UserGuide.lyx: fix a chapter title

[lyx.git] / lib / doc / UserGuide.lyx

#LyX 1.5.2svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
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% DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
%
% This preamble is designed to ensure that the User's Guide prints
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% parts of the User's Guide may not print out as expected.  If you
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\begin_body

\begin_layout Title
The LyX User's Guide
\end_layout

\begin_layout Author
by the LyX Team
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documenta
tion mailing list: 
\family typewriter
lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
\end_layout

\end_inset


\newline

\newline
Version 1.5.2
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Standard
To export this document as PDF, Postscript, or DVI, the LaTeX-package 
\series bold
hyperref
\series default
 has to be installed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This package should be part of all popular LaTeX-distributions.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand tableofcontents

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Getting Started
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
What is LyX?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX is a document preparation system.
 It is a tool for producing beautiful manuscripts, publishable books, business
 letters and proposals, and even poetry.
 It is unlike most other 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

word processors
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in the sense that it uses the paradigm of a markup language as its core
 editing style.
 That means that when you type a section header, you mark it as a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Section
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, not 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Bold, 17 pt type, left justified, 5 mm space below
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 LyX takes care of the typesetting for you, so you deal only with concepts,
 not the mechanics.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This philosophy is explained in much greater detail in the 
\emph on

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Introduction
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\emph default
.
 If you haven't read it yet, you need to.
 Yes, we mean now.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\emph on
Introduction
\emph default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 describes several things in addition to LyX's philosophy: most importantly,
 the format of all of the manuals.
 If you don't read it, you'll have a bear of a time navigating this manual.
 You might also be better served looking in one of the other manuals instead
 of this one.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\emph on
Introduction
\emph default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 describes that, too.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
How LyX Looks
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Like most applications, LyX has the familiar menu bar across the top of
 its window.
 Below it is a toolbar with a pulldown box and various buttons.
 There is, of course, a vertical scrollbar and a main work area for editing
 documents.
 Near the bottom of the window is a small window containing a single line
 of text.
 This is the 
\emph on
minibuffer
\emph default
, which really means 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

command buffer
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Type 
\family sans
M-x
\family default
 when you need to type a command in the minibuffer.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that there is no horizontal scroll bar.
 This is not a bug or an oversight, but intentional.
 When you read a book, you expect the end of a line to wrap around to the
 next line.
 Text overflows onto new pages in a vertical fashion, hence the need for
 only a vertical scrollbar.
 There are three cases where you might want a horizontal scrollbar.
 The first case is large figures, displayed WYSIWYG\SpecialChar \@.
 This, however, is due
 to a flaw in the routine that displays graphics on the LyX screen in a
 WYSIWYG fashion; it should rescale the graphics to fit in the window, just
 as you'd need to rescale graphics to fit on a page.
 The second and third cases are tables and equations which are wider than
 the LyX window.
 You can use the arrow keys to scroll horizontally through the table, but
 this doesn't work for equations yet.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For a brief description of all LyX menus and toolbar buttons, have a look
 at Appendix\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cha:The-User-Interface"

\end_inset

.
 Most of them are self-explanatory and you'll find them listed in the correspond
ing sections of this documentation.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
HELP
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The help system consists of the LyX manuals.
 You can read 
\emph on
all
\emph default
 of the manuals from inside LyX.
 Just select the manual you want read from the 
\family sans
Help
\family default
 menu.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Basic LyX Setup
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are several features of LyX that can be configured from inside LyX,
 without resorting to configuration files.
 First, LyX is able to inspect your system to see what programs, LaTeX document
 classes and LaTeX packages are available.
 It uses this knowledge to give reasonable defaults to several 
\family sans
Preferences
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Preferences"

\end_inset


\family default
 settings.
 Although this configuration has already been done when LyX was installed
 on your system, you might have some items that you installed locally, e.g.
 new LaTeX classes, and which are not seen by LyX.
 To force LyX to re-inspect your system, you should use 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Reconfigure
\family default
.
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Reconfiguration of LyX"

\end_inset

 You should then restart LyX to ensure that the changes are taken into account.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
LaTeX Setup
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:LaTeX-Setup"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX needs several LaTeX packages to work properly.
 The packages found on the system by LyX are listed in the file 
\emph on
LaT
\emph default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\emph on
eX\InsetSpace ~
Configuration
\emph default
 that will be created when using the menu 
\family sans
Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
LaT
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

eX\InsetSpace ~
Configuration
\family default
.
 You should install the required missing packages and then reconfigure LyX.
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
The two braces in the ERT box prevent that the term 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

LaTeX
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is printed with sub- and superscript letters.
 More on ERT is described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:ERT"

\end_inset

, the printout of proper names like LaTeX is explained in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:LyX's-Proper-Names"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Reconfiguration of LyX"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
How to work with LyX
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Basic File Operations
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "File Operations"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Under the 
\family sans
File
\family default
 menu are basic operations for any word processor in addition to some more
 advanced operations:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
New
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
New\InsetSpace ~
from
\bar under
\InsetSpace ~

\bar default
Template
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Open
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Close
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Save
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Save\InsetSpace ~
As
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Revert\InsetSpace ~
to\InsetSpace ~
saved
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Version\InsetSpace ~
Control
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Import
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Export
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Print
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Exit
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
They all do pretty much the same thing as in other word processors, with
 a few minor differences.
 The 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
New\InsetSpace ~
from
\bar under
\InsetSpace ~

\bar default
Template
\family default
 command not only prompts you for a name for the new file, but also prompts
 you for a template to use.
 Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for
 the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually.
 They can be of use for certain classes, especially those for writing letters
 (see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Document-Classes"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note: There is no 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

default file
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or document named 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Untitled
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

scratch.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 Unless you tell LyX to open a file or create a new one, that big, blank
 space is just that --- a big, blank space.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Revert\InsetSpace ~
to\InsetSpace ~
saved
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Version\InsetSpace ~
Control
\family default
 are useful if more people work on the same document at the same time
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
If you plan to do this, you should check out the Version Control feature
 in LyX also.
 Read 
\emph on
Extended Features
\emph default
\SpecialChar \@.

\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 
\family sans
Revert\InsetSpace ~
to\InsetSpace ~
saved
\family default
 will reload the document from disk.
 You can of course also use it if you regret that you changed a document
 and want to restore it to the last save.
 With
\family sans
 Version\InsetSpace ~
Control 
\family default
you can there register the changes you made to a document so that others
 can identify this as your changes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Basic Editing Features
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Editing"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Basic-Editing-Features"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Like most modern word processors, LyX can perform cut and paste operations
 on blocks of text, can move by character, word, or screenful of text, and
 can delete whole words as well as individual characters.
 The next four sections cover the basic LyX editing features and how to
 access them.
 We'll start with cut and paste.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As you might expect, the 
\family sans
Edit
\family default
 menu has the cut and paste commands, along with various other editing features.
 Some of these are special and covered in later sections.
 The basic ones are:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Cut
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Copy
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Paste
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Paste\InsetSpace ~
Recent
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Paste\InsetSpace ~
Special
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Find\InsetSpace ~
&\InsetSpace ~
Replace
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The first three are self-explanatory.
 One thing to note: whenever you delete a block of text that you've selected,
 it's automatically placed in the clipboard.
 That is, the 
\family sans
Delete
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
 keys also functions as the 
\family sans
Cut
\family default
 command.
 Also, if you've selected text, be careful.
 If you hit a key, LyX will completely delete the selected text and replace
 it with what you just typed.
 You'll have to do an 
\family sans
Undo
\family default
 to get back the lost text.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also copy text between LyX and other programs by cut, copy and paste.
 The submenu of 
\family sans
Paste\InsetSpace ~
Recent
\family default
 shows you a list with the last strings you have pasted.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The menu 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Paste\InsetSpace ~
Special\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Plain\InsetSpace ~
Text, Join\InsetSpace ~
Lines
\family default
 will insert the text in the clipboard so that the whole text is inserted
 as 
\emph on
one
\emph default
 paragraph.
 A new paragraph is started when there is a blank line in the file.
 Without 
\family sans
Join\InsetSpace ~
Lines
\family default
, the text is inserted as Paragraphs, where the line breaks of the text
 will start a new paragraph.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Dialogs ! Find \\& Replace"

\end_inset

The 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Find\InsetSpace ~
&\InsetSpace ~
Replace
\family default
 item opens the 
\family sans
Find\InsetSpace ~
and\InsetSpace ~
Replace
\family default
 dialog.
 Once you've found a word or expression, LyX selects it.
 Hitting the 
\family sans
Replace
\family default
 button replaces the selected text with the contents of the 
\family sans
Replace\InsetSpace ~
with
\family default
 field.
 You can click the 
\family sans
Find\InsetSpace ~
Next
\family default
 button to skip the current word.
 Hit 
\family sans
Replace\InsetSpace ~
All
\family default
 to replace all occurrences of the text in the document automatically.
 The 
\family sans
Case\InsetSpace ~
sensitive
\family default
 option can be used if you want the search to consider the case of the search
 word.
 If the toggle is set, searching for 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
Test
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 will not match the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
test
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 The 
\family sans
Match whole words only
\family default
 option can be used to force LyX to only find complete words.
 I.e., searching for 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
star
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 will not match 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
starlet
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Undo and Redo
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Redo"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Undo"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Undo-and-Redo"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you make a mistake, you can easily recover from it.
 LyX has a large-capacity undo/redo buffer.
 Select 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Undo
\family default
 to undo some mistake.
 If you accidentally undo too much, use 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Redo
\family default
 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

undo the undo.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 The undo mechanism is currently limited to 100 steps to minimize memory
 overhead.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Notice that if you revert back all changes to arrive to the document as
 it was last saved, the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

changed
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 status of the document is unfortunately not reset.
 This is a consequence of the 100 step undo limit, above.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Undo
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Redo
\family default
 work on almost everything in LyX.
 They have some quirks, too.
 They won't 
\family sans
Undo
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Redo
\family default
 text character by character, but by blocks of text.
 That can take some getting used to; you'll have to play with 
\family sans
Undo
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Redo
\family default
 to get a feel for just how much they'll undo/redo, and after time, you'll
 surely appreciate how it works.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Mouse Operations
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Mouse Operations"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This are the most basic mouse operations.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Motion
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Click the 
\emph on
left mouse button
\emph default
 once anywhere in the edit window.
 The cursor moves to the text under the mouse.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Selecting Text
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Hold down the 
\emph on
left mouse button
\emph default
 and drag the mouse.
 LyX marks the text between the old and new mouse positions.
 Use 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Copy
\family default
 to create a copy of the text in LyX's buffer (and the clipboard).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Re-position the cursor and then paste the text back into LyX using 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Paste
\family default
.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Insets (Footnotes, Notes, Floats, etc.)
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard

\emph on
Single click
\emph default
 the left mouse button to open or close any of these.
 Right-click on them to set its properties.
 Also check the appropriate section of this manual for more details.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Tables
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard

\emph on
Single click
\emph default
 the right mouse button to open a dialog that will allow you to manipulate
 the table.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Section
Basic Key Bindings
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Key-Bindings"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Key Bindings"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We're not going to cover all of the keybindings.
 Be aware that there are at least two different primary binding maps: CUA
 and Emacs.
 LyX's default is CUA.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Some keys, like 
\family sans
Page\InsetSpace ~
Up
\family default
, 
\family sans
Page\InsetSpace ~
Down
\family default
, 
\family sans
Left
\family default
, 
\family sans
Right
\family default
, 
\family sans
Up
\family default
, and 
\family sans
Down
\family default
, do exactly what you expect them to do.
 Other keys don't:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Tab
\begin_inset LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "Tab"
description "Tabulator key"

\end_inset


\family default
 There is no such thing as a tab stop in LyX.
 If you don't understand this, go read sections\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Par-indent-intro"

\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments"

\end_inset

, especially section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Lists"

\end_inset

, right now.
 Yes, right now.
 If you're still confused, look in the 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Esc
\begin_inset LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "Esc"
description "Escape key"

\end_inset


\family default
 This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

cancel key.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 It's used, generically, to cancel operations.
 Other parts of the manual will go into greater detail about this.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Home
\family default
\InsetSpace ~
and\InsetSpace ~

\family sans
End
\family default
 These move the cursor, respectively, to the beginning and end of a line,
 unless you are using the Emacs bindings where they jump to the beginning
 or end of the file.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are three modifier keys:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Control
\family default
 (Denoted by 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
C
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "C"
description "Control key"

\end_inset

 in the documentation files) This has a couple of different uses, depending
 on which keys it's used in combination with:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
With 
\family sans
Backspace
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Delete
\family default
, it deletes an entire word instead of a single character.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
With 
\family sans
Left
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Right
\family default
, it moves by words instead of characters.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
With 
\family sans
Home
\family default
 and 
\family sans
End
\family default
, it moves to the beginning and the end of the document, respectively.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Shift
\family default
 (Denoted by 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
S
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "S"
description "Shift key"

\end_inset

 in the documentation files) Use this with any of the motion keys to select
 the text between the old and new cursor positions.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Meta
\family default
 (Denoted by 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
M
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "M"
description "Meta or Alt key"

\end_inset

 in the documentation files) This is the Alt key on many keyboards, unless
 your keyboard has a distinct Meta key.
 If you have you have both keys, you will need to try out which one actually
 performs the 
\family sans
Meta-
\family default
 function.
 This key does many different things, but it also activates the 
\emph on
menu accelerator keys
\emph default
.
 If you use this in combination with any of the underlined letters in a
 menu or menu item, it selects that menu item.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
For example, the sequence 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
M\InsetSpace ~
e\InsetSpace ~
s
\family default
\InsetSpace ~

\family sans
c
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 
\family sans
brings
\family default
 up the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Text Style
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 menu.
 Typing 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
M\InsetSpace ~
f
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 opens the 
\family sans
File
\family default
 menu.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are also other things bound to the 
\family sans
Meta-
\family default
 key, but you'll have to check in the 
\emph on
Reference
\emph default
 
\emph on
manual
\emph default
 for more info.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
You'll learn more and more keybindings and short-cut keys as you use LyX,
 because most actions will prompt a small message in the status bar at the
 bottom of LyX's main window which describe the name of the action, you've
 just triggered, and any existing keybindings for that action.
 The notation for the keybindings is very similar to the notation used in
 this documentation, so you should not have any problems understanding it.
 However, notice that Shift-modifiers are explicitly mentioned, so 
\family sans

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

M-p S-A
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 means 
\family sans
Meta-p
\family default
 followed by a capital 
\family sans
A
\family default
.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
S-C-s
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 means 
\family sans
Shift-Control-s
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
LyX Basics
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LyX ! Basics"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Document Types
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Types"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Introduction
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Before you do anything else, before you ever start writing a document, you
 need to decide what type of document you want to edit.
 Different types of documents use different types of spacing, headings,
 numbering schemes, and so on.
 Additionally, different documents use different paragraph environments,
 and format the title of your document differently.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A 
\emph on
document class
\emph default
 describes a group of properties common to a particular set of documents.
 By setting the document class, you automatically select these properties,
 making it easier to create the type of document you want.
 If you don't choose a document class, LyX picks one for you by default.
 So, it behooves you to change the class of your document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Read on for info about the document classes you can choose from LyX, and
 how to adjust their properties.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Document Classes
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Classes"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Document-Classes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Overview
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are four standard document classes in LyX.
 They are:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Article for basic articles
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Report for basic reports
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Book for writing a book
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Letter for US-style letters
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are also some non-standard classes, which LyX only uses if you have
 installed them.
 Here are some of the classes, the full list with detailed explanations
 can be found in chapter 
\emph on
Special Document Classes
\emph default
 in the 
\emph on
Extended Features
\emph default
 manual:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
A&A Journal articles in the style and format used in Astronomy & Astrophysics
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
AAST
\family sans

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family default
eX For submissions to the journals published by the American Astronomical
 Society
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
AMS Layouts for articles and books in the style and format used by the American
 Mathematical Society (AMS).
 There are three article layouts available.
 The standard one uses a typical numbering scheme for theorems etc., that
 prepends the section number to the number of the result.
 All result-type statements (propositions, corollaries, and so on) are sequenced
 together, but definitions, examples, and the like have their own sequence.
 The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

sequential numbering
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 scheme does not place the section number with each result, but numbers
 them throughout the article in a single sequence.
 Each type of result gets its own sequence.
 There is also a layout that dispenses with numbering of statements altogether.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Beamer Layout for presentations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
broadway Layout for writing plays.
 It is not an existing LaTeX document class, but a new one which is distributed
 with LyX.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
curiculum\InsetSpace ~
vitae classes to create curriculum vitae
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Dinbrief Letters in format of the DIN (German industry norm)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
dtk Layout for 
\family typewriter
Die TeXnische Komödie
\family default
, the journal of the German TeX user Group (Dante)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Elsevier Layout for journals of the Elsevier publishing group
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Foils Used to make transparencies
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
g-brief Letters in format of the DIN (German industry norm)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
hollywood Used to type spec scripts for the US film industry.
 It is not an existing LaTeX document class, but a new one which is distributed
 with LyX.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
IEEEtran Layout for the journals published by the Institute of Electrical
 and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
IOP Layout for journals of the Institute of Physics publishing group
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Kluwer Layout for journals of the Kluwer publishing group
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
koma-script a replacement for the standard classes, offers many useful features
 like caption formatting, automatic print space calculation etc.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Memoir another replacement for the standard classes
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
paper Used with the 
\family typewriter
paper
\family default
 LaTeX document class
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Powerdot Layout for presentations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
REVTe
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

X is used to write articles for the publications of the American Physical
 Society (APS), American Institute of Physics (AIP), and Optical Society
 of America (OSA).
 This class is not completely compatible with all LyX features.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Slides Used to make transparencies
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
SPIE\InsetSpace ~
Proceedings Layout for the journals published by The International Society
 for Optical Engineering (SPIE)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Springer Layouts for journals of the Springer publishing group
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
TUGboat Layout for 
\family typewriter
TUGboat
\family default
, the journal of the international TeX user Group (TUG)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We won't go into any detail about how to use these different document classes
 here.
 You can find all the details about the non-standard classes in the 
\emph on
Extended Editing
\emph default
 manual.
 Here, we will settle with a list of some of the common properties of all
 of the document classes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Selecting a Class
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can select a class using the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Settings"

\end_inset


\family default
 dialog.
 Select the class you want to use, and make any fine tunings of the options
 you may need.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Properties
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Each class has a default set of options.
 Here's a quick table describing them:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="5">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Pagestyle
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Sides
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Columns
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Max.
 sectioning level
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
article
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Plain
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Section
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
report
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Plain
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Chapter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
book
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Headings
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Two
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Chapter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
letter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Plain
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
One
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
none
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You're probably also wondering what 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Max.\InsetSpace ~
sectioning level
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 means.
 There are several paragraph environments used to create section headings.
 Different document classes allow different types of section headings.
 Only two use the 
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
 heading; the rest do not and begin instead with the 
\family sans
Section
\family default
 heading.
 Some document classes, such as the ones for letters, don't use any section
 headings.
 In addition to 
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Section
\family default
 headings, there are also 
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
 headings, 
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
 headings, and so on.
 We'll describe these headings fully in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Headings"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Document Layout
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document !  Layout"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Document-Layout"

\end_inset


\family sans

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Settings"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The most important properties of documents classes are set in the menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default
.
 There in the 
\family sans
Options
\family default
 field under 
\family sans
Documents\InsetSpace ~
classes
\family default
, you can enter special options for your document class in a comma-separated
 list.
 This is only necessary if LyX doesn't support special options you want
 to use for your document.
 To learn more about your favorite LaTeX-class and its options, you have
 to read its manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Under 
\family sans
Page\InsetSpace ~
Layout
\family default
 the 
\family sans
Pagestyle
\family default
 controls what sorts of headings and page numbers go on a page.
 You can choose between the following five options:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Default
\family default
 Use default pagestyle of current class.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Empty
\family default
 No page numbers or headings.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Plain
\family default
 Page numbers only.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Headings
\family default
 Page numbers and either the current chapter or section title and number.
 Whether LyX uses the current chapter or the current section depends on
 the maximum sectioning level of the class.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Fancy
\family default
 This allows you to create fully customizable headers and footers if you
 have the 
\series bold
fancyhdr
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr"

\end_inset


\series default
 package installed.
 At the moment, support in LyX is limited to this setting.
 To use the full power of this package, you have to add code to your document
 preamble.
 Check the documentation for the 
\series bold
fancyhdr
\series default
 package for more details, 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "fancyhdr"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Separation
\family default
 of paragraphs is described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Par-indent-intro"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Paper Size and Orientation
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Paper size"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Paper-Size,-Orientation,"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You'll find the following options in the menu 
\family sans
Page\InsetSpace ~
Layout
\family default
 of the dialog of the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 menu:
\family sans

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Settings"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Papersize
\family default
 What size paper to print on.
 The choices are
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Default
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
A3, A4,
\family default
 
\family sans
A5
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
B3, B4, B5
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
US letter
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
US legal
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
US executive
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Custom
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Orientation
\family default
 Two toggle buttons choose whether to print the output as 
\family sans
Landscape
\family default
 or as 
\family sans
Portrait
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Two-sided\InsetSpace ~
document
\family default
 Adjusts the print space to print both sides of paper.
 That means that the print space for odd- and even-numbered pages is different.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Margins
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Margins"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Margins"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Margins"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Paper margins are set in the menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default
.
\family sans

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Settings"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you use a koma-script document class, you can use the default settings.
 Because koma-script calculates then the printspace automatically by taking
 the paper format and the font size into account.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Important Note
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you change a document class, LyX has to convert 
\emph on
everything
\emph default
 into the new class.
 That includes the paragraph environments.
 Some paragraph environments are standard; all of the document classes have
 them; but some classes have special paragraph environments.
 If this is the case, and you change the document class, LyX sets the missing
 paragraph environments to 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 and places an error box at the beginning of the paragraph.
 Just click on them and you'll get a message dialog that tells you about
 the conversion and why it failed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Paragraph Indentation and Separation
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Paragraph ! Indentation"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Introduction
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Par-indent-intro"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Before describing all of the various paragraph environments, we'd like to
 say a word or two about paragraph indentation.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Everyone seems to have their own convention for separating paragraphs.
 Most Americans indent the first line of a paragraph.
 Others don't indent but put extra space between the paragraphs.
 If you choose indentation for paragraphs the 
\emph on
first
\emph default
 paragraph of a section, or after a figure, an equation, a table, a list,
 etc., is 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 indented.
 Only a paragraph following another paragraph gets indented.
 Note that the indentation behavior is different when you use another document
 language than English.
 LaTeX takes care that the indentation follows the rules of the used language.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The space between paragraphs, like the line spacing, the space between headings
 and text --- in fact, all of the spacings for just about everything are
 pre-coded into LyX.
 As we said, you don't worry about how much space to add between what.
 LyX takes care of that.
 In fact, these pre-coded vertical spacings aren't a single number but a
 range.
 That way, LyX can squish or stretch the space between lines to make sure
 figures fit on a page with text, so that sections don't start at the bottom
 of a page, and so on.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
LaTeX does this when LyX goes to produce a printable file.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 However, pre-coded doesn't mean you can't change them.
 LyX gives you the ability to globally change 
\emph on
all
\emph default
 of these pre-coded spacings.
 We'll explain more later.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Paragraph Separation
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Paragraph ! Separation"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To separate paragraphs, select 
\family sans
Indent
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Skip
\family default
 in the submenu 
\family sans
Text\InsetSpace ~
Layout
\family default
 of the dialog 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Settings"

\end_inset


\family default
 to indent paragraphs or add extra space between paragraphs, respectively.
 The size of the skips can be defined in the dialog, for the indentation
 you have to add this line to your document preamble:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
parindent}{Length}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
where length is a value in one of the units listed in Appendix\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cap:Units"

\end_inset

.
 The default length is 30\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pt.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Fine-Tuning
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also change the separation method of a single paragraph.
 Open the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Paragraph\InsetSpace ~
Settings
\family default
 dialog and toggle the 
\family sans
Indent\InsetSpace ~
Paragraph
\family default
 option to change the state of the current paragraph.
 If paragraphs have no indentation but use extra space for separation, this
 button will be ignored (you can't indent a single paragraph by toggling
 this).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You should only need to change the indentation method for a single paragraph
 if you need to do some fine-tuning.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Line Spacing
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Paragraph ! Line spacing"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Settings"

\end_inset


\family default
 dialog you can set the line spacing in the submenu 
\family sans
Text\InsetSpace ~
Layout.
\family default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
You need to have the LaTeX-package 
\series bold
setspace
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! setspace"

\end_inset


\series default
 installed to use this feature.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Paragraph Environments
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Paragraph ! Environments"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Paragraph-Environments"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Paragraph environments|("

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Overview
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The paragraph environments correspond to the various
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
begin{
\emph on
environment
\emph default
} ...
 
\backslash
end{
\emph on
environment
\emph default
}
\series default

\newline
command sequences in an ordinary LaTeX file.
 If you don't know LaTeX, or the concept of a paragraph environment is totally
 alien to you, we urge you to read the 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
.
 The 
\emph on
Tutorial
\emph default
 also contains many more examples than this section does.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A paragraph environment is simply a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

container
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 for a paragraph which gives that paragraph certain properties.
 This can include a particular style of font, different margins, a numbering
 scheme, labels, and so on.
 Additionally, you can 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

nest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 the different environments inside one another, allowing one environment
 to inherit some of the properties of another.
 The different paragraph environments totally replace the need for messy
 tab stops, on the fly margin adjustment, and other hold-overs from the
 days of typewriters.
 There are several paragraph environments which are specific to a particular
 document type.
 We'll only be covering the most common ones here.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To choose a new paragraph environment, use the pull-down box on the left
 end of the toolbar.
 LyX will change the environment of the 
\emph on
entire
\emph default
 paragraph in which the cursor sits.
 You can also change the environment of an entire group of paragraphs if
 you select them before choosing the new environment.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that hitting 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 will 
\emph on
typically
\emph default
 create a new paragraph using the 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 paragraph environment.
 We say 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

typically
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 because if you are in one of these environments:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Quote
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Quotation
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Verse
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Itemize
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Enumerate
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Description
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
List
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX keeps the old paragraph environment when you hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
, rather than resetting it to 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
 LyX will still reset the nesting depth, however.
 Usually, starting a new paragraph resets both the paragraph environment
 and the nesting depth (for more on nesting see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"

\end_inset

).
 At the moment, all this is context-specific; you're better off expecting
 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 to reset the paragraph environment and depth.
 If you want a new paragraph to keep the current environment and depth,
 use 
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
 instead.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Standard
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The default paragraph environment is 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 for most classes.
 It creates a plain paragraph.
 If LyX resets the paragraph environment, this is the one it chooses.
 In fact, the paragraph you're reading right now (and most of the ones in
 this manual) are in the 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can nest a paragraph using the 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 environment in just about anything else, but you can't really nest anything
 in a 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Document Title
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document !Title"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A LaTeX title page has three parts: the title itself, the name(s) of the
 author(s) and a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

footnote
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 for thanks or contact information.
 For certain types of documents, LaTeX places all of this on a separate
 page along with today's date.
 For other types of documents, the title 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

page
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 goes at the top of the first page of the document.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX provides an interface to the title page commands through the paragraph
 environments 
\family sans
Title
\family default
, 
\family sans
Author
\family default
, and 
\family sans
Date
\family default
.
 Here's how you use them:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Put the title of your document in the 
\family sans
Title
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Put the author name in the 
\family sans
Author
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
If you want the date to have a certain appearance, want to use a fixed date,
 or want other text to appear in place of today's date, put that text in
 the 
\family sans
Date
\family default
 environment.
 Note that using this environment is optional.
 If you don't provide any, LaTeX will automatically insert today's date.
 If you don't want any date, add the line
\newline

\series bold

\backslash
date{}
\series default

\newline
to the preamble of your document (menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default
)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can use footnotes to insert 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

thanks
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or contact informations.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Headings
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Section headings"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Headings"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are several paragraph environments for producing section headings.
 LyX takes care of the numbering for you.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Numbered Headings
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Section headings ! Numbered"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are 7 numbered types of section headings.
 They are:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Part
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Chapter
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Section
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Subsection
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Subsubsection
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Paragraph
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Subparagraph
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX labels each heading with a series of numbers, separated by periods.
 The numbers describe where in the document you are.
 Unlike the other headings, parts are numbered with Latin letters.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Headings all subdivide your document into different pieces of text.
 For example, suppose you're writing a book.
 You group the book into chapters.
 LyX does similar grouping:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Part
\family default
 is divided in either 
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Section
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Chapter
\family default
s are divided into 
\family sans
Section
\family default
s
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Section
\family default
s are divided into 
\family sans
Subsection
\family default
s
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Subsection
\family default
s are divided into 
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
s
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
s are divided into 
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
s
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
s are divided into 
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
s
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 Not all document types use the 
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
 heading as the maximum sectioning level.
 In that case the 
\family sans
Section
\family default
 is the top-level heading.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
So, if you use the 
\family sans
Subsubsection
\family default
 environment to label a new sub-subsection, LyX labels it with its number,
 along with the number of the subsection, section, and, if applicable, chapter
 that it's in.
 For example: the fifth section of the second chapter of this book has the
 label 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2.5
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Unnumbered Headings
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Section headings ! Unnumbered"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are 5 types of unnumbered section headings.
 They are:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Part*line spacing
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Chapter*
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Section*
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Subsection*
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate

\family sans
Subsubsection*
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

*
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 after each name means that these headings are not numbered.
 They work the same as their numbered counterparts but won't appear in the
 table of contents, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:toc"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Changing the Numbering
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Numbering-depth"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also alter which sectioning levels get numbered and which ones appear
 in the Table of Contents.
 Now, this doesn't remove any of the levels; that's preset in the document
 class.
 Certain classes start with 
\family sans
Chapter
\family default
 and go down to the 
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
 level.
 Others start at 
\family sans
Section
\family default
.
 Similarly, not all document classes number all sectioning levels.
 Most don't number 
\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Subparagraph
\family default
.
 This is something you can change.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Open the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog.
\family sans

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Settings"

\end_inset


\family default
 Under 
\family sans
Numbering\InsetSpace ~
&\InsetSpace ~
TOC
\family default
 you'll see two counters.
 The one named 
\family sans
Numbering
\family default
 controls how far down in the sectioning hierarchy LyX numbers a section
 heading.
 The other one controls the appearance of the section headings in the table
 of contents.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Short Titles of Headings
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Section headings ! Short titles"

