt GUI libraries can load PostScript®
12751 figures themselves.
12752 The XForms library can load figures in the following, widely used graphics
12785 whilst the Qt library can also handle
12798 Thus, LyX must initiate a conversion from Encapsulated PostScript® to a
12799 loadable graphics format.
12802 It does this using the powerful, configurable converters mechanism exposed
12814 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
12823 If LyX cannot create a conversion path (which might have many steps) from
12824 Encapsulated PostScript® to one of the loadable formats listed above, then
12825 it defaults to the use of ImageMagick's
12830 If, after all that, LyX
12834 cannot load the figure, then it'll tell you so with a message
12835 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12838 Error converting to loadable format
12839 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12842 in place of an on-screen view of your figure.
12843 If you're presented with such a message, then you'll need to augment the
12844 list of known converters.
12847 This strategy is used both to generate on-screen views of your image and
12848 when generating the final document.
12849 In the latter case, the LaTeX compiler must be supplied with graphics files
12850 in PostScript® format.
12851 Similarly the PDFLaTeX compiler requires files in
12864 LyX will handle the necessary conversions behind the scenes.
12868 \layout Subsubsection
12870 Using Figure Floats
12871 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:figurefloats}
12878 The problem with inserting figures straight into your text is that they
12879 might make the pagination of your document extremely awkward.
12880 To suit the LyX mentality of automating such processes, you might find
12881 it preferable to use
12883 Figure\SpecialChar ~
12886 , which LyX (actually, LaTeX) is free to move about your document as it
12887 deems necessary for a good fit.
12888 In return, LyX automates the listing of these figures and allows you to
12889 place a caption on them, using the
12893 environment explained in Section\SpecialChar ~
12895 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:captionlayout}
12904 Figure\SpecialChar ~
12912 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12917 t\SpecialChar \menuseparator
12921 You will get a float without a figure in it; use the toolbar icon described
12922 above to insert the actual figure.
12926 \begin_inset Float figure
12934 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:escher}
12943 \begin_inset Graphics
12944 filename escher-lsd.eps
12946 rotateOrigin center
12957 \begin_inset Float figure
12965 \begin_inset Graphics
12966 filename platypus.eps
12968 rotateOrigin center
12976 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{fig:kill-plat}
12980 A severely distorted platypus in a float.
12986 It seems simple, but there is subtlety involved in the placement of the
12988 If you prefer your caption to appear below the figure, then you must press
12989 return when the cursor is at the very start of the caption, and insert
12990 the figure in the new paragraph created above the caption; or you can delete
12991 the caption and recreate it by selecting the
12995 environment after the figure has been inserted.
12996 This is what we did for figure
12997 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:kill-plat}
13002 If the cursor is in a paragraph after the caption when you insert the
13006 then it will be inserted after the caption, as was the case for
13007 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{fig:escher}
13012 It is preferred to use one
13021 This allows LyX [actually LaTeX] to best position each figure.
13024 Right-clicking on a float opens a dialog where you can alter the placement
13025 options that LaTeX uses for positioning the float (see
13026 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn}
13036 is only useful for two-column documents: if you select it, the float will
13037 span across both columns on the page instead of being confined to just
13041 This figure also shows how we place a label and create a cross-reference
13042 to it; as you would expect from reading section
13043 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref}
13047 you can simply insert a
13054 in the caption and refer to it using a
13063 It is especially important to use these with figure floats, rather than
13064 using vague references to
13065 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13069 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13072 as LaTeX will reposition your floats for you in the final document; it
13074 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13078 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13082 If it is not possible to fit the floats neatly on the same page as the
13083 text which refers to it, the figures will be placed on a separate page
13085 Rest assured that the overall effect is usually quite nice.
13088 Note that the caption is used in a
13098 (as described in Section\SpecialChar ~
13100 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ListsOf}
13104 ) automatically, should you choose to include one in your document.
13105 \layout Subsubsection
13108 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:float-locn}
13115 Now, the whole idea behind
13117 Figure\SpecialChar ~
13122 Table\SpecialChar ~
13125 , which we introduce later] is to allow LyX to place a figure [or table]
13126 on a page in a consistent, sensible fashion.
13127 The rules LaTeX uses are rather arcane; refer to the LaTeX documentation
13128 for the exact details.
13129 You can use check boxes in the float dialog to set placement for a particular
13131 By default, each float uses the document's default placement rules.
13132 You can change these, if you wish, in the
13137 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13147 Float\SpecialChar ~
13150 box takes a LaTeX-style placement specification.
13151 You can place any combination of four letters in the
13153 Float\SpecialChar ~
13195 The letters correspond to the following behaviour:
13196 \layout Description
13198 Here: LyX tries to put the
13202 at the same point in the text where you put it.
13206 If there isn't enough room, LyX tries one of the other three location types.
13208 \layout Description
13210 Top: LyX tries to put the
13214 at the top of the current page.
13215 If the figure won't fit on the current page, it goes to the next page.
13216 \layout Description
13218 Bottom: LyX tries to put the
13222 at the bottom of the current page.
13223 If there isn't room, it goes to the next page.
13224 \layout Description
13226 Page: LyX tries to put the
13234 s) on a page of its own.
13237 There is some subtlety to how this all works.
13238 The order specifies what location LyX should try first.
13239 If that one fails, it tries the next one, and so on, though
13240 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13248 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13251 will always take precedence if it appears in the list.
13252 The default placement list is
13253 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13261 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13264 : try the top of a text page first, then the bottom of a text page, then
13265 on a page by itself.
13266 If you want LyX to try
13267 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13271 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13274 to place the figure where you command it, precede the list with an exclamation
13276 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13284 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13288 Here are some example entries and what they do:
13297 Try putting the figure/table at its actual position in the text.
13298 If that doesn't work, put it on the bottom of the page.
13299 If that fails, put it on a separate page.
13309 Try really hard to put the figure/table at its actual position in the text.
13310 Then the bottom of the page, then on a separate page.
13320 Put the figure/table at the top of each page.
13321 If it's too long, put it on a separate page.
13331 Always put figures and tables on their own page.
13338 One obvious question is
13339 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13342 how would I create the figures?
13343 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13346 Fortunately, the answer is included in most Linux and/or LaTeX distributions.
13351 is a powerful though slightly awkward drawing tool.
13352 If you want to include figures that you have created with
13356 there are several ways.
13357 We recommend the following:
13360 Export the figure as Encapsulated PostScript.
13361 This could be very easy included into LyX as described in the previous
13363 The great advantage of this way is, that you have the full power of PostScript®
13365 That means Bezier curves, colors, all line thicknesses and many more.
13366 If you have inserted text into your fig-document this will be printed with
13367 PostScript fonts, which is OK\SpecialChar \@.
13368 The figure can be manipulated like any other
13369 EPS figure, as described above.
13374 The only disadvantage is that you cannot create formulas as PostScript text
13376 If you also need formulas or simple exponents or indices in your figure,
13377 the next way is recommended.
13381 Export the figure as LaTeX.
13382 This is just as easy to include into LyX, with the advantage that you may
13383 use all LaTeX commands within the text inside XFig.
13384 Therefore you have to set the
13389 This is automatic if you invoke XFig with
13395 If this is done and you have also chosen a LaTeX font you may simply write
13397 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13401 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13406 XFig\SpecialChar \@.
13409 If you export this figure as LaTeX and include it in LyX with
13414 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13422 (see description in
13426 ) this text will appear as
13427 \begin_inset Formula $H_{2}$
13435 The disadvantage of this way is that the graphical power of LaTeX isn't
13436 as strong as PostScript®\SpecialChar \@.
13437 You cannot use all thicknesses of lines and, more
13438 annoyingly, not all slopes.
13439 This is why we recommend the third way for more complex figures.
13443 Export the figure as LaTeX/PostScript combined.
13452 , really] will generate two files:
13456 the PostScript part
13460 , that contains all painting.
13467 , that contains all text and a link to the PostScript part.
13471 Then you just have to include the LaTeX part as described above.
13472 This will automatically include the PostScript part, too.
13478 If you get an error like
13479 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13482 unknown graphics extension pstex
13483 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13486 you have to declare these graphic extensions.
13491 bug that occurs with LaTeX2e.
