1 #LyX 2.0 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
7 % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
9 %This preamble is designed to ensure that the document prints
10 % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble,
11 % parts of the document may not print out as expected. If you
12 % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact
13 % the documentation team
14 % email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
16 \usepackage{ifpdf} % part of the hyperref bundle
17 \ifpdf % if pdflatex is used
19 % set fonts for nicer pdf view
20 \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}{}
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60 \pdf_title "The LyX Tutorial"
61 \pdf_author "LyX Team"
62 \pdf_subject "LyX-documentation Tutorial"
63 \pdf_keywords "LyX, documentation"
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94 \quotes_language english
97 \paperpagestyle headings
98 \tracking_changes false
102 \html_be_strict false
116 \begin_layout Plain Layout
117 If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documenta
121 \begin_inset CommandInset href
123 target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
138 \begin_layout Standard
139 \begin_inset CommandInset toc
140 LatexCommand tableofcontents
147 \begin_layout Chapter
151 \begin_layout Section
155 \begin_layout Standard
156 This file is designed for all of you who have never heard of LaTeX, or do
157 not know it very well.
158 Now, do not panic - you will not need to learn LaTeX to use LyX.
159 That is, after all, the whole point of LyX: to provide an almost-WYSIWYG
161 There are some things you will need to learn, however, in order to use
165 \begin_layout Standard
166 Some of you probably found your way to this document because you tried to
167 put two spaces after a
168 \begin_inset Quotes eld
172 \begin_inset Quotes erd
175 or tried to put three blank lines between paragraphs.
176 You found out you could not and in fact, you will find out that most of
177 the little tricks you are accustomed to use in other word processors will
179 That is because most word processors you have used before allow you to
180 manually enter all spacings, font changes, and so on.
181 So you end up not only writing a document but typesetting it, too.
182 LyX does the typesetting for you, in a consistent fashion, letting you
183 focus on the important things, like the content of your writing.
186 \begin_layout Standard
187 So read on to learn more about LyX.
188 Reading this tutorial is definitely worth the time.
191 \begin_layout Section
201 \begin_layout Standard
202 Before we get started with this section, we want to make a quick note of
208 uses the notation outlined in the
213 If you came to this manual first, please read the
217 before you continue with the
224 \begin_layout Standard
225 Now that you know which fonts mean what, we want to talk a bit about what
233 \begin_layout Subsection
234 Getting the most out of the Tutorial
237 \begin_layout Standard
238 This tutorial consists of examples and exercises.
239 To get the most out of this document, you should read through it, typing
240 all the little things we are telling you to type and trying out all of
241 the exercises to see if you get them right.
242 For convenience, you might want to print out the PDF version of this document.
245 \begin_layout Standard
246 If you are familiar with LaTeX, you will probably be able to read the
250 somewhat faster, since many LyX ideas are just LaTeX ideas in disguise.
251 However, LyX has features you will want to learn about.
252 Even if you do not feel like reading the rest of the
256 , you should definitely check out Section
261 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
263 reference "sec:latexusers"
267 , which is specifically written for experienced LaTeX users.
270 \begin_layout Subsection
278 \begin_layout Itemize
279 Detailed explanations of all of LyX's features.
283 \begin_layout Standard
292 \begin_layout Itemize
293 Detailed explanations of LaTeX.
297 \begin_layout Standard
299 If you want to learn some of the neat tricks you can do with LaTeX in LyX,
300 you can have a look at the
312 \begin_layout Standard
313 It is time to move onwards, time for your first document \SpecialChar \ldots{}
317 \begin_layout Chapter
318 Getting started with LyX
321 \begin_layout Section
322 Your first LyX document
325 \begin_layout Standard
327 You are ready to start writing.
328 Before you do, there are a few things we need to mention, which will hopefully
329 make the Tutorial more instructive and useful.
333 \begin_layout Standard
334 Because there is information we cannot give you in the Tutorial, the
340 thing that you need to do is find the
347 Start up LyX, Choose the
356 You may want to load the
360 as well (if you are not reading it within LyX already).
361 This way, you can read them while you are writing your own file.
365 \begin_layout Plain Layout
366 They can also serve as good examples of how to use the many features of
372 Note that once you have got more than one document open, you can use the
377 menu or the document tabs to switch between them.
380 \begin_layout Standard
381 In this Tutorial, we are going to assume that you have a fully working version
382 of LyX, as well as a LaTeX-distribution and a PDF-viewer.
383 This should be the case on all major Linux- and BSD-distributions, as well
384 as on Windows, where this is setup by the LyX installers.
387 \begin_layout Standard
388 Finally, we have written a file called
392 to let you practice your LyX skills.
393 Imagine that it was typed by someone who did not know about any of LyX's
395 As you learn new LyX functions, we will suggest that you fix those parts
401 It also contains `subtle' hints about how to fix things.
405 \begin_layout Plain Layout
406 The hints are located in yellow
407 \begin_inset Quotes eld
411 \begin_inset Quotes erd
415 Access the text in a note by clicking on it.
420 If you want to cheat, or check what you have done, there is also a file
425 which contains the same text written and typeset by a LyX master.
428 \begin_layout Standard
429 The example files can be found in the
433 directory of LyX's installation folder.
434 Open the raw document, and use
436 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
443 to save a copy in your own directory for you to work on.
444 As you fix parts of the raw document, check to see how those changes affect
448 \begin_layout Standard
453 directory contains lots of other examples files.