\end_inset


\begin_inset OptArg
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Short Titles
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Short-Titles"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Some section or chapter titles, such as this one, can get quite long.
 This can cause troubles when there is limited horizontal space.
 For example, if the header of the page is set to show the current section
 title, a long title will protrude over the page margins and look awful.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LaTeX allows you to specify a short title for section headings.
 This short title is used in the header and in the actual table of contents,
 avoiding the problem mentioned.
 To specify a short title, use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Short\InsetSpace ~
Title
\family default
.
 This will insert a box labeled 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

opt
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (stands for 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

optional
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

) which you can use to enter the short title text.
 This also works for captions inside floats.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The title of this section is a good example of using this feature.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Special Information
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The following information applies to all section headings:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot do any nesting with these environments.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot use a margin note in any of these environments.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
You can only use inline math in these environments.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
You can use labels and cross-references to refer to their numbers.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Quotes and Poetryline spacing
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX has three paragraph environments for writing poetry and quotations.
 They are 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
, 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
, and 
\family sans
Verse
\family default
.
 Forget the days of changing line spacing and twiddling with margins.
 These three paragraph environments already have those changes built-in.
 They all widen the left margin and add a bit of extra space above and below
 the text they contain.
 They also allow nesting, so you can put a 
\family sans
Verse
\family default
 in a 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
, as well as in some other paragraph environments.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There is another feature of these three paragraph environments: they do
 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 reset to 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 when you start a new paragraph.
 So, you can type in that poem and merrily hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 without worrying about the paragraph environment changing on you.
 Of course, that means that, once you're done typing in that poem, you have
 to change back to the 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 environment yourself.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection

\family sans
Quote
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default

\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Quote"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Quotation"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now that we've described the similarities of these three environments, it's
 time for the differences.
 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
 are identical except for one difference: 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
 uses extra spacing to separate paragraphs and never indents the first line.
 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
 
\emph on
always
\emph default
 indents the first line of a paragraph and uses the same line spacing throughout.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here's an example of the 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
 environment:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
This is in the 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
 environment.
 I can keep writing, extending this line out further and further until it
 wraps.
 See -- no indentation!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
Here's the second paragraph of this quote.
 Again, there's no indentation, but there is extra space between me and
 the other paragraph.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here's another example, this time in the 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
 environment:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quotation
This is in the 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
 environment.
 If I keep writing, you'll see the indentation.
 If your country uses a writing style that shows off new paragraphs by indenting
 the first line, then 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
 is the environment for you! Well, you'd use it 
\emph on
if
\emph default
 you were quoting other text.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quotation
Here's a new paragraph.
 I could ramble on and on, like a politician at election time.
 If I did that, though, you'd get bored.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As the examples show, 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
 is for those people who use extra space to separate paragraphs.
 They should put quotes in the 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
 environment.
 Those who use indentation to mark a new paragraph should use the 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
 paragraph environment for quoted text.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection

\family sans
Verse
\family default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Paragraph ! Verse"

\end_inset


\family sans

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Poetry"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Verse"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Verse
\family default
 is a paragraph environment for poetry, rhymes, verses, and so on.
 Here's an example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Verse
This is in Verse
\newline
Which I did not rehearse!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Verse
It could be much worse.
 This line could be long, very long, oh so long, so very long that it wraps
 around.
 It looks okay on screen, but in the printed version, the extra lines are
 indented a bit more than the first.
 Okay, so it's turned to prose and doesn't rhyme anymore.
 So sue me.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Verse
To break a line
\newline
And make things look fine
\newline
Use 
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As you can see, 
\family sans
Verse
\family default
 does not indent both margins.
 Each stanza of the verse or poem is in its own paragraph.
 To separate the individual lines of a stanza, use the 
\family typewriter
break-line
\family default
 function 
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Lists
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Lists"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Lists"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX has four different paragraph environments for creating different kinds
 of lists.
 In the 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environments, LyX labels your list items with bullets or numbers, respectively.
 In the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 and 
\family sans
List
\family default
 environments, LyX lets you provide your own label.
 We'll present the individual details of each type of list next after describing
 some general features of all four of them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
General Features
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The four paragraph environments for lists differ from the other environments
 in several ways.
 First, LyX treats each paragraph as a list item.
 Hitting 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 does 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 reset the environment to 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 but keeps the current environment and creates a new list item.
 The nesting depth is typically reset, however.
 If you want to keep both the current nesting depth and paragraph environment,
 you should use 
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
 to break paragraphs.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can nest lists of any type inside one another.
 In fact, LyX changes the labels on some list items depending on how it
 is nested.
 If you intend to use any of the list paragraph environments, we suggest
 you read all of section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"

\end_inset

.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection

\family sans
Itemize
\family default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Lists ! Itemize"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Itemize"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The first type of list we'll describe in detail is the 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 paragraph environment.
 It has the following properties:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Each item has a particular bullet or symbol as its label.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
LyX uses the same symbol for all of the items in a given nesting level.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The symbol appears at the beginning of the first line.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
The items can have any length.
 LyX automatically offsets the left margin of each item.
 The offset is always relative to whatever environment the 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 list may be in.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
If you nest an 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environment inside another 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environment, the label changes to a new symbol.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
There are four different symbols for up to a four-fold nesting.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
LyX always shows the same symbol on screen.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
See section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"

\end_inset

 for a full explanation of nesting.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Of course, that explanation was also an example of an 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 list.
 The 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environment is best suited for lists where the order doesn't matter.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We said that different levels use different symbols as their label.
 Here's an example of all four possible symbols.
 Note that those of you reading this manual within LyX won't see any difference.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The label for the first level 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 is a large black dot, or bullet.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
The label for the second level is a dash.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
The label for the third is an asterisk.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
The label for the fourth is a centered dot.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Back out to the third level.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Back to the second level.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Back to the outermost level.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
These are the default labels for an 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 list.
 You can customize these labels in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog in the submenu 
\family sans
Bullets
\family default
.
\family sans

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Settings"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Notice how the space between items decreases with increasing depth.
 We'll explain nesting and all the tricks you can do with different depths
 in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection

\family sans
Enumerate
\family default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Lists ! Enumerate"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Enumerate"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment is used to create numbered lists and outlines.
 It has these properties:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Each item has a numeral as its label.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The type of numeral depends on the nesting depth.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
LyX automatically counts the items for you and updates the label as appropriate.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Each new 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment resets the counter to one.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Like the 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environment, the 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Offsets the items relative to the left margin.
 Items can have any length.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Reduces the space between items as the nesting depth increases.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Uses different types of labels depending on the nesting depth.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Allows up to a four-fold nesting.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Unlike the 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environment, 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 shows the different labels for each item in LyX.
 Here is how LyX labels the four different levels in an 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
The first level of an 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 uses Arabic numerals followed by a period.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The second level uses lower case letters surrounded by parentheses.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The third level uses lower-case Roman numerals followed by a period.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The fourth level uses capital letters followed by a period.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Again, notice the decrease in the spacing between items as the nesting depth
 increases.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back to the third level
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back to the second level.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back to the outermost level.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Once again, you can customize the type of numbering used in the 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment.
 It involves adding commands to the LaTeX preamble (see the 
\emph on
Extended Features
\emph default
 manual).
 As stated earlier, such customization only shows up in the printed version,
 not in LyX.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There is more to nesting 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environments than we've stated here.
 You should read section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"

\end_inset

 to learn more about nesting.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection

\family sans
Description
\family default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Lists ! Description"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Description-List"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Unlike the previous two environments, the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 list has no fixed label.
 Instead, LyX uses the first 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

word
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 of the first line as the label.
 Here's an example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Example: This is an example of the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX typesets the label in boldface and puts extra space between it and the
 rest of the line.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
With the first 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

word
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 it is meant that the first hit of the 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 key ends the label if you are at the beginning of the first line of an
 item.
 If you need to use more than one word in the label use a 
\family sans
Protected Blank
\family default
.
 (Use either 
\family sans
C-Space
\family default
 or the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Protected\InsetSpace ~
Space
\family default
, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Protected-Space"

\end_inset

 for more info.) Here is an example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Second\InsetSpace ~
Example: This one shows how to use a 
\family sans
Protected\InsetSpace ~
Blank
\family default
 in the label of a 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 list item.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Usage: You should use the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 environment for things like definitions and theorems.
 Use it when you need to make one word in particular stand out in the text
 that describes it.
 It's not a good idea to use a 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 environment when you have an entire sentence that you want to describe.
 You're better off using 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 and nesting several 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 paragraphs into them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Nesting: You can nest 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
 so on.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Notice that after the first line, LyX indents subsequent lines, offsetting
 them from the first line.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
The LyX 
\family sans
List
\family default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Lists ! LyX list"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:LyX-List"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
List
\family default
 environment is a LyX extension to LaTeX.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Like the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 environment the 
\family sans
List
\family default
 environment has user-defined labels for each list item.
 There are the following properties of this list environment:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
item\InsetSpace ~
labels LyX uses the first 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

word
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 of each line as the item label.
 The first 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 after the beginning of the first line of an item marks the end of the label.
 If you need to use more than one word in an item label, use a protected
 blank as described above.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
margins As you can see, LyX uses different margins for the item label and
 the body of the item text.
 The body of the text has a larger left margin, which is equal to the default
 label width plus a little extra space.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
label\InsetSpace ~
width LyX uses the width of the label, or the default width, whatever
 is larger.
 If the label width is larger, the label 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

extends
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 into the first line.
 In other words, the text of the first line isn't aligned with the left
 margin of the rest of the item text.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
default\InsetSpace ~
width You can set the default label width to ensure that the text
 of all items in a 
\family sans
List
\family default
 environment have the same left margin.
\newline
To change the default width, select
 all items in the list.
 Now open the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Paragraph\InsetSpace ~
Settings
\family default
 dialog.
 The text in the box 
\family sans
Longest\InsetSpace ~
label
\family default
 determines the default label width.
 You can use the text of your largest label here, but you can also use the
 letter 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 multiple times instead.
 The M is the widest character and is a standard unit of widths in LaTeX.
 By using 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

M
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 as the unit of width you don't need to keep changing the contents of 
\family sans
Longest\InsetSpace ~
label
\family default
 every time you alter a label in a 
\family sans
List
\family default
 environment.
\newline
The predefined default width is the length of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

00.00.0000
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (equal to 6 M).
 
\newline

\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 Setting the cursor into a list item to change only its label width will
 only change the width inside LyX but not in the output.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You should use the 
\family sans
List
\family default
 environment the same way like the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 list: When you need one word to stand out from the text that describes
 it.
 The 
\family sans
List
\family default
 environment gives you another way to do this, using a different overall
 layout.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can nest 
\family sans
List
\family default
 environments inside one another, nest them in other types of lists, and
 so on.
 They work just like the other list paragraph environments.
 Read section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"

\end_inset

 to learn about nesting.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There is yet another feature of the 
\family sans
List
\family default
 environment: As you can see in the examples, LyX left-justifies the item
 labels by default.
 You can use additional 
\family sans
HFills
\family default
 to change how LyX justifies the item label.
 We'll document 
\family sans
HFills
\family default
 later in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Horizontal-Space"

\end_inset

.
 Here are some examples:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
Left The default for 
\family sans
List
\family default
 item labels.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\hfill
Right One 
\family sans
HFill
\family default
 at the beginning of the label right justifies it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\hfill
Center
\hfill
 One 
\family sans
HFill
\family default
 at the beginning of the label and one at the end centers it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Letters
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Letters"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection

\family sans
Address
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
: An Overview
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Although LyX has document classes for letters, we've also created two paragraph
 environments called 
\family sans
Address
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
.
 To use the letter class, you need to use specific paragraph environments
 in a specific order, otherwise LaTeX gags on the document.
 In contrast, you can use the 
\family sans
Address
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
 paragraph environments anywhere with no problem.
 You can even nest them inside other environments, though you can't nest
 anything in them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Of course, you're not limited to using 
\family sans
Address
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
 for letters only.
 
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
, in particular, is useful for creating article titles like those used in
 some European academic papers.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Usage
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Address-Usage"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Address
\family default
 environment formats text in the style of an address, which is also used
 for the opening and signature in some countries.
 Similarly, the 
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
 environment formats text in the style of a right-justified address, which
 is used for the sender's address and today's date in some countries.
 Here's an example of each:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Right Address
Right Address
\newline
Who I am
\newline
Where I am
\newline
When is it? What is today?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
That was 
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
.
 Notice that the lines all have the same left margin, which LyX sets to
 fit the largest block of text on a single line.
 Here's an example of the 
\family sans
Address
\family default
 environment:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Address
Who are you
\newline
Where do I send this
\newline
Your post office and country
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As you can see, both 
\family sans
Address
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
 add extra space between themselves and the next paragraph.
 If you hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 in either of these environments, LyX resets the nesting depth and sets
 the environment to 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
 This makes sense, since 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 is the 
\family typewriter
break-paragraph
\family default
 function, and the individual lines of an address are not paragraphs.
 Thus, you have to use 
\family typewriter
break-line
\family default
 (
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Formatting\InsetSpace ~
Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Line\InsetSpace ~
Break
\family default
 from the 
\family sans
Insert
\family default
 menu) to start a new line in an 
\family sans
Address
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Academic Writing
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Most academic writing begins with an abstract and ends with a bibliography
 or list of references.
 LyX contains paragraph environments for both of these.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection

\family sans
Abstract
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Abstracts"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 environment is used for the abstract of an article.
 Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should
 only use it at the beginning of the document, after the title.
 Also, don't bother trying to nest 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 in anything else or vice versa.
 It won't work.
 The 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 environment is only useful in the article and report document classes.
 The book document classes ignores the 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 completely, and it's utterly silly to use 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 in a letter document class.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 environment does several things for you.
 First, it puts the centered label 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Abstract
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 above the text.
 The label and the text of the abstract are separated by some extra vertical
 space.
 Second, it typesets everything in a smaller font, just as you'd expect.
 Lastly, it adds a bit of extra vertical space between the abstract and
 the subsequent text.
 Well, that's how it will appear on the LyX screen.
 The appearance in the output depends on the used article or report class.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Starting a new paragraph by hitting 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 does not reset the paragraph environment.
 The new paragraph will still be in the 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 environment.
 So, you will have to change the paragraph environment yourself when you
 finish entering the abstract of your document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/Abstract.pdf
        lyxscale 25

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "cap:Paragraph-in-the"

\end_inset

Paragraph in the 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 environment
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We'd love to give you directly an example of the 
\family sans
Abstract
\family default
 environment, but since this document is in the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

book
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 class, we can't do this.
 We inserted it therefore as figure\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cap:Paragraph-in-the"

\end_inset

.
 If you've never heard of an 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

abstract
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 before, you can safely ignore this environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection

\family sans
Bibliography
\family default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Bibliography"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Biblio_environment"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 environment is used to list references.
 Technically, you could use this environment anywhere, but you really should
 only use it at the end of the document.
 Nesting 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 in anything else or vice versa won't work.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When you first open a 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 environment, LyX add a large vertical space, followed by the heading 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Bibliography
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

References,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 depending on the document class.
 The heading is in a large boldface font.
 Each paragraph of the 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 environment is a bibliography entry.
 Thus, hitting 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 does not reset the paragraph environment.
 Each new paragraph is still in the 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For a detailed description of LyX's bibliography handling, have a look at
 in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Bibliography"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
LyX
\family sans
-Code
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Paragraph ! LyX code"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:LyX-Code"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
 environment is another LyX extension.
 It type-sets text in a typewriter-style font.
 It also treats the 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 key as a fixed whitespace;
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
In the 
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
 environment, the 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 key is treated as a 
\family sans
Protected\InsetSpace ~
Blank
\family default
 instead of an end-of-word marker.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 this is the only case in which you can type multiple whitespaces in LyX.
 If you need to insert blank lines, you'll still need to use 
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
 (the 
\family typewriter
break-line
\family default
 function).
 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 breaks paragraphs.
 Note, however, that 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 does not reset the paragraph environment.
 So, when you finish using the 
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
 environment, you'll need to change the paragraph environment yourself.
 Also, you can nest the 
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
 environment inside of others.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are a few quirks with this environment:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot use 
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
 at the beginning of a new paragraph (i.e.
 you can't follow 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 with a 
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
You can't follow a 
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
 with a 
\family sans
Space
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Use a 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 to begin a new paragraph, then you can use a 
\family sans
Space
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Or: use 
\family sans
C-Space
\family default
 instead.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
You can't have an empty paragraph or an empty line.
 You must put at least one 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 in any line you want blank.
 Otherwise, LaTeX generates errors.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
You cannot get the typewriter double quotes by typing 
\family sans
"
\family default
 since that will insert 
\emph on
real
\emph default
 quotes.
 You get the typewriter double quotes with 
\family sans
C-"
\family default
 (or 
\family sans
C-q
\family default
 if you use Emacs-like key bindings).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here's an example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
#include <stdio.h>
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
int main(void)
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
{
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
    printf("Hello World!
\backslash
n");
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
    return 0;
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This is just the standard 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Hello world!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 program.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
 has one purpose: to typeset code, such as program source, shell scripts,
 rc-files, and so on.
 Use it only in those very special cases where you need to generate text
 as if you used a typewriter.
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Paragraph environments|)"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Nesting Environments
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Nesting ! Environments"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Nesting"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Introduction
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX treats text as a unified block with a particular context and specific
 properties.
 This allows you to create blocks that inherits some of the properties of
 another block.
 For example you have three main points in an outline, but point #2 also
 has two subpoints.
 In other words, you have a list inside of another list, with the inner
 list 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

attached
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to item #2:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
one
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
two
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
sublist - item #1
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
sublist - item #2
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
three
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You put a list inside of a list by nesting one list inside the other.
 Nesting an environment is quite simple: Select 
\family sans
Increase\InsetSpace ~
List\InsetSpace ~
Depth
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Decrease\InsetSpace ~
List\InsetSpace ~
Depth
\family default
 from the 
\family sans
Edit
\family default
 menu to change the nesting depth of the current paragraph (the status bar
 will tell you how far you are nested).
 Instead of the menu, you can also use the toolbar buttons 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/depth-increment.xpm

\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/depth-decrement.xpm

\end_inset

 or the convenient key bindings 
\family sans
S-M-Right
\family default
 and 
\family sans
S-M-Left
\family default
 to change the nesting level.
 The change will work on the current selection if you have made one (allowing
 you to change the nesting of several paragraphs at once), or the current
 paragraph.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that LyX only changes the nesting depth if it can.
 If it's invalid to do so, nothing happens if you try to change the depth.
 Additionally, if you change the depth of one paragraph, it affects the
 depth of every paragraph nested inside of it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Nesting isn't limited to lists.
 In LyX, you can nest just about anything inside anything else, as you're
 about to find out.
 This is the real power of nesting paragraph environments.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
What You Can and Can't Nest
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Before we fire a list of paragraph environments at you, we need to tell
 you a little bit more about how nesting works.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The question if nesting a paragraph environment is possible, is a bit more
 complicated than a simple yes or no.
 There are three types of paragraph environments:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Completely unnestable
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Fully nestable, you can nest them inside of things and you can also nest
 other things inside of them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
A third type, you can nest them into other environments, but you can't nest
 anything into them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here's a list of the three types of nesting behavior, and which paragraph
 environments have them:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Unnestable Can't nest them.
 Can't nest into them.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Part
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Chapter
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Section
\family default
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Subsection
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Subsubsection
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Paragraph
\family default
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Subparagraph
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Part*
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Chapter*
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Section*
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Subsection*
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Subsubsection*
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Bibliography
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Abstract
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Title
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Author
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Date
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description
Fully\InsetSpace ~
Nestable You can nest them.
 You can nest other things into them.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Verse
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Quote
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Quotation
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Itemize
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Enumerate
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Description
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
List
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
LyX-Code
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Description
Nestable-Inside You can nest them inside of other things.
 You can't nest anything into them.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Standard
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Address
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Caption
\family default
 environment doesn't really fit anywhere, since it's only used inside of
 
\family sans
Table\InsetSpace ~
Floats
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Figure\InsetSpace ~
Floats
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Nesting Other Things: Tables, Math, Floats, etc.
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Nesting ! Tables etc."

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:table-and-fig-nesting"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are several things that aren't paragraph environments, but which are
 affected by nesting anyhow.
 They are:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
equations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
tables
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
figures
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
(
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 If you put a figure or a table in a 
\family sans
Float
\family default
, this is no longer true.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Have a look at section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Floats"

\end_inset

 for more informations about 
\family sans
Floats
\family default
.)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX can treat these three objects as either a word or as a paragraph.
 If a figure, table, or an equation is inline, it goes wherever the paragraph
 it is in goes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
On the other hand, if you have an equation, figure or table in a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

paragraph
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 of its own, it behaves just like a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

nestable-inside
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 paragraph environment.
 You can nest it into any environment, but you obviously can't nest anything
 into it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here's an example with a table:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Item One
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (a) and it's nested.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
a
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
b
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
c
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
d
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (b).
 The table is actually nested inside (a).
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back out again.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If we hadn't nested the table at all, the list would look like this:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Item One
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (a) and it's nested.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
a
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
b
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
c
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
d
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (b).
 The table is 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 nested inside (a).
 In fact, it's not nested at all.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Back out again.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Notice how item (b) is not only no longer nested, but is also the first
 item of a new list!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There's another trap you can fall into: Nesting the table, but not going
 deep enough.
 LyX then turns anything after the table into a new sublist.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Item One
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (a) and it's nested.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
a
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
b
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
c
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
d
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
This is (b).
 The table is actually nested inside Item One, but 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 inside (a).
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Back out again.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As you can see, item (b) turned into the first item of a new list, but a
 new list 
\emph on
inside
\emph default
 item 1.
 The same thing would have happened to a figure or an equation.
 So, if you nest tables, figures or equations, make sure you go to the right
 depth!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Usage and General Features
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Nesting-Usage"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Speaking of levels, LyX can perform up to a six-fold nesting.
 In other words, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

level #6
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is the innermost possible depth.
 Here's an example to display what we mean:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
level #1 - outermost
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
level #2
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
level #3
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
level #4
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
level #5
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
level #6
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
There are two exceptions to the six-fold nesting limit, and you can see
 both of them in the example.
 Unlike the other fully-nestable environments, you can only perform a four-fold
 nesting with the 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environments.
 For example, if we tried to nest another 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 list inside of item 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

A.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, we'd get errors.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Some Examples
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Nesting ! Examples"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The best way to explain just what you can do with nesting is by illustration.
 We have several examples of nested environments.
 In them, we explain how we created the example, so that you can reproduce
 them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Example 1: The Six-fold Way and Mixed Nesting
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#1-a This is the outermost level.
 It's a 
\family sans
List
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#2-a This is level #2.
 We created it by using 
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
 followed by 
\family sans
S-M-Right
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#3-a This is level #3.
 This time, we just hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
, then used 
\family sans
S-M-Right
\family default
 twice in a row.
 We could have also created it the same way as we did the previous level,
 by hitting 
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
 followed by 
\family sans
S-M-Right
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
This is actually a 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 environment, nested inside of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

#3-a
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 So, it's at level #4.
 We did this by hitting 
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
, then 
\family sans
S-M-Right
\family default
, then changing the paragraph environment to 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
 Do this to create list items with more than one paragraph - it also works
 for the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
, 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
, and 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environments!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here's another 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 paragraph, also at level #4, made with just a 
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#4-a This is level #4.
 We hit 
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
 and changed the paragraph environment back to 
\family sans
List
\family default
.
 Remember - we can't nest anything inside of a 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 environment, which is why we're still at level #4.
 However, we 
\emph on
can
\emph default
 keep nesting things inside of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

#3-a
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#5-a This is level #5\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#6-a \SpecialChar \ldots{}
and this is level #6.
 By now, you should know how we made these two.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#5-b Back to level #5.
 Just hit 
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
 followed by a 
\family sans
S-M-Left
\family default
.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#4-b After another 
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
 followed by a 
\family sans
S-M-Left
\family default
, we're back at level #4.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#3-b Back to level #3.
 By now it should be obvious how we did this.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#2-b Back to level #2.
 
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring MMM
#1-b And last, back to the outermost level, #1.
 After this sentence, we'll hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
 and change the paragraph environment back to 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 to end the list.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We could have also used the 
\family sans
Description
\family default
, 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
, 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
, or even the 
\family sans
Verse
\family default
 environment in place of the 
\family sans
List
\family default
 environment.
 The example would have worked exactly the same.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Example 2: Inheritance
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
This is the LyX-Code environment, at level #1, the outermost
\end_layout

\begin_layout LyX-Code
level.
  Now we'll hit 
\family sans
Return
\family default
, then 
\family sans
S-M-Right
\family default
, after which, we'll change to the 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is the 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment, at level #2.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Notice how the nested 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 not only inherits its margins from its parent environment (
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
), but also inherits its font and spacing!
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
We ended this example by hitting 
\family sans
Return
\family default
.
 After that, we needed to reset the paragraph environment to 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
 and resetting the nesting depth by using 
\family sans
S-M-Left
\family default
 once.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Example 3: Labels, Levels, and the 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 Environments
\begin_inset OptArg
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Example #3: Labels, Levels and other list environments
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
This is level #1, in an 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 paragraph environment.
 We're actually going to nest a bunch of these.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is level #2.
 We used 
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
 followed by 
\family sans
S-M-Right
\family default
.
 Now, what happens if we nest an 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environment inside of this one? It will be at level #3, but what will its
 label be? An asterisk?
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
No! It's a bullet.
 This is the 
\emph on
first
\emph default
 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environment, even though it's at level #3.
 So, its label is a bullet.
 (We got here by using 
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
, then 
\family sans
S-M-Right
\family default
, then changing the environment to 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
.)
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
Here's level #4, produced using 
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
, then 
\family sans
S-M-Right
\family default
.
 We'll do that again\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
\SpecialChar \ldots{}
to get to level #5.
 This time, however, we also changed the paragraph environment back to 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
.
 Notice the type of numbering, it is 
\emph on
lowercase Roman
\emph default
, because we are in the 
\emph on
thirdfold
\emph default
 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment (i.e.
 it is an 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 inside an 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 inside an 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
What happens if we 
\emph on
don't
\emph default
 change the paragraph environment, but decrease the nesting depth? What
 type of numbering does LyX use?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Oh, as if you couldn't guess by now, we're just using 
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
 to keep the current environment and depth but create a new item.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Let's use 
\family sans
S-M-Left
\family default
 to decrease the depth after the next 
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is level #4.
 Look what type of label LyX is using!
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
This is level #3.
 Even though we've changed levels, LyX is still using a lowercase Roman
 numeral as the label.Why?
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Because, even though the nesting depth has changed, the paragraph is 
\emph on
still
\emph default
 a thirdfold 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment.
 Notice, however, that LyX 
\emph on
did
\emph default
 reset the counter for the label.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Another 
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
 
\family sans
S-M-Left
\family default
 sequence, and we're back to level #2.
 This time, we not only changed the nesting depth, but we also moved back
 into the twofold-nested 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
The same thing happens if we do another 
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
 
\family sans
S-M-Left
\family default
 sequence and return to level #1, the outermost level.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Lastly, we reset the environment to 
\family sans
Standard
\family default
.
 As you can see, the level number doesn't correspond to what type of labeling
 LyX uses for the 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environments.
 The number of other 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 environments surrounding it determines what kind of label LyX uses for
 an 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 item.
 The same rule applies for the 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 environment, as well.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Example 4: Going Bonkers
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
We're going to go totally nuts now.
 We won't nest as deep as in the other examples, nor will we go into the
 same detail with how we did it.
 (level #1: 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
)
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
(
\family sans
Return, S-M-Right, Standard
\family default
: level #2) We'll stick an encapsulated description of how we created the
 example in parentheses someplace.
 For example, the two keybindings are how we changed the depth.
 The environment name is the name of the current environment.
 Either before or after this, we'll put in the level.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
(
\family sans
Return, Enumerate
\family default
: level #1) This is the next item in the list.
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Verse
Now we'll add verse.
\newline
It will get much worse.
\newline
(
\family sans
Return, S-M-Right, Verse
\family default
: level #2)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Verse
Fiddle dee, Fiddle doo.
\newline
Bippitey boppitey boo!
\newline
(
\family sans
M-Return)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Verse
Here comes a table:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace 0.3cm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
one-fish
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
two-fish
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
red-fish
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
blue-fish
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Verse
(
\family sans
M-Return, Table, S-M-Right
\family default
 3 times, 
\family sans
M-Return, Verse, S-M-Left
\family default
)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
(
\family sans
Return, Enumerate
\family default
: level #1) This is another item.
 Note that selecting a 
\family sans
Table
\family default
 resets the nesting depth to level #1, so we increased the nesting depth
 3 times to put the table inside the 
\family sans
Verse
\family default
 environment.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quotation
We're now ending the 
\family sans
Enumerate
\family default
 list and changing to 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
.
 We're still at level #1.
 We want to show you some of the things you can do by mixing environments.
 The next set of paragraphs is a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

quoted letter.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 We'll nest both the 
\family sans
Address
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
 environments inside of this one, then use another nested 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
 for the letter body.
 We'll use 
\family sans
M-Return
\family default
 to preserve the depth.
 Remember that you need to use 
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
 to create multiple lines inside the 
\family sans
Address
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Right\InsetSpace ~
Address
\family default
 environments.
 Here it goes:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Right Address
1234 Nowhere Rd.
\newline
Moosegroin, MT 00100
\newline
9-6-96
\end_layout

\begin_layout Address
Dear Mr.\InsetSpace ~
Fizlewitz:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quotation
We regret to inform you that we cannot fill your order for 50
\begin_inset Formula $\,$
\end_inset

L of compressed methane gas due to circumstances beyond our control.
 Unfortunately, several of our cows have mysteriously exploded, creating
 a backlog in our orders for methane.
 We will place your name on the waiting list and try to fill your order
 as soon as possible.
 In the meantime, we thank you for your patience.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quotation
We do, however, now have a special on beef.
 If you are interested, please return the enclosed pricing and order form
 with your order, along with payment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quotation
We thank you again for your patience.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Address
Sincerely,
\newline
Bill Hick
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Quotation
That ends that example!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As you can see, nesting environments in LyX gives you a lot of power with
 just a few keystrokes.
 We could have easily nested an 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 list inside of a 
\family sans
Quotation
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
, or put a 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
 inside of an 
\family sans
Itemize
\family default
 list.
 You have a huge variety of options at your disposal.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Spacing, pagination and line breaks
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Horizontal Space
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Horizontal-Space"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection

\family sans
Horizontal Fills
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Horizontal Fills (HFills) are a special LyX feature for adding extra space
 in a uniform fashion.
 An HFill is actually a variable length space, whose length always equals
 the remaining space between the left and right margins.
 If there is more than one HFill on a line, they divide the available space
 equally between themselves.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
HFill
\family roman
s
\family default
 can be inserted with 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Formatting\InsetSpace ~
Character\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Horizontal Fill
\family default
.
 Here a few examples what you can do with them:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
\noindent
This is on the left side 
\hfill
This is on the right
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
\noindent
Left
\hfill
Middle
\hfill
Right
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
\noindent
Left
\hfill
1/3 Left
\hfill

\hfill
Right
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
That was an example in the 
\family sans
Quote
\family default
 environment.
 Here
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset

is one in a standard paragraph.
 It may or may not be apparent in the printed text, but it 
\emph on
is
\emph default
 sitting in-between the two arrows.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There may be more than one set of margins on a line.
 Here's an example with the 
\family sans
List
\family default
 environment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
one
\hfill
two :three
\hfill
four
\hfill
five
\hfill
six
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 marks the beginning of the item.
 (There is actually a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

hidden
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 HFill inside of the label of the 
\family sans
List
\family default
 environment; it's put at the end of the label automatically.) HFills work
 similarly in other 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

multi-margin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 situations, like two-column mode.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 If an HFill is at the beginning of a line, and 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 in the first line in a paragraph, LyX ignores it.
 This prevents HFills from accidentally being wrapped onto a new line.
 If you need space in this case anyway, you have to use the LaTeX-command
 
\series bold

\backslash
hspace*{
\backslash
fill}
\series default
 in ERT.
 (ERT is explained in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:ERT"

\end_inset

.)
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Other space variants
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Other-space-variants"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The following two sorts of spaces are not yet supported by LyX, so that
 you have to use ERT, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:ERT"

\end_inset

.
 That they are not supported is a hint that you need them very seldom in
 LyX.
 So use them only if it is really necessary (remind the WYSIWYM concept).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Paragraph
Defined space
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes one needs space with a defined length, e.g for forms and questionnaires.
 This can be inserted by using the LaTeX-command 
\series bold

\backslash
hspace
\series default
 in 
\family sans
ERT
\family default
.
 For example the command 
\series bold

\backslash
hspace{2cm}
\series default
 produces 2
\begin_inset Formula $\,$
\end_inset

cm space within the following line:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This is a line with
\begin_inset Formula $\to$
\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
hspace{2cm}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\gets$
\end_inset

 2
\begin_inset Formula $\,$
\end_inset

cm space between the arrows.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can use all length units listed in Appendix\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cha:Units-available-in"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Paragraph
Phantom space
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes you want to insert space with exactly the length of a phrase.
 E.g.
 you want to create the following multiple choice question:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset

What is correct English?:
\newline

\newline
Mr.\InsetSpace ~
Edge would have been jumps the gun.
\newline

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
phantom{Mr.
 Edge }
\end_layout

\end_inset

has to be jumped
\newline

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
phantom{Mr.
 Edge }
\end_layout

\end_inset

jumps
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
So that the choices appear exactly after the phrase 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Mr.\InsetSpace ~
Edge\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 To get this, you can use the LaTeX-command 
\series bold

\backslash
phantom
\series default
 in ERT.
 In our case write the command 
\series bold

\backslash
phantom{Mr.
 Edge }
\series default
 (note the space after 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Edge
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

) at the beginning of the last two lines.
 The command prints out the phrase within the the two braces, but invisible.
 That is why it is named 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

phantom
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
There exists also the commands 
\backslash

\series bold
hphantom
\series default
 and 
\backslash

\series bold
vphantom
\series default
, but this too special for the LyX Userguide.
 If you are interested in knowing more about this, have a look at 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "latexcompanion,latexguide"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Vertical Space
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Vertical-Space"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To add extra vertical space above or below a paragraph, use the 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Vertical\InsetSpace ~
Space
\family default
 dialog.
 There you find the following sizes:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
SmallSkip
\family default
, 
\family sans
MedSkip
\family default
 and 
\family sans
BigSkip
\family default
 are LaTeX sizes which depends on the font size of the document.
 