13492 Simply add a line like
13499 @namedef{Gin@rule@ps_tex}#1{{eps}{ps_tex}{#1}}
13504 /usr/lib/texmf/tex/latex/graphics/dvips.def
13518 Gin@extensions{eps, ps, pstex, eps.gz, ps.gz, eps=2EZ}
13521 This should fix the whole thing.
13522 Alternatively you may export the postscript part as
13526 and change the LaTeX part
13531 But this is annoying.
13535 This way you have the full PostScript® and LaTeX power combined except
13536 for the possibility to scale the figure after creating.
13537 So if you want scalable pictures, the PostScript format is your only choice.
13538 Another little advantage of letting LaTeX typeset the font is that the
13539 same font will appear in your figures as in your text, which looks a little
13544 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:tables}
13551 LyX has powerful table support, but LaTeX can do many more things with tables
13552 than LyX is currently capable of, so you might want to look at a good LaTeX
13553 book if the features described here should turn out to be inadequate.
13556 You can insert a table using either the table toolbar button or
13561 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13569 A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns.
13570 The default table has lines at the top and to the left of every cell, a
13571 line to the right of the rightmost column and a line at the bottom of the
13572 lowest row, forming a box around the table.
13573 Additionally, the topmost row also has a line at the bottom, which causes
13574 this row to appear separated from the rest of the table.
13579 \begin_inset Tabular
13580 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="4">
13582 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13583 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13584 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
13585 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
13586 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
13587 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13594 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13611 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13628 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13646 <row topline="true">
13647 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13664 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13671 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13678 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13686 <row topline="true">
13687 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13704 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13711 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13728 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13736 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
13737 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13754 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13761 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13768 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13786 You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button, which
13787 brings up a settings dialog.
13788 Among these options are:
13791 Adding/removing border lines from a row or column.
13792 If you remove the top line from one of the rows, you'll get a dotted line
13793 in LyX, but no line will appear in the printout.
13794 If you set the bottom line of one row and the top line of the row below,
13795 then the rows are separated by a small space, as you can see with the top
13796 row in the example above.
13797 You can do the same vertically if you set the right line of a column and
13798 the left line of the column to the right.
13801 Text alignment in a column
13804 Appending rows and columns
13807 Deleting rows, columns, or the entire table
13813 Setting a fixed width for a column
13816 Longtable options - this is useful if your table is higher than the paper.
13817 Then the table is split on the bottom of the page and continued on the
13818 next one, instead of running of the end of the page.
13821 Rotate the whole table or a single cell sideways, by 90 degrees
13824 You can also use the menu to perform these operations.
13830 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
13839 when the cursor is inside a table.
13843 Most of these options also work on selections.
13844 This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is
13845 done on all of your selection.
13846 Note that there is a difference between selecting the
13850 of the cell, and the cell itself.
13851 If you can see a red border inside a cell, then a selection will select
13857 or click outside of the box, then the selection will select cells (whether
13858 you use the mouse or the normal cursor-movement keys).
13861 When you append a row, it is added
13865 the row containing the cursor.
13866 Similarly, columns are appended to the
13871 This makes it difficult to add columns on the left edge of a table without
13872 a lot of cutting and pasting.
13873 Deletion is always performed on the row or column containing the cursor.
13877 The multicolumn option merges two or more adjacent cells on a given row.
13878 For example, in the above table, row
13879 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13883 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13886 has had multicolumn applied to the columns labelled
13887 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13891 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13895 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13899 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13902 To use it, you must first select the cells, then choose
13907 This will not work vertically - see the Table Examples document for how
13915 if you need to have a special handling for a single table cell's top and
13916 bottom border lines and text alignment.
13917 Here an example of this special handling of a cell:
13921 \begin_inset Tabular
13922 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="3">
13924 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
13925 <column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
13926 <column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
13927 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
13928 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13945 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13962 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13980 <row topline="true">
13981 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13998 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14014 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14031 <row topline="true">
14032 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14049 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14065 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14082 <row topline="true">
14083 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14100 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14116 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14133 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
14134 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14151 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14167 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14191 You see here that the header line cells are aligned to the center, whereas
14192 the left column is aligned to the left, and the other columns are aligned
14194 Also the bottom and top line of two cells have been removed.
14200 I can make nothing of this explanation.
14201 An improvement would be nice :) - jbl
14207 If you want your column to have a fixed width, then you can insert a width
14220 This will then allow the cell to have multiple paragraphs of text.
14223 If your table becomes too large to fit on a portrait document layout, you
14226 Rotate\SpecialChar ~
14229 button, and the table will appear sideways (this means landscape in a portrait
14231 You might also like to rotate single table cells to give them more horizontal
14233 The example below demonstrates why it is useful to rotate single cells.
14242 Rotate\SpecialChar ~
14249 display on screen, and works
14253 for PostScript output.
14254 So, if you want to preview them, use
14259 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14273 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
14278 will not show the table properly.
14282 \begin_inset Tabular
14283 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="12">
14285 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
14286 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14287 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14288 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14289 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14290 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14291 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14292 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14293 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14294 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
14295 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
14296 <column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
14297 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
14298 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14315 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14332 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14349 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14366 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14383 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14400 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14417 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14434 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14451 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14468 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" rotate="true" usebox="none">
14485 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14503 <row topline="true">
14504 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14518 Desc.\SpecialChar ~
14522 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14539 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14546 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14563 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14580 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14587 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14604 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14611 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14628 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14645 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14662 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14680 <row topline="true">
14681 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14695 Desc.\SpecialChar ~
14699 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14706 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14723 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14740 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14757 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14774 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14791 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14808 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14825 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14842 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14859 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14877 <row topline="true">
14878 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14892 Desc.\SpecialChar ~
14896 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14913 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14930 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14947 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14954 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14971 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14988 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15005 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15022 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15029 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15046 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15064 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15065 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15079 Desc.\SpecialChar ~
15083 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15100 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15107 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15124 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15141 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15148 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15155 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15172 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15189 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15206 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15213 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15231 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15232 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15249 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15266 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15273 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15280 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15287 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15294 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15301 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15308 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15315 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15322 <cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15329 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15354 What can be placed inside a table cell?
15357 Many objects can be placed inside a table cell.
15358 Any single line of text, an equation (not a displayed or multilined equation,
15359 though), or a figure can be in a cell; in fact, all three kinds of objects
15360 can be placed in the same cell.
15361 Font sizes and shapes can be altered, and the table will adjust to display
15363 However, you can't put a special environment in a cell (like
15367 , etc.), nor set spacing options etc.
15368 for the cell's paragraph.
15371 Cut & Paste in Tables
15374 Cutting and pasting between tables works reasonably well.
15375 You can cut and paste even more than one row.
15376 Selection with the mouse or with
15380 plus the arrow keys works as usual.
15381 The values in the second table below were cut and pasted from the first,
15382 using the mouse to select and paste.
15386 \begin_inset Tabular
15387 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
15389 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
15390 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
15391 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
15392 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15393 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15410 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15427 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15446 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15463 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15480 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15498 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15499 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15516 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15533 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15559 \begin_inset Tabular
15560 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
15562 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
15563 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
15564 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
15565 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15566 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15583 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15600 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15619 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15636 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15653 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15671 <row topline="true">
15672 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15689 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15696 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15704 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15705 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15712 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15719 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15734 Note that you can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit
15735 by starting the selection from outside the table.
15738 Multiple lines in cells
15741 It is possible to have multi-line entries in tables, but not in a completely
15743 Define a fixed length for the column in the
15748 After this, your text is automatically split into more lines and the cell
15749 enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given fixed
15755 \begin_inset Tabular
15756 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
15758 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
15759 <column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="3cm">
15760 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
15761 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
15762 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15779 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15796 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15815 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15832 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15846 This is a multiline entry in a table.
15849 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15867 <row bottomline="true">
15868 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15885 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15899 This is longer now.
15902 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15920 <row bottomline="true">
15921 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15938 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15952 This is a multiline entry in a table.
15953 This is longer now.
15956 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15981 Text within a cell will not normally wrap to fit the page, so if a line
15982 of text in a table is too long, the table will extend beyond the right
15983 margin of the page.
15984 Similarly, tables will not split themselves at the bottom of a page, and
15985 so might extend below the bottom margin.
15986 You have these options to resolve this problem:
15989 Split it into two tables.
16001 This automatically splits the table over more pages, if it is too tall.
16002 After doing this, the list of
16006 buttons activate themselves and you may now define:
16012 First\SpecialChar ~
16015 : The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options
16016 defined are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable.