\family sans
DefSkip
\family default
 is the skip adjusted in the dialog 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Settings"

\end_inset


\family default
 for the paragraph separation.
 If you use indentation to separate paragraphs 
\family sans
DefSkip
\family default
 is equal to 
\family sans
MedSkip
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
VFill
\family default
 is a variable space, set so that the space is maximal within one page.
 An example: You have only two short paragraphs on one page with a vfill
 between them.
 Then the first paragraph is placed at the top of the page and the second
 one at the bottom, because the space between them is then maximal.
 
\family sans
VFill
\family default
s work like 
\family sans
HFill
\family default
s: they fill the remaining vertical space on a page with blank space.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
HFill
\family default
s are described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Horizontal-Space"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 If there are several 
\family sans
VFill
\family default
s on a page, they divide the remaining vertical space equally between themselves.
 You can therefore use 
\family sans
VFill
\family default
s to center text on a page, or even place text 2/3 down a page.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Custom
\family default
 are custom spaces in units explained in Appendix\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cha:Units-available-in"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 
\series medium
When the extra vertical space would be in the output at the top/bottom of
 a page, the space is only added if you have also checked the option 
\family sans
Protect
\family default
.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Paragraph Alignment
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can change the paragraph alignment with the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Paragraph Settings
\family default
 dialog.
 There are four possibilities: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Justified
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Left
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Right
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Center
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The default in most cases is justified alignment, in which the inter-word
 spacing is variable and each line of a paragraph fills the region between
 the left and right margins.
 The other three alignments should be self-explanatory, and look like this:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align right
This paragraph is right aligned,
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
this one is centered,
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align left
this one is left aligned.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Forced Pagebreaks
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Pagebreaks"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Forced-Pagebreaks"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you don't like the way LaTeX does the pagebreaks in your document, you
 can force a pagebreak where you want one.
 Normally this will not be necessary, because LaTeX is good at pagebreaking.
 Only if you use many 
\family sans
Floats
\family default
, LaTeX's page breaking algorithm can fail.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We recommend not to use forced pagebreaks until the text is finished, and
 until you have checked in the preview to see if you 
\emph on
really
\emph default
 have to change the pagebreaking.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are two types of pagebreaks: One that ends the page without any special
 action.
 This can be inserted above or below a paragraph by the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Page\InsetSpace ~
Break
\family default
.
 The second type ends a page, but stretches the content of the page, so
 that it fills out the complete page.
 This type is useful to avoid whitespace when a pagebreak produces a page
 on which only the last few lines are absent.
 This type is not yet supported by LyX, so that you have to use the LaTeX
 command 
\series bold

\backslash
pagebreak[number]
\series default
 in ERT
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
For more about ERT see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:ERT"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 The number can vary between 0 and 4.
 If 4 or no number is used, it will always be created a pagebreak
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
normally one uses simply 
\series bold

\backslash
pagebreak
\series default
 without a number
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 The numbers 0 to 3 stand for the increasing priority level -- LaTeX decides,
 concerning the priority, if a pagebreak is created or not.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You might try to use a pagebreak to ensure that a figure or table appears
 at the top of a page.
 This is, of course, the wrong way to do it.
 LyX gives you a way of automatically ensuring that your figures and tables
 appear at the top of a page (or the bottom, or on their own page) without
 having to worry about what precedes or follows your figure or table.
 See chapter 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cha:Floats-and-Notes"

\end_inset

 to learn more about 
\family sans
Floats
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Clear Pagebreaks
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Clear-Pages"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Pagebreaks ! clear"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Differently to forced pagebreaks where the content behind the break is directly
 placed at the next page, pages can also be cleared while breaking them.
 That means that the current paragraph is terminated and all, perhaps not
 yet processed floats from previous document parts are placed behind it,
 if necessary by adding pages.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can insert a clear pagebreak with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Clear\InsetSpace ~
Page
\family default
.
 When you have a two-sided document like a book, you can use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Clear\InsetSpace ~
Double\InsetSpace ~
Page
\family default
 to insert a clear pagebreak that assures that the next page is a right-hand
 page (odd-numbered), if necessary by adding a page.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Forced Linebreaks
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Linebreaks"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Forced-Linebreaks"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Similar to pagebreaks there are two types of linebreaks: One that simply
 breaks the line.
 You can force this line break within a paragraph by selecting 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Line\InsetSpace ~
Break
\family default
 or with 
\family sans
C-Return
\family default
.
 The other type breaks the line and stretches it so that it fills out the
 whole space between the page margins.
 This is necessary to avoid 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

fringes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in justifies paragraphs due to whitespace introduced by linebreaks.
 This type is not yet supported by LyX, so that you have to use the LaTeX-comman
d 
\series bold

\backslash
linebreak[number]
\series default
 in 
\family sans
ERT
\family default
.
 The syntax is similar tho the command 
\series bold

\backslash
pagebreak
\series default
, described in the previous section.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You shouldn't use forced linebreaks to correct LaTeX's linebreaking, as
 LaTeX is very good at linebreaking.
 There are, however, a number of situations where it is necessary to actively
 set a linebreak, e.g.
 in a poem or for an address (see sections\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Quote"

\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Verse"

\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Address-Usage"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Blanks / Spaces
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Spaces"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A blank is a blank? Not in good typography.
 While you might be used to press the space key anytime you want to separate
 two words in ordinary word processors, LyX offers you more spaces: Spaces
 of different width and spaces which can or cannot be broken at the end
 of a line.
 The following sections will show you some examples where those spaces are
 useful.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Inter-word Space
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Inter-word-Space"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Spaces ! inter-word"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Some languages (e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
g.\InsetSpace \space{}
English) have the typographical convention to add extra
 space after an end-of-sentence punctuation mark, and LyX honors those conventio
ns (see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Abbreviations"

\end_inset

).
 Sometimes, you want a normal space nevertheless.
 In this case, insert one with 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Special\InsetSpace ~
Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Inter-word\InsetSpace ~
Space
\family default
 (shortcut 
\family sans
C-M-Space
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Protected Space
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Protected-Space"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Spaces ! protected"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The protected space: It is used to tell LyX (and LaTeX) not to break the
 line at that point.
 This may be necessary to avoid unlucky linebreaks, like in: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
Further documentation is given in section
\newline

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Bibliography"

\end_inset

.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Obviously, it would be a good thing to put a protected space between 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

section
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Bibliography"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 A protected space is set with 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Special\InsetSpace ~
Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Protected
\bar under
\InsetSpace ~

\bar default
Space
\family default
 (shortcut 
\family sans
C-Space
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Thin Space
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Thin-Space"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Spaces ! thin"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

thin space
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is a blank which has half the size of a normal space (and it is also 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

protected
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

).
 The typographical conventions in a lot of languages propose the use of
 thin spaces in cases where normal spaces would be too wide, for instance
 inside abbreviations:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote
D.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
E.
 Knuth has developed our beloved typesetting program, i.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
e.\InsetSpace \space{}
TeX.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
or between values and units.
 Compare for example this:
\newline
10\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
kg (thin space)
\newline
10 kg (normal space
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can insert thin spaces with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Special\InsetSpace ~
Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Thin\InsetSpace ~
Space
\family default
 (shortcut 
\family sans
C-S-Space
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
More Spaces
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Apart from the ones described, there are still some more spaces.
 Although LyX supports them natively, they can only be reached via a formula
 as described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Altering-Spacing"

\end_inset

 or via the 
\family sans
command buffer
\family default
 toolbar.
 Te latter means to type
\newline
 
\series bold
space-insert <command>
\family typewriter
\series default

\newline

\family default
 into the command buffer, where 
\series bold
<command>
\series default
 is one of the following:
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
The unit 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

em
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is explained in Appendix\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cha:Units-available-in"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="3">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
command
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
width
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
protected?
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family typewriter
normal
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
1/3\InsetSpace ~
em
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
no
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family typewriter
protected
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
1/3\InsetSpace ~
em
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
yes
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family typewriter
thin
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
1/6\InsetSpace ~
em
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
yes
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family typewriter
enspace
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
0.5\InsetSpace ~
em
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
yes
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family typewriter
enskip
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
0.5\InsetSpace ~
em
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
no
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family typewriter
quad
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
1\InsetSpace ~
em
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
no
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family typewriter
qquad
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
2\InsetSpace ~
em
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
no
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family typewriter
negthinspace
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
-1/6\InsetSpace ~
em
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
yes
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Horizontal Lines
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Horizontal-Lines"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Horizontal lines"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\lyxline
In the dialog 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Horizontal\InsetSpace ~
Line
\family default
 you can insert horizontal lines that spans over the whole document columns
 width.
\lyxline

\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Fonts and Text Styles
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Fonts-and-Text"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Font Types
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Font ! Types"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are two types of fonts:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Vector\InsetSpace ~
fonts
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Fonts ! Vector-"

\end_inset

 are fonts, built from outlines of the single glyphs (i.e.
 characters) in the font.
 This means that each glyph is defined using mathematical curves that are
 well suited for scaling to any requested size.
 This mathematical definition is interpreted by the font renderer and the
 curve is filled out with pixels according to the size and glyph.
 This means that outline fonts will look pretty good in all sizes.
 Only at very small sizes it might be hard to provide a good rendering at
 very small sizes, where each pixel has to be very carefully computed to
 provide a good image.
\newline
One could mean that one only needs to define one font
 size and scale them.
 But to achieve a better quality, many fonts define several font sizes.
 That improves the appearance, because you need more details at large font
 sizes than at small ones.
\newline
The font types 
\family typewriter
TrueType
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
OpenType
\family default
, and 
\family typewriter
Type\InsetSpace ~
1 PostScript
\family default
 are vector fonts.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Bitmap\InsetSpace ~
fonts
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Fonts ! Bitmap-"

\end_inset

 on the other hand, are defined by bitmap graphics from the start, so they
 will look good at all the sizes they are meant for.
 However, they don't scale well, because in order to scale a glyph, each
 pixel is enlarged into several pixels.
 It is the same effect that happens if you try to enlarge a picture in a
 picture manipulation program.
 In order to relieve this effect, bitmap fonts are typically provided in
 several fixed sizes typically from around 8 pixels high up to 34 pixels
 or so high in steps according to what is believed to be useful.
 The advantage of bitmap fonts is that no complicated computations are necessary
 to display each glyph, so bitmap fonts are thus faster displayed than scalable
 fonts.
 The disadvantage is that sizes that don't exists as fixed versions have
 to be scaled by doubling pixels, and thus look bad.
\newline
Bitmap fonts are named
 
\family typewriter
Type\InsetSpace ~
3
\family default
 in PostScript- and PDF-documents.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The result of all this, is that bitmap fonts are best for the size they
 are designed for, while scalable fonts are good for nearly all sizes.
 So one need less font size definitions for scalable fonts.
 That's the reason why nearly all text render and typesetting programs use
 scalable fonts.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To test which fonts are used in a PDF-document, you can have a look into
 its document properties.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Many modern typesetting and markup languages have begun to move towards
 specifying character styles rather than specifying a particular font.
 For example, instead of changing to an italicized version of the current
 font to emphasize text, you use an 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

emphasized style
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 instead.
 This concept fits in perfectly with LyX.
 In LyX, you do things based on contexts, rather than focusing on typesetting
 details.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Document Font and Font size
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Document-Font"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Font ! Size"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Font"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can set the document fonts in the
\family sans
 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Settings"

\end_inset

 dialog.
 There you can specify which font should be used for the three different
 font shapes Roman, 
\family sans
Sans\InsetSpace ~
Serif
\family default
, and 
\family typewriter
Typewriter
\family default
 and its scalings.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The possible options for the font include 
\family sans
default
\family default
 and a list of fonts available on your system.
 
\family sans
default
\family default
 uses the standard TeX fonts, known as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
Computer Modern
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (
\family typewriter
cm
\family default
) or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
European Computer Modern
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (
\family typewriter
ec
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As 
\family typewriter
cm
\family default
 and 
\family typewriter
ec
\family default
 are bitmap fonts, they often looks pixeled in PDF output, especially when
 you read the PDF in a zoomed size.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
This problem doesn't appear if you read PDFs in 
\family typewriter
Adobe\InsetSpace ~
Reader
\family default
 version 6 or later, because this program includes a special bitmap font
 renderer.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 To get rid of pixeled fonts, you have to use a vector font.
 There are three ways to use one:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
One way is to use the 
\family typewriter
AE
\family default
 fonts.
 
\family typewriter
AE
\family default
 is a virtual font.
 Virtual means that it 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

steals
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 outline 
\family typewriter
cm
\family default
-glyphs from other fonts.
 This has the disadvantage that some characters are missing, like the French
 guillemets (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

«
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

»
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

)
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Loading the LaTeX-package 
\series bold
aeguill
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! aeguill"

\end_inset


\series default
 with the document preamble line
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
usepackage[ec]{aeguill}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
will fix the guillemet problem.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 and that accented characters are not 
\emph on
one
\emph default
 glyph, they are build of 
\emph on
two
\emph default
 characters, the accent and the letter.
 Therefore you can't search in documents using the 
\family typewriter
AE
\family default
 fonts for words with accented characters.
 If you search for example for the French word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

rève
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in a PDF, you won't get any result, because the PDF-viewer searches for
 the glyph 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

 è 
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and not for the glyph 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

 e + 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
`{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
The LaTeX command 
\series bold

\backslash
`
\series default
 produces a grave.
 The two braces behind the command prevents the following quotation mark
 to be accented with the grave.
\newline
More about ERT and LaTeX-commands is described
 in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:ERT"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Another possibility is to use three different outline fonts
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Other fonts, like 
\family typewriter
Latin Modern
\family default
 or 
\family typewriter
Computer Modern
\family default
, consists of these three main font types 
\family sans
sans\InsetSpace ~
serif
\family default
, 
\family sans
typewriter
\family default
, and 
\family sans
serif
\family default
.
\end_layout

\end_inset

: 
\family sans
Times\InsetSpace ~
Roman
\family default
 as roman font,
\family sans
 Helvetica
\family default
 scaled to 92 or 95\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
% as sans\InsetSpace ~
serif font, and 
\family sans
courier
\family default
 as typewriter font.
\newline
The differences between roman, 
\family sans
sans\InsetSpace ~
serif
\family default
, and 
\family typewriter
typewriter
\family default
 fonts are explained in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"

\end_inset

.
\newline
The font 
\family sans
Times\InsetSpace ~
Roman
\family default
 was originally designed for newspapers.
 That means its glyphs are smaller than the one from other fonts to fit
 into the small newspaper columns.
 Therefore 
\family sans
Times\InsetSpace ~
Roman
\family default
 is not the optimal choice for larger documents like books.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The best solution is to use the 
\family typewriter
Latin Modern
\family default
 fonts.
 These fonts are developed in order of the LaTeX community to replace 
\family typewriter
cm
\family default
 as default font.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset

For the font size there are four possible values: 
\family sans
default, 10
\family default
, 
\family sans
11
\family default
, and 
\family sans
12
\family default
.
 The size of 
\family sans
default
\family default
 depends on your LaTeX-system, normally it is equal to the font size 10.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The font sizes are the 
\emph on
base size
\emph default
.
 LyX actually scales all other possible font sizes (such as those used in
 footnotes, super-, and subscripts) by this value.
 You can fine-tune the font size of text parts via the 
\family sans
Text\InsetSpace ~
Style
\family default
 dialog if needed.
 The possible font sizes for text parts are explained in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 When you choose a new font or font size, LyX does 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 change the screen font! You will only see a difference in the printed output;
 this is part of the WYSIWYM concept.
 LyX's screen fonts can be adjusted in the 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Preferences
\family default
 dialog, see Appendix\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cha:The-Preferences-dialog"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Using Different Character Styles
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Character Styles"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Dialogs ! Text Style"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As we've already seen, LyX automatically changes the character style for
 certain paragraph environments.
 LyX supports two character styles, 
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Noun
\family default
.
 You can activate both of these styles via keybindings, the menus, and the
 toolbar.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To activate the 
\family sans
Noun
\family default
 style, do one of the following:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
click on the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/font-noun.xpm

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
use the keybinding 
\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
c
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
These commands are all toggles.
 That is, if 
\family sans
Noun
\family default
 style is already active, they deactivate it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
One typically uses the 
\family sans
Noun
\family default
 style for proper names.
 For example: 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\noun on
Matthias Ettrich
\noun default
 is the original author of LyX.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A more widely used character style is the 
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
 style.
 You can activate (or deactivate - it's also a toggle) the 
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
 style by:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
clicking on the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/font-emph.xpm

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
using the keybindings 
\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
e
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Normally the 
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
 style is equivalent to an italic font but some document classes or LaTeX-packag
es use a different font.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We've been using the 
\family sans
Emphasized
\family default
 style all over the place in this document.
 Here's one more example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quotation

\emph on
Don't overuse character styles!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It's also a warning in addition to an example.
 One's writing should parallel ordinary conversation.
 Since we don't all constantly scream at each other, we should also avoid
 the common tendency to overuse character style.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can always reset to the default font using the keybinding 
\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
Space
\family default
 or the dialog 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Text\InsetSpace ~
Style
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Fine-Tuning with the 
\family sans
Text Style
\family default
 dialog
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Text Style"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Dialogs ! Text Style"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are always occasions when you'll need to do some fine-tuning, so LyX
 gives you a way to create custom character style.
 For example, an academic journal or a corporation may have a style sheet
 requiring a sans-serif font be used in certain situations.
 Also, writers sometimes use a different font to offset a character's thoughts
 from ordinary dialog.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Before we document how to use custom character style, we want to issue a
 warning yet again: Don't overuse character styles! 
\newline
Documents that overuse
 different fonts and sizes are not well readable and tend to look like someone
 has knocked huge holes in it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To use custom character styles, open the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Text\InsetSpace ~
Style
\family default
 dialog.
 There are several boxes on this dialog, each corresponding to a different
 font property which you can choose.
 You can choose an option for one of these properties, or select 
\family sans
No\InsetSpace ~
change
\family default
, which keeps the current state of that property.
 The item 
\family sans
Reset
\family default
 will reset the property to whatever is the default.
 You can use this to reset attributes across a bunch of different paragraph
 environments in a snap.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The font properties, and their options (in addition to 
\family sans
No\InsetSpace ~
change
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Reset
\family default
) are:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Family
\family default
 The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

overall look
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 of the font.
 The possible options are:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Roman
\family default
 This is the Roman font family.
 Normally a serif font.
 It's also the default family.
 (keybinding 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
r
\family default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

)
\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
The LaTeX-command prevents text to be broken at the end of a line.
 It is explained in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Hyphenation"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Sans\InsetSpace ~
Serif
\family default
 
\family sans
This is the Sans Serif font family.

\family default
 (keybinding 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
s
\family default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Typewriter
\family default
 
\family typewriter
This is the Typewriter font family.

\family default
 (keybinding 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
p
\family default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Series
\family default
 This corresponds to the print weight.
 Options are:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Medium
\family default
 This is the Medium font series.
 It's also the default series.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Bold
\family default
 
\series bold
This is the Bold font series.

\series default
 (keybinding 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
b
\family default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Shape
\family default
 As the name implies.
 Options are:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Upright
\family default
 This is the Upright font shape.
 It's also the default shape.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Italic
\family default
 
\shape italic
This
\shape default
 
\family sans
\shape italic
i
\family default
s the Italic font shape
\shape default
\emph on
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Slanted
\family default
 
\shape slanted
This is the Slanted font shape
\shape default
 (although it might not be visible in LyX, this is different from italic).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Small\InsetSpace ~
Caps
\family default
 
\shape smallcaps
This is the Small caps font shape
\shape default
\noun on
.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Size
\family default
 Alters the size of the font.
 You'll find no numerical values here; all possible sizes are actually proportio
nal to the document font size.
 Once again, you don't feed LyX the details, but a general description of
 what you want to do.
 The options are:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Tiny
\family default
 
\size tiny
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Tiny
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size.

\size default
 (keybinding 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
t
\family default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
1
\family default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Smallest
\family default
 
\size scriptsize
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Smallest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size
\size default
.
 (keybinding 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~

\family default
2
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Smaller
\family default
 
\size footnotesize
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Smaller
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size.

\size default
 (keybinding 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
S
\family default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~

\family default
3
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Small
\family default
 
\size small
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Small
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size.

\size default
 (keybinding 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
s
\family default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~

\family default
4
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Normal
\family default
 This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Normal
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size.
 It's also the default size.
 (keybinding 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
n
\family default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~

\family default
5
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Large
\family default
 
\size large
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Large
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size.

\size default
 (keybinding 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
l
\family default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~

\family default
6
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Larger
\family default
 
\size larger
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Larger
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size.

\size default
 (keybinding 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
S-L
\family default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~

\family default
7
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Largest
\family default
 
\size largest
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Largest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size.

\size default
 (keybinding 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~

\family default
8
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Huge
\family default
 
\size huge
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Huge
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size.

\size default
 (keybinding 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
h
\family default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~

\family default
9
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Huger
\family default
 
\size giant
This is the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Huger
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font size.

\size default
 (keybinding 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~
H
\family default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-s\InsetSpace ~

\family default
0
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

)
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
We'll warn you 
\emph on
yet again
\emph default
: don't go crazy with this feature.
 You should almost never need to change the font size.
 LyX automatically changes the font size for different paragraph environments
 - use that instead.
 This is here for fine-tuning only!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Misc
\family default
 Here you can change a few other things at the character level.
 Options are:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Emph
\family default
 
\emph on
This is text with emphasize on
\emph default
.
 This might seem like the same as 
\shape italic
Italic
\shape default
, but it is actually a bit different.
 Emphasized is a 
\emph on
logical
\emph default
 attribute.
 That means every document class can define its own font used for emphasized
 text.
 Normally this font is equal to italic.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Underbar
\family default
 
\bar under
This is text with Underbar on.

\bar default
 (keybinding 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
mbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
u
\family default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
)
\newline

\family default
Avoid using underbar if you can! It's a holdover from the typewriter days,
 when you couldn't change fonts.
 We no longer need to emphasize text by underscoring characters.
 It's only included in LyX because some people 
\emph on
may
\emph default
 need it in order to follow style sheets for journal submissions.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Noun
\family default
 
\noun on
This is text with Noun on.