16023 : The current row and all rows above that don't have any special options
16024 defined are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable;
16025 except for the first page, if
16027 First\SpecialChar ~
16037 : The current row and all rows below that don't have any special options
16038 defined are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable;
16039 except for the last page, if
16052 : The current row and all rows below that don't have any special options
16053 defined are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable.
16056 If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware
16057 of the fact that only the first flag is used in the given table rows.
16058 The others will then be defined as
16063 In this context, first means first in this order:
16065 Footer, Last\SpecialChar ~
16074 First\SpecialChar ~
16085 example file to see how this works.
16091 The check box in the long table options can be used to specify specific
16092 rows to break the page on as well.
16096 A table can also be placed in a float, as described below, which will allow
16097 TeX to place it as well as it can within the page.
16101 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:table float}
16108 Outside of a float, the table will be positioned exactly where it is placed
16127 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16137 menu will enable LaTeX to place the table where it fits best, rather than
16138 exactly where you insert it.
16139 Float placement for table floats is similar to that for figure floats
16140 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
16144 , and is described in section
16145 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:float-locn}
16150 Captions also work the same way as with figure floats, as described in
16152 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
16158 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{table:a table float}
16162 is an example of a table float.
16163 \begin_inset Float table
16171 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{table:a table float}
16179 \begin_inset Tabular
16180 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
16182 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
16183 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
16184 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
16185 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
16186 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16203 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16220 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16238 <row topline="true">
16239 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16256 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16273 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16291 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
16292 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16307 \begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$
16313 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16328 \begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
16330 c & d\end{array}\right]$
16336 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16351 \begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$
16368 Table of Contents and other Listings
16369 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:toc}
16376 One of the really nice features of LaTeX is the ease with which it lets
16378 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16382 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16385 such as a Table of Contents.
16386 All you need to do is to use certain environments and insert a reference
16387 at the place where you want the list to appear.
16390 The Table of Contents
16393 In order to get a Table of Contents, you need to do four things:
16396 Use a document class that includes support (all but
16403 Set paragraph environments appropriately:
16413 (Sub...), Paragraph
16416 Note that styles with a
16428 appear in the Table of Contents.
16431 Make sure you set the
16436 ection\SpecialChar ~
16437 number\SpecialChar ~
16456 Document\SpecialChar ~
16459 dialog to the appropriate value as described in
16460 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sub:section-depth}
16467 Insert the ToC command at some place in the document.
16468 You'll find it under
16473 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16480 C\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16492 You can also bring up a dialog for navigating through your document with
16498 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16510 List of Figures, Tables and Algorithms
16511 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ListsOf}
16518 Table, figure, and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents.
16519 You can insert them from the
16524 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16534 If you want figures, tables, or algorithms to appear in the list, you must
16535 place them inside a float of the relevant type and add a caption.
16538 Mathematical Formulae
16544 To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon with
16545 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$
16549 That will open a little blue square, with purple markers around it, on
16551 That blue square is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate what
16552 level of nesting within the formula you are at.
16553 You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the
16560 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
16565 menu; or you can use a keyboard macro,
16579 (CUA binding only).
16582 If you simply need to type a single Greek letter, such as
16583 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
16586 , there is a special shortcut.
16594 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
16604 \begin_inset Formula $\beta$
16610 Editing the parameters of a formula may be done from the
16615 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16620 ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16632 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16640 The math panel is very useful, so you may want to open it and leave it
16641 somewhere on the screen.
16642 If you're not already in a formula, selecting anything from the math panel
16643 will insert a formula for you.
16646 Navigating a Formula
16649 The best control over cursor position within an existing formula is achieved
16650 with the arrow keys.
16651 Mathed uses small squares to indicate places where something can be inserted.
16652 The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula.
16657 will leave a fraction or other formula construct (a square root
16658 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$
16662 \begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$
16666 \begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
16668 3 & 4\end{array}\right]$
16676 will leave the formula, placing the cursor after the formula.
16681 can be used to move horizontally in a formula; for example, through the
16682 cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi-line equation.
16689 seems to do nothing in Mathed, since it does not in fact add a space between
16690 characters, but it does exit a nested structure.
16691 For this reason, you have to be careful about using
16696 For example, if you want
16697 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$
16727 Space\SpecialChar ~
16733 Space\SpecialChar ~
16739 Space\SpecialChar ~
16744 , since in the latter case only the
16747 \begin_inset Formula $2x$
16752 will be under the square root sign,
16753 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$
16757 For those who learned to space out expressions in this way, it takes a
16761 You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled
16763 \begin_inset Formula \[
16764 \left(\begin{array}{ccc}
16767 & & \lambda_{n}\end{array}\right).\]
16771 If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing
16772 in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most constructs don't mind.
16778 You can select text within a formula in two different ways.
16779 Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press
16783 and a cursor movement key to select text.
16784 It will be highlighted as with regular text selection.
16785 Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way.
16786 That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula
16787 (not in a plain text region in LyX, though).
16790 Exponents and Subscripts
16793 You can use the math panel to add superscripts or subscripts, but the much
16794 easier way is to use the standard TeX method.
16796 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$
16812 puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression, instead of
16813 in the superscript.
16819 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$
16823 \begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$
16844 Subscripts are similar, to get
16845 \begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$
16860 Note that by default, the superscript or subscript is only for the single
16861 symbol to the left, which changes the spacing and alignment; you should
16863 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Grouping}
16867 if you need to alter this.
16873 Create a fraction with either
16881 (in Mathed) or using the fraction icon in the
16901 You will be presented with an empty fraction, with two Mathed insertion
16902 squares top and bottom.
16903 The cursor moves immediately to the top of the fraction.
16904 To move to the bottom, simply press
16909 To move back up, press
16914 Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows:
16915 \begin_inset Formula \[
16916 \left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc}
16918 4 & 5\end{array}\right)}\right]\]
16929 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
16933 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
16936 ) signs are very often decorated with one or more sets of
16937 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16941 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16945 These limits can be entered in LyX by entering them as you would enter
16946 a superscript or subscript, directly after the symbol.
16947 Sum will automatically place its
16948 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16952 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16955 over and under the symbol in display style, but will move them to the side
16956 when inlined, such as
16957 \begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$
16966 We haven't yet explained what display vs.
16971 \begin_inset Formula \[
16972 \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{x^{n}}{n}=\ln\left(\frac{1}{1-x}\right).\]
16976 Integral signs, however, will not by default move the limits to directly
16977 over and under the integral sign in display style, as in
16978 \begin_inset Formula $\int_{a}^{x}f(t)dt:=F(x)$
16982 \begin_inset Formula \[
16983 \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{dx}{1+x^{2}}=\pi.\]
16987 Both symbols will be automatically re-sized when placed in display mode.
16988 In display mode, the placement of the limits (directly above and below,
16989 or offset to the right from the sign) can be changed by placing the cursor
16990 in front of the sign and hitting
16995 Exactly what change occurs depends on the sign.
16999 Certain other mathematical expressions have this
17000 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17004 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17007 feature as addition, such as
17008 \begin_inset Formula \[
17009 \lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x),\]
17013 which will place the
17014 \begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$
17018 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17022 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17025 in display mode, but not in inlined mode,
17026 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$
17031 \begin_inset Formula $\lim$
17034 was entered as a function - you get it in LyX by typing
17040 in math-mode, or choosing from the
17041 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17045 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17048 menu in the math panel; see
17049 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-functions}
17057 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-panel}
17073 dialog (accessible via
17078 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
17085 ) has a more extensive list of symbols and structures.
17086 As stated earlier, you can keep the math panel open when writing mathematics.
17087 The use of the panel should be fairly obvious; we'll describe some of the
17088 details in later sections.
17091 Note that right-clicking on a formula opens the panel as well.
17097 Most math symbols can be found in the math panel under one of several categories
17103 \begin_inset Formula $\Gamma\rho\epsilon\epsilon\kappa$
17111 \begin_inset Formula $\pm\times$
17119 \begin_inset Formula $\leq\cong$
17127 \begin_inset Formula $\uparrow\Leftrightarrow$
17132 large\SpecialChar ~
17136 \begin_inset Formula $\sum\int$
17144 There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical
17146 If you know the standard LaTeX macro for a particular symbol you which
17147 to use, you do not have to use these dialogs, but they will help for those
17148 symbols whose LaTeX name you do not know.