\noun default
 Like 
\family sans
Emph
\family default
, this is a logical attribute.
 Normally it's equivalent to 
\family sans
Small\InsetSpace ~
Caps
\family default
.
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Color
\family default
 You can adjust the color of the text with this control.
 Notice that not all dvi-viewers are are able to display colors.
 Besides 
\family sans
No\InsetSpace ~
color
\family default
, which is the default 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

color
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and means normally black, you can choose between 
\family sans
Black
\family default
, 
\family sans
White
\family default
, 
\family sans
Red
\family default
, 
\family sans
Green
\family default
, 
\family sans
Blue
\family default
, 
\family sans
Cyan
\family default
, 
\family sans
Magenta
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Yellow
\family default
 text.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Language
\family default
 This is used to mark regions of text as having a different language from
 the language of the document.
 Text marked in this way will be underlined in blue to indicate the change
 (only within LyX).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
So you have a huge number of combinations to choose from.
 Once you've chosen a new character style via the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Text\InsetSpace ~
Style
\family default
 dialog, the settings are saved.
 You can activate them using the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/font-free-apply.xpm

\end_inset

.
 The button lets you toggle the state of your custom character style even
 when the dialog isn't visible.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To completely reset the character style to the default, use 
\family sans
M-c\InsetSpace ~
Space
\family default
.
 If you want to toggle only those properties that you have just changed
 (suppose you just set the shape to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

slanted
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and the series to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

bold
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

), set the 
\family sans
Toggle\InsetSpace ~
all
\family default
 switch and press 
\family sans
Apply
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You should also know something about the differences between the three main
 font types 
\family sans
serif
\family default
, 
\family sans
sans\InsetSpace ~
serif
\family default
, and 
\family sans
typewriter
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Typewriter
\family default
 is a so called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

monospaced
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 font, that means every character has the same width, the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

i
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is as wide as the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

m
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Here is an example
\newline

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
phantom{
\end_layout

\end_inset

no 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family typewriter
typewriter text
\family default

\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
For more on phantoms see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Other-space-variants"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\newline
no typewriter text
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Serif
\family default
 fonts use characters with serifs.
 These are the small 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

appendices
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 at all ends of of the streaks that form the character.
 The following example will show the difference:
\newline
text with serifs
\newline

\family sans
text without serifs
\family default

\newline
Serifs facilitates an easy and fast reading.
 They are therefore used as default font (named 
\family sans
roman
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\family sans
Sans serif
\family default
 don't use serifs.
 This font type is therefore often used for headings and short texts.
 We use it in this document to highlight menu names.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We conclude with the same warning once again: Don't overuse the fonts.
 They are, more often than not, a kludge and a bad substitute for good writing.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Printing and Previewing
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Overview
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now that we've covered some of the basic features of document preparation
 using LyX, you probably want to know how to print out your masterpiece.
 Before we tell you that, we want to give you a quick explanation of what
 goes on behind-the-scenes.
 We cover these informations in much greater detail in the 
\emph on
Extended\InsetSpace ~
Features
\emph default
 manual as well.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX uses the program LaTeX as its backend.
 LaTeX is just a macro package for the TeX typesetting system, but to prevent
 confusion, we'll only refer to LaTeX.
 LyX is what you use to do your actual writing.
 Then, LyX calls LaTeX to turn your writing into printable output.
 This happens in two stages:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
First, LyX converts your document to a series of text commands for LaTeX,
 generating a file with the extension, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.tex
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Next, LaTeX uses the commands in the 
\family typewriter
.tex
\family default
 file to produce printable output.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Output file formats
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "File formats"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Output-file-formats"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
ASCII
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "File formats ! ASCII"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This file type has the extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.txt
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 It contains your document as plain text following the rules of the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

American Standard Code for Information Interchange
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (ASCII).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can export your document to ASCII by the menu 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
ASCII
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
LaTeX
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "File formats ! LaTeX"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This file type has the extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.tex
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and contains all commands that are necessary for the LaTeX program to process
 your document.
 If you know LaTeX, you can use it to find out LaTeX-Errors or to process
 it manually with console commands.
 The LaTeX-file is automatically created in LyX's temporary directory whenever
 you view or export your document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can export your document as LaTeX-file using the menu 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
LaT
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

eX
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
DVI
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "File formats ! DVI"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This file type has the extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.dvi
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 It is called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

device-independent
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (DVI), because it is completely portable; you can move them from one machine
 to another without needing to do any sort of conversion.
 At the time when this file-format was developed, this was no matter of
 course.
 DVIs are used for quick previews and as pre-stage for other output formats,
 like PostScript.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 The DVI file doesn't contain images, they will only be a linked.
 So don't forget to deliver the images together with your DVIs.
\end_layout

\end_inset

This property can also slow down your computer when you view the DVI.
 Because the DVI-viewer has to convert the image in the background to make
 it visible when you scroll in the DVI.
 So we recommend to use PDF for files with many images.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can export your document to DVI by the menu 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
DVI
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
PostScript
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "File formats ! PostScript"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This file type has the extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.ps
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 PostScript was developed by the company 
\family typewriter
Adobe
\family default
 as printer language.
 The file contains therefore commands that the printer uses to print the
 file.
 PostScript can be seen as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

programming language
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

; you can calculate with it and draw diagrams and images.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
If you are interested to learn more about this, have a look at the LaTeX-package
 
\series bold
pstricks
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! pstricks"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Due to this ability, the files are often bigger than PDFs.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
PostScript can only contain images in the format 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Encapsulated PostScript
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (EPS, file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.eps
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

).
 As LyX allows you to use any known image format in your document, it has
 to convert them in the background to EPS.
 If you have e.g 50 images in your document, LyX has to do 50 conversions
 whenever you view or export your document.
 This will slow down your workflow with LyX drastically.
 So if you plan to use PostScript, you can insert your images directly as
 EPS to avoid this problem.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can export your document to PostScript using the menu 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
PostScript
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
PDF
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "File formats ! PDF"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "PDF"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This file type has the extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.pdf
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Portable Document Format
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (PDF) is developed by 
\family typewriter
Adobe
\family default
 as derivative from PostScript.
 It is more compressed and it uses much less commands than PostScript.
 As the name 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

portable
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 implies, it can be processed at any computer system and the printed output
 looks exactly the same.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
PDF can contain images in its own PDF format and in the formats 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Joint Photographic Experts Group
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (JPG, file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.jpg
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.jpeg
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

) and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Portable Network Graphics
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (PNG, file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.png
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

).
 You can although use any other image format, because LyX converts them
 in the background to one of these formats.
 But as described in the section about PostScript, the image conversion
 will slow down your workflow.
 So we recommend to use images in one of the three mentioned formats.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can export your document to PDF via the menu 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Export
\family default
 in three different ways:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
PDF This uses the program 
\family typewriter
ps2pdf
\family default
 that creates a PDF from a PostScript-version of your file.
 The PostScript-version is produced by the program 
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
 which uses a DVI-version as intermediate step.
 So this export variant consist of three conversions.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
PDF\InsetSpace ~
(dvipdfm) This uses the program 
\family typewriter
dvipdfm
\family default
 that converts your file in the background to DVI and in a second step to
 PDF.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
PDF\InsetSpace ~
(pdflatex) This uses the program 
\family typewriter
pdftex
\family default
 that converts your file directly to PDF.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We recommend to use 
\family sans
PDF\InsetSpace ~
(pdflatex)
\family default
 because 
\family typewriter
pdftex
\family default
 supports all features of actual PDF-versions, is quick and works stable
 without problems.
 The program 
\family typewriter
dvipdfm
\family default
 is no more under development and therefore a bit outdated.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Previewing
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Preview "

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To get a look at the final version of your document, with all of the pagebreaks
 in place, the footnotes correctly numbered, and so on, use the menu 
\family sans
View
\family default
 and choose a file type.
 A viewing program will popup showing the output.
 For 
\family sans
View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
DVI
\family default
 you can use the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/buffer-view_dvi.xpm

\end_inset

 (shortcut 
\family sans
C-d
\family default
), for 
\family sans
View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
PDF\InsetSpace ~
(pdflatex)
\family default
 you can use the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/buffer-export_pdf2.xpm

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you have changed your document, you can refresh the output in the same
 viewer window using the menu 
\family sans
View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Update
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When you preview a file, the output file is only generated in LyX's temporary
 directory.
 To have a real output, export your document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Printing the File from within LyX
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Printing-the-File"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Instead of exporting your file and then printing them, you can also print
 it directly from within LyX.
 To print a file, select the menu 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Print
\family default
 or click on the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/dialog-show_print.xpm

\end_inset

.
 LyX will internally call LaTeX to produce a DVI.
 This file is then processed by the program 
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
 to PostScript-file, which is finally printed using the program 
\family typewriter
Ghostscript
\family default
.
 Due to these steps in the background, this method is not the fastest.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can choose to print only even-numbered or odd-numbered pages - this
 is useful for printing on two sides: You can re-insert the pages after
 printing one set to print on the other side.
 Some printers spit out pages face-up, others, face-down.
 By choosing a particular order to print in, you can take the entire stack
 of pages out of the printer without needing to reorder them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can set the parameters in the 
\family sans
Print\InsetSpace ~
Destination
\family default
 box as follows:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
Printer
\family default
 This is the name of the printer to print to
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Note that this printer name is for the program 
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
.
 That means 
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
 has to be configured for this printer name.
 The default printer can be set in LyX's preferences dialog, see chapter\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cha:The-Preferences-dialog"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
 The printer should understand PostScript.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
File
\family default
 The name of a file to print to.
 The output will be a PostScript file.
 It will be written in LyX's working directory unless you specify the full
 path.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
A few Words about Typography
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Typography"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Hyphens
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Hyphens"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Hyphens"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In LyX, the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
-
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

 character comes in three lengths, often called the 
\emph on
hyphen
\emph default
, the 
\emph on
en dash
\emph default
, and the 
\emph on
em dash
\emph default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
hyphen
\hfill
-
\hfill
made with 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
-
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
en dash
\hfill
--
\hfill
made with 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
-
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
/
\end_layout

\end_inset

-
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
em dash
\hfill
---
\hfill
made with 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
-
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
/
\end_layout

\end_inset

-
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
/
\end_layout

\end_inset

-
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
minus sign
\hfill

\begin_inset Formula $-$
\end_inset


\hfill
a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
-
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

 in math mode
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You generate them by inserting the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
-
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

 character multiple times in a row.
 They are automatically converted to the appropriate length dash in the
 final output, but not in LyX.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The three dash types are distinct from the minus sign, which appears in
 math mode and has a length of its own.
 Here are some examples of the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
-
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

 in use:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
line- and page-breaks
\hfill
(
\emph on
hyphen
\emph default
)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
From A--Z
\hfill
(
\emph on
en dash
\emph default
)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Oh --- there's a dash.
\hfill
(
\emph on
em dash
\emph default
)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}-y^{2}=z^{2}$
\end_inset


\hfill
(
\emph on
minus sign
\emph default
)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Hyphenation
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Hyphenation"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Hyphenation"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Words aren't hyphenated within LyX but automatically in the output.
 Hyphenation is done by the LaTeX-package 
\series bold
babel
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! babel"

\end_inset


\series default
 following the rules of the document language
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
For German readers: That's one of the main differences between the languages
 
\family sans
German
\family default
 and 
\family sans
German\InsetSpace ~
(new\InsetSpace ~
spelling)
\family default
 in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog.
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LaTeX hyphenates nearly perfectly, it has only problems with text in the
 font 
\family sans
typewriter
\family default
 and with unusual constructs, like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

h3knix/m0n0wall
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 If LaTeX can't break a word correctly, you can set hyphenation points manually.
 This is done with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Hyphenation\InsetSpace ~
Point
\family default
.
 These extra hyphenation points are only recommendations to LaTeX.
 If no hyphenation is necessary, LaTeX will ignore them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes you want to prevent words or constructs to be hyphenated.
 The keybindings/shortcuts in this document consists of three letters with
 a hyphen and a space in the form 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

A-b c
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 LaTeX finds there the hyphen 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

-
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 as hyphenation possibility.
 Hyphenating at this point would look ugly.
 To prevent the shortcut from being hyphenated, we can put it in the argument
 of the LaTeX-box-command 
\series bold

\backslash
mbox
\series default
, because text within LaTeX-boxes can't be hyphenated.
 As LyX doesn't support 
\series bold

\backslash
mbox
\series default
, we have to use ERT.
 The result looks in LyX like:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/mbox.png

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To learn more about ERT, have a look at section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:ERT"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Punctuation Marks
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Punctuation marks"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Abbreviations and End of Sentence
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Abbreviations"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When LyX calls LaTeX to generate the final version of your document, LaTeX
 automatically distinguishes between words, sentences, and abbreviations.
 LaTeX then adds the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

appropriate amount of space
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 That means sentences get a little bit more space between the period and
 the next word.
 Abbreviations get the same amount of space after the period as a word uses.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Unfortunately, the algorithm for figuring out what's an abbreviation works
 not for all cases.
 If a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is at the end of a lowercase letter, it's the end of a sentence; if it's
 at the end of a capitalized letter, it's an abbreviation.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here are some examples of 
\emph on
correct
\emph default
 abbreviations and the end of a sentence:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
M.
 Butterfly
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Don't worry.
 Be happy.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
And here's an example of the algorithm going wrong:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
e.
 g.
 this is too much space!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
This is I.
 It's okay.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You won't see anything wrong until you view a final version of your document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To fix this problem, use one of the following:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Use an 
\family sans
Inter-word\InsetSpace ~
Space
\family default
 after lowercase abbreviations (see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Inter-word-Space"

\end_inset

).
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Spaces ! inter-word"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Use a 
\family sans
Thin\InsetSpace ~
Space
\family default
 between two tokens of an abbreviation (see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Thin-Space"

\end_inset

).
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Spaces ! thin"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Use an 
\family sans
End\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
sentence\InsetSpace ~
period
\family default
 found under the 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Special\InsetSpace ~
Character
\family default
 menu to force the use of inter-sentence spacing.
 This function is also bound to 
\family sans
C-period
\family default
 for easy access.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
With the corrections, our earlier examples look like this:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
g.\InsetSpace \space{}
this is too much space!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
This is I\SpecialChar \@.
 It's okay.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Some languages don't use extra spacing between sentences.
 If your language is such a language, you don't need to worry, because the
 LaTeX will care about this.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For those that do need to bother, there is help to catch those sneaky errors:
 check out the 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Check\InsetSpace ~
TeX
\family default
 feature described in 
\emph on
Extended Editing
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Quotes
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Typography ! Quotes"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Quotes | see{Typography}"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Quotes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX usually sets quotes correctly.
 Specifically, it will use an opening quote at the beginning of quoted text,
 and use a closing quote at the end.
 For example, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

open close
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 The keyboard character, 
\family sans
"
\family default
, generates this automatically.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can change the behavior of the 
\family sans
"
\family default
 key using the submenu 
\family sans
Language
\family default
 of the dialog 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Settings"

\end_inset

 dialog.
 Selecting the button 
\family sans
Double
\family default
 makes the 
\family sans
"
\family default
 key produce the sequence: 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 The button 
\family sans
Single
\family default
, in contrast, makes the 
\family sans
"
\family default
 key produce: 
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset

'.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also select quotes for different languages in the box 
\family sans
Type
\family default
 option.
 There are six choices:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Text
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\family default
 Use quotes like this 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

double
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset

single
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset

Text
\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset


\family default
 Use quotes like 
\begin_inset Quotes sld
\end_inset

this
\begin_inset Quotes srd
\end_inset

 or 'this
\begin_inset Quotes ers
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes gld
\end_inset

Text
\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset


\family default
 Use quotes like 
\begin_inset Quotes gld
\end_inset

this
\begin_inset Quotes grd
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes gls
\end_inset

this
\begin_inset Quotes grs
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes pld
\end_inset

Text
\begin_inset Quotes prd
\end_inset


\family default
 Use quotes like 
\begin_inset Quotes pld
\end_inset

this
\begin_inset Quotes prd
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes pls
\end_inset

this
\begin_inset Quotes prs
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

Text
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset


\family default
 Use quotes like 
\begin_inset Quotes fld
\end_inset

this
\begin_inset Quotes frd
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes fls
\end_inset

this
\begin_inset Quotes frs
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Labeling
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

\family sans
\begin_inset Quotes ald
\end_inset

Text
\begin_inset Quotes ard
\end_inset


\family default
 Use quotes like 
\begin_inset Quotes ald
\end_inset

this
\begin_inset Quotes ard
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes als
\end_inset

this
\begin_inset Quotes ars
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
These options affects what character the 
\family sans
"
\family default
 key produces.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
On the other hand, if you want to produce a plain text quote character,
 type 
\family sans
C-"
\family default
.
 This produces: 
\family typewriter
"
\family default
 in any cases.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Ligatures
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Typography ! Ligatures"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Ligatures | see{Typography}"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Ligatures"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It is standard typesetting practice to group certain letters together and
 print them as single characters.
 These groups are known as 
\emph on
ligatures
\emph default
.
 Since LaTeX knows about ligatures, your documents will contain them too
 in the output.
 Here are the standard ligatures:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
ff
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
fi
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
fl
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
ffi
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
ffl
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Some languages uses other ligatures if the document font supports them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes, you don't want a ligature in a word.
 While a ligature may be okay in the word, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

graffiti,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 it looks really weird in compound words, such as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

cufflink
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or the German 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Dorffest.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 To break a ligature, use 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Ligature\InsetSpace ~
Break.

\family default
 This changes 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

cufflinks
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

cuff\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
links
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Dorffest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Dorf\SpecialChar \textcompwordmark{}
fest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
LyX's Proper Names
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LyX ! Proper names"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:LyX's-Proper-Names"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You have surely noticed, that the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

LaTeX
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 appears always with characters in different size and height.
 LaTeX is the name of the program used by LyX and is therefore recognized
 as proper name when you type it in LyX as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

LaT
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

eX
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Note the order of the upper-and lowercase letters! LyX recognizes the following
 proper names:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
LyX The name of the game, write 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

L
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

yX
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to produce it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
TeX The program used by LaTeX, write 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

T
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

eX
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to produce it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
LaTeX The program used by LyX, write 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

LaT
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

eX
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to produce it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
LaTeX2e The actual version of LaTeX, write 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

LaT
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

eX2e
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to produce it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You might wonder why the LaTeX-version is 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

2
\begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 It's an old tradition in the TeX-world to give programs geek version numbers.
 For example the version number of TeX converges to the number 
\begin_inset Formula $\pi$
\end_inset

: The actual version is 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

TeX-3.141592
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, the previous one was 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

TeX-3.14159
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you don't want to use proper names, e.g.
 in section headings, you can insert two empty braces in ERT in the word.
 This will look in LyX like: 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/LaTeX.png

\end_inset


\newline
For more about ERT, look at section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:ERT"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Units
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Typography ! Units"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Generally the space between units and the number is smaller than the normal
 space between two words.
 As you can see in the example below, it looks better when the space is
 smaller.
 To get such a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

half space
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 for units use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Formatting\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Thin\InsetSpace ~
Space
\family default
 (shortcut 
\family sans
C-S-Space
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here's an example to show the differences:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
24\InsetSpace ~
kW
\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
\end_inset

h
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
space between number and unit
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
24\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
kW
\begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
\end_inset

h
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
half space between number and unit
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Widows and Orphans
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Typography ! Widows and orphans"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Widows"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the early days of word processors, page breaks went wherever the page
 happened to end.
 There was no regard for what was actually going on in the text.
 You may remember once printing out a document, only to find the heading
 for a new section printed at the very bottom of the page, the first line
 of a new paragraph all alone at the bottom of a page, or the last line
 of a paragraph at the top of a new page.
 These dangly-bits of text became known as 
\emph on
widows
\emph default
 and 
\emph on
orphans
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Clearly, LyX can avoid breaking pages after a section heading.
 That's part of the advantage of paragraph environments.
 But what about widows and orphans, where the page breaks leave one line
 of a paragraph all alone at the top or bottom of a page? There are rules
 built into LaTeX governing page breaks, and some of those rules are there
 to specifically prevent widows and orphans.
 This is the advantage LyX has in using LaTeX as its backend.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There's no way we can go into how TeX and LaTeX decide to break a page,
 or how you can tweak that behavior.
 Some LaTeX books listed in the bibliography [such as\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "latexcompanion"

\end_inset

 or\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "latexguide"

\end_inset

] may have more information.
 You will almost never need to worry about this, however.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Notes, Graphics, Tables, and Floats
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "cha:Floats-and-Notes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The issues of this chapter are described in detail in the 
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
 manual.
 There you'll also find tips and tricks for special cases.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Notes
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Notes"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Notes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX offers you a few types of notes to add to your document:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
LyX\InsetSpace ~
Note This note type is for internal notes that won't appear in the output.
\newline

\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Standard
This is text in a note box that doesn't appear in the output.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Comment This note also doesn't appear in the output but it appears as LaTeX-comm
ent, when you export the document to LaTeX via the menu 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
LaTeX (pdflatex) / (plain)
\family default
.
\newline

\begin_inset Note Comment
status open

\begin_layout Standard
This is text in a note box that only appears as comment in LaTeX-files.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Greyed\InsetSpace ~
Out This note will appear in the output as grey text.
\newline

\newline

\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard
This is text
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
This is an example footnote within a greyed out note.
 In this document the greyed out note color is redefined to blue.
 How this can be done is explained in the 
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 of a comment that appears in the output as grey text.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\newline

\newline
As you can see in the example, the first line of greyed out notes is a bit
 indented and greyed out notes can have footnotes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Framed This note will appear in the output as framed text.
 
\begin_inset Note Framed
status open

\begin_layout Standard
This is text in a note box that appears framed in the output.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 In contrary to framed boxes like the one in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:ERT-Boxes"

\end_inset

, the frame uses always the whole text width and the note is set into its
 own paragraph.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Shaded This note will appear in the output with red background color.
\begin_inset Note Shaded
status open

\begin_layout Standard
This text in a note box appears in the output with red background.
\end_layout

\end_inset

In contrary to colored boxes, the note uses always the whole text width
 and the note is set into its own paragraph.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Notes are inserted with the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/note-insert.xpm
        scale 85
        scaleBeforeRotation

\end_inset

 or the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Note
\family default
.
 Right-click on the appearing note box to select the note type.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Footnotes
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Footnotes"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Footnotes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX uses boxes to display footnotes: When you insert a footnote using the
 menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Footnote
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/footnote-insert.xpm

\end_inset

, 
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
you'll see
\family default
\series default
\bar default
 the following box: 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/footnoteQt4.png
        scale 80

\end_inset


\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
.
 This box is LyX's representation of your footnote.
 If you
\family default
\series default
\bar default
 left-click on 
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
foot
\family roman

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\family default
\series default
\bar default
 
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
label, the box will
\family default
\series default
\bar default
 be opened and you can enter the footnote text into it.
 Clicking on the box label again, will close 
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
the
\family default
\series default
\bar default
 box
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
.
 If you want to turn existing text into a footnote, simply mark it and click
 on the footnote
\family default
\series default
\bar default
 toolbar 
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no
button
\family default
\series default
\bar default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here's an example footnote:
\family roman
\series medium
\bar no

\begin_inset Foot
status open

\begin_layout Standard
To close a footnote, click on the red box at the top left.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The footnote will appear in the output as a superscript number at the text
 position where the footnote box is placed.
 The footnote text is placed at the bottom of the current page.
 The footnote number is calculated by LyX, the numbers are consecutive,
 no matter in which chapter the footnote is in.
 LyX doesn't support other numbering schemes yet, but you can get another
 scheme using special LaTeX-commands.
 T
\family roman
h
\family default
ey are described in the 
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Marginal Notes
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Marginal notes"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Marginal-Notes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Marginal notes look and behave just like footnotes in LyX.
 When you insert a margin note via the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Marginal\InsetSpace ~
Note
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/marginalnote-insert.xpm

\end_inset

, you'll see 
\family roman
\series medium
a
\family default
\series default
 grey 
\family roman
\series medium
box with a
\family default
\series default
 red 
\family roman
\series medium
label 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

margin
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 appearing within your text.
 This box is LyX's representation of your margin
\family default
\series default
al 
\family roman
\series medium
note.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
At the side is an example marginal note.
\family roman
\series medium

\begin_inset Marginal
status open

\begin_layout Standard
This is a marginal note.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Marginal notes appear at the right side in single-sided documents.
 In double-sided documents they appear in the outer margin -- left on even
 pages, right on odd pages.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Graphics and Images
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Images"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Graphics"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Graphics"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To insert an image in your document, place the cursor at the text position
 you want and click on the toolbar icon 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_graphics.xpm

\end_inset

 or select 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Graphics
\family default
 from the menu.
 Then a dialog will appear to choose the file to load.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This dialog has numerous mostly self-explanatory parameters.
 The 
\family sans
Graphics
\family default
 tab allows you to choose your image file.
 The appearance of the image inside LyX and in the output is adjusted separately.
 The image can be transformed by setting a rotation angle and a scaling
 factor.
 The scaling units are explained in Appendix\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cha:Units-available-in"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the tab 
\family sans
Clipping
\family default
 it is possible to set image coordinates to adjust the height and width
 of the image in the output.
 The coordinates can also be calculated automatically by pressing the button
 
\family sans
Get\InsetSpace ~
from\InsetSpace ~
file
\family default
.
 The option 
\family sans
Clip\InsetSpace ~
to\InsetSpace ~
bounding\InsetSpace ~
box
\family default
 will only print the image region within the given coordinates.
 Normally you don't need to take care about image coordinates and can ignore
 the tab 
\family sans
Clipping
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LaTeX experts can specify additional LaTeX options in the 
\family sans
Extras
\family default
 tab.
 You can also set the 
\family sans
Subfigure
\family default
 option here if the image is inside a figure float.
 This option is explained in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Figure-Floats"

\end_inset

.
 The option 
\family sans
Draft\InsetSpace ~
mode
\family default
 effects that the image don't appear in the output, only a frame with the
 image size is printed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The graphics dialog can be called at any time by right-clicking on an image.
 The image will appear in the output exactly at the position where it is
 in the text.
 This is an example image in the PDF format within a separate, horizontally
 centered paragraph: 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/mobius.eps
        display color
        scale 70
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you need image captions and want to reference images, you have to put
 the image into a float, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Figure-Floats"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Image Formats
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Image formats"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Image-Formats"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can insert images in any known file format.
 But as we explained in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Output-file-formats"

\end_inset

, every output document format allows only a few image formats.
 LyX uses therefore the program 
\family typewriter
Imagemagick
\family default
 in the background to convert the images to the right format.
 To increase your workflow by avoiding these conversions in the background,
 you can use only the image formats listed in the subsections of section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Output-file-formats"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Similar to fonts there are two types of image formats:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Bitmap\InsetSpace ~
images consist of pixel values, often in a compressed form.
 They are therefore not fully scalable and look pixeled in large zooms.
 Well-known bitmap image formats are 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Graphics Interchange Format
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (GIF, file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.gif
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

)
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "GIF|see{Image formats}"

\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Portable Network Graphics
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (PNG, file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.png
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

)
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "PNG|see{Image formats}"

\end_inset

, and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Joint Photographic Experts Group
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (JPG, file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.jpg
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.jpeg
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

)
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "JPG|see{Image formats}"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Scalable\InsetSpace ~
images consist of vectors and can therefore be scaled to any size
 without data loss.
 The scaling ability is necessary if you want to create presentations, because
 presentations are always scaled by the beamer.
 Scaling is also useful for online documents to let the user zoom into diagrams.
\newline
S
calable image formats can be 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Scalable Vector Graphics
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (SVG, file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.svg
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

)
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "SVG|see{Image formats}"

\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Encapsulated PostScript
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (EPS, file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.eps
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

)
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "EPS|see{Image formats}"

\end_inset

, and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Portable Document Format
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (PDF, file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
.pdf
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

)
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "PDF"

\end_inset

.
 We say it can be, because you can convert any bitmap image format to PDF
 or EPS and the result won't be scalable.
 In this cases only a header with the image properties is added to the original
 image
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
In the case of PDF, the original image is additionally compressed.
\end_layout

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Normally one can't convert a bitmap image into a scalable one, only vice
 versa.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Tables
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Tables"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Tables"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can insert a table using either the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/tabular-insert.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

 or the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Table
\family default
.
 A dialog will appear, asking you for the number of rows and columns.
 The default table has lines around any cell and the first row appears separated
 from the rest of the table.
 This separation appears due to a double line: The cells of the first row
 have a line below them and the cells of the second row have a line above
 them.
 Here's an example table:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="4">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
A
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\size normal
\noun off
\color none
 
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
C
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
The Table dialog
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can alter a table by clicking on it with the right mouse button, which
 brings up the table dialog.
 Here you can adjust the settings of the cell and row/column respectively
 where the cursor is placed currently.
 Most of the dialog options also work on selections.
 This means that if you select more cells, columns or rows the action is
 done on all of your selection.
 Note that there is a difference between selecting the 
\emph on
contents
\emph default
 of the cell, and the cell itself.
 If you can see a red border inside a cell, you only selected the cell content.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Additionally to the table dialog the 
\family sans
table\InsetSpace ~
toolbar
\family default
, that appears when the cursor is inside a table, helps you in setting table
 properties.
 It is for example currently only possible to add\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
/\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
delete lines via the table
 toolbar.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the tab 
\family sans
Table\InsetSpace ~
Settings
\family default
 of the table dialog you can set the alignment for the current row.
 If you add a row or column, it will be inserted right beside or below the
 current cell respectively.
 The vertical alignment of a column can only be adjusted when a column width
 is given.
 A given width will allow the cell to have linebreaks and multiple paragraphs
 of text, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Table-Cells"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can mark multiple cells of one row as a multicolumn cell using the check
 box 
\family sans
Multicolumn
\family default
.
 This will merge the cells to 
\emph on
one
\emph default
 cell, spread over more than one column.
 Multicolumn cells are treated as own rows, so that the alignment, width,
 and border settings affect only the multicolumn cell.
 Here's an example table with a multicolumn cell in the first row and one
 in the last row without the upper border:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="4">
<features firstHeadTopDL="true" firstHeadBottomDL="true">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0in">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
abc
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
def ghi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
jkl
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
A
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
B
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
C
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
D
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
4
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
At the moment LyX doesn't support multirow cells.
 Adept users can declare special LaTeX-arguments for the table.
 They are necessary for special table formatting, like for multirow cells,
 explained in the tables section of the 
\emph on
Extended\InsetSpace ~
Features
\emph default
 manual.
 You can also rotate the current cell or the whole table 90
\begin_inset Formula $\,$
\end_inset

degrees counterclockwise.
 These rotations are not visible in LyX but in the output.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 Most DVI-viewers are 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 able to display rotations.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Borders
\family default
 tab allows you to add and delete border lines for the current row/column.
 The button 
\family sans
Default
\family default
 adds lines for all cell borders.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Longtables
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Tables ! Longtables"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Longtables"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If the table is too long to fit on one page, you can use the option 
\family sans
Use\InsetSpace ~
long\InsetSpace ~
table
\family default
 in the tab 
\family sans
Longtable
\family default
 of the table dialog to split the table automatically over more pages.
 Doing this enables some check boxes and you can now define:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
Header
\family default
: The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options
 defined, are defined to be the header rows of all pages of the longtable;
 except for the first page, if 
\family sans
First\InsetSpace ~
header
\family default
 is defined.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
First\InsetSpace ~
header
\family default
: The current row and all rows above, that don't have any special options
 defined, are defined to be the header rows of the first page of the longtable.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
Footer
\family default
: The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options
 defined, are defined to be the footer rows of all pages of the longtable;
 except for the last page, if 
\family sans
Last\InsetSpace ~
footer
\family default
 is defined.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
Last\InsetSpace ~
footer
\family default
: The current row and all rows below, that don't have any special options
 defined, are defined to be the footer rows of the last page of the longtable.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also specify a row where the table is splitted.
 If you set more than one option in the same table row, you should be aware
 of the fact that only the first one is used in the given table row.
 The others will then be defined as 
\emph on
empty
\emph default
.
 In this context, first means first in this order: 
\family sans
Footer, Last\InsetSpace ~
footer,
\family default
 
\family sans
Header,
\family default
 
\family sans
First\InsetSpace ~
header.

\family default
 See the following longtable to see how it works:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="69" columns="3">
<features islongtable="true">
<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="5cm">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" endfirsthead="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Example Phone List (ignore the names)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" endfirsthead="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
NAME
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
TEL.
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" endhead="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
 
\series bold
Example Phone List
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" endhead="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
NAME
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
TEL.
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true" endfoot="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
 
\series bold
continue ...
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Annovi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Silvia
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Bertoli
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Stefano
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Bozzi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Walter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Cachia
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Maria
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Cachia
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Maurizio
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Cinquemani
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Giusi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Colin
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Bernard
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Concli
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Gianfranco
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Dal Bosco
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Carolina
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Dalpiaz
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Annamaria
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Feliciello
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Domenico
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Focarelli
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Paola
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Galletti
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Oreste
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Gasparini
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Franca
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Rizzardi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Paola
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Lassini
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Giancarlo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Malfatti
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Luciano
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Malfatti
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Valeriano
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Meneguzzo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Roberto
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Mezzadra
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Roberto
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Pirpamer
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Erich
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Pochiesa
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Paolo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111, 222
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Radina
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Claudio
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Stuffer
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Oskar
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Tacchelli
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Ugo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Tezzele
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Margit
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Unterkalmsteiner
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Frieda
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Vieider
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Hilde
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Vigna
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Jürgen
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Weber
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Maurizio
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Winkler
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Franz
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
111
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
 
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Annovi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Silvia
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Bertoli
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Stefano
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Bozzi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Walter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Cachia
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Maria
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Cachia
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Maurizio
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Cinquemani
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Giusi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Colin
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Bernard
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Concli
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Gianfranco
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Dal Bosco
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Carolina
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Dalpiaz
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Annamaria
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Feliciello
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Domenico
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Focarelli
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Paola
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Galletti
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Oreste
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Gasparini
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Franca
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Rizzardi
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Paola
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Lassini
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Giancarlo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Malfatti
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Luciano
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Malfatti
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Valeriano
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Meneguzzo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Roberto
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Mezzadra
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Roberto
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Pirpamer
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Erich
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Pochiesa
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Paolo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555, 222
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Radina
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Claudio
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Stuffer
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Oskar
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Tacchelli
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Ugo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Tezzele
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Margit
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Unterkalmsteiner
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Frieda
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Vieider
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Hilde
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Vigna
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Jürgen
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
999
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Weber
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Maurizio
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Winkler
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Franz
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
555
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true" endlastfoot="true">
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="block" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
End
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Table Cells
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Tables ! Cells"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Table-Cells"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A table cell can contain text, inline equations, a figure, or another table.
 All these kinds of objects can be placed in the same cell.
 Font sizes and shapes can also be altered.
 But you can't put a special environment in a cell (like 
\family sans
Section*
\family default
, etc.), nor set spacing options etc.
 for the cell's paragraph.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To have multi-line entries in table cells, you have to declare a fixed width
 for the column in the table dialog.
 Your text is then automatically split into multiple lines and the cell
 is enlarged vertically when the length of the text exceeds the given width.
 An example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="block" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="3cm">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
4
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
This is a multiline entry in a table.
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
5
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
6
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
This is longer now.
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
7
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
8
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
This is a multiline entry in a table.
 This is longer now.
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
9
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Cutting and pasting between tables and table cells works reasonably well.
 You can cut and paste even more than one row.
 Selection with the mouse or with 
\family sans
Shift
\family default
 plus the arrow keys works as usual.
 You can also copy and paste the entire table as a single unit by starting
 the selection from outside the table.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Floats
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Floats"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Floats"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A float is a block of text associated with some sort of label, which doesn't
 have a fixed location.
 It can 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

float
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 forward or backward a page or two, to wherever it fits best.
 