17149 Note that the AMS symbols will not be displayed as symbols in LyX unless
17150 you install the right fonts as described in the relevant manual.
17153 It is possible to get an nth root symbol.
17154 In the minibuffer, type
17159 This generates a root symbol with an extra box above the root sign.
17168 to move between the two boxes.
17169 You can also use the key binding
17179 You may want to create blank spaces that differs from the standard spacing
17180 that LaTeX provides.
17181 We don't recommend this as a matter of course, since the whole idea of
17182 WYSIWYM is that you don't think about the typesetting, but the content.
17183 However, there are situations where you will want to add spaces.
17184 The first thing to do is to type
17189 This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen within
17191 \begin_inset Formula $a\, b$
17195 The next trick is to change that space to different sizes.
17200 you move the cursor, after typing
17208 again, you will change the size of the space, through a number of variable
17210 The last ones in the list are red, and are a negative space.
17212 \begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$
17216 \begin_inset Formula $a\! b$
17220 You can also insert these spaces via the math panel.
17224 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-functions}
17231 The math panel contains a number of
17232 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17236 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17240 \begin_inset Formula $\sin$
17244 \begin_inset Formula $\lim$
17252 (you can type them in a formula by typing
17259 Standard mathematical practice is that functions which are names, like
17261 \begin_inset Formula $\sin$
17264 , should not be italicized.
17265 Entering just the letters
17266 \begin_inset Formula $sin$
17269 within Mathed will give italics, of course, so these special macros are
17271 They do more to the final output than just change the typeface, however.
17272 For example, the expression
17273 \begin_inset Formula $\sin t$
17276 will typeset with a little extra space between the n and the t.
17277 For words which are more sophisticated mathematical objects, like
17278 \begin_inset Formula $\lim$
17281 , the macro changes the way that subscripts are placed, depending on whether
17282 the math-inset is inlined or displayed:
17283 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L$
17287 \begin_inset Formula \[
17288 \lim_{x\rightarrow0}f(x)=L.\]
17292 These two expressions were typed the same way, but using the macro
17298 alters the appearance (actually, it is the inlined version that is altered,
17299 to improve linespacing).
17305 In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text
17307 This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use.
17308 You can also use TeX macro equivalents, as macros.
17309 That is, you can enter
17310 \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
17313 to get the same effect if your keyboard does not have accents enabled.
17314 This is entered by typing
17315 \begin_inset Quotes eld
17325 \begin_inset Quotes erd
17329 These are the equivalences between the text names and the macro names for
17330 the various accents:
17334 \begin_inset Tabular
17335 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="3">
17337 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
17338 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
17339 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
17340 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
17341 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17358 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17375 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17393 <row topline="true">
17394 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17411 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17428 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17443 \begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
17450 <row topline="true">
17451 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17468 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17485 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17500 \begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$
17507 <row topline="true">
17508 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17525 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17542 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17557 \begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$
17564 <row topline="true">
17565 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17582 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17599 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17614 \begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$
17621 <row topline="true">
17622 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17639 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17656 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17671 \begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$
17678 <row topline="true">
17679 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17696 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17713 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17728 \begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$
17735 <row topline="true">
17736 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17753 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17770 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17785 \begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$
17792 <row topline="true">
17793 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17810 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17827 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17842 \begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$
17849 <row topline="true">
17850 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17867 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17884 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17899 \begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$
17906 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
17907 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17924 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17941 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17956 \begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$
17970 Finally, you can choose one of these accents by selecting an item from the
17975 symbol set in the math panel; this will apply to any selection you have
17976 made within a formula too.
17979 The math editor for LaTeX users
17982 Editing mathematical expressions in LyX can be done in one of two ways.
17983 You can use the native LyX support for rendering the formulae in a WYSIWYM
17985 LaTeX users might like to be able to use the keyboard to enter things like
17992 (this gets, in ordinary TeX, an
17993 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
17996 in the final document), believing that it is faster than chasing around
17997 menus for a symbol.
17998 Here's a testimonial of one of those old LaTeX users,
18003 I was finally convinced that the math editor was the way to go when I found
18004 that, with a few modifications, I could use it the same way I was accustomed
18006 As an example, I created this
18007 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
18010 by typing the following keys: First type
18040 As soon as I typed that
18045 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
18048 was right there on the screen.
18057 sequence inserts a formula (you may also use
18072 is of course the standard TeX command for a Greek alpha letter, and the
18077 leaves the formula.
18078 Some of the advantages of this approach are:
18081 You have immediate visual feedback to be sure your TeX was correct
18084 You have the real mathematical expression on the screen, correctly displayed,
18085 to make sure your mathematics is correct (correctly written, at least)
18088 All the new LaTeX fuss with special environments and such are taken care
18092 You won't have to chase through the code trying to find that missing
18103 If you don't remember the LaTeX name of a particular symbol, like
18104 \begin_inset Formula $\wp$
18107 , you can find it in the dialogs
18110 Brackets and decorations
18113 There are several brackets available through LyX.
18114 For most purposes, using just the keys
18120 should suffice, but the effect, especially if you want to surround a large
18121 structure, such as a matrix or a fraction, or if you have several layers
18122 of brackets, is better using the math panel's
18128 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-panel}
18133 For example, that's how you would construct the brackets around a standard
18135 \begin_inset Formula \[
18136 \left[\begin{array}{cc}
18138 3 & 4\end{array}\right],\]
18142 and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses of an abomination
18144 \begin_inset Formula \[
18145 \frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\]
18150 \begin_inset Formula \[
18151 f\left(g\left(h\left(k\left(l\left(x\right)\right)\right)\right)\right).\]
18155 The parentheses, and other brackets, from that menu will automatically re-size
18156 to accommodate the size of what is inside (This is done in straight LaTeX
18169 It is very easy to construct the braces you want to use.
18170 Click on the brace you want on the left side with the left mouse button,
18171 the right side with the right button, and place them in the document by
18172 clicking on the button.
18173 If you want one side to not have a bracket, use the blank button.
18174 It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will print.
18177 If you decide after the fact to place parentheses (or other math structure,
18178 like a square root, or other decoration) around some math structure, you
18179 can do that by highlighting (selecting) the structure that is to go inside
18180 the parentheses (that is done by holding the
18184 key down and moving the cursor with the arrow keys, or selecting with the
18186 Then, choose the appropriate brackets for left and right, and click on
18192 The parentheses will be drawn around the selected structure.
18195 If you're trying to enter a LaTeX
18199 for grouping, you should read
18200 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:Grouping}
18208 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:Grouping}
18215 You may need to group a set of symbols.
18216 In LaTeX, for example, the typesetting of
18228 \begin_inset Formula \[
18229 {x^{y}}^{z}\quad\mathrm{differs\; from}\quad x^{{y^{z}}}\]
18236 However, trying to type the
18240 in LyX gives an actual closing brace in the output.
18241 To create this grouping, you need to use the key sequence
18248 Inside LyX, you will see red braces indicating the grouping.
18249 The example directly above shows how this works.
18252 Arrays and Multi-line Equations
18255 Arrays, such as matrices, are easily entered in LyX.
18261 there is a matrix button, which will open a dialog for you to choose the
18262 number of rows/columns.
18263 Here is an example:
18264 \begin_inset Formula \[
18265 \left(\begin{array}{ccc}
18268 7 & 8 & 9\end{array}\right).\]
18272 The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as usual.
18273 Remember that you can add this after the fact, by highlighting the matrix
18274 inside Mathed (Position the mouse on one side of the matrix, hold the
18278 key down, and hit the appropriate arrow key to move the cursor across the
18280 You can, when you construct the matrix, decide whether the columns (or
18281 some of them) will be left-, right-, or center-justified.
18282 The specification is
18287 Each letter corresponds to the relevant column.
18292 means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be
18293 centered, and the third column will be right-justified..
18294 It will look like this:
18295 \begin_inset Formula \[
18297 this & this\, column & this\, column\\
18298 column & has & has\, right\\
18299 has\, left\, alignment & center\, alignment & alignment\end{array}.\]
18306 You can add more rows to an existing matrix by hitting
18310 while in the matrix, and you can add columns, or delete either, via the
18316 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18326 There are numerous other arrays used in LaTeX math-mode, particularly with
18327 the AMS-LaTeX packages included, such as
18333 and commutative diagrams.
18334 Not all of these are supported in LyX.
18335 However, it is possible to build these structures from a matrix.
18338 Multi-line equations are very easy to construct in LyX.
18339 A formula will automatically switch to an
18345 format (LaTeX's multi-line displayed equation format) if you hit
18353 The best way to do this, if you decide you want a multi-line displayed
18354 equation, is to insert a new line (with
18361 Each line then has three regions, left, center, and right, which you can
18362 move through using either the arrow keys, the mouse, or the
18369 Here is an example:
18370 \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
18372 4+5 & = & 9.\end{eqnarray*}
18376 You can also turn an existing displayed formula into a multi-line formula
18383 while the cursor is anywhere on the original formula.
18388 try to decide where to break the formula up into three parts, but places
18389 everything in the left side of the line.
18390 To change the alignment points of the equation, place the cursor where
18391 you want to start the middle part of the line, and hit
18396 It then puts everything to the right of the cursor in the middle region
18397 of the equation (which, by the way, is not typeset by LaTeX in display-math
18398 size, so you should not put large expressions like fractions there).
18399 Move to where you want the right side of the line to begin, and hit
18405 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18409 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18412 insertion points in the line will disappear.
18415 Equation Numbering and Labels
18416 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:math-label}
18423 Equation numbering is very easy in LyX.
18424 All it takes to change a displayed equation like:
18425 \begin_inset Formula \[
18430 into the numbered equation :
18431 \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
18432 1+2=3\label{mathed:first-eqn}\end{equation}
18443 menu, and select the
18452 This opens a dialog in which you must enter some string as the label.
18453 There is no need to call it by a specific number, since LaTeX will take
18454 care of re-numbering the equation.
18455 Labels will not appear as such on the final output.
18456 LaTeX will insert appropriate numbers for the equations.
18457 The labels are used internally for cross-referencing.
18458 You can turn on numbering without a specific label with the menu option
18464 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18469 ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18470 Toggle\SpecialChar ~
18477 while the cursor is in the equation, such as:
18481 \begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
18482 1+1=2.\end{equation}
18486 You can toggle it on or off with this menu item.
18487 You can reference a labelled (not just numbered) equation, (cf.
18489 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:first-eqn}
18497 dialog, which you open using
18502 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18513 For numbered (or labelled) multi-line formulas, the default is that all
18514 lines are numbered separately.
18515 Once you attach a label to make the equation numbered, all subsequent lines
18516 receive a label of #.
18517 That label can be changed to another so that you can refer to that line,
18519 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:third-eqn}
18524 \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
18525 1 & = & 3-2\label{mathed:second-equation}\\
18526 2 & = & 4-2\label{mathed:third-eqn}\\
18527 4 & \leq & 7.\end{eqnarray}
18531 You can turn off numbering of a specific line with
18536 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18541 ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
18542 Toggle\SpecialChar ~
18547 umbering\SpecialChar ~
18551 while the cursor is on that line of a multi-line numbered equation.
18554 \begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
18555 1 & = & 4-3\label{mathed:fourth-eqn}\\
18557 1 & = & e^{2\pi i}\nonumber \\
18558 16 & \equiv & 2\,(mod\,7)\label{mathed:fifth-eqn}\end{eqnarray}
18562 Note that the first equation in this set (
18563 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fourth-eqn}
18567 ) is labelled, the next is numbered but unlabelled, the third is unnumbered,
18569 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{mathed:fifth-eqn}
18573 ) is again labelled.
18577 User defined macros in math mode
18580 LyX allows the user to define macros for use in math mode.
18581 A macro definition box appears on screen as purple box with the name of
18582 the macro in blue (math color).
18583 It contains two cells initially marked empty by blue rectangles that can
18584 be edited as if it were ordinary math.
18586 \begin_inset FormulaMacro
18587 \newcommand{\macro}{a+b}
18590 The contents of the first cell will be used when the macro definition is
18591 written during export as LaTeX.
18592 The contents of the second cell, however, will be used for drawing the
18593 macro's expansion on screen.
18594 In the common case where both export and drawing use the same representation,
18595 the second cell can be left empty and LyX will use the contents of the
18596 first cell will be used for export and drawing automatically.
18599 Now, to use this macro in other math boxes just type the name in TeX mode,
18606 , and it will be automatically expanded:
18607 \begin_inset Formula $c=\macro$
18611 As you can verify, the cursor can't go inside the macro, the whole macro
18612 is like a single character, and the TeX generated code of this expression
18620 However the cursor could go inside of some kind of macros, those that have
18626 In a macro definition box an argument looks like a
18630 followed by the argument number:
18631 \begin_inset FormulaMacro
18632 \newcommand{\macrowarg}[1]{2+\sqrt{#1}}
18638 Once expanded, this macro includes the usual empty rectangle to indicate
18639 that you can insert there whatever you want:
18644 \begin_inset Formula $\macrowarg{}$
18651 \begin_inset Formula $b=\macrowarg{x-2}$
18658 When exported to LaTeX, a macro definition will produce the command
18671 How to create macros
18674 To create a macro definition box use this syntax in the minibuffer:
18680 Macro names mustn't contain numbers!
18688 math-macro <macro name> [number of arguments]
18698 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18706 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18716 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18721 math-macro macrowarg 1
18724 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18730 To insert an argument mark (only inside a macro definition box) simply type
18738 math-macro-arg <number>
18741 The argument mark in
18747 was introduced with
18748 \begin_inset Quotes eld
18756 \begin_inset Quotes erd
18762 You can use no more than 9 arguments, numbered from 1 to 9.
18763 An argument can be repeated inside the macro definition box, but of course
18764 can be edited only once.
18767 How to navigate in macros
18768 \layout Description
18772 arrow\SpecialChar ~
18773 keys: Opening a macro from the left side will put the cursor
18774 in the first argument, to move to the second argument use the TAB key.
18775 Remember that pressing the Space bar will get the cursor out and at the
18776 right side of the macro.
18777 \layout Description
18781 mouse: As usual, click on the desired argument box.
18782 Sometimes this fails if the box is empty or too small.
18785 Currently it is only possible to define command macros, but not environment
18795 You can use various typefaces in a formula.
18796 The standard font for text is italic,
18797 \begin_inset Formula $text$
18800 , but for numbers the standard is Roman.
18801 To set a font in a formula, choose it from the math panel, or by entering
18802 the LaTeX command for it directly, as follows:
18806 \begin_inset Tabular
18807 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
18809 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
18810 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" width="0pt">
18811 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
18812 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18820 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18829 <row topline="true">
18830 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18842 \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$
18848 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18861 <row topline="true">
18862 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18868 \begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbf{Bold}}$
18874 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18887 <row topline="true">
18888 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18894 \begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italic}$
18900 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18913 <row topline="true">
18914 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18926 \begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$
18932 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18945 <row topline="true">
18946 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18952 \begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}}$
18958 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18971 <row topline="true">
18972 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18978 \begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$
18984 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18997 <row topline="true">
18998 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19011 \begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$
19017 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19030 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
19031 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19037 \begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{SansSerif}$
19043 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19063 LaTeX's math mode does not support all characters in all fonts, and only
19064 letters will be supported with these font styles; some only support capital
19068 For any of these fonts, you have to be careful how you enter the text.
19069 If there is text to the right of the entry point, the font reverts to that
19070 style after one character.
19071 To be able to type a string in a particular font, make sure there is a
19072 protected-space to the right of the cursor.
19073 Also, entering a protected-space will revert subsequent text to standard
19075 The font styles are nestable, as LaTeX does.
19076 This can be a little confusing, as selecting a different font on a selection
19081 change the selection, but insert a new nested level with the new typeface.
19084 It is possible (in AMS-LaTeX) to embolden (not italicize) numbers and special
19086 However, LyX does not yet support this in WYSIWYM manner\SpecialChar \@.
19089 To get emboldened symbols, for example a bold
19090 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
19102 The closing brace appears (in red) automatically when you type the opening
19104 This works for all symbols, as well as numbers.
19107 A number of other options are available as well, via
19112 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19117 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
19127 Typefaces are useful for entering variable names in some given font, but
19128 certainly not for anything else, and in particular not text.