\family sans
Footnotes
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Margin\InsetSpace ~
Notes
\family default
 are also floats, because they can float to the next page when there are
 too much notes at the page.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Floats makes it possible to get a high quality layout.
 Images and tables can evenly be spread to the pages to avoid whitespace
 and pages without text.
 As the floating often destroys the context between the text and the image/table
, every float can be referenced in the text.
 Floats are therefore numbered.
 Referencing is described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To insert a float, use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Floats
\family default
.
 A box with a caption that has e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
g.\InsetSpace ~
the label 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Figure\InsetSpace ~
#:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (# is the actual number) will be inserted into your document.
 The label will automatically be translated to the document language in
 the output.
 Behind the label you can insert the caption text.
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Floats ! Captions"

\end_inset

 The image or table is inserted above or below the caption in a separate
 paragraph within the float.
 To keep your LyX-document readable, you can open and close the float box
 by left-clicking on the box label.
 A closed float box looks like this: 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/floatQt4.png
        scale 80

\end_inset

 -- a gray button with a red label.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It is recommended to insert floats as a separate paragraph to avoid possible
 LaTeX-errors that can occur when the surrounding text is specially formatted.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Float Types
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Figure Floats
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Floats ! Figure floats"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Figure-Floats"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Figure
\family default
 inserts a float with the label 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\series bold
Figure\InsetSpace ~
#:
\series default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Set the cursor behind this label, press enter and insert the image as described
 above to get the caption printed below the image.
 This is what we did for Figure\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cap:Platypus"

\end_inset

.
 If you want the caption to be above the image, set the cursor at the end
 of the caption, press enter and insert the image.
 This was done in Figure\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cap:Escher"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/platypus.eps
        display color
        width 50col%
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "cap:Platypus"

\end_inset

A severely distorted platypus in a float.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "cap:Escher"

\end_inset

M.C.
 Escher on acid.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/escher-lsd.eps
        display color
        scale 80
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This figure float show also how to set a label and create a cross-reference
 to it.
 As described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"

\end_inset

, you can simply insert a label in the caption using the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Label
\family default
 and refer to it using the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Cross-Reference
\family default
.
 It is important to use references to figure floats, rather than using vague
 references like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

the figure above
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, because as LaTeX will reposition the floats in the final document; it
 might not be 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

above
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 at all.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Normally one inserts only one image to a figure float, but sometimes you
 might want to use two images with separate subcaptions.
 This can be done in the graphics dialog: Right-click on an image and go
 to the tab 
\family sans
Extra\InsetSpace ~
options
\family default
 in the appearing dialog, use the option 
\family sans
Subfigure
\family default
, and enter the subcaption for the image in the now enabled caption field.
 Figure\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"

\end_inset

 is an example of a figure float with two images set side by side.
 You can also set the images one below the other.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\hfill

\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/escher-lsd.eps
        width 45col%
        subcaption
        subcaptionText "Undefinable structure"

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/platypus.eps
        lyxscale 60
        width 45col%
        subcaption
        subcaptionText "Platypus"

\end_inset


\hfill

\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "cap:Two-distorted-images"

\end_inset

Two distorted images.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that the caption is added to the 
\family sans
List\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
Figures
\family default
 as described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:ListsOf"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Table Floats
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Floats ! Table floats"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Table-Floats"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Table floats can be inserted using the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Table
\family default
.
 They have the same properties as figure floats except of the different
 label.
 Table\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cap:Table-float"

\end_inset

 is an example of a table float.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "cap:Table-float"

\end_inset

A table float.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
1
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
2
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
3
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Joe
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Mary
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Ted
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\int x^{2}dx$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
a & b\\
c & d\end{array}\right]$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $1+1=2$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Algorithm Floats
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Floats ! Algorithm floats"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This float type is inserted with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Algorithm
\family default
.
 It is used for program codes and descriptions of algorithms.
 A possible environment for algorithms is the 
\family sans
LyX-Code
\family default
, described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:LyX-Code"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 that the float label is not automatically translated into the document
 language.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 You have to do this manually by adding the following line
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
floatname{algorithm}{your\InsetSpace ~
name}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
to the document preamble (menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default
).
 
\series bold
your\InsetSpace ~
name
\series default
 is the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\emph on
algorithm
\emph default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in your language.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Text Wrap Floats
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Floats ! Text Wrap Floats"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:floatflt"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This float type is used if you want to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

wrap
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 text around a figure so that it only occupies some fraction of the column
 width.
 It can be inserted using the menu 
\begin_inset Wrap figure
placement l
width "40col%"
status open

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/mobius.eps
        display color
        width 40col%
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "cap:Wrapped-figure"

\end_inset

This is a wrapped figure, and this is the brilliant caption that describes
 it
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Text\InsetSpace ~
Wrap\InsetSpace ~
Float
\family default
 if the LaTeX-package 
\series bold
floatflt
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! floatflt"

\end_inset

 is installed.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Installing a LaTeX-package is explained it in the 
\emph on
LaTeX\InsetSpace ~
Configuration
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 The width and placement of the float is adjusted by right-clicking on the
 float box.
 Figure\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cap:Wrapped-figure"

\end_inset

 is an example Text\InsetSpace ~
wrap float with a width of 40
\begin_inset Formula $\,$
\end_inset

col%.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Available units are explained in Appendix\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cha:Units-available-in"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Some space was added under the caption to separate it better from the surroundi
ng text.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The LaTeX-package 
\series bold
floatflt
\series default
 also supports table wrap floats, but they are not yet supported by LyX.
 If you need this, read the documentation of 
\series bold
floatflt
\series default
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "floatflt"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 Text\InsetSpace ~
wrap float floats might be fragile! E.g.
 having a figure too close to the bottom of the page can mess things up
 in the way that the float doesn't appear in the output or that it is placed
 over some other text.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
The better solution is to use the LaTeX-package 
\series bold
wrapfig
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! wrapfig"

\end_inset

 instead of 
\series bold
floatflt
\series default
 but it is currently not supported by LyX.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

 In general:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Wrap floats should not be placed in paragraphs that run over a page break.
 That means that wrap floats should better be inserted to the exact place
 when the document is nearly ready and you are able to estimate where page
 breaks will appear.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Wrap floats should either be placed in an own paragraph before the paragraph
 where they should wrap into or within a paragraph.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Wrap floats in consecutive paragraphs may cause troubles, so assure that
 there is a text paragraph between them as separator.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Wrap floats are not allowed in section headings or tables.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Rotated Floats
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Rotated-Floats"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Floats ! Rotating"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Especially for wide tables you might have floats rotated.
 To rotate a whole float including the caption, right-click on the float-box
 and use the option 
\family sans
Rotate\InsetSpace ~
sideways
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Rotated floats are always placed on its own page (or column, when you have
 a two-column document).
 They are normally rotated so that you can read them from the outside margin
 (They are rotated to the left in a two-sided document when they are on
 a page with an even number).
 Forcing the rotation direction is explained in the 
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Referencing rotated floats is the same like for normal floats, the caption
 format is also the same: Table\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cap:Rotated-table"

\end_inset

 is an example of a rotated table float.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 Not all DVI-viewers are able to display rotated floats.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
wide false
sideways true
status open

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "cap:Rotated-table"

\end_inset

 Rotated table
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="1" columns="5">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
test
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
b
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
c
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
d
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
e
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Float Placement
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Float-Placement"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Floats ! Placement"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Right-clicking on a float-box opens a dialog where you can alter the placement
 options that LaTeX uses for positioning the float.
\newline
The option 
\family sans
Span\InsetSpace ~
columns
\family default
 is only useful for two-column documents: If you select it, the float will
 span across both columns on the page instead of being confined to just
 one.
\newline
The option 
\family sans
Rotate\InsetSpace ~
sideways
\family default
 is used to rotate floats, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Rotated-Floats"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can use one ore more of the following options in the float dialog to
 set the placement for a particular float when you uncheck the option 
\family sans
Use\InsetSpace ~
default\InsetSpace ~
placement
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Here\InsetSpace ~
if\InsetSpace ~
possible: try to place the float on the position where it is inserted
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Top\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
page: try to place the float on the top of the current page
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Bottom\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
page: try to place the float on the bottom of the current page
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Page\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
floats: try to place the float on an own page 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The order of the above option is 
\emph on
always
\emph default
 used by LaTeX.
 That means, if you use the default placement, LaTeX will first try out
 
\family sans
Here\InsetSpace ~
if\InsetSpace ~
possible
\family default
, then 
\family sans
Top\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
page
\family default
, and then the others.
 If you don't use the default, LaTeX will try only the checked options but
 in the same order.
 If none of the 4 placements are possible the procedure is internally repeated
 but it is tried to put the float on the following page.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By default, each options has its own rules:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Top\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
page
\family default
 only floats occupying less than 70\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
% of the page can be placed at the top
 of a page
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Bottom\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
page
\family default
: only floats occupying less than 30\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
% of the page can be placed at the bottom
 of a page.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Page\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
floats
\family default
: only if more than 50\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
% of the page are occupied by floats, several floats
 can be set together on a page.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you don't like these rules, you can ignore them by using the additional
 option 
\family sans
Ignore\InsetSpace ~
LaTeX\InsetSpace ~
rules
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes you might need, under all circumstances, a float to be placed
 exactly at the position where it is inserted.
 For this case you can use the option 
\family sans
Here\InsetSpace ~
definitely
\family default
.
 Use this option very rarely and only if the document is nearly ready to
 be printed.
 Because the float is then no longer able to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

float
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 when you change your document and this will often destroy the page layout.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are no placement options for text wrap floats, because they are always
 surrounded by the text of a certain paragraph.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For more details about float placements, have a look at LaTeX books like
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Minipages
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Minipages"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Minipages"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LaTeX provides a mechanism to produce essentially a page within a page,
 called minipage.
 Within a minipage, all the usual rules of indentation, line wrapping, etc.\InsetSpace ~
apply.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Minipages in LyX have their own collapsible box inserted via the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Box
\family default
.
 Right-clicking on the box allows you to alter the width of the minipage
 and its alignment within the page.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Box Frameless
position "t"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 1
inner_pos "t"
use_parbox 0
width "30col%"
special "none"
height "1pt"
height_special "totalheight"
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\shape italic
This is a minipage.
 The text is set in an italic style.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\shape italic
Minipages are often used for text in another language or text that needs
 another formatting.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset

If you place two minipages side-by-side, you can use 
\family sans
Horizontal Fills
\family default
 as described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Horizontal-Space"

\end_inset

:
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Box Frameless
position "t"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 1
inner_pos "t"
use_parbox 0
width "1.5in"
special "none"
height "1pt"
height_special "totalheight"
status open

\begin_layout Standard
This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text.
 This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\hfill

\begin_inset Box Frameless
position "t"
hor_pos "c"
has_inner_box 1
inner_pos "t"
use_parbox 0
width "1.5in"
special "none"
height "1pt"
height_special "totalheight"
status open

\begin_layout Standard
This is a minipage with some stupid dummy text.
 This dummy text is used to increase the size of the minipage.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When you right-click on a minipage box, you can change the box from a minipage
 to other box types.
 All box types and their settings are explained in detail in chapter 
\emph on
Boxes
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Mathematical Formulas
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Formulas | see{Math}"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "cha:Mathematical-Formulas"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Basic Math Editing
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Basics"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To create a math formula, you can just click on the toolbar icon 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/math-mode.xpm

\end_inset

.
 That will create a little blue rectangle, with purple markers around its
 corners.
 That blue rectangle is the formula itself; the purple markers indicate
 what level of nesting within the formula you are at.
 You can also choose a particular formula type to insert via the 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Math
\family default
 menu.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Editing the parameters of a formula and adding math constructs can be done
 with the 
\family sans
math\InsetSpace ~
toolbar
\family default
, that appears when the cursor is in a formula.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are two main types of formulas: Inline formulas appear within a text
 line, like this one:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This is a line with an inline formula 
\begin_inset Formula $A=B$
\end_inset

 in it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Displayed formulas appear outside the text like as they were in an own paragraph
, like this one:
\begin_inset Formula \[
A=B\]

\end_inset

You can only number and reference displayed formulas.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX supports also many LaTeX math commands.
 E.g.
 typing 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\series bold

\backslash
alpha
\series default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, followed by a space, in a formula will create the Greek letter 
\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
\end_inset

.
 So typing commands might sometimes be faster than using the 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Navigating in Formulas
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Navigating"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The best control over the cursor position within an existing formula is
 achieved with the arrow keys.
 LyX uses small rectangles to indicate places where something can be inserted.
 The arrow keys can be used to navigate between parts of a formula.
 Pressing 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 will leave a formula construct (a square root 
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2}$
\end_inset

, or parentheses 
\begin_inset Formula $\left(f\right)$
\end_inset

, or a matrix 
\begin_inset Formula $\left[\begin{array}{cc}
1 & 2\\
3 & 4\end{array}\right]$
\end_inset

).
 Pressing 
\family sans
Escape
\family default
 will leave the formula, placing the cursor after the formula.
 
\family sans
Tab
\family default
 can be used to move horizontally in a formula; for example, through the
 cells of a matrix or the positions in a multi-line equation.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Space
\family default
, printed in this document as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
This command will appear in the output as official character denoting the
 space character (visible space).
\end_layout

\end_inset

, seems to do nothing in a formula, since it does not add a space between
 characters, but it does exit a nested structure.
 For this reason, you have to be careful about using 
\family sans
Space
\family default
.
 For example, if you want 
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x+1}$
\end_inset

, type 
\series bold

\backslash
sqrt
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

2x+1
\series default
 and not 
\series bold

\backslash
sqrt
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

2x
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

+1
\series default
, since in the latter case only the 
\family typewriter

\begin_inset Formula $2x$
\end_inset


\family default
 will be under the square root sign: 
\begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{2x}+1$
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can leave many parts of a formula, like this matrix, partially filled
 in, such as:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
\lambda_{1}\\
 & \ddots\\
 &  & \lambda_{n}\end{array}\right)\]

\end_inset

If you leave a fraction only partially filled in, or a subscript with nothing
 in it, the results will be unpredictable, but most constructs don't mind.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Selecting Text
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can select text within a formula in two different ways.
 Place the cursor at one end of the string of text you want, and press 
\family sans
Shift
\family default
 and a cursor movement key to select text.
 It will be highlighted as with regular text selection.
 Alternatively, you can select text with the mouse in the usual way.
 That text can then be cut or copied, and then pasted within any formula,
 but not in a normal text region in LyX.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Exponents and Subscripts
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Exponents"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Subscripts"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can use the math panel to add super- or subscripts, but the much easier
 way is to use a command.
 To get 
\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}$
\end_inset

, type in a formula 
\series bold
x^2
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default
.
 The final 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 puts the cursor back down on the base line of the expression.
 If you type 
\series bold
x^2y
\series default
, you will get 
\begin_inset Formula $x^{2y}$
\end_inset

, to get 
\begin_inset Formula $x^{2}y$
\end_inset

, type 
\series bold
x^2
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

y
\series default
.
 If you use characters in the superscript, that could be accented with the
 hat 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

^
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, you have to use an extra 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 to separate the hat and the character.
 E.g.
 if you want 
\begin_inset Formula $x^{a}$
\end_inset

, type 
\series bold
x^
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

a
\series default
.
 Subscripts are similar: To get 
\begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$
\end_inset

, type 
\series bold
a_1
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Fractions
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Fractions"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Create a fraction with either the command 
\series bold

\backslash
frac
\series default
 or using the icon 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/math/frac.xpm
        scale 60

\end_inset

 in the 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
.
 You will be presented with an empty fraction.
 The cursor is above the fraction line.
 To move it to the bottom, simply press 
\family sans
Down
\family default
.
 To move back up, press 
\family sans
Up
\family default
.
 Any math structure can be placed in a fraction, as this example shows:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\left[\frac{1}{\left(\begin{array}{cc}
2 & 3\\
4 & 5\end{array}\right)}\right]\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Roots
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Roots"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Roots can be created using the 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
 button
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/math/sqrt.xpm

\end_inset

 or the commands 
\series bold

\backslash
sqrt
\series default
 or 
\series bold

\backslash
root
\series default
.
 With the command 
\series bold

\backslash
root
\series default
 you can produce roots of higher orders, like cube roots, while 
\series bold

\backslash
sqrt
\series default
 produces always a square root.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Operators with Limits
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Sums"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Integrals"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Operators-with-Limits"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sum (
\begin_inset Formula $\sum$
\end_inset

) and integral (
\begin_inset Formula $\int$
\end_inset

) operators are very often decorated with limits.
 These limits can be entered in LyX by entering them as you would enter
 a super- or subscript, directly after the symbol.
 The sum operator will automatically place its 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

limits
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 over and under the symbol in displayed formulas, and on the side in inline
 formulas.
 Such as 
\begin_inset Formula $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e$
\end_inset

, versus
\begin_inset Formula \[
\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}=e\]

\end_inset

Integral signs, however, will place the limits on the side in both formula
 types.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
All operators with limits will be automatically re-sized when placed in
 display mode.
 The placement of the limits can be changed by placing the cursor directly
 behind the operator and hitting 
\family sans
M-m l
\family default
 or using the menu 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Change\InsetSpace ~
Limits\InsetSpace ~
Type
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Certain other mathematical expressions have this 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

moving limits
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 feature as addition, such as
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Limits"

\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula \[
\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x),\]

\end_inset

which will place the 
\begin_inset Formula $x\rightarrow\infty$
\end_inset

 underneath the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

lim
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in display mode.
 In inline formulas it looks like this: 
\begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}f(x)$
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that the lim-function was entered as the function macro 
\series bold

\backslash
lim
\series default
.
 Have a look at section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Functions"

\end_inset

 for an explanation of function macros.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Math Symbols
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Symbols"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Most math symbols can be found in the 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
 under one of several categories; including 
\family sans
Greek
\family default
, 
\family sans
Operators
\family default
 , 
\family sans
Relations
\family default
, 
\family sans
Arrows
\family default
.
 There are also the additional symbols provided by the American Mathematical
 Society (AMS).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you know the LaTeX-command for a construct or symbol you wish to use,
 you don't have to use the 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
, but can type the command directly into the formula.
 LyX will convert it to the corresponding symbol or construct.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Altering Spacing
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Spaces"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Altering-Spacing"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You may want to create spaces that differs from the standard spacing that
 LaTeX provides.
 To do this, type 
\family sans
C-Space
\family default
 or to use the 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
 button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/math/space.xpm

\end_inset

.
 This generates a small space, and shows a small marker on the screen.
 Here a example for the sequence 
\series bold
a C-Space b
\series default
: 
\begin_inset Formula $a\, b$
\end_inset

 (appears in LyX as 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/SpaceMarker.png

\end_inset

).
 You can change the space to different sizes when you set the cursor behind
 the space marker and hit space again several times.
 With every space hit the size will be changed.
 Some markers for the space size appear red in LyX, because they are a negative
 spaces.
 Here two examples:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
a C-Space b
\series default
 and 3×
\family sans
Space
\family default
: 
\begin_inset Formula $a\quad b$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
a C-Space b
\series default
 and 5×
\family sans
Space
\family default
: 
\begin_inset Formula $a\! b$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Functions
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Functions"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Functions"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
 contains a number of functions, such as 
\begin_inset Formula $\sin$
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Formula $\lim$
\end_inset

, 
\emph on
etc
\emph default
.
 (you can also insert them in a formula by typing 
\series bold

\backslash
sin
\series default
 etc.).
 Standard mathematical practice is, that functions are printed upright to
 avoid confusions, because 
\begin_inset Formula $sin$
\end_inset

 does normally mean 
\begin_inset Formula $s·i·n$
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Using the function macros will also produce correct spacing around the function:
 
\begin_inset Formula $a\sin x$
\end_inset

 is different from 
\begin_inset Formula $asinx$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For some mathematical objects, like the limes, the macro changes the way
 that subscripts are placed, like described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Operators-with-Limits"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Accents
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Accents"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In a formula you can insert accented characters in the same way as in text
 mode.
 This may depend on your keyboard, or the bindings file you use.
 You can also use LaTeX commands to e.g.
 enter 
\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
\end_inset

 even if your keyboard doesn't have hat-accents enabled.
 Our example is entered by typing 
\series bold

\backslash
hat
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

a
\series default
 in a formula.
 Table\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cap:Accent-names-and"

\end_inset

 shows the equivalences between the accent names and the commands.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "cap:Accent-names-and"

\end_inset

Accent names and the corresponding commands.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="3">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Name
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Command
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
E
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
xample
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
circumflex
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
hat
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\hat{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
grave
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
grave
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\grave{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
acute
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
acute
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\acute{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
umlaut
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
ddot
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
tilde
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
tilde
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\tilde{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
dot
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
dot
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
breve
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
breve
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\breve{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
caron
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
check
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\check{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
macron
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
bar
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\bar{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
vector
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
vec
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\vec{a}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can choose one of the accents by selecting an item from the 
\family sans
Frame\InsetSpace ~
decorations
\family default
 symbol set in the math panel; this will apply to any selection you have
 made within a formula too.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Brackets and Delimiters
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Brackets"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Delimiters"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are several brackets available through LyX.
 For most purposes, using just the keys 
\family typewriter
[]{}()|<>
\family default
 should suffice.
 But if you want to surround a large structure, like a matrix or a fraction,
 or if you have several layers of brackets, is better using 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
's delimiter icon 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/math/delim.xpm

\end_inset

.
 For example, that's how you would construct the brackets around a standard
 matrix such as:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\left[\begin{array}{cc}
1 & 2\\
3 & 4\end{array}\right]\]

\end_inset

and to make it easier to see the layers of parentheses as in: 
\begin_inset Formula \[
\frac{1}{\left(1+\left(\frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{1}{1+x}\right)}\right)\right)}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The parentheses, and other brackets from that menu will automatically re-size
 to accommodate the size of what is inside.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To construct brackets click on the button for the bracket you want on the
 left side and right side.
 If you use the option 
\family sans
Keep\InsetSpace ~
matched
\family default
, the selected bracket type will be used for the left and the right side.
 The selection will be shown below the button field.
 If you want one side to not have a bracket, use the blank button.
 It will appear in LyX with a dotted line, but nothing will be printed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you want to place brackets around math structures, like a square root,
 you can do that by highlighting (selecting) the structure that is to go
 inside the brackets.
 Then choose the appropriate brackets for left and right and click on 
\family sans
Insert
\family default
.
 The parentheses will be drawn around the selected structure.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The next section explains how to insert a LaTeX 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

{
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 for grouping.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Grouping
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Grouping"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Grouping"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You may need to group a set of symbols.
 In LaTeX, for example, the typesetting of 
\family typewriter
{x^y}^z
\family default
 is different from 
\family typewriter
x^{y^z}
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula \[
{x^{y}}^{z}\quad\mathrm{differs\; from}\quad x^{y^{z}}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To create this grouping, you need to use the key sequence 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\series bold

\backslash
{
\series default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 then type space.
 Inside LyX, you will see red braces indicating the grouping.
 Within this braces you insert the grouped structure.
 The grouping braces won't appear in the output in contrary to normal braces.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Arrays and Multi-line Equations
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Arrays"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Matrices"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Multi-line Equations"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Matrices are entered in LyX using the 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
 matrix button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/math/matrix.xpm

\end_inset

.
 It will open a dialog for you to choose the number of rows/columns.
 Here is an example:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\left(\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 2 & 3\\
4 & 5 & 6\\
7 & 8 & 9\end{array}\right)\]

\end_inset

The parentheses aren't automatic, but you can add them as described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Brackets-and-Delimiters"

\end_inset

.
 When you construct the matrix, you can decide whether the column entries
 will be left-, right-, or center-justified.
 This alignment is set in the box 
\family sans
Horizontal
\family default
 with the letters 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
l
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
r
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
c
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 LyX proposes a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
c
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 for every column as default.
 For example, the sequence 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
lrc
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 means that the first column will be left-justified, the second will be
 centered, and the third column will be right-justified, because each letter
 corresponds to the relevant column.
 The result will look like this:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\begin{array}{lcr}
this & this\, column & this\, column\\
column & has & has\, right\\
has\, left\, alignment & center\, alignment & alignment\end{array}.\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can add more rows to an existing matrix by hitting 
\family sans
C-Enter
\family default
 while the cursor is in the matrix.
 Adding or deleting columns can be done via the menu 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Math
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are other arrays used in formulas, such as distinctions of cases.
 It can be created with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Cases\InsetSpace ~
Environment
\family default
 or the command 
\series bold

\backslash
cases
\series default
.
 Here an example: 
\begin_inset Formula \[
f(x)=\begin{cases}
-1 & x<0\\
0 & x=0\\
1 & x>0\end{cases}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset

Multi-line formulas are created when you press 
\family sans
\series medium
C-E
\series default
nter
\family default
 within a formula.
 In an empty formula you can see that three blue boxes appear, one for each
 column.
 When you press 
\family sans
\series medium
C-E
\series default
nter
\family default
 in a non-empty formula, the part before the relation sign (equal sign 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

=
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 etc.) will be inserted automatically to the first column, the relation sign
 is in the second column, and the rest in the third column.
 A new row is created by every further hit of 
\family sans
\series medium
C-E
\series default
nter
\family default
.
 Multi-line formulas are always displayed formulas.
 Here is an example:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
a^{2} & = & (b^{2}+c^{2})(b^{2}-c^{2})\nonumber \\
a & = & \sqrt{b^{4}-c^{4}}\label{eq:asquared}\end{eqnarray}

\end_inset

 To change the column assignment of the formula parts, place the cursor
 where you want to start the shift and hit 
\family sans
C-Tab.

\family default
 It shifts everything in the column which is right beside the current cursor
 position to the next column.
 Note that the middle column is designed for relation signs, structures
 within this column will be printed in a smaller size:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B} & \frac{A}{B}\end{eqnarray*}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The multi-line formula type described here is called 
\family typewriter
\series medium
eqnarray
\family default
\series default
.
 There are other multi-line types being more suitable for certain situations,
 for example if you want a better inter-line spacing than in formula (
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:asquared"

\end_inset

).
 The other types are described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:AMS-Formula-Types"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Formula Numbering and Referencing
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Formula numbering"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Referencing formulas"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Formula-Numbering-and"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To number a formula, set the cursor in the formula and use the menu 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Toggle\InsetSpace ~
Numbering
\family default
 or the shortcut 
\family sans
M-m\InsetSpace ~
n
\family default
.
 The formula number appears in LyX as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

#
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 within parentheses.
 The 
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

#
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 denotes, that the number will be calculated automatically when the output
 is generated.
 The placement and format of the formula number in the output depends on
 the document class.
 In this document the number is printed together with the chapter number,
 separated by a dot:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{equation}
1+1=2\end{equation}

\end_inset

Using 
\family sans
M-m\InsetSpace ~
n
\family default
 in a numbered formula will switch off the numbering.
 You can only number displayed formulas.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Multi-line formulas can be numbered line by line: Using the menu 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Toggle\InsetSpace ~
Numbering\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
Line
\family default
 or the shortcut 
\family sans
M-m\InsetSpace ~
N
\family default
 will only toggle the numbering of the line where the cursor is in:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
1 & = & 3-2\\
2 & = & 4-2\nonumber \\
4 & \leq & 7\end{eqnarray}

\end_inset

To number all lines use the shortcut 
\family sans
M-m\InsetSpace ~
n
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset

Every displayed formula can be referenced by its number using a label.
 A label is inserted with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Label
\family default
 when the cursor is in the formula.
 This opens a dialog to enter the label.
 It is recommended to use the proposed 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
eq:
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 as first part of the label, because this helps later to identify the label
 type when you have many labels in your document.
 We inserted in the following example the label 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

eq:tanhExp
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in the second line:
\begin_inset Formula \begin{eqnarray}
\tanh(x) & = & \frac{\sinh(x)}{\cosh(x)}\nonumber \\
 & = & \frac{\mathrm{e}^{2x}-1}{\mathrm{e}^{2x}+1}\label{eq:tanhExp}\end{eqnarray}

\end_inset

Every labeled line is automatically numbered.
 Therefore the label is shown in LyX at the place of the formula number
 placeholder 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

#
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 You can reference a labeled formula using the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Cross\InsetSpace ~
Reference
\family default
.
 A dialog appears to choose a label you want refer to.
 The reference appears in LyX as grey cross reference box and in the output
 as the formula number:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This is a cross-reference to equation (
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:tanhExp"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The properties of LyX's cross-reference box are described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"

\end_inset

.
 To delete a label, set the cursor in the labeled formula, use the menu
 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Label
\family default
 and delete the label in the appearing dialog.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
This is a unintuitive and will be fixed in the next version of LyX.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
User defined math macros
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Macros"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX allows you to define macros for formulas.
 For example we assume that solutions of the quadratic equation often occur
 in our document in various forms and we want to create a macro to print
 them.
\newline
The general form of a quadratic equation is:
\begin_inset Formula \[
0=\lambda^{2}+p\lambda+q\]

\end_inset

The general form of its solution is:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\lambda_{1,2}=-\frac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{p²}{4}-q}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The macro should print the parameters 
\begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Formula $p$
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Formula $q$
\end_inset

 like in the equation above.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A macro is created by executing the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
math-macro
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

Name
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

Number\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
Arguments
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
in the minibuffer at the bottom of the LyX screen.
 Name is the name of the new macro which mustn't contain numbers.
 The number of arguments can be a number in the range 1-9.
 If you want to define a macro without arguments, don't declare the number
 of arguments.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We have three arguments and name the macro 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

qE
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, so that the command is:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
math-macro
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

qE
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
spce 
\end_layout

\end_inset

3
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This results in the following macro definition box: 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/macrobox.png

\end_inset

 
\begin_inset FormulaMacro
\newcommand{\qE}[3]{#1_{1,\,2}=-\frac{#2}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{#2^{2}}{4}-#3}}
{\textrm{qE: }#1\textrm{ , }#2\textrm{ , }#3}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
The first box is an image to show the behavior in the output.
 The second one is the definition box, that doesn't appear in the output.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The first blue box is for the definition, where you insert the formula via
 the math panel or commands.
 The placeholder for the arguments are inserted as a backslash and sharp
 followed by the argument number, e.g.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\backslash
#1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 for the first argument.
 Placeholders will be displayed in red.
 The second blue box is for the appearance in LyX.
 This is useful when you have a large structure that shouldn't be displayed
 in LyX with its full size.
 If you want to see the macro as it is defined, leave the box blank.
 In our example we insert the sequence
\newline

\series bold
qE: 
\backslash
#1
\series default
 
\series bold
,
\series default
 
\series bold

\backslash
#2
\series default
 
\series bold
,
\series default
 
\series bold

\backslash
#3
\newline

\series default
The macro will then be shown as the macro name followed by the three arguments.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To use the macro in a formula, type its name as command, in our case 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\series bold

\backslash
qE
\series default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 The macro is inserted with boxes for the arguments looking similar to this:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/macrouse.png

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The arguments are inserted in the blue boxes.
 If the cursor is outside the macro, the arguments are put in the macro.
 To change the arguments, put the cursor in the formula before or after
 the macro and press the right or left arrow key respectively.
 The arguments appear now again below the macro definition.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you change the macro definition all macros are changed automatically
 to the new definition.
 Here an example of our macro with the arguments 
\begin_inset Formula $x$
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Formula $\ln(x)$
\end_inset

, and 
\begin_inset Formula $B$
\end_inset

:
\begin_inset Formula \[
\qE{x}{\ln(y)}{B}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When the document is exported to LaTeX, the macro definition will be inserted
 as the command:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
newcommand{
\backslash
qE}[3]{#1_{1,
\backslash
,2}=-
\backslash
frac{#2}{2}
\backslash
pm
\newline

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
hphantom{
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
newcommand
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\backslash
sqrt{
\backslash
frac{#2^{2}}{4}-#3}}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The command is not inserted in the document preamble.
 That means you can only use macros in formulas that are below the macro
 definition box in your document.
 There are also some other restrictions: The command 
\backslash
newcommand supports optional arguments, which are not available in LyX's
 macros.
 You can also not change subsequently the name of the macro and the number
 of arguments.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Fine-Tuning
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Typefaces
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Typefaces"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The standard font for text is italic, for numbers the standard is roman.
 To set a font in a formula, use the 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
 button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/math/font.xpm

\end_inset

, or enter its command, listed in table\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cap:Typefaces-and-the"

\end_inset

, directly.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "cap:Typefaces-and-the"

\end_inset

Typefaces and the corresponding commands.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Font
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Command
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\shape up
\size normal
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Roman}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
mathrm
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbf{Bold}}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
mathbf
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathit{Italic}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
mathit
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\shape up
\size normal
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{Typewriter}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
mathtt
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{\mathbb{BLACKBOARD}}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
mathbb
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{Fraktur}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
mathfrak
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\shape up
\size normal
\emph on
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{CALLIGRAPHIC}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
mathcal
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{SansSerif}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
mathsf
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 that you can only print capital letters in the typefaces 
\family sans
Blackbold
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Calligraphic
\family default
.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When you use a typeface, a blue box is inserted in the formula.
 Every character in this box will be printed in this typeface.
 Pressing 
\family sans
Space
\family default
 within the box, will set the cursor outside, so that you have to use a
 protected space when you need a space in the box.
 Here an example where a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

N
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in 
\family sans
Blackbold
\family default
 denotes the set of numbers:
\begin_inset Formula \[
f(x)=\sqrt{x}\:;\: x\in\mathbb{N}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The typefaces are nestable, which can cause confusion.
 You can e.g.
 put a character in 
\family sans
Fraktur
\family default
 in a box for 
\family sans
Typewriter
\family default
: 
\begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{abc\mathfrak{d}e}$
\end_inset

 
\newline
So better don't use this feature.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The typefaces have no effect on Greek letters: 
\begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{abc\delta e}$
\end_inset


\newline
You can only print them emboldened using the command 
\series bold

\backslash
boldsymbol
\series default
, which works like the other typeface commands: 
\begin_inset Formula $\alpha\beta\gamma\boldsymbol{\alpha\beta\gamma}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
boldsymbol
\series default
 works for all symbols, letters, and numbers.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A number of other font options are available as well, in the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Font\InsetSpace ~
Change
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Math Text
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Text"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Typefaces are useful for entering some characters in some given font, but
 not for text.
 For typing longer pieces of text use the math text, which is obtained using
 the entry 
\family sans
Normal\InsetSpace ~
text\InsetSpace ~
mode
\family default
 of the 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panel
\family default
 button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/math/font.xpm

\end_inset

 (alternatively the shortcut 
\family sans
M-m\InsetSpace ~
m
\family default
).
 Math text appears in LyX in black instead of blue.
 You can use spaces and accents in math text like in normal text.
 Here is an example:
\begin_inset Formula \[
f(x)=\begin{cases}
x & \textrm{if I say so}\\
-x & \textrm{unter Umständen}\end{cases}\]

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Font Sizes
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Font sizes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are four font styles (relative sizes) used in math-mode, which are
 automatically chosen in most situations.
 These are called 
\family sans
textstyle
\family default
, 
\family sans
displaystyle
\family default
, 
\family sans
scriptstyle
\family default
, and 
\family sans
scriptscriptstyle
\family default
.
 For most characters, 
\family sans
textstyle
\family default
 and 
\family sans
displaystyle
\family default
 are actually the same size, but fractions, superscripts and subscripts,
 and certain other structures, are set larger in 
\family sans
displaystyle
\family default
.
 Except for some operators, which resize themselves to accommodate various
 situations, all text will be set in the styles as LaTeX thinks is appropriate.
 These choices can be overridden by using the math panel button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/math/style.xpm

\end_inset

.
 A box for the size will be created in which you can insert the math structure.
 For example, you can set 
\begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
\end_inset

, which is normally in 
\family sans
textstyle
\family default
, larger in 
\family sans
displaystyle
\family default
: 
\begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}$
\end_inset

.
 The four styles are used in the following example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $displaystyle$
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle textstyle}$
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle scriptstyle}$
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle scriptscriptstyle}$
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
All these math-mode font sizes are relative, that means, if the whole math
 inset is set in a particular size with the menu 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Text\InsetSpace ~
Style
\family default
, all sizes in the formula will be adjusted relative to this size.
 Similarly, if the base font size of the document is changed, all fonts
 will be adjusted to correspond.
 As example a formula in the font size 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

largest
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\size largest
\begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{e}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n!}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
AMS-LaTeX
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "AMS math"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! AMS"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX supports the packages provided by the American Mathematical Society
 (AMS) that are in common use.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Enabling AMS-Support
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Selecting the checkbox 
\family sans
Use\InsetSpace ~
AMS\InsetSpace ~
math\InsetSpace ~
package
\family default
 in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Settings"

\end_inset

 dialog under 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Options
\family default
 will include the AMS-packages in the document, and make the facilities
 available.
 AMS is needed for many math-constructs, so when you get LaTeX-errors in
 formulas, assure that you have enabled AMS.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
AMS-Formula Types
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:AMS-Formula-Types"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Math ! Multi-line Equations"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
AMS-LaTeX provides a selection of different formula types.
 LyX allows you to choose between 
\family typewriter
align
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
alignat
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
flalign
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
gather
\family default
, and 
\family typewriter
multline
\family default
.
 We refer to the AMS-documentation for an explanation of these formula types.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
More Tools
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Cross-References
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Cross references"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Cross-References"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
One of LyX's strengths are cross-references.
 You can reference every section, float, footnote, formula, and list in
 the document.
 To reference a document part, you have to insert a label into it.
 The label is used as anchor and name for the reference.
 We want for example refer to the the second item of the following list:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
First item
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "enu:Second-item"

\end_inset

Second item
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Third item
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
First we insert a label into the second item with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Label
\family default
 or the by pressing the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/label-insert.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

.
 A grey label box like this: 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/labelQt4.png
        scale 85

\end_inset

 is inserted and the label window pops up asking for the label text.
 LyX offers as text the first words of the item with a prefix, in our case
 the text 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
enu: Second-item
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 The prefix 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
enu:
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 stands for 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

enumerate
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 The prefix depends on the document part where the label is inserted, e.g.
 if you insert a label to a section heading, the prefix will be 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
sec:
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To reference the item, we refer to its label using the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Cross-Reference
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.xpm
        scale 85

\end_inset

.
 A grey cross-reference box like this: 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/referenceQt4.png
        scale 85

\end_inset

 is inserted and the cross-reference window appear showing all labels of
 the document.
 We can now sort the labels alphabetically and then choose the entry 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
enu:Second-item
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 At the position of the cross-reference box the item number will appear
 in the output.
 Here is our cross-reference:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Item\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "enu:Second-item"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It is recommended to use a protected space
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Protected-Space"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

 between the cross-reference name and its number to avoid ugly linebreaks
 between them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are six varieties of cross-references:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
<reference>: prints the float number, this is the default: 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
(<reference>): prints the float number within two parentheses, this is the
 style normally used to reference formulas, especially when the reference
 name 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Equation
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is omitted: 
\begin_inset LatexCommand eqref
reference "eq:tanhExp"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
<page>: prints the page number: Page\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand pageref
reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
on\InsetSpace ~
page\InsetSpace ~
<page>: prints the text "on page" and the page number: 
\begin_inset LatexCommand vpageref
reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
<reference>\InsetSpace ~
on\InsetSpace ~
page\InsetSpace ~
<page>: prints the float number, the text "on page", and
 the page number: 
\begin_inset LatexCommand vref
reference "cap:Two-distorted-images"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Formatted\InsetSpace ~
reference: prints a self defined cross-reference format.
\newline

\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 This feature is only available when you have the LaTeX-package 
\series bold
prettyref
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! prettyref"

\end_inset


\series default
 installed.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that the style <page> won't print the page number if the label is on
 the previous, the same, or the next page.
 You will e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
g.\InsetSpace ~
see the text 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
on this page
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 instead.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The number and current page of the referred document part in the output,
 is automatically calculated by LaTeX.
 The varieties are adjusted in the field 
\family sans
Format
\family default
 of the cross-reference window, that appear when you click on the cross-referenc
e box.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can only use the style 
\family sans
<reference>
\family default
 to reference numbered document parts, while the reference style 
\family sans
<page>
\family default
 is always possible.
 Note that the style <page> won't print the page number if the label is
 on the previous, same, or next page.
 You will e.g.
 see the text 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
on this page
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 instead.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you want to reference a section, put the label in the section heading,
 to reference a float, put the label in the caption.
 For footnotes you can put the label somewhere in it.
 Referencing formulas is explained in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Formula-Numbering-and"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The button 
\family sans
Go\InsetSpace ~
to\InsetSpace ~
Label
\family default
 in the cross-reference window sets the the cursor before the referred label.
 The button text changes then to 
\family sans
Go\InsetSpace ~
Back
\family default
 and you can use it to set the cursor back to the cross-reference.
 Right-clicking on a cross-reference box also sets the cursor before the
 referred label but without a possibility to go back.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can change labels at any time by clicking on the label box.
 References to the changed label will automatically change its link to the
 new label text, so that you don't need to take care about this.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If a cross-reference refers to a non-existing label, you'll see two question
 marks in the output instead of the reference.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
References are described in detail in the 
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Table of Contents and other Listings
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Table of contents"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Outline"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:toc"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Table of Contents and Outline
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Table-of-Contents"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Table of Contents (TOC) is inserted with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
List/TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Table\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
Contents
\family default
.
 Is is displayed in LyX as a gray box.
 If you click on it, the TOC window appears, showing you the TOC entries.
 You can jump to a document part by clicking on an entry.
 Thus you can use this window as graphical alternative for the 
\family sans
Navigate
\family default
 menu.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The TOC lists every numbered section automatically.
 If you have declared a short title for a section heading, as described
 in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Short-Titles"

\end_inset

, it will be used in the TOC instead of the section heading.
 Section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Numbering-depth"

\end_inset

 describes how the level is adjusted that defines which section types are
 listed in the TOC.
 You can also adjust the level for the displayed sections in the TOC window
 using the grey fader at the bottom of the window.
 Unnumbered sections are not listed in the TOC.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can use the TOC window also as outline to move and rearrange sections
 in your documents.
 The TOC window therefore also appears when you use the menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Outline
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
List of Figures, Tables and Algorithms
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:ListsOf"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Table, figure, and algorithm lists are very much like the table of contents.
 You can insert them via the 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
List\InsetSpace ~
/\InsetSpace ~
TOC
\family default
 submenus.
 The list entries are the float captions and the float number.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
URLs (Uniform Resource Locators)
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "URLs"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:URL"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It is often desirable to include long 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

verbatim
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 items in a document such as Web site URLs, e-mail addresses, etc.
 These things typically do not contain any spaces and are thus difficult
 to typeset properly.
 Such items will often fall on a line boundary if they cannot be split,
 resulting in an overfull line.
 To avoid this, use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
URL
\family default
 to enter a long URL and have it split gracefully, if necessary.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The URL dialog has two fields; the URL field and the 
\family sans
Name
\family default
 field for the URL description, which will be typeset as plain text immediately
 before the URL.
 Here an example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand url
name "LyX-Homepage"
target "http://www.lyx.org"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\series bold
Important notes
\series default
:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
When you use the following characters: "%", "#", "^", you have to write
 them with a backslash before, e.g.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\backslash
#
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
URLs must not end with a backslash!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Appendices
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Appendix"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Appendices"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Appendices are created with the menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Start\InsetSpace ~
Appendix\InsetSpace ~
Here
\family default
.
 This menu sets the document from the current cursor position to the end
 as appendix region.
 The region is marked with a red borderline.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Every chapter (or section) within the appendix region is treated as an appendix,
 numbered with a capital Latin letter.
 The appendix subsections are numbered with this letter followed by a dot
 and the subsection number.
 All appendix sections can be referenced as if they were normal sections,
 here two examples:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Appendix\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cha:Credits"

\end_inset

; Appendix\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Export"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Bibliography"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Bibliography"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are two ways of generating the bibliography in a LyX-document.
 You can include a bibliography database
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Known under the name 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

BibTeX-database
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

, which is explained in the next subsection or you can insert the bibliography
 manually.
 For the second method we use the paragraph environment 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
, described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Biblio_environment"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Within the 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 environment, every paragraph begins with a gray bibliography box labeled
 with a number.
 If you click on it, you will get a dialog in which you can set a 
\family sans
Key
\family default
 and a 
\family sans
Label
\family default
.
 The key is the symbolic name by which you will refer to this bibliography
 entry.
 For example, our second entry in the bibliography is a book about LaTeX
 and we used 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

latexcompanion
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, a short form of its title, as key.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can refer to the key of a bibliography entry using the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Citation
\family default
 or the toobar button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_citation.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset

.
 A citation reference box is inserted and a citation window will appear
 in which you can select one or more keys in the available key list.
 The citation reference box will be labeled with the referenced key.
 When you click on the box, the citation window appears and you can change
 the reference.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Citation references appear in the output as number of the bibliography entry
 with surrounding brackets.
 If you set a 
\family sans
Label
\family default
 for the entry, the label will appear instead of the number.
 Here two examples; the first without a label, the second with the label
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Credits
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Have a look at the 
\family sans
LaTeX Companion Second Edition
\family default
: 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "latexcompanion"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The LyX-Team members are listed in the Credits: 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "lyxcredit"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Bibliography databases (BibTeX)
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Bibliography ! Databases"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Bibliography ! BibTeX"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Bibliography-databases"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Bibliography databases are useful if you use the same bibliography in different
 documents.
 It makes it also very easy to have an uniform layout for all bibliography
 entries.
 You can collect the bibliography of all relevant books and articles of
 your working field in a database.
 This database can be used for different documents, because only the referenced
 entries of the database will appear in the bibliography list.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The database is a text file with the file extension 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
.bib
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 containing the bibliography in a special format.
 The format is explained in LaTeX books (
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "Mittelbach,Kopka,Lamport"

\end_inset

).
 Normally one uses a special program to create and edit entries of the database.
 Under
\newline
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand url
target "http://wiki.lyx.org/BibTeX/Programs"

\end_inset


\newline
you find a list of programs for bibliography databases.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To use a database, use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
List
\family default
/
\family sans
TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
BibT
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

eX\InsetSpace ~
Bibliography
\family default
.
 A grey box will be inserted and a window appears.
 In this window you can load one or more databases and a style file.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The style file is a text file with the file extension
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset


\family sans
.bst
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 that declares the layout of all bibliography entries.
 Many publishers provide special style files, so that you don't have to
 take care of the layout.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserting a citation reference works like described above.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To generate the bibliography from a database, the program BibTeX is used
 by LyX.
 This program can be controlled with options that you can add in LyX's preferenc
es dialog under 
\family sans
Outputs
\family default
, 
\family sans
LaT
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

eX
\family default
 in the field 
\family sans
BibT
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

eX\InsetSpace ~
command
\family default
.
 Before adding options, it is strongly recommended to read the manual of
 
\family sans
BibTeX
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We use two bibliographies in this document to show the difference between
 the two methods of creating them.
 As you can see, the bibliography that is created from a database lists
 only the database entries that are referenced in the document.
 We used the style file 
\family sans
alphadin.bst
\family default
 to get the complicated German reference key scheme in the bibliography.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Bibliography layout
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Bibliography ! Layout"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the citation reference dialog you can set a special citation format.
 For this feature you need to use the option 
\family sans
Natbib
\family default
 enabled in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Settings"

\end_inset

 dialog under 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
.
 Setting a citation style for a reference will overwrite the default.
 For the global citation format use the BibTeX style files as explained
 in the previous section.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also set text, that should appear before or after a citation reference,
 in the citation reference window.
 Here an example where we set the text 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Chapter\InsetSpace ~
3
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to appear after the reference:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Have a look at 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
after "Chapter 3"
key "latexcompanion"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Index
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Index generation"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Index"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
An index entry is created if you place the cursor behind the word or phrase
 that should appear in the index and then use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Index\InsetSpace ~
Entry
\family default
 or the toobar button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/index-insert.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset

.
 A gray box labeled 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
Idx
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is inserted and a window pops up asking for the index entry.
 LyX propose the word before the cursor as entry.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 The index entry text field differs from all other text fields, because
 you have to insert valid LaTeX-code.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Therefore you cannot insert
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Find & Replace
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
to an index entry field, because the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

&
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 character is used in LaTeX to separate table columns so that you will get
 LaTeX-errors.
 The correct entry is
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Find 
\backslash
& Replace
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This behavior is necessary because index entries can be formatted in many
 ways using special LaTeX commands.
 We give a short overview of the index command in the next subsections.
 For a detailed description of LaTeX's index mechanism, have a look at one
 of the LaTeX books 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can change index entries by clicking on the index box.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The index list is inserted to the document with the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
List\InsetSpace ~
/\InsetSpace ~
TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Index\InsetSpace ~
List
\family default
.
 A light blue box labeled 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
Index
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 will show the place where the index is printed in the output.
 The index list box is not clickable like other LyX-boxes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Grouping Index Entries
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Index ! Grouping"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Index entries are often grouped to offer the reader a fast search in the
 index.
 We want to group for example the index entries for itemized and enumerated
 lists under the entry 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Lists
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 First we create the entry 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Lists
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Lists"

\end_inset

.
 In the text field for the itemized list index entry in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Itemize"

\end_inset

, we insert the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Lists ! Itemize
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
and the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Lists ! Enumerate
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
for the enumerated list in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Enumerate"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The exclamation mark 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 marks the grouping levels.
 You can have three levels; every index level is indented a bit more.
 An index entry for the higher levels is not required.
 If we don't have an index entry for 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Lists
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, it will be printed anyway, but without a page number.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Page Ranges
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Index ! Page ranges"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Normally an index entry will appear with the page number of the indexed
 section.
 But sometimes you want to index more pages under the same entry.
 E.g if we want to index the paragraph environments, we create an index entry
 in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Paragraph-Environments"

\end_inset

 with the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Paragraph environments|(
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
and another entry at the end of section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:LyX-Code"

\end_inset

 with the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Paragraph environments|)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The commands 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\series bold
|(
\series default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\series bold
|)
\series default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 respectively starts and ends the index range.
 You can also add the same index entry at different places in the document.
 They appear in the output under one entry with a comma separated list of
 the pages of the indexed document parts.
 An example is the index entry 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Document ! Settings
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Cross referencing
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Index ! Cross referencing"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It is also possible to refer to another index entry.
 We referred for example in the index entry 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

GIF
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 (in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Image-Formats"

\end_inset

) to the index entry 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Image formats
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in the same section using the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
GIF|see{Image formats}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The text within the braces is the referenced entry.
 The reference will appear in the output without a page number.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Index Entry Order
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Index ! Entry order"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can use accented characters in the index entry, but the entries might
 then not follow the rules for the index order.
 The index entries are sorted alphabetically, but LaTeX
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
The index generating is done in the background by an extra program, see
 section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Index-Program"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 doesn't know how to sort accents in different languages.
 We created as example the three dummy index entries 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

maison
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

maïs
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

maître
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Dummy entries ! maïs"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Dummy entries ! maître"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Dummy entries ! maïs@maison"

\end_inset

 They will be sorted in the order maïs, maître, maison, but we want the
 order maïs, maison, maître.
 To achieve this, we use the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
previous entry@current entry
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In our case we want to have 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

maison
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 after 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

maïs
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and write therefore for the index entry of maison:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
maïs@maison
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The previous entry needn't to be a real existing entry, you can also use
 another word to tell LaTeX the entry order, see the next subsection for
 an example.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Index Entry Layout
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Index ! Entry layout"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can insert entries together with LaTeX-commands for the layout.
 If you need for example an italic entry, you can write
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
textit{This is an italic entry}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
where the command 
\series bold

\backslash
textit
\series default
 produces the italic layout.
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Dummy entries ! This@\\textit{This is an italic entry}"

\end_inset

 We refer to LaTeX books (
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "latexcompanion,latexguide,latexbook"

\end_inset

) for an overview of layout commands.
 There is only the problem, that layout commands destroy the sorting order.
 To avoid that our index entry appears as the first one, we use the following
 command instead:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
This@
\backslash
textit{This is an italic entry}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also format the page number using the character 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

|
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 followed by a LaTeX-command without a backslash.
 We can write for example
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
old-style page number:|oldstylenums
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
to get the page number in an old-style layout.
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Dummy entries ! old-style page number:|oldstylenums"

\end_inset

 Normally all LaTeX-commands begin with a backslash, but in this special
 case 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\series bold
|command
\series default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 means 
\series bold

\backslash
command{page\InsetSpace ~
number}
\series default
.
 Have a look at section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax"

\end_inset

 to learn more about the LaTeX-syntax.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also change the layout for the whole index.
 E.g.
 we marked the index list box of this document as bold to get a bold font
 for all index entries.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Index Program
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Index ! Program"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Index-Program"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX uses for the index generation by default the program 
\family sans
makeindex
\family default
.
 This programs can be controlled by options that can be set in LyX's preferences
 dialog under 
\family sans
Outputs
\family default
, 
\family sans
LaT
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

eX
\family default
 in the field 
\family sans
Index\InsetSpace ~
command
\family default
.
 You can also specify there another program to generate the index, for example
 
\family sans
xindy
\family default
.
 Before you change something there, it is strongly recommended to read the
 manuals of the programs.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Nomenclature / Glossary 
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Nomenclature"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Glossary|see{Nomenclature}"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Nomenclature"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes you need to compile a list of symbols that are mentioned in your
 document with a brief explanation of them -- a so called nomenclature or
 glossary.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To be able to create nomenclatures, you need the LaTeX package 
\series bold
nomencl
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! nomencl"

\end_inset


\series default
 installed.
 You find it in the TeX Catalogue, 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "TeXCatalogue"

\end_inset

 or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A nomenclature entry is created if you place the cursor after a symbol entry
 and then use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator

\family default
N
\family sans
omenclature\InsetSpace ~
Entry
\family default
 or the toobar button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/nomencl-insert.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset

.
 A gray box labeled 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
Nom
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is inserted and a window pops up asking for the nomenclature entry.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A nomenclature entry consists of two main entries.
 The first is the symbol that you want to refer to.
 The second is the description of the symbol.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 Like for the index entry dialog, you have to enter valid LaTeX-code for
 all fields of the nomenclature dialog.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Nomenclature Definition and Layout
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Nomenclature ! Layout"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When you have symbols in formulas, you have to define them in the 
\family sans
Symbol
\family default
 field as LaTeX-formula.
 For example to get 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, insert this:
\newline

\series bold
$
\backslash
sigma$
\newline

\series default
The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

$
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 character hereby starts/ends the formula.
 The LaTeX-command for the Greek letter is the name of the letter beginning
 with a backslash 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\backslash

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 For capital Greek letters, start the command also with a capital letter,
 like 
\series bold

\backslash
Sigma
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
(A short introduction to the LaTeX-syntax is given in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax"

\end_inset

.)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You cannot use the 
\family sans
Text\InsetSpace ~
Style
\family default
 dialog to format the description text but have to use LaTeX-commands.
 For example the description of the nomenclature entry for the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 in this document is:
\newline

\series bold
dummy entry for the character 
\backslash
textsf{sigma}
\series default

\newline
The command 
\series bold

\backslash
textsf
\series default
 sets the fonts to 
\family sans
sans\InsetSpace ~
serif
\family default
.
 To get 
\series bold
bold
\series default
 font use the command 
\series bold

\backslash
textbf
\series default
, for 
\family typewriter
typewriter
\family default
 use 
\series bold

\backslash
texttt
\series default
, for 
\emph on
emphasized
\emph default
 use 
\series bold

\backslash
emph
\series default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Sort Order of Nomenclature Entries
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Nomenclature ! Sort order"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The nomenclature entries are sorted alphabetically by the LaTeX-code of
 the symbol definition.
 This leads to undesired results when you for example have symbols in formulas.
 Suppose you have nomenclature entries for the symbols 
\emph on
a
\begin_inset LatexCommand nomenclature
symbol "a"
description "dummy entry for the character \"a\"\\nomnorefpage"

\end_inset


\emph default
 and 
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand nomenclature
prefix "sigma"
symbol "$\\sigma$"
description "dummy entry for the character \\textsf{sigma}"

\end_inset

.
 They will be sorted by 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
a
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family typewriter
$
\backslash
sigma$
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 -- the 
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset

 will be sorted before the 
\emph on
a
\emph default
 since the character 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

$
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is considered in sorting.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To control the sort order, you can edit the 
\family sans
Sort\InsetSpace ~
as
\family default
 field of the nomenclature dialog.
 Then the nomenclature entry will be sorted by this entry and not the symbol
 definition.
 For the given example, you can insert 
\family typewriter
sigma
\family default
 to this field for the 
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset

, then 
\emph on
a
\emph default
 will be located before 
\begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For subgrouping and tips for using sort entries see the 
\series bold
nomencl
\series default
 documentation, 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "nomencl"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Nomenclature Options
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Nomenclature ! Options"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\series bold
nomencl
\series default
 package offers some options to adjust the appearance of the nomenclature.
 Here are some of its options, for more have a look at its documentation:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
refeq Appends the phrase 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
, see equation (
\emph on
eq
\emph default
)
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to every nomenclature entry, where 
\family sans
\emph on
eq
\family default
\emph default
 is the number of the last equation in front of the nomenclature entry
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
refpage Appends the phrase 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
, page (
\emph on
page
\emph default
)
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to every nomenclature entry, where 
\family sans
\emph on
page
\family default
\emph default
 is the number of the page on which the nomenclature entry appeared
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
intoc Inserts the nomenclature in the Table of Contents
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are furthermore the options 
\series bold
croatian
\series default
, 
\series bold
danish
\series default
, 
\series bold
english
\series default
, 
\series bold
french
\series default
, 
\series bold
german
\series default
, 
\series bold
italian
\series default
, 
\series bold
polish
\series default
, 
\series bold
portuguese
\series default
, 
\series bold
russian
\series default
, 
\series bold
spanish
\series default
, and 
\series bold
ukrainian
\series default
 to print the reference texts and the nomenclature title in the corresponding
 language.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To use one or more of the options, add them to the comma-separated document
 class options list in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog.
 In this document the options 
\series bold
intoc
\series default
 and 
\series bold
refpage
\series default
 are used.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also use the first two options above only for certain nomenclature
 entries when you add one of the following commands as last entry to the
 
\family sans
Description
\family default
 field in the nomenclature dialog:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\backslash
nomrefeq Like the 
\series bold
refeq
\series default
 option
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\backslash
nomrefpage Like the 
\series bold
refpage
\series default
 option
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\backslash
nomrefeqpage Short notation of 
\series bold

\backslash
nomrefeq
\backslash
nomrefpage
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\backslash
nomnorefeq,\InsetSpace ~

\backslash
nomnorefpage,\InsetSpace ~

\backslash
nomnorefeqpage Turns off the corresponding options
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The option 
\series bold