19129 For typing longer pieces of text, use math text mode, which is obtained
19134 while already in math mode.
19135 (The same command will get out of math text mode, too.) Math text mode appears
19136 on the screen in black instead of blue.
19137 You cannot enter punctuation or font changes in your text
19143 Moreover, math text mode outputs its contents inside a
19161 ) might have been a better choice
19164 , but it works for simple text.
19166 \begin_inset Formula \[
19167 f(x)=\begin{array}{cc}
19168 x & \textrm{if I say so}\\
19169 -x & \textrm{otherwise}\end{array}\]
19179 There are four (relative) font sizes (or
19180 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19184 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19187 ) used in math-mode, which are automatically chosen in most situations.
19205 For most characters,
19213 are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts,
19214 and certain other effects, are set larger or placed differently in
19219 Except for some operators, which re-size themselves to accommodate various
19220 situations, all text will be set in these various sizes as LaTeX thinks
19222 These choices can be over-ridden by using the
19226 function in the minibuffer.
19227 For example, you can set
19228 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
19235 ), or you can make it larger, which also changes the line-spacing, by entering
19238 math-size displaystyle
19240 in the minibuffer while the cursor is in the main line of the math-inset,
19242 \begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$
19246 Careful, though, if the cursor is on the denominator of that fraction,
19247 only the numerator will be enlarged, e.g.
19249 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
19252 ! This reflects a LaTeX
19253 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19257 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19270 These font-size changes are not as apparent in LyX as they are in the output.
19271 Here are some text in the various styles:
19272 \begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$
19276 \begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$
19280 \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$
19284 \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$
19290 All these math-mode font sizes are relative, that is, if the whole math
19291 inset and surrounding text are set in a particular size, all these sizes
19293 Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts
19294 will be adjusted to correspond.
19301 Here is a paragraph in
19302 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19306 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19309 font, with symbols:
19310 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
19316 This applies to math fonts in titles, etc.
19323 The American Mathematical Society (AMS) provide a LaTeX packages that are
19325 LyX includes some support for these packages.
19328 Enabling AMS-Support
19336 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19343 dialog there is a checkbox,
19350 If selected, this will include the AMS-package in the document, and make
19351 the facilities available.
19357 The AMS-LaTeX packages add support for some mathematical symbols that are
19358 not accessible from plain LaTeX (or LyX), but are fairly common in mathematical
19359 typesetting, such as the old-German Fraktur font and the stylized
19360 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19364 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19367 fonts commonly used to denote the real or complex numbers, or the integers.
19368 Once activated, all AMS-LaTeX symbols and environments are available.
19369 You will run into trouble if you include these packages from the preamble,
19370 since LyX now defines a few of the macros used in these packages on its
19372 The AMS-layouts include these packages automatically.
19378 AMS-LaTeX provides a selection of different formula types.
19379 LyX allows you to choose between
19400 Refer to the AMS-documenta\SpecialChar \-
19401 tion for the differences between these formula
19409 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:crossref}
19416 Those of you reading this manual online will see a grey box with text in
19417 it, right before the beginning of this sentence.
19423 Properly speaking, it is one half of a cross-reference.
19424 The other half is the
19428 proper, and it looks like this:
19429 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:crossref}
19434 Again, those of you reading the manual online will see a gray box with
19436 Those reading printed versions, however, will see a number --- in this
19437 case, the number of this section.
19438 There are also other varieties of cross-reference: for example,
19439 \begin_inset LatexCommand \pageref{sec:crossref}
19444 This is the page number containing the location of the label.
19445 That's what cross-references do: they let you reference other parts of
19447 You don't need to remember which section number was what anymore --- LyX
19448 will do that for you! All you need to do is use a
19452 to mark a section, figure, table, formula, etc., and then refer to it via
19460 To insert a label, use
19467 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
19473 A box will appear where you can enter your label.
19474 You can change the name of the label at a later time by simply clicking
19475 on the gray box and reopening the label dialog.
19478 To insert a reference, select
19485 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
19494 Insert\SpecialChar ~
19497 dialog appears with a list of labels.
19498 Selecting a list item, then clicking
19502 inserts a reference into the text; changing the
19509 allows you to insert a page number or other reference variant instead.
19512 Note that if you cut & paste text from another document that contains a
19521 , or if you delete a label in your text, LaTeX will complain:
19530 Reference `X' on page Y undefined on input line Z
19536 There were undefined references
19539 You'll also see two question marks in the output instead of the reference.
19542 There are a few more comments we need to make about the
19547 They always print the number of the section heading closest to them.
19548 So --- if you want to put a label on a
19556 heading immediately follows it, you need to put the
19569 It doesn't matter where, and it will look weird on the LyX screen.
19570 However, you need to do this if you want to label the
19574 separately from the
19579 The same goes for all other section headings.
19594 section headings and table and figure floats.
19595 Bare figures and tables aren't numbered, so, like unnumbered section headings,
19596 you can't really use a
19610 , but only if you use the
19620 --- the one that refers to a section/table/figure number --- won't work,
19621 because there's no numbered thingy to refer to! You could also use bare
19626 s as page markers, then refer back to them using the
19632 Once again, the regular
19636 won't work very well.
19637 It will refer to something, but that something will typically be the number
19638 of the previous numbered section heading.
19642 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figurefloats}
19647 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:table float}
19652 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:math-label}
19656 for details on using a
19660 with figures, tables, and equations, respectively.
19664 URLs (Uniform Resource Locators)
19667 It is often desirable to include long
19668 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19672 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19675 items in a document such as Web site URLs, e-mail addresses, etc.; these
19676 things typically do not contain any spaces and are thus difficult to typeset
19678 Such items will often fall on a line boundary if they cannot be split,
19679 resulting in an overfull or underfull line depending on the circumstances.
19682 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19689 within LyX to enter a long URL and have it split gracefully (if necessary)
19690 along automatically determined boundaries.
19693 At the point in the document where you want to enter the URL (or other address-l
19694 ike entity) simply select
19696 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19703 ; a dialog will appear where you can enter the full URL (in the
19711 In its simplest usage, that's all you need to do.
19712 Click on the following gray box to see how LyX's homepage would be entered:
19714 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url{http://www.lyx.org}
19728 : When you use the following characters: "%", "#", "^", you have to write
19729 them with a backslash before, e.g.
19731 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19737 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19741 URLs mustn't end with a backslash!
19747 If you would like to associate some definite phrase with the URL, enter
19755 field of the dialog; it will be typeset as plain text immediately before
19757 For example, I might say that you can find all things related to LaTeX
19761 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[CTAN]{http://ctan.tug.org}
19766 On the printed page, the last sentence ends as
19767 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19770 all things related to LaTeX at CTAN
19772 http://ctan.tug.org
19775 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19783 Author's Note: somebody needs to document the
19797 Specifying Short Titles with Optional Arguments
19798 \begin_inset OptArg
19809 Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long.
19810 This can cause over-runs when there is limited horizontal space.
19811 For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section
19812 title, a long title will over-run past the edges, and look awful.
19815 LaTeX allows you to specify an optional argument to the section commands
19816 that specifies a shorter version of the title
19822 For those who don't know LaTeX, commands look like this:
19826 command[optionalargument]{the content}
19830 This shorter version is used in the header and in the actual Table of Contents,
19831 avoiding the problem mentioned.
19832 LyX allows you to specify this optional argument by selecting
19837 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19838 Short\SpecialChar ~
19842 This will insert a box (labelled
19843 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19847 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19851 \begin_inset Quotes eld
19855 \begin_inset Quotes erd
19858 ) which you can use to enter the short title text.
19859 This also works for captions inside floats.
19862 The title of this section is a good example of using this feature.
19865 Previewing snippets of your document
19868 LyX allows you to generate previews of sections of your document on the
19869 fly so you can see how they'll look in the final document without having
19870 to break your train of thought with
19875 iew\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19883 If you'd like to see your math formulae typeset by LaTeX then install the
19884 necessary software (see below) and select the
19898 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19906 (It can be found in the
19910 feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19913 pane in the Qt frontend and the
19917 Feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator
19920 tab in the XForms frontend.) Previews are generated when you load a document
19921 into LyX and when you finish editing an inset.
19922 Previews of an already loaded document are
19926 generated just by selecting the
19937 LyX will generate previews of math insets.
19938 It will also generate previews of include insets if you select the
19946 check box in the inset's dialog.