\backslash
nomnorefpage
\series default
 was used in this document in the nomenclature entry for the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

a
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Printing the Nomenclature
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Nomenclature ! Printing"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To print the nomenclature, use the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Lists\InsetSpace ~
/\InsetSpace ~
TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Nomenclature
\family default
.
 A light blue box labeled 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset


\family sans
Nomenclature
\family default

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 will show the place where the nomenclature is printed in the output.
 Like the index list box, the nomenclature list box is not clickable.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the printed output the title of the nomenclature appears as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Nomenclature
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 If you are not happy with the name, you can change it by redefining the
 command 
\series bold

\backslash
nomname
\series default
 in the preamble.
 For example, in order to change the name to 
\emph on
List of Symbols
\emph default
, add the following line to the preamble:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series bold

\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
nomname}{List of Symbols}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you are unhappy with the amount of space for symbols, you can alter it
 by adding the following line to the preamble:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series bold

\backslash
renewcommand{
\backslash
nomlabelwidth}{width}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
Where the width is a value with one of the units listed in Appendix\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cha:Units-available-in"

\end_inset

.
 The default value is 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
cm.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Branches
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Branches"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Branches"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Branches"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Sometimes it is useful to hide some document parts in the output.
 For example a teacher who is setting an exam obviously doesn't want the
 pupils to see the answers, but having questions and answers in the same
 document will make the life of the markers of that exam much easier.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For these cases LyX offers to put text into branches.
 The text will then only appear in the output when its branch is activated.
 To create a branch, go in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog to 
\family sans
Branches
\family default
.
 The name of the branch, its activation state and the background color of
 the branches inside LyX can be specified in this dialog.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Text that should be in a branch is set into branch inset boxes.
 These boxes are inserted via the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Branch
\family default
 where you can choose a branch.
 You can later change the branch of the boxes by right-clicking on them.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is an example, where only the question text appears, the answer branch
 is deactivated and does therefore not appear in the output:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Branch Question
status open

\begin_layout Standard
Question: Who was the first Physics Nobel prize winner?
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Branch Answer
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
Answer: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
ERT and the LaTeX Syntax
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:ERT"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
ERT Boxes
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "ERT"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:ERT-Boxes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As LyX uses LaTeX in the background, it supports many LaTeX commands and
 constructs, but not all.
 LaTeX contains of hundreds of packages which provide different commands.
 Every month many packages are updated and new ones added.
 This has the advantage that you can typeset nearly everything, for every
 problem exists a LaTeX-package.
 But LyX can of course not be up to date and support all these packages
 and their commands.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
But don't worry, you can use any LaTeX-command directly in LyX inside the
 ERT box.
 ERT stands for 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

evil red text
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, evil because LyX is designed to avoid that you have to use LaTeX-commands.
 An ERT box is created by the menu 
\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
TeX
\family default
 or by the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/ert-insert.xpm

\end_inset

.
 The box itself can be displayed in three different styles: 
\family sans
Inline
\family default
, 
\family sans
Collapsed
\family default
, and 
\family sans
Open
\family default
.
 To change the style, right-click on the box and use the appearing dialog.
 Left-clicking on the box will switch between 
\family sans
Collapsed
\family default
 and 
\family sans
Open
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can insert complete or incomplete commands into ERT.
 Incomplete means that the command argument can be Standard LyX text.
 For example you want to draw a frame around a word and uses therefore the
 LaTeX-command 
\series bold

\backslash
fbox
\series default
, you can write the command part 
\series bold

\backslash
fbox{
\series default
 in an ERT box before the word and the closing brace 
\series bold
}
\series default
 in a second ERT box behind the word.
 The word between the two ERT boxes is then the argument as it is in the
 following example:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/ERT.png
        scale 89

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
gives
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This is a line with a 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
fbox{
\end_layout

\end_inset

framed
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 word.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Note Greyedout
status open

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
Note:
\series default
 At the end of LaTeX-commands without parameters, you have to insert a space
 to let LaTeX know that the command is finished.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Short Introduction to the LaTeX Syntax
\begin_inset OptArg
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
The LaTeX Syntax
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX Syntax"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:LaTeX-Syntax"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When you write larger documents or books, you will need to know something
 about the LaTeX-commands that LyX uses in the background.
 Because LaTeX is based on commands, you can 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

program
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 your text.
 This has the advantage that the layout of the document can be changed at
 every time if you know the right commands.
 E.g.
 imagine you have to write a manual for a product and the deadline is at
 the end of the day.
 Your boss just has complimented you for your good work but wants to have
 all caption labels bold.
 But you have over hundred figure and table captions with non-bold labels
 in your manual.
 Of course it's impossible to change all caption labels by hand in one day.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now LaTeX comes into play.
 As written above, for every problem exists a LaTeX-package.
 First you have to find out which and therefore look in the LaTeX package
 database, 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "Catalogue"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
As result you know that the package 
\series bold
caption
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! caption"

\end_inset

 is what you need.
 To use a package, you have to load it in the document preamble (menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default
) with the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
usepackage[options]{package name}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
All LaTeX commands begin with a backslash, the command argument is set within
 two braces, and the options are set within two brackets.
 Note that not all commands have an argument and options.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In your case the package name is 
\series bold
caption
\series default
.
 After a look in the documentation of the package, you know that the option
 
\series bold
labelfont=bf
\series default
 will change the font of all caption labels to bold.
 So you add the command
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
usepackage[labelfont=bf]{caption}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
to the preamble and the problem is solved.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that some document classes have built-in solutions for well known problems
 like your case.
 For example if you use a 
\family typewriter
koma-scrip
\family default
t class, you don't need the package 
\series bold
caption
\series default
, you can instead write
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold

\backslash
setkomafont{captionlabel}{
\backslash
bfseries}
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
in the preamble and the problem is solved.
 So if you plan to write a large document, you should have a look at the
 documentation of the document class you want to use.
 (Btw.
 
\series bold

\backslash
setkomafont
\series default
 is an example for a command with more than one argument.)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Commands in the preamble affects the whole document, while commands in the
 text affects only the text after the command or only the text used as command
 argument.
 To insert a LaTeX-command in text, use the ERT box as described in the
 previous section.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you want to learn more about LaTeX and its syntax, have a look at the
 LaTeX-books 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "latexcompanion,latexguide"

\end_inset

.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Previewing Snippets of your Document
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Instant preview"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Preview"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX allows you to generate previews of sections of your document on the
 fly so you can see how they'll look in the final document without having
 to break your train of thought with 
\family sans
View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
DVI
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you would for example like to see in LyX your math formulas typeset by
 LaTeX, install the LaTeX-package 
\series bold
preview-latex
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! preview-latex"

\end_inset


\series default
 as explained below, and turn on 
\family sans
Instant\InsetSpace ~
preview
\family default
 in the 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Preferences 
\family default
dialog under 
\family sans
Look\InsetSpace ~
and\InsetSpace ~
feel\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Graphics
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Previews are generated when you load a document into LyX and when you finish
 editing an inset.
 Previews of an already loaded document are 
\emph on
not
\emph default
 generated just by selecting the 
\family sans
Instant\InsetSpace ~
preview
\family default
 check box, you have to reopen the documents to activate the previews.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX will generate previews of math insets.
 It will also generate previews of include insets if you select the 
\family sans
Show\InsetSpace ~
preview
\family default
 check box in the insert dialog.
 This is useful if you wish to generate a preview of a LaTeX figure, for
 example.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To get previews working, you need the LaTeX package 
\series bold
preview-latex
\series default
 (on some systems named simply 
\series bold
preview
\series default
) installed.
 You find it in the TeX Catalogue, 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "TeXCatalogue"

\end_inset

 or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system.
 You obtain prettier results if you install the program 
\family typewriter
pnmcrop
\family default
 from the 
\family typewriter
netpbm
\family default
 package; for LyX on Windows this program is automatically installed together
 with LyX.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can furthermore preview the LaTeX source of the whole document or parts
 of it.
 Use the menu 
\family sans
View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
View\InsetSpace ~
Source
\family default
 and a window will be shown where you can see the LaTeX-source code.
 The window shows the source of the whole paragraph where the cursor is
 currently in.
 You can also select document parts in LyX's main window, then only this
 selection (when it is more than one paragraph) is shown as source code.
 To view the whole document as source, enable the corresponding option in
 the source view window.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Spell Checking
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Spellchecking"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Spell checking"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX itself has no built-in spell checker.
 Rather it uses one of the external programs 
\family typewriter
aspell
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
hspell
\family default
, or 
\family sans
pspell
\family default
 as backend.
 This section assumes you have already installed and set up one of these
 programs.
 
\family typewriter
aspell
\family default
 can be seen as successor of 
\family typewriter
ispell
\family default
, so that it is recommended to use aspell.
 
\family sans
hspell
\family default
 is a Hebrew spell-checker.
 The used spell checker ind its settings are specified in LyX's preferences
 under 
\family sans
Language Settings
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
For LyX on Windows, the selection box for the spell checking program is
 greyed out in the preferences dialog because only 
\family sans
aspell
\family default
 can be used.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The menu
\family sans
 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Spellchecker
\family default
 starts the spell checking beginning from the current cursor position.
 A dialog window will appear showing any incorrect (or unknown) word found,
 allowing you to edit and replace it in a second line.
 Whenever an unknown word is found, the word is highlighted and the text
 scrolled so that it is visible.
 In the 
\family sans
spell checker
\family default
 dialog, there is also a box showing suggestions for a correction, if any
 could be found.
 Clicking on one of the corrections will copy to the 
\family sans
Replace
\family default
 field, double-click invokes directly the replacement.
 Unknown but correctly typed words can be added to the personal dictionary.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By default, the used dictionary file is determined by the document language
 that is set in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog.
 If you do not have a dictionary for the document language, spell checking
 will bring an error message.
 In this case, you can specify another dictionary file in the dialog by
 specifying a different 
\family sans
Alternative language
\family default
 in preferences dialog.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
After a spell check you'll informed about the number of checked words.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Limitations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It is not possible to change the spelling of a particular word globally,
 rather than having to change the spelling separately for each occurrence
 of the word.
 But you can use the 
\family sans
Find\InsetSpace ~
&\InsetSpace ~
Replace
\family default
 dialog for that.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX cannot correctly spell check documents containing multiple languages.
 This does work with 
\family typewriter
pspell
\family default
, assuming you have marked the different languages appropriately.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Further Settings
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Spellchecker
\family default
 section in the preferences dialog has some additional options:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Escape\InsetSpace ~
characters Allows you to add non-standard characters that the spell
 checker should consider, e.g.
 German umlauts although you spell check English document.
 This should not normally be needed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Personal\InsetSpace ~
dictionary to use a different file than the spell checker's default
 choice as your personal dictionary
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Accept\InsetSpace ~
compound\InsetSpace ~
words Prevent the spell checker from complaining about compounded
 words like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

passthrough
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Use\InsetSpace ~
input\InsetSpace ~
encoding Uses the document encoding that is set in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog under 
\family sans
Language
\family default
 also for the spellchecker.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
The encodings are explained in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Settings"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\end_inset

 Enable this if you can't spell check words with international letters in
 them.
 There have been reports that this does not work with all dictionaries,
 so this is disabled by default.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Thesaurus
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Thesaurus"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Thesaurus"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Thesaurus currently only works when you use the document language English.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To start the thesaurus, highlight one word or set the cursor behind it,
 and use the menu 
\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Thesaurus
\family default
 or the toolbar button 
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/thesaurus-entry.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset

.
 A dialog pops up showing you probably related words that you can use as
 replacement.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The shown related words are in many cases not really related to the word
 you are currently checking, scrolling in the shown list might help in some
 cases to find related words.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The thesaurus only works for single words, and also only when it is in the
 singular form.
 For example starting the thesaurus with the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

reports
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 leads to no results, while results are shown for the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

report
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 To avoid this, you can highlight only the part 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

report
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 of the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

reports
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 to get results.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Change Tracking
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Change Tracking"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Change Tracking"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Change-Tracking"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When you work on a document together with many people it is extremely useful
 to see changes others made highlighted in the document.
 You can then decide if you accept a change or not.
 This can be achieved by turning on change tracking in the menu 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Change\InsetSpace ~
Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Track\InsetSpace ~
Changes
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Changes made in the document will then be highlighted by colors: 
\color blue
Blue text
\color inherit
 is an addition, 
\color red
red canceled text
\color inherit
 is a deletion.
 You can change the color in LyX's preferences dialog under 
\family sans
Look\InsetSpace ~
and\InsetSpace ~
feel
\family default
, 
\family sans
Colors
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When change tracking is activated, you will see the review toolbar in LyX:
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Toolbar ! Review"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/ChangesToolbar.png

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The review toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following
 buttons:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
<features islongtable="true">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/changes-track.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Change\InsetSpace ~
Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Track\InsetSpace ~
Changes
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/changes-output.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Change\InsetSpace ~
Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Show\InsetSpace ~
Changes\InsetSpace ~
in\InsetSpace ~
Output
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/change-next.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Jumps to the next change
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/change-accept.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Change\InsetSpace ~
Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Accept\InsetSpace ~
Change
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/change-reject.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Change\InsetSpace ~
Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Reject\InsetSpace ~
Change
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/changes-merge.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Change\InsetSpace ~
Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Merge\InsetSpace ~
Changes
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/all-changes-accept.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Change\InsetSpace ~
Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Accept\InsetSpace ~
All\InsetSpace ~
Changes
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/all-changes-reject.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Change\InsetSpace ~
Tracking\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Reject\InsetSpace ~
All\InsetSpace ~
Changes
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/note-insert.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Note\SpecialChar \menuseparator
LyX\InsetSpace ~
Note
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/note-next.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Next\InsetSpace ~
Note
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The review toolbar helps you to accept, reject, or merge changes -- highlight
 the change and press one of the desired toolbar buttons.
 When you merge changes, a window pops up showing you informations about
 the next change behind the current cursor position.
 So you don't need to highlight a certain change.
 Within the merge window you can decide to accept or reject changes and
 step to the next change.
 This way you can jump through all changes of the document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The toolbar has two buttons to handle notes because notes are often important
 to describe a change.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To show made changes in the output you need the LaTeX package 
\series bold
dvipost
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! dvipost"

\end_inset


\series default
 installed.
 You find it in the TeX Catalogue, 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "TeXCatalogue"

\end_inset

 or in the package manager of your LaTeX-system.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
International Support
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "International support"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This section describes how to use LyX with any language you want.
 For some non-western languages there are special Wiki-pages that explain
 how to set up LyX to use them: 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "Arabic,Armenian,Farsi,Hebrew"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Besides languages, LyX also supports phonetic symbols, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Special-Character"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Language Options
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Language ! Options"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Settings"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Language"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog lets you set 
\family roman
the language and character encoding for your language.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Choose your language in the 
\family sans
Language
\family default
 section of the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog.
 The default is 
\family sans
English
\family default
.
 Scroll to find the language you want and then click on your choice.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Encoding
\family default
 box lets you choose the character encoding map you want to use.
 When you select the encoding 
\family sans
LaTeX\InsetSpace ~
default
\family default
 or the option 
\family sans
Use language's default encoding
\family default
, the encoding is used that LaTeX uses by default for the selected language,
 e.\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
g.\InsetSpace ~
for English it is 
\family sans
latin9
\family default
.
 The different encodings are explained in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Settings"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX also supports Unicode output, which is particularly useful if you need
 lots of special symbols or non-alphabetic scripts, respectively.
 If you want to use this (and your LaTeX installation supports Unicode,
 for that matter), the 
\family typewriter
utf8
\family default
 encoding is the right choice for most purposes.
 Besides this, you will find some alternative Unicode encodings for specific
 purposes: 
\family typewriter
UTF8
\family default
 and 
\family typewriter
utf8x
\family default
 are provided for CJK languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean), 
\family typewriter
utf8-plain
\family default
, finally, should be chosen for 
\family sans
XeTeX
\family default
, which uses Unicode directly, without the help of the LaTeX-package 
\series bold
inputenc
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! inputenc"

\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
See section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Settings"

\end_inset

 for details.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Keyboard mapping configuration
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you have for example a U.S.-style keyboard and want to write in a different
 language than English, you can use an alternate keymap.
 For example, if you have a U.S.-style keyboard but want to write in Italian,
 you can configure LyX to use an Italian keymap.
 The preferences dialog allows you to choose up to two keyboard mappings.
 You can choose primary and secondary keyboard languages and then select
 which one you want to use.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Finally, you may just want to change a few key mappings or create an entirely
 different keymap (for Vulcan, for instance).
 You may, for example, normally write in Italian on a U.S.
 keyboard but want to include an occasional quotation in German.
 In such a case, you can write your own keyboard mapping or modify an existing
 one to support the characters you want.
 This and much more customizations are explained in the 
\emph on
Customization
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Character Tables
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:keytab"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Table\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cap:The-latin1-character"

\end_inset

 shows the 
\family typewriter
Latin1
\family default
 character set.
 You should be able to enter the characters in the first eight columns directly
 from the keyboard.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are a few things you need to know about this table.
 Here are some of the details you'll need to bear in mind when using characters
 from the 
\family typewriter
Latin1
\family default
 character set:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Even if you have selected 
\family sans
latin1
\family default
 in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog, users who have only the 
\family typewriter
T1
\family default
-fonts for LaTeX [or who have the 
\family typewriter
T1
\family default
-fonts but aren't using them] will still miss a few characters: D0, F0,
 DE, FE, AB, and BB -- the uppercase and lowercase eth and thorn, and the
 french quotes won't show up.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "cap:The-latin1-character"

\end_inset

The 
\family typewriter
latin1
\family default
 character set
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="17">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
00
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
10
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
20
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
30
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
40
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
50
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
60
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
70
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size tiny
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\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
?
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
O
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
_
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
o
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
¯
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
¿
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
Ï
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
ß
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
ï
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\emph off
\bar no
\noun off
\color none
ÿ
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The following is a full list of all of the accented characters LyX can display
 directly.
 It includes not only the accented characters from the previous table, but
 also the characters from 
\family typewriter
ISO8859--2
\family default
 through 
\family typewriter
4
\family default
.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
From 
\family typewriter
ISO8859--1
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
¨ Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü ä ë ï ö ü ÿ
\hfill
diaeresis
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
^ Â Ê Î Ô Û â ê î ô û
\hfill
circumflex
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
` À È Ì Ò Ù à è ì ò ù
\hfill
grave
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
´ Á É Í Ó Ú Ý á é í ó ú ý
\hfill
acute
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
~ Ã Ñ Õ ã ñ õ
\hfill
tilde
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
¸Çç
\hfill
cedilla
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
¯
\hfill
macron
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Itemize
From 
\family typewriter
ISO8859--2
\family default
 through 
\family typewriter
4
\family default
:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
ĤĴĥȷ̂ĈĜŜĉĝŝ
\hfill
circumflex
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
ŚŹśźŔĹĆŃŕĺćń
\hfill
acute
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Ĩı̃Ũũ
\hfill
tilde
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
ŞşŢţŖĻĢŗļģŅĶņķ
\hfill
cedilla
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
ĒēĀĪŌŪāı̄ōū
\hfill
macron
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
ŐŰőű
\hfill
Hungarian umlaut
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
All the characters above are actively supported by TeX fonts.
 In addition TeX allows diacritical marks on almost all characters.
 Also make sure you're using the 
\family typewriter
T1
\family default
 font-encoding.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
\start_of_appendix
The User Interface
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "cha:The-User-Interface"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This appendix lists all available menus and describes its functionality.
 It is designed as quick reference if you are searching for a special topic
 inside the user's guide.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The File Menu
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Menu ! File"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Under the 
\family sans
File
\family default
 menu are the basic operations in addition to some more advanced operations.
 At the end of the menu the four last opened documents are listed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
New
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Creates a new document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
New from Template
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This menu prompts you for a template to use.
 Selecting a template will automatically set certain layout features for
 the document, features you would otherwise need to change manually.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Open
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Opens a document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Open Recent
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The submenu shows a list of the recently opened files.
 Click there on a file to open it.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Close
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Closes the current document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Save
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Saves the actual document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Save As
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Saves the actual document under a new name to create a copy.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Revert to saved
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Reloads the actual document from disk.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Version Control
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This is used when more people are working on the same document.
 It is described in the section 
\emph on
Version Control in LyX
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Extended\InsetSpace ~
Features
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Import
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can import there files from older LyX-versions, LaTeX-files and plain
 text files (ASCII-files).
 The files will be imported as new LyX-document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When using the menu 
\family sans
Plain\InsetSpace ~
Text, Join\InsetSpace ~
Lines
\family default
, all lines will be imported consecutively to one big paragraph.
 A new paragraph is started when there is a blank line in the file.
 , the text is inserted as Paragraphs, where the line breaks of the text
 will start a new paragraph.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Export
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Export"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can export your document to various file formats.
 The resulting files are placed in the directory of your LyX-file.
 The menu entries are not the same on all installations.
 They depend on the programs found by LyX while its configuration.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is a list of all available entries; they are explained in detail in
 section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Output-file-formats"

\end_inset

:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
CJK\InsetSpace ~
LyX 
\family default
format of the special LyX 1.4.x versions for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
 (CJK); (Since LyX 1.5.0 CJK support is fully integrated to LyX.)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
DVI
\family default
 DVI-format
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
HTML HTML-format (the HTML-converter is a third-party product and doesn't
 work in all cases)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
HTML\InsetSpace ~
(MS\InsetSpace ~
Word) HTML-format specialized so that the result can be imported
 to 
\family sans
MS Word
\family default
, as consequence of this formulas will be embedded as bitmap fonts and not
 in the format 
\family sans
MathML
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
LaT
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

eX\InsetSpace ~
(pdflatex)
\family default
 text file with the LaTeX source, additionally all images used in the document
 will be converted to a format that is readable for the 
\family typewriter
pdflatex
\family default
 program (GIF, JPG, PDF, PNG)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
LaT
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

eX\InsetSpace ~
(plain)
\family default
 text file with the LaTeX source code, additionally all images used in the
 document will be converted to the EPS-format, only this format is readable
 for the 
\family typewriter
latex
\family default
 program
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
LyX\InsetSpace ~
1.y.x LyX-document in a format readable for the LyX versions 1.y.x (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

y
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 is replaced by the version number)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
OpenDocument OpenDocument-formatted text file, to be opened with 
\family sans
OpenOffice
\family default
, 
\family sans
KOffice
\family default
, 
\family sans
Abiword
\family default
, etc.
 (the OpenDocument-converter is a third-party product and doesn't work in
 all cases)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
PDF
\family default
 PDF-format using the program 
\family typewriter
ps2pdf
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
PDF\InsetSpace ~
(dvipdfm)
\family default
 PDF-format using the program 
\family typewriter
dvipdfm
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
PDF\InsetSpace ~
(pdflatex)
\family default
 PDF-format using the program 
\family typewriter
pdflatex
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
Plain\InsetSpace ~
text
\family default
 text format
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
Plain\InsetSpace ~
text\InsetSpace ~
(ps2ascii)
\family default
 text format, the document will first be converted to Postscript format
 and then exported as text using the program 
\family sans
ps2ascii
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
Postscript
\family default
 PostScript format using the program 
\family typewriter
dvips
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description

\family sans
Custom
\family default
 custom format
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The program 
\family typewriter
dvipdfm
\family default
 produces internally a dvi-file which is then converted to a pdf-file.
 It is a bit out of date and therefore the output could look different from
 what you want.
 
\family typewriter
pdflatex
\family default
 produces directly pdf-files and supports the latest pdf-file formats.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If one of the menu entries 
\family sans
DVI
\family default
, 
\family sans
PDF\InsetSpace ~
(pdflatex)
\family default
 or 
\family sans
Postscript
\family default
 is missing, you need to update your LaTeX installation.
 After updating you have to reconfigure LyX, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"

\end_inset

.
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Reconfiguration of LyX"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The menu 
\family sans
Custom
\family default
 allows you to export your file by using special command line options for
 the export program.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Print
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
With this menu you can print your document to a file in PostScript format
 or send it to a printer.
 The printer will also use the document in PostScript format.
 The conversion to PostScript is done in the background by LyX using the
 program 
\family typewriter
dvips
\family default
.
 For more informations have a look at section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Printing-the-File"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
New and Close Window
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Opens a new instance of LyX with all currently opened documents.
 You can close it later with the corresponding menu.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The Edit Menu
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Menu ! Edit"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Undo and Redo
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Undo-and-Redo"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Cut, Copy, Paste, Paste Recent, Paste Special
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Select All
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Selects the whole document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Find & Replace
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Dialogs ! Find \\& Replace"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Basic-Editing-Features"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Move paragraph Up/Down
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This shifts the paragraph where the cursor is currently in one paragraph
 up or down.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Text Style
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Dialogs ! Text Style"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Fine-Tuning-with-the"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Paragraph Settings
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Paragraph ! Settings"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The settings in the paragraph dialog only affects the paragraph where the
 cursor is in.
 Here you can set here the paragraph alignment and line spacing.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also prevent that the first line of the paragraph is indented.
 This option works only when you have chosen to separate paragraphs with
 indents in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog under 
\family sans
Text\InsetSpace ~
Layout
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Tabular and Math
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
These two menus are only active when the cursor is inside a table or a formula.
 The properties of this table/formula can now be changed.
 The properties of tables are described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Tables"

\end_inset

, the properties of formulas in chapter\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cha:Mathematical-Formulas"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Increase / Decrease List Depth
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
These menus are only active when the cursor is in an environment that can
 be nested.
 They in/decrease the environment nesting level as explained in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nesting"

\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Numbering-depth"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The View Menu
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Menu ! View"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
View
\family default
 menu contains a list of available formats in which you can view the actual
 document with an external program.
 The menu entries for the viewing formats are not the same on all installations
 - it depends on the LaTeX programs that are found while LyX was configured.
 All possible formats are formats listed in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Export"

\end_inset

.
 You should at least see the menu entries 
\family sans
DVI
\family default
 and 
\family sans
PDF\InsetSpace ~
(pdflatex)
\family default
.
 If one of the two is missing, you need to update your LaTeX installation.
 After updating you have to reconfigure LyX, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"

\end_inset

.
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Reconfiguration of LyX"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Invoking a menu will start a viewer program.
 The viewer can be set in the preferences, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cha:The-Preferences-dialog"

\end_inset

.
 The default viewers are set by LyX while it is first configured or later
 reconfigured.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace bigskip
\end_inset

At the bottom of the 
\family sans
View
\family default
 menu the opened documents are listed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
View Source
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Opens a window showing the source code of the actual document, as described
 in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Update
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This menu allows you to update the view with your latest changes without
 opening a new view window.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Toolbars
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Toolbars"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Toolbar"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In this menu you can set the appearance of the different toolbars.
 All toolbars and the 
\family sans
Command\InsetSpace ~
Buffer
\family default
 can be turned on and off.
 The 
\emph on
on
\emph default
 state is denoted in the menu with a checkmark.
 The 
\family sans
Review
\family default
, 
\family sans
Table
\family default
, 
\family sans
Math\InsetSpace ~
Panels
\family default
, and 
\family sans
Math
\family default
 toolbars can be additionally set to the state 
\emph on
automatic
\emph default
 that is denoted in the menu with the suffix 
\family sans
(auto)
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the 
\emph on
on
\emph default
 state the toolbar is permanently shown, in the 
\emph on
automatic
\emph default
 state the toolbar is only shown when the cursor is in a certain environment
 or when a certain feature is enabled.
 That means that the review toolbar will only be shown when change tracking
 is activated, the math and table toolbars are only shown when the cursor
 is inside a formula or table, respectively.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX's toolbars and its buttons are explained in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Toolbars"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The Insert Menu
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Menu ! Insert"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Math
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts math constructs that are explained in chapter\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cha:Mathematical-Formulas"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Special Character
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Special-Character"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can insert the following characters:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Ellipsis Inserts an ellipsis: \SpecialChar \ldots{}

\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
End\InsetSpace ~
of\InsetSpace ~
Sentence Inserts an end of sentence dot as described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Abbreviations"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Ordinary\InsetSpace ~
Quote Inserts this quote: 
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, no matter what quote type you selected in the 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Settings
\family default
 dialog under 
\family sans
Language
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Single\InsetSpace ~
Quote Inserts this quote: 
\begin_inset Quotes els
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Menu\InsetSpace ~
Separator Inserts the menu separator sign: \SpecialChar \menuseparator

\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Phonetic\InsetSpace ~
Symbols
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Phonetic symbols"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Language ! Phonetic symbols"

\end_inset

 Creates a formula with a so called tipa inset.
 Here you can insert commands to create IPA phonetic symbols.
 For this feature you must have the LaTeX-package 
\series bold
tipa
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! tipa"

\end_inset

 installed.
\newline
For more informations about this feature we refer to the documentation
 of 
\series bold
tipa, 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "tipa"

\end_inset


\series default
 and this Wiki-page:
\newline

\begin_inset LatexCommand url
target "http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/LinguistLyX"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Formatting
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can insert the following format constructs:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Superscript Inserts an superscript: test
\begin_inset Formula $^{\text{a,b}}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Subscript Inserts an subscript: test
\begin_inset Formula $_{\text{3x}}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Protected\InsetSpace ~
Space Inserts a protected space that is described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Protected-Space"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Inter-word\InsetSpace ~
Space Inserts an inter-word space that is described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Inter-word-Space"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Thin\InsetSpace ~
Space Inserts a thin space that is described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Thin-Space"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Horizontal\InsetSpace ~
Fill Inserts an horizontal fill, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Horizontal-Space"

\end_inset

 for a description.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Horizontal\InsetSpace ~
Line Inserts an horizontal line, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Horizontal-Lines"

\end_inset

 for a description.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Vertical\InsetSpace ~
Space Inserts vertical space, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Vertical-Space"

\end_inset

 for a description.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Hyphenation\InsetSpace ~
Point Inserts an hyphenation point, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Hyphenation"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Ligature\InsetSpace ~
Break Inserts a ligature break, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Ligatures"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Line\InsetSpace ~
Break Inserts a forced linebreak, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Forced-Linebreaks"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Page\InsetSpace ~
Break Inserts a forced pagebreak, described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Forced-Pagebreaks"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Clear\InsetSpace ~
Page Inserts a clear pagebreak, described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Clear-Pages"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Clear\InsetSpace ~
Double\InsetSpace ~
Page Inserts a clear doublepage break, described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Clear-Pages"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
List / TOC
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Various lists can be inserted with this menu.
 The table of contents, the algorithm, figures, and tables list are described
 in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:toc"

\end_inset

.
 The index list is described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Index"

\end_inset

, the nomenclature in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nomenclature"

\end_inset

, and the BibTeX bibliography in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Bibliography-databases"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Float
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To insert floats, described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Floats"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Note
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To insert notes, described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Notes"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Branch
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts branch insets as described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Branches"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
File
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "External Material"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can inserts files to include them or its content to your document.
 How this can be done is in detail explained in chapter 
\emph on
External Stuff
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Box
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Boxes"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a minipage box that is described section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Minipages"

\end_inset

.
 All box types supported by LyX are explained in detail in chapter 
\emph on
Boxes
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Citation
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a citation as described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Bibliography"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Cross-Reference
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a cross-reference as described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Label
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a label as described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Cross-References"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Caption
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Captions"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Longtables ! Caption"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a caption to floats or longtables.
 Floats are described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Floats"

\end_inset

, cations in longtables are described in section 
\emph on
Longtable Captions
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Index Entry
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts an index entry as described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Index"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Nomenclature Entry
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a nomenclature entry as described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Nomenclature"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Table
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a table.
 Tables are described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Tables"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Graphics
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a graphic.
 Graphics are described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Graphics"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
URL
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts an URL box as described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:URL"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Footnote
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a footnote, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Footnotes"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Marginal Note
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a marginal note, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Marginal-Notes"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Short Title
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a short title, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Footnotes"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
TeX Code
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts an ERT box, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:ERT-Boxes"

\end_inset

 for a description.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Program Listing
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Program listings"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts a program listings box.
 Program listings are explained in chapter 
\emph on
Program Code Listings
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Date
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Inserts the actual date in the following form: month/day/year
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The format is independent of the document language.
 LyX offers another ways to insert a date which is explained in section
 
\emph on
External Material
\emph default
 of the 
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
 manual.
 There the different methods are also compared.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The Navigate Menu
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Menu ! Navigate"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This menu lists the existing, chapter, sections, figures, and tables of
 the current document.
 This allows you to navigate easily through you document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Navigate menu also offers to 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Bookmarks
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
With this menu you are able to define your own bookmarks.
 This is useful when you are working on a large documents and often have
 to jump e.g.
 between section\InsetSpace ~
2.5 and 6.3.
 To create bookmarks for this example, go to section\InsetSpace ~
2.5 and use the menu
 
\family sans
Save\InsetSpace ~
Bookmark\InsetSpace ~
1
\family default
.
 Then go to section\InsetSpace ~
6.3 and use 
\family sans
Save\InsetSpace ~
Bookmark\InsetSpace ~

\family default
2.
 Now you can easily jump between these sections by using the menu or by
 the key bindings 
\family sans
C-1
\family default
 and 
\family sans
C-2
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can also use bookmarks to jump between several opened documents.
 The saved bookmarks are valid till the document is closed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Next Note, Change, Cross-reference
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Jump to the next note, change, or cross-reference following the current
 cursor position.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Go to Label
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Only active when the cursor is in front of a cross-reference.
 Sets the cursor before the referenced label, the same as if you right-click
 on a cross-reference box.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The Document Menu
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Menu ! Document"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Change Tracking
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Change Tracking is described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Change-Tracking"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
LaT
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

eX Log
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
After running LaTeX by viewing or exporting a document, this menu will be
 enabled.
 It shows the logfile of the used LaTeX-program.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can see how LaTeX works in the background.
 