19947 This latter is useful if you wish to generate a preview of a LaTeX figure,
19949 Coming in version 1.4 are previews of the external inset also.
19952 To get previews working, you'll need some additional software.
19953 First, you'll need the preview.sty LaTeX package.
19954 Find it on your local CTAN mirror at
19958 CTAN/support/preview-latex/
19961 Thereafter, you'll need the usual tools:
19973 .Finally, you'll obtain prettier results if you install
19984 Spacing, pagination and line breaks
19987 Extra Horizontal Space
19988 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:hspace}
19999 s are a special LyX feature for adding extra space in a uniform fashion.
20004 is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals the remaining
20005 space between the left and right margins.
20006 If there is more than one
20010 on a line, they divide the available space equally between themselves.
20018 is at the beginning of a line, and it's
20022 the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it.
20027 s from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line.
20036 can be inserted with
20042 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20047 pecial\SpecialChar ~
20048 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20053 orizontal\SpecialChar ~
20057 Here a few examples what you can do with them:
20060 This is on the left side
20062 This is on the right
20081 That was an example in the
20088 :is one in a standard paragraph.
20089 It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it
20093 sitting in-between the two
20094 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20098 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20104 Remember that we said that an
20108 always fills the remaining space between the margins? There may be more
20109 than one set of margins on a line.
20110 Here's an example with the
20116 \labelwidthstring MMMMMMM
20130 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20134 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20137 marks the beginning of the item.
20138 (There is actually a
20139 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20143 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20150 inside of the label of the
20154 environment; it's put at the end of the label automatically.)
20158 s work similarly in other
20159 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20163 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20166 situations, like two-column mode.
20169 Extra Vertical Space
20170 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:vertspace}
20177 To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use
20182 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20187 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
20192 Paragraph\SpecialChar ~
20198 We will not provide an example of a
20202 , as it would waste paper.
20203 They work the same as any other type of filler, including
20207 s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space.
20208 If there are several
20212 s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves.
20213 You can therefore use
20217 s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page, or 1/4,
20221 Note that for paragraphs at the top/bottom of a page, the extra space is
20222 only added if you have also checked the option
20227 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20232 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
20233 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20238 pacing\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20249 Changing Paragraph Alignment
20252 You can also change the paragraph alignment with the
20257 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20262 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
20266 There are four possibilities:
20301 The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word
20302 spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between
20303 the left and right margins.
20304 The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this:
20307 This paragraph is right aligned,
20310 this one is centered,
20313 this one is left aligned.
20316 In some paragraph environments, the default is something other than justified
20321 Forcing Page Breaks
20322 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:pagebreak}
20329 If you don't like the way LaTeX does the page breaks in your document, you
20330 can force a pagebreak where you want one.
20331 In general, this will
20335 be necessary because LaTeX is good at pagebreaking, as was already mentioned
20337 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:widows}
20344 So in general there is no need to use the option described below, and we
20345 recommend not using it until the text is
20349 finished, and until you have checked in the preview to see if you
20353 have to change the pagebreaking.You can force a pagebreak above or below
20359 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20364 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
20367 dialog by selecting the checkboxes to add a pagebreak above or below the
20371 You might try to use a pagebreak to ensure that a figure or table appears
20372 at the top of a page.
20373 This is, of course, the wrong way to do it.
20374 LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables
20375 appear at the top of a page [or the bottom, or on their own page] without
20376 having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table.
20378 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:figures}
20383 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:tables}
20395 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:protblank-lbreak-horline}
20402 The protected blank: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the
20403 line at that point.
20404 This may be necessary to avoid unlucky linebreaks, like in:
20407 A good documentation should weight no more than 1
20413 Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected blank between
20414 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20418 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20422 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20426 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20430 A protected blank is set with
20435 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20440 pecial\SpecialChar ~
20441 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20457 You can force line breaks within a paragraph by selecting
20462 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20467 pecial\SpecialChar ~
20468 Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20480 You should, however, not use this to correct LaTeX's linebreaking, as LaTeX
20485 good at linebreaking\SpecialChar \ldots{}
20487 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:pagebreak}
20492 There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to actively
20493 set a linebreak, e.g.
20494 in a poem or for an Address (see sections
20495 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quote}
20500 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:verse}
20505 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:adress_usage}
20513 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spellchecking}
20520 LyX itself has no built-in spell checker.
20521 Rather it uses the external
20525 program as a backend or the newer and generally better
20530 This section assumes you have already installed and set up one of these
20535 The spellchecker can be started with the menu entry
20542 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
20551 Checking will start just after the current cursor position.
20552 A dialog window will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found,
20553 allowing you to edit and replace it in a second line.
20554 Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the view
20555 in your text buffer is updated to make the word visible.
20560 dialog, there is also a box showing suggestions for a correction, if any
20562 Clicking on one of the corrections will copy the near miss into the replace
20563 input field (double-click to invoke replace).
20566 Spellchecker Options
20567 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:spell_opt}
20574 The following options can be set in the
20579 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20587 \layout Subsubsection
20592 By default, the dictionary file to use is determined by the language of
20593 the text you're checking, which is set in the
20601 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20609 If you do not have a dictionary for the document language, the spellchecker
20611 In this case, you can specify another dictionary file in the dialog by
20612 specifying a different
20613 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20616 alternative language
20617 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20627 , you may need to make a link from say
20635 or whatever applies for your language.
20636 This is because these
20640 files normally have the native language name (
20641 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20645 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20652 , when started from LyX, searches for the English version of the name used
20653 with the LaTeX babel package (
20654 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20658 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20664 You may also have problems the font encoding is not correct for that dictionary.
20665 If you use a language with
20669 encoding and set the
20681 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20696 ), you must have this option in your language dictionary as well.
20697 If your dictionary doesn't support the
20701 you chose, you'll have an error like this on stderr:
20706 ispell: unrecognized formatter type 'latin1'
20709 The spellchecker gives you an error that it couldn't start the
20713 process and that you probably have some problems with your dictionary file.
20717 There are four solutions to this problem.
20718 The easiest is to try the
20721 Input\SpecialChar ~
20725 If that does not help, you can set
20736 when calling the spellchecker (which is probably annoying).
20737 The third is to add the
20741 option to your dictionary
20752 file and recompile the dictionary (which probably isn't easy if you installed
20753 the whole stuff with some distribution and don't have the language directory
20763 documentation for this task! The fourth is to send a message to your package-ma
20764 intainer, or better yet to the maintainer of the dictionary file in question
20765 and ask him to solve your problem.
20766 \layout Subsubsection
20768 Personal dictionary
20771 If you want to use a different file from the spellchecker's default choice
20772 as your personal dictionary, you can set this in the dialog.
20773 Specifying a filename which does not already exist will result in an error
20774 message on stderr which you can ignore (
20778 will create the file at the end of your spell checking).
20779 \layout Subsubsection
20789 pellchecker\SpecialChar ~
20792 dialog has some additional options which are self-explanatory:
20800 ccept compound words
20804 Prevent the spellchecker from complaining about compounded words like
20807 \begin_inset Quotes eld
20811 \begin_inset Quotes erd
20826 Allows you to add nonstandard characters to what the spellchecker considers
20829 This should not normally be needed.
20835 Some users have expressed a wish to be able to globally change the spelling
20836 of a particular word, rather than having to change the spelling separately
20837 for each occurrence of the word.
20838 Per-document word lists would also be useful.
20839 Neither of these features are present as of this writing.
20842 Unless you're using the
20846 spellchecker, LyX cannot correctly spellcheck documents containing multiple
20848 This, does, however, work with
20852 , assuming you have marked the different languages appropriately.
20855 International Support
20858 This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want.
20859 LyX comes with a default configuration which supports the English language
20860 on a U.S.-style keyboard, with a standard U.S.
20861 paper size and the spell checker set to U.S.
20863 You can change any or all of these settings as desired, and you can make
20864 the changes apply to the current session only, or use them as your new
20865 default configuration.
20868 If you have a keyboard suited to the language you are using (for example,
20869 a German keyboard for writing in German), and you have correctly configured
20870 your X environment, all you need to do for LyX is tell it your language,
20871 the character encoding, and desired paper size.
20873 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:langlay}
20877 for more information.
20880 If, however, you have a U.S.-style keyboard and want to write in a different
20881 language than English, you can use an alternate keymap.