\emph on
Experts
\emph default
 will find in it reasons for LaTeX-errors.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Outline
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Opens the TOC/Outline window as described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Table-of-Contents"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Start Appendix Here
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This menu will start the appendix of the document at the current cursor
 position as described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Appendices"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Compressed
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Un/compresses the actual document.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Settings
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sub:Settings"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Document ! Settings"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This menu dialog contains some submenus to set properties for the whole
 document.
 You can save your document settings as default with the 
\family sans
Save as Document Defaults
\family default
 button in the dialog.
 This will create a template named 
\family typewriter
default.lyx
\family default
 which is automatically loaded by LyX when you create a new document without
 using a template.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The different submenus of the dialog are explained in the following:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Document Class
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you set the document class, class options, and a Postscript driver.
 Document classes are described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Document-Classes"

\end_inset

.
 The Postscript driver is used for LaTeX's color and graphics packages.
 When using 
\family sans
Default
\family default
, the default driver for the LaTeX-packages are used.
 It is recommended to use the default unless your know what you are doing.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Fonts
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The document font settings are described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Fonts-and-Text"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Text Layout
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can specify if paragraphs should be separated by indentations or vertical
 skips.
 The line spacing and the number of text columns can here also be specified.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Note that LyX won't show two columns or the set up line spacing on screen.
 That's impractical, often unreadable, and not part of the WYSIWYM concept.
 However, it will be as you specified it in the output.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The listings settings are explained in the corresponding section in the
 
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Page Layout
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A description of this menu is given in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Paper-Size,-Orientation,"

\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Document-Layout"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Page Margins
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can adjust the paper margins, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Margins"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Language
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Language ! Encoding"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The document language and quote styles are set here.
 The encoding is necessary to be able to enter characters in the document
 language.
 E.g.
 you want to enter the æ-ligature directly with the keyboard and not by
 using LaTeX-commands.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you use the option 
\family sans
use language's default encoding
\family default
, the default encoding for the selected language is used.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here is a list with the important encodings:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
amscii8 encoding for Armenian
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
cp1250 MS Windows code page for latin2
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
cp1251 MS Windows code page for Cyrillic
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
cp1252 MS Windows code page for latin1
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
cp1255 MS Windows code page for Hebrew, superset of the ISO-8859-8 encoding
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
cp1256 MS Windows code page for Arabic and Farsi
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
cp1257 MS Windows code page for Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian, the ISO-8859-
13 encoding that is a superset of the ISO-8859-4 encoding
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
iso88595 the ISO-8859-5 encoding, covers Belorussian, Bulgarian, Macedonian,
 Serbian, and Ukrainian
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
iso-8859-7 the ISO-8859-7 encoding, covers Greek
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
8859-8 the ISO-8859-8 encoding, covers Hebrew
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
koi8-r standard Cyrillic especially for Russian
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
koi8-u Cyrillic for Ukrainian
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
latin1 the ISO-8859-1 encoding, covers the languages Albanian, Catalan,
 Danish, Dutch, English, Faroese, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Icelandic,
 Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish; should be
 replaced by latin9
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
latin2 the ISO-8859-2 encoding, covers Albanian, Croatian, Czech, German,
 Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Slovak, and Slovenian
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
latin3 the ISO-8859-3 encoding, covers Esperanto, Galician, Maltese, and
 Turkish
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
latin4 the ISO-8859-4 encoding, covers Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
latin5 the ISO-8859-9 encoding, covers Turkish, like the ISO-8859-1 encoding
 where the Icelandic letters are replaced by Turkish ones
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
latin9 the ISO-8859-15 encoding, like the ISO-8859-1 encoding, but with
 the euro currency sign, the 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
oe
\end_layout

\end_inset

-ligature and some characters used for French and Finnish; latin9 should
 be the replacement for latin1
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
pt154 Cyrillic for Kazakh
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
utf8 code page for Unicode utf8
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
UTF8 code page provided for CJK languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
utf8-plain code page provided to be used with for 
\family sans
XeTeX
\family default

\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
XeTeX is a TeX typesetting engine, an alternative for LaTeX.
 It natively supports Unicode while its input file is assumed to be in UTF-8
 encoding.
 More about using LyX with XeTeX can be found here: 
\begin_inset LatexCommand url
target "http://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/XeTeX"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset

, which uses Unicode directly, without the help of the LaTeX-package 
\series bold
inputenc
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! inputenc"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
utf8x code page provided for CJK languages
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Numbering & TOC
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can adjust here the numbering depth of sections headings as described
 in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Numbering-depth"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Bibliography
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can specify here a citation style using the LaTeX-packages 
\series bold
natbib
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! natbib"

\end_inset


\series default
 or 
\series bold
jurabib
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! jurabib"

\end_inset

.
 For a further description see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Bibliography"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Math Options
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
These options will force LyX to use the LaTeX-packages 
\series bold
amsmath
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! amsmath"

\end_inset


\series default
 and 
\series bold
esint
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! esint"

\end_inset


\series default
 or to use them automatically when they are needed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
amsmath
\series default
 is needed for many constructs, so when you get LaTeX-errors in formulas,
 assure that you have enabled AMS.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
esint
\series default
 is used for special integral characters.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Float Placement
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The float placement options are described in section
\begin_inset Formula $\,$
\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Float-Placement"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Bullets
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here you can adjust the characters for the itemize levels.
 The itemize environment is described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Itemize"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Branches
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Branches are described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Branches"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
LaT
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

eX Preamble
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In this text field are entered commands to load special LaTeX-packages or
 to define LaTeX-commands.
 The preamble is a thing for LaTeX-experts.
 You shouldn't enter commands here until you don't exactly know what you
 do.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
An introduction in the LaTeX-syntax is given in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:LaTeX-Syntax"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The Tools Menu
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Menu ! Tools"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Spellchecker
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Spell checking is explained in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Spellchecking"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Thesaurus
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The thesaurus is described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Thesaurus"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Count Words
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Word count"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Counts the number of words in the actual document or the highlighted document
 part.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
T
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

eX Information
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "TeX Information"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Shows you a list of the classes and styles installed in your LaTeX-system.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Reconfigure
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Reconfiguration of LyX"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LyX ! Reconfigure|see{Reconfiguration of LyX}"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This menu reconfigures LyX.
 That means LyX looks for LaTeX-packages and needed programs, see also section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Basic-LyX-Setup"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Preferences
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The preferences dialog is described in detail in chapter
\begin_inset Formula $\,$
\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cha:The-Preferences-dialog"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
The Help Menu
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Menu ! Help"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This menu opens the documentation files of LyX in the language of LyX's
 menus.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The menu 
\family sans
LaTeX\InsetSpace ~
Configuration
\family default
 shows a LyX-document with informations about the LaTeX-packages and classes
 found by LyX (see also section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:LaTeX-Setup"

\end_inset

).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Toolbars
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:Toolbars"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
How to show or hide toolbars is explained in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Toolbars"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It is also possible to define custom toolbars.
 This is described in the 
\emph on
Extended Features
\emph default
 manual.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Standard Toolbar
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Toolbar ! Standard"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/StandardToolbar.png
        width 100col%

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The standard toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following
 buttons:
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
setlength{
\backslash
LTleft}{0pt}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
This is necessary to left align the following longtables.
 See the 
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
 manual for more information.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="1" columns="2">
<features islongtable="true">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
        clip

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
pull-down menu for the paragraph environments
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace -10mm
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align left
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="20" columns="2">
<features islongtable="true">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/buffer-new.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
New
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/file-open.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Open
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/buffer-write.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Save
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/dialog-show_print.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 24bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Print
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/dialog-show_spellchecker.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Spellchecker
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/undo.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Undo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/redo.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Redo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/cut.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Cut
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/copy.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Copy
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/paste.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Paste
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/dialog-show_findreplace.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Find\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
&\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
Replace
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/font-emph.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Emphasize text, function of the Edit
\family sans
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Text\InsetSpace ~
Style
\family default
 dialog
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/font-noun.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Set text to noun style, function of the Edit
\family sans
\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Text\InsetSpace ~
Style
\family default
 dialog
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/font-free-apply.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Formats text using the current settings in the 
\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Text\InsetSpace ~
Style
\family default
 dialog
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/math-mode.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Inline\InsetSpace ~
Formula
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_graphics.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Graphics
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/tabular-insert.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Table
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/dialog-toggle_toc.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Toggle outline window on/off, 
\family sans
Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Outline
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/toolbar-toggle_math.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Toggle math toolbar on/off
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/toolbar-toggle_table.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Toggle table toolbar on/off
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Extra Toolbar
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Toolbar ! Extra"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/ExtraToolbar.png
        width 100col%

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The extra toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the following
 buttons:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="23" columns="2">
<features islongtable="true">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/layout.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Default
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/layout_Enumerate.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Numbered list
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/layout_Itemize.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Itemized list
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/layout_List.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
List
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/layout_Description.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Description list
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/depth-increment.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Increase\InsetSpace ~
List\InsetSpace ~
Depth
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/depth-decrement.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Decrease\InsetSpace ~
List\InsetSpace ~
Depth
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/float-insert_figure.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Figure
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/float-insert_table.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Float\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Table
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/label-insert.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Label
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Cross-Reference
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_citation.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Citation
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/index-insert.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Index\InsetSpace ~
Entry
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/nomencl-insert.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Nomenclature\InsetSpace ~
Entry
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/footnote-insert.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Footnote
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/marginalnote-insert.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Marginal\InsetSpace ~
Note
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/note-insert.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Note\SpecialChar \menuseparator
LyX\InsetSpace ~
Note
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/url-insert.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
URL
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/ert-insert.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
T
\family default

\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\family sans
eX
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_include.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 20bp

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Child\InsetSpace ~
Document
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/dialog-show_character.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Text\InsetSpace ~
Style
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/layout-paragraph.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Paragraph\InsetSpace ~
Settings
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/thesaurus-entry.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Thesaurus
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
View / Update Toolbar
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Toolbar ! View / Update"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename clipart/ViewToolbar.png

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The view / update toolbar as shown above contains from left to right the
 following buttons:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
<features islongtable="true">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0">
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/buffer-view_dvi.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
DVI
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/buffer-update_dvi.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator
DVI
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/buffer-view_pdf2.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
PDF
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/buffer-update_pdf2.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator
PDF
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
This button is on some LyX for Windows installations not here because its
 functionality is merged with 
\family sans
View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
PDF
\family default
.
 
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/buffer-view_ps.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Postscript
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row interlinespace="2.5mm">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Graphics
        filename ../images/buffer-update_ps.xpm
        BoundingBox 0bp 5bp 20bp 25bp
        rotateOrigin center

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Postscript
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Other Toolbars
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The change tracking toolbar is explained in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Change-Tracking"

\end_inset

, the table toolbar
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Toolbar ! Table"

\end_inset

 is explained in the 
\emph on
Embedded Objects
\emph default
 manual.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
The 
\family sans
Preferences
\family default
 Dialog
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "cha:The-Preferences-dialog"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Dialogs ! Preferences"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The preferences dialog is called with the menu Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Preferences.
 It consists of submenus explained in the following.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Look and Feel
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
User Interface
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:ui"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
At first a note: You have to restart LyX before changes in .ui and .bind-files
 take effect.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
User Interface File
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The appearance of both the menu and toolbar can both be changed by choosing
 another 
\family typewriter
.ui
\family default
-file.
 For the moment, only one file exists, the 
\family typewriter
default.ui
\family default
.
 A .ui-file is a text file where the menu and toolbar entries are listed.
 To create a new .ui-file, start with a copy of the default.ui from the folder
 lyx/share/lyx/ui and edit the entries.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The syntax of the 
\family typewriter
.ui
\family default
 files is straightforward.
 
\family typewriter
The Menubar
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
Menu
\family default
 and 
\family typewriter
Toolbar
\family default
 entries must be ended with an explicit 
\family typewriter
End
\family default
.
 They may contain 
\family typewriter
Submenu
\family default
s, 
\family typewriter
Item
\family default
s, 
\family typewriter
OptItem
\family default
s, 
\family typewriter
Separator
\family default
s, 
\family typewriter
Icon
\family default
s and in the case of the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

file
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 menus, a 
\family typewriter
Lastfiles
\family default
 entry.
 One small word of warning.
 
\family typewriter
Submenu
\family default
s may be inserted in a 
\family typewriter
Menubar
\family default
 or 
\family typewriter
Menu
\family default
, but they are defined as 
\family typewriter
Menu
\family default
s, not as 
\family typewriter
Submenu
\family default
s.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Now an example: Assuming you use the menu 
\family sans
Navigate\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Bookmarks
\family default
 quite often and therefore want four available bookmarks, you can simply
 add the lines
\newline

\newline
Item "Save Bookmark 4" "bookmark-save 4"
\newline
Item "Goto Bookmark
 4" "bookmark-goto 4"
\newline

\newline
to the navigate menu section in the .ui-file to have
 the fourth bookmark.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Bind File
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "sec:bindings"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Bindings are used to bind a function to a key.
 Several prepackaged binding files are available:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
cua.bind set of bindings (as the typical set of PC keyboard shortcuts)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
(x)emacs.bind set of bindings like they are used in the editor programs 
\family sans
Emacs
\family default
 (
\family sans
XEmacs
\family default
)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
mac.bind set of bindings for Mac
\begin_inset Formula $\,$
\end_inset

OS systems.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are also bind file for designed to them with special document classes,
 like broadway.bind) and bind files for special languages.
 The language bind file names begin with a language code, e.g.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

pt
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 for Portuguese.
 LyX supports internationalization of the user interface, see section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Selecting-an-alternative"

\end_inset

.
 If you use LyX in a certain language, LyX will try to use the appropriate
 bind files.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Some bind files, like math.bind, have only a small scope.
 When looking at the the end of the file cua.bind, you can see that they
 are included to keep the overview in the bind file.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you like to customize the keybindings to your own taste, modify the .bind-file
s with a text editor and don't forget to load the modified files into LyX
 using the 
\family sans
Preferences
\family default
 dialog.
 The syntax of the 
\family typewriter
.bind
\family default
 files is straightforward:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family typewriter

\backslash
bind <key combination> <lyx-function>
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Both key combination and lyx-function (including any arguments) must be
 enclosed in "double quotes".
 All the LyX functions are listed in the 
\emph on
Reference Manual
\emph default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Screen Fonts
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
These fonts are used to display your documents on the screen.
 Notice that this section only deals with the fonts 
\emph on
inside
\emph default
 the LyX window.
 The fonts that appear on the 
\emph on
paper
\emph default
 
\emph on
output
\emph default
 are independent from these fonts, and are set in the menu 
\family sans
Layout\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Document
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
By default, LyX uses 
\emph on
times
\emph default
 as serif font, 
\emph on
Aral
\emph default
 or 
\emph on
Helvetica
\emph default
 (depends on the system) as sans serif font, and 
\emph on
courier
\emph default
 as monospaced/typewriter font.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Screen DPI
\family default
 is the screen resolution in dpi (dots per inch).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Font Sizes are adjusted as letter height in units of points.
 72\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
points have the size of 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
inch, see Appendix\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cha:Units-available-in"

\end_inset

.
 The font sizes are the same as used for a document font size of 10
\begin_inset Formula $\,$
\end_inset

pt.
 They are explained in detail in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sub:Document-Font"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Colors
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
You can here change all colors used by LyX.
 Just choose an item in the list and use the 
\family sans
Alter
\family default
 button.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Graphics
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Here could you specify how graphics inside LyX are displayed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The button instant preview is used to enable previewing snippets of your
 document.
 This feature is described in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Previewing-snippets-of"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Keyboard Map
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
If you have e.g.
 a Czech keyboard but want to write with it like with a Romanian one, you
 can use the keyboard map file named 
\family sans
romanian.kmap
\family default
.
 Normally keyboard settings have to be done in a menu of your operating
 system.
 These keyboard maps are only provided as makeshift and doesn't work on
 all systems.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Paths
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Identity
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Language Settings
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Language
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The 
\family sans
Default language
\family default
 is the language used in new documents.
 The Language package should always be babel.
 babel translates in the background automatically text labels to the document
 language.
 A text label is for instance the word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

table
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 at the beginning of every table-caption.
 
\series bold

\backslash
usepackage{babel}
\series default
 is a LaTeX-command to use the package babel.
 For an introduction to the LaTeX-Syntax, look at section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:ERT"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Command start/end
\family default
 ???
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
There are also the following options in the menu:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Use\InsetSpace ~
babel whether babel is used or not
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Global ??
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Auto\InsetSpace ~
begin ??
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Auto\InsetSpace ~
end ??
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Mark\InsetSpace ~
foreign\InsetSpace ~
languages text marked formatted in a language different from
 the document language will be blue underlined
\end_layout

\begin_layout Description
Right\InsetSpace ~
to\InsetSpace ~
left\InsetSpace ~
language\InsetSpace ~
support enables the use of languages, written from right
 to left, like Arabic, Hebrew, Farsi
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Spellchecker
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The spellchecker setting are explained in section\InsetSpace ~

\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "sec:Spellchecking"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Outputs
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Printer
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Date Format
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
%a locale's abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%A locale's full weekday name, variable length (Sunday..Saturday)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%b locale's abbreviated month name (Jan..Dec)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%B locale's full month name, variable length (January..December)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%c locale's date and time (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST 1989)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%C century (year divided by 100 and truncated to an integer) [00-99]
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%d day of month (01..31)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%D date (mm/dd/yy)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%e day of month, blank padded ( 1..31)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%F same as %Y-%m-%d
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%g the 2-digit year corresponding to the %V week number
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%G the 4-digit year corresponding to the %V week number
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%h same as %b
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%H hour (00..23)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%I hour (01..12)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%j day of year (001..366)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%k hour ( 0..23)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%l hour ( 1..12)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%m month (01..12)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%M minute (00..59)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%n a newline
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%p locale's upper case AM or PM indicator (blank in many locales)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%P locale's lower case am or pm indicator (blank in many locales)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%r time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%R time, 24-hour (hh:mm)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%s seconds since `00:00:00 1970-01-01 UTC' (a GNU extension)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%S second (00..60); the 60 is necessary to accommodate a leap second
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%t a horizontal tab
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%T time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%u day of week (1..7); 1 represents Monday
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%U week number of year with Sunday as first day of week (00..53)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%V week number of year with Monday as first day of week (01..53)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%w day of week (0..6); 0 represents Sunday
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%W week number of year with Monday as first day of week (00..53)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%x locale's date representation (mm/dd/yy)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%X locale's time representation (%H:%M:%S)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%y last two digits of year (00..99)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%Y year (1970...)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%z RFC-822 style numeric timezone (-0500) (a nonstandard extension)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\noindent
%Z time zone (e.g., EDT), or nothing if no time zone is determinable
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Plain Text
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family sans
Output line length
\family default
 sets maximum number of characters printed in one line when using the menu
 
\family sans
File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
ASCII
\family default
.
 Setting the line line length to 0 means all text is printed in one endless
 line.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
roff command defines an additional command used to produce better ASCII
 tables with the 
\family typewriter
groff/troff/nroff
\family default
 UNIX-commands (refer to their manpages for more information about them).
 Setting this as empty tells LyX to use the internal formatter.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
LaT
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

{}
\end_layout

\end_inset

eX
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Paths
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Converters
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX has a powerful mechanism to convert to and from any file format using
 external programs.
 Define a pair of formats, e.g.
 
\family typewriter
LaTeX
\family default
 and 
\family typewriter
PDF
\family default
.
 Now define a converter from one format to the other.
 In our example, two possible mechanisms exist.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
A direct conversion, from LaTeX to PDF using pdflatex
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
A more convoluted route using intermediate formats and converters: LaTeX
 to DVI (using latex) to PostScript® (using dvips) to PDF (using ps2pdf).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
LyX will always choose the shortest possible route, so you must specify
 two different Format names for 
\family typewriter
.pdf
\family default
 files to be able to use either.
 Both are included by default in the 
\family sans
Preferences
\family default
 dialog.
 Have a look and then invent your own!
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Moreover, each Format can have a Viewer associated with it.
 For example, you might want to use 
\family typewriter
Ghostview
\family default
 to examine PostScript files, or 
\family typewriter
xdvi
\family default
 to preview the LaTeX output.
 You can alter the viewer to use (and what options to pass to it) via the
 
\family sans
Tols\SpecialChar \menuseparator
Preferences:Converters
\family default
 dialog.
 For example, to change the 
\family typewriter
dvi
\family default
 viewer, select the 
\family typewriter
DVI
\family default
 format in the dialog, change the viewer to be 
\family typewriter
kdvi
\family default
 (or whatever), and hit 
\family sans
Modify
\family default
.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
File Formats
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Copiers
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
BibTeX and makeindex
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Both the bibliography generating command (default 
\family typewriter
bibtex
\family default
) and the index generating command (default 
\family typewriter
makeindex
\family default
 with options 
\family typewriter
-c
\family default
 and 
\family typewriter
-q
\family default
) can be changed.
 As an alternative for 
\family typewriter
makeindex
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
xindy
\family default
 can be recommended.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The command to enter is
\end_layout

\begin_layout Quote

\family typewriter
makeindex.sh -m $$lang
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
where the placeholder 
\family typewriter
$$lang
\family default
 will be replaced by the chosen document (babel) language.
 For this, you must 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
have installed the packages 
\family typewriter
xindy
\family default
 and 
\family typewriter
make-rules
\family default
 (
\family typewriter
xindy-make-rules
\family default
).
 Type 
\family typewriter
makeindex.sh
\family default
 at a shell prompt for a help page.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Units available in LyX
\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "Units"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "cha:Units-available-in"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To understand the units described in this documentation, 
\begin_inset LatexCommand ref
reference "cap:Units"

\end_inset

 explains all units available in LyX.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
placement h
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "cap:Units"

\end_inset

Units
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace medskip
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="20" columns="2">
<features>
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0">
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
unit
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
name/description
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
mm
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
millimeter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
cm
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
centimeter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
in
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
inch
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
pt
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
point (72.27\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pt = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
in)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
pc
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
pica (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pc = 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pt)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
sp
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
scaled point (65536\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
sp = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
pt)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
bp
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
big point (72\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
bp = 1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
in)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
dd
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
didot (72\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
dd 
\begin_inset Formula $\approx$
\end_inset

 37.6\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
mm)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
cc
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
cicero (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
cc = 12\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
dd)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
Scale%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
% of original image width
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
text%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
% of text width
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
col%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
% of column width
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
page%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
% of paper width
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
line%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
% of line width
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
theight%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
% of text height
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
pheight%
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
% of paper height
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
ex
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
height of letter 
\emph on
x
\emph default
 in current font
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
em
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
width of letter 
\emph on
M
\emph default
 in current font
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row topline="true" bottomline="true">
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
mu
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Standard
math unit (1\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
mu = 1/18\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
em)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Chapter
Credits
\begin_inset LatexCommand label
name "cha:Credits"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The documentation is a collaborative effort between many different people
 (and we would encourage people to contribute!).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\noun on
Alejandro Aguilar Sierra
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\noun on
Amir Karger
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\noun on
David Johnson
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\noun on
Hartmut Haase
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\noun on
Ignacio García
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\noun on
Ivan Schreter
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\noun on
John Raithel
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\noun on
John Weiss
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\noun on
Lars Gullik Bjønnes
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\noun on
Matthias Ettrich
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\noun on
Matthias Zenker
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\noun on
Rich Fields
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\noun on
Pascal André
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\noun on
Paul Evans
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\noun on
Paul Russel
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\noun on
Robin Socha
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\noun on
Uwe Stöhr
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
The LyX Team: 
\begin_inset LatexCommand cite
key "lyxcredit"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\newpage
Bibliography created with the 
\family sans
Bibliography
\family default
 environment:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
label "Credits"
key "lyxcredit"

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{
\backslash
bibname
\backslash
; 1}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
The command 
\series bold

\backslash
addcontentsline
\series default
 is explained in the 
\emph on
Extended Features
\emph default
 manual.
 It creates a TOC entry.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A manual TOC entry for the bibliography is only necessary because we use
 two different ones in one document.
\end_layout

\end_inset

The LyX Team: 
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://www.lyx.org/trac/browser/lyx-devel/trunk/lib/CREDITS}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Credits
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
The command 
\series bold

\backslash
href
\series default
 is explained in the 
\emph on
Extended Features
\emph default
 manual.
 It creates a hyperlink.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "latexcompanion"

\end_inset

Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens: 
\emph on
The LaTeX Companion Second Edition.

\emph default
 Addison-Wesley, 2004
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "latexguide"

\end_inset

Helmut Kopka and Patrick W.
 Daly: 
\emph on
A Guide to LaTeX Fourth Edition.

\emph default
 Addison-Wesley, 2003
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "latexbook"

\end_inset

Leslie Lamport: 
\emph on
LaTeX: A Document Preparation System.

\emph default
 Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1994
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "texbook"

\end_inset

Donald E.
 Knuth.
 
\emph on
The TeXbook.

\emph default
 Addison-Wesley, 1984
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "TeXCatalogue"

\end_inset

The TeX Catalogue:
\newline

\begin_inset LatexCommand url
target "http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/bytopic.html"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "LaTeXFAQ"

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand url
name "LaTeX FAQ"
target "http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "fancyhdr"

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.pdf}
{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Documentation
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 of the LaTeX-package 
\series bold
fancyhdr
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! fancyhdr"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "floatflt"

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/floatflt/floatflt.pdf}
{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Documentation
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 of the LaTeX-package 
\series bold
floatflt
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! floatflt"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "nomencl"

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/nomencl/nomencl.pdf}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Documentation
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 of the LaTeX-package 
\series bold
nomencl
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! nomencl"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "tipa"

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/tipa/tipaman.pdf}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Documentation
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 of the LaTeX-package 
\series bold
tipa
\series default

\begin_inset LatexCommand index
name "LaTeX-packages ! tipa"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "Arabic"

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Arabic}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Wiki-page
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 how to set up LyX for Arabic
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "Armenian"

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Armenian}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Wiki-page
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 how to set up LyX for Armenian
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "Farsi"

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Farsi}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Wiki-page
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 how to set up LyX for Farsi
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibitem
key "Hebrew"

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
href{http://wiki.lyx.org/Windows/Hebrew}{
\end_layout

\end_inset

Wiki-page
\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard

}
\end_layout

\end_inset

 how to set up LyX for Hebrew
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\newpage
Bibliography created from a BibTeX-database:
\begin_inset LatexCommand bibtex
options "biblio/alphadin"
bibfiles "biblio/LyXDocs"

\end_inset


\begin_inset ERT
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard


\backslash
addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{
\backslash
bibname
\backslash
; 2}
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Note Note
status collapsed

\begin_layout Standard
The command 
\series bold

\backslash
addcontentsline
\series default
 is explained in the 
\emph on
Extended Features
\emph default
 manual.
 It creates a TOC entry.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A manual TOC entry for the bibliography is only necessary because we use
 two different ones in one document.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\series bold
\begin_inset LatexCommand printnomenclature

\end_inset


\begin_inset LatexCommand printindex

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_body
\end_document