20882 For example, if you have a U.S.-style keyboard but want to write in Italian,
20883 you can configure LyX to use an Italian keymap.
20885 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:optkey}
20893 Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely
20894 different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance).
20895 You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U.S.
20896 keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German.
20897 In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing
20898 one to support the characters you want.
20902 The details of how to customize LyX to your own language are
20906 beyond the scope of this manual.
20907 You can not only alter the keyboard layout, you can also change the names
20908 of the menus buttons, etc., to reflect your language.
20909 If you want to learn more about writing keymap files and tailoring LyX
20910 to your native tongue, please see the
20914 manual for details.
20918 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:langlay}
20930 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20937 dialog lets you set
20939 the language and character encoding for your language.
20943 Choose your language by clicking on the arrow in t
20960 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
20968 The default is U.S.
20970 Scroll to find the language you want and then click on your choice.
20971 The language name appears in the window.
20977 In LaTeX terms, selecting a language other than default adds Babel support.
20978 If you do not have Babel installed, refer to the different LaTeX distributions
20993 box lets you choose the character encoding map you want to use.
20998 encoding, which includes the characters required by the various Western
20999 European languages.
21002 Keyboard mapping configuration
21003 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:optkey}
21010 The preferences dialog allows you to choose up to two keyboard mappings.
21011 This allows you to choose the keymap of your choice for your U.S.-style keyboard.
21012 You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select
21013 which one you want to use.
21017 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:keytab}
21024 Table\SpecialChar ~
21026 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{cap:The-latin1-character}
21035 You should be able to enter the characters in the first eight columns directly
21039 There are a few things you need to know about this table.
21040 This manual is set up --- by hand, mind you --- to print all of these character
21042 That ain't the default.
21043 Nowhere near, in fact.
21044 Here are some of the details you'll need to bear in mind when using characters
21052 The characters at entries A2, A4, A5, A6 and AD -- the cent, the yen, the
21053 generic-currency-symbol, the broken vertical bar and the short dash are
21054 just plain missing in the default encodings.
21055 We don't know where they are or why this is the case.
21058 Even if you've selected
21067 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
21074 dialog, users who have only the
21078 -fonts for LaTeX [or who have the
21082 -fonts but aren't using them] will still miss a few characters: D0, F0,
21083 DE, FE, AB, and BB -- the uppercase and lowercase eth and thorn, and the
21084 french quotes won't show up.
21091 -fonts can, however, get the french quotes [characters AB and BB] if they
21092 include the either the package
21100 in their documents.
21106 This only holds when you want to input these quotes by yourself.
21107 The automatic quote feature described in Section
21108 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:quotes}
21112 , will generate automatically LaTeX code adapted to available fonts and
21122 The characters of the following table, which are inserted as commands, could
21123 not be inserted directly with the keyboard, because the standard encoding
21125 \begin_inset Quotes eld
21129 \begin_inset Quotes erd
21133 To let LaTeX understand the commands, the package
21137 needs to be loaded in the peamble with the line
21144 usepackage{textcomp}
21151 is available on every LaTeX system.
21158 \begin_inset Float table
21165 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{cap:The-latin1-character}
21177 \begin_inset Tabular
21178 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="17">
21180 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
21181 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21182 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21183 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21184 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21185 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21186 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21187 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21188 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21189 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21190 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21191 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21192 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21193 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21194 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21195 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
21196 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
21197 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
21198 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21205 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21222 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21239 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21256 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21273 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21290 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21307 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21324 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21341 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21358 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21375 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21392 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21409 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21426 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21443 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21460 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21478 <row topline="true">
21479 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21496 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21503 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21510 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21517 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21533 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21549 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21565 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21581 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21597 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21604 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21611 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21618 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21634 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21650 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21666 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21682 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21699 <row topline="true">
21700 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21717 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21724 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21731 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21747 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21763 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21779 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21795 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21811 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21827 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21834 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21841 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21857 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21873 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21889 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21905 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21921 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21938 <row topline="true">
21939 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21956 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21963 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21970 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21984 \begin_inset Quotes eld
21990 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22006 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22022 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22038 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22054 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22070 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22077 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22084 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22111 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22127 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22143 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22159 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22175 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22192 <row topline="true">
22193 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22210 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22217 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22224 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22240 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22256 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22272 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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23562 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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23659 <row topline="true">
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24137 <row topline="true">
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24359 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24376 <row topline="true">
24377 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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24401 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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24440 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24456 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24474 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24490 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24506 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24513 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24520 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24536 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24552 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24568 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24584 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24600 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24617 <row topline="true">
24618 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24635 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24642 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24649 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24665 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24681 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24697 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24713 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24729 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24745 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24752 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24759 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24786 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24802 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24818 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24834 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24850 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24867 <row topline="true">
24868 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24885 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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24899 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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24931 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24947 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24963 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24979 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24995 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25002 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25009 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25025 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25041 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25057 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25073 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25089 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25106 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
25107 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25124 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25131 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25138 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25154 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25170 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25186 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25202 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25218 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25225 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25232 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25239 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25255 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25271 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25287 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25303 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25319 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25346 The following is a full list of all of the accented characters LyX can display
25348 It includes not only the accented characters from the previous table, but
25349 also the characters from
25369 ¨ Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü ä ë ï ö ü ÿ
25374 ^ Â Ê Î Ô Û â ê î ô û
25379 ` À È Ì Ò Ù à è ì ò ù
25384 ´ Á É Í Ó Ú Ý á é í ó ú ý
25407 The dead macron in usually not needed, as you will use a non--dead key for
25409 For example, S-M-minus, or if
25415 is correct, S-M-macron.
25497 These characters might not look very nice on screen, but they will be just
25498 fine when run through LaTeX and printed.
25529 All the characters above are actively supported by TeX fonts.
25530 In addition TeX allows diacritical marks on almost all characters .
25531 Also make sure you're using the
25535 font-encoding and have the package
25539 with the definition file
25549 The documentation is a collaborative effort between many different people
25550 (and we would encourage people to contribute !).
25553 First, we need to give due credit to those who came before us.
25554 They gave us the base upon which the new manuals are built, and some continue
25555 to provide information:
25562 wrote the original documentation, from which this manual is built, as well
25563 as the introduction to this manual [or the
25564 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25568 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25571 as some of us call it].
25576 Lars Gullik Bjønnes
25578 wrote several minidocs, including some of the information about international
25586 also wrote a minidoc about international support, specifically about internatio
25587 nal keyboard maps and customization.
25594 originally documented the LinuxDoc SGML interface.
25599 Alejandro Aguilar Sierra
25601 originally documented math mode and provided the entries for the math functions
25607 Special thanks to the LyX Team\SpecialChar ~
25609 \begin_inset LatexCommand \cite{lyxcredit}
25613 for help and answers to questions.
25616 Next, it's time to give credit to the
25617 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25620 LyX Documentation Team,
25621 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25624 all of the people who helped rewrite the old documentation into the form
25625 it had after LyX version 0.10:
25636 Contributor to the FAQ and the old
25637 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25645 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25651 General editing assistance.
25677 Primary contributor to
25682 Documentation of the basic LyX interface in
25696 Former maintainer of the FAQ and the old
25697 \begin_inset Quotes eld
25705 \begin_inset Quotes erd
25711 Documentation of LinuxDoc in
25723 Documentation of figures and imported graphics in
25737 Documentation of internationalization features in
25773 Primary contributor to
25792 using LaTeX from within LyX
25805 General organization and format of the documents.
25815 paragraph environments, document layout, nesting, typography notes, fonts
25819 Also responsible for Introduction in
25824 Editor of the documents.
25825 [from 6/96-fall 1997]
25829 After fall of 1997, the LyX Team as a whole took over maintenance of the
25831 \layout Bibliography
25832 \bibitem {lyxcredit}
25841 href{http://www.lyx.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/lyx-devel/lib/CREDITS?rev=HEAD&content-type=text/plain}{
25857 \layout Bibliography
25858 \bibitem {latexbook}
25862 LaTeX: A Document Preparation System.
25865 Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994
25866 \layout Bibliography
25867 \bibitem {latexcompanion}
25869 Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin:
25871 The LaTeX Companion.
25874 Addison-Wesley, 1994
25875 \layout Bibliography
25876 \bibitem {latexguide}
25881 \layout Bibliography