454 They will show you how to do various fancy things with LyX.
455 After you have read the Tutorial, or when you are confused about how to
456 do something fancy in LyX, take a look at these files.
459 \begin_layout Subsection
460 Typing, Viewing, and Exporting
463 \begin_layout Itemize
466 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
470 \begin_layout Itemize
471 Type a sentence like:
473 This is my first LyX document!
476 \begin_layout Itemize
477 Save your document with
479 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
488 \begin_layout Itemize
489 Create a PDF file, with
491 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
494 or the toolbar button
501 LyX will open a PDF-viewer program displaying your document as it will
506 \begin_layout Plain Layout
507 You can save time by leaving the PDF-viewer running in the background.
510 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
513 or the toolbar button
519 and just click on the PDF-viewer window (or unminimize it) afterwards.
527 \begin_layout Itemize
528 Export the ready to print document with
530 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
538 \begin_layout Standard
539 Congratulations! You have written your first LyX document.
540 All of the rest is just details, which are covered in the other manuals.
543 \begin_layout Subsection
547 \begin_layout Standard
548 LyX can of course do most of the things you are used to doing with a word
550 It will word-wrap and indent paragraphs automatically.
551 Here is a quick description of how to do some simple actions.
554 \begin_layout Description
555 Undo LyX has multiple levels of undo, which means you can undo everything
556 you have done since your current editing session started, by selecting
559 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
568 ) over and over again.
569 If you undo too much, just select
571 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
584 \begin_layout Standard
585 Currently, undo is limited to 100 steps.
589 \begin_layout Description
592 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
603 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
614 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
624 \begin_inset Graphics
625 filename ../images/paste.png
630 ) to cut, copy, and paste.
631 Or automatically paste selected text (including selections from other programs)
639 \begin_layout Description
642 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
656 arg "dialog-show findreplace"
660 In the dialog, search with the
672 button to replace a word you have found.
676 \begin_layout Plain Layout
677 Close the window when you are done or leave it open if you find it more
679 Most dialog boxes in LyX can operate like this.
680 Just be sure you have the right window in focus when you are trying to
681 type in the main LyX window or a LyX dialog.
686 If you like, you can specify whether to make the search case-sensitive,
687 or to search for only complete words; you can also search backwards through
691 \begin_layout Description
700 text (which will by default print characters in italics), set it in
708 (usually small caps, used for people's names), or use your own formatting
711 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
718 dialog (toolbar button
721 arg "dialog-show character"
727 \begin_layout Description
728 Toolbar There are buttons on the toolbar (just below the menus) which allow
729 you to do some of the more popular functions, such as
740 \begin_layout Standard
741 Of course, you have not yet written enough to make most of these functions
743 As you write more, though, try undoing, pasting, etc.
746 \begin_layout Subsection
747 WYSIWYM: Whitespace in LyX
750 \begin_layout Standard
751 One of the hardest things for new users to get used to is the way that LyX
753 As many times as you hit
757 , you will only get one blank line.
758 As many times as you hit
762 , you will only get one space.
763 On a blank line, LyX will not let you type even one space.
768 key will not move you forward one tab stop; in fact there
772 no tab stops! There is no ruler at the top of the page to let you set tabs
776 \begin_layout Standard
777 Many word processors are based on the WYSIWYG principle:
778 \begin_inset Quotes eld
781 What You See Is What You Get.
782 \begin_inset Quotes erd
785 LyX, on the other hand, is based on the principle that
786 \begin_inset Quotes eld
789 What You See Is What You
794 \begin_inset Quotes erd
797 You type what you mean, and LyX will take care of typesetting it for you,
798 so that the output looks nice.
803 grammatically separates paragraphs, and a
807 grammatically separates words, so there is no reason to have several of
812 has no grammatical function at all, so LyX does not support it.
813 Using LyX, you will spend more of your time worrying about the
817 of your document, and less time worrying about the
826 for more information on the WYSIWYM concept.
829 \begin_layout Standard
830 LyX does have (many) ways to fine-tune the formatting of your document.
831 After all, LyX might not typeset
840 has information about all that.
841 It includes horizontal fills and vertical space — which are more powerful
842 and versatile than multiple spaces or blank lines — and ways to change
843 font sizes, character styles, and paragraph alignments by hand.
844 The idea, though, is that you can write your whole document, focusing on
845 content, and just worry about that fine-tuning at the end.
846 With standard word processors, you will be distracted by document formatting
847 throughout the writing process.
850 \begin_layout Section
854 \begin_layout Standard
855 Different parts of a document have different purposes; we call these parts
861 Most of a document is made up of regular text.
862 Section titles (chapter, subsection, etc.) let the reader know that a new
863 topic or subtopic will be discussed.
864 Certain types of documents have special environments.
865 A journal article will have an abstract and a title.
866 A letter will have neither of these, but will probably have an environment
867 that gives the writer's address.
870 \begin_layout Standard
871 Environments are a major part of the
872 \begin_inset Quotes eld
875 What You See Is What You Mean
876 \begin_inset Quotes erd
880 A given environment may require a certain font style, font size, indenting,
881 line spacing, and more.
882 This problem is aggravated, because the exact formatting for a given environmen
883 t may change: one journal may use boldface, 18 point, centered type for
884 section titles while another uses italicized, 15 point, left justified
885 type; different languages may have different standards for indenting; and
886 bibliography formats can vary widely.
887 LyX lets you avoid learning all the different formatting styles.
890 \begin_layout Standard
895 choice box is located on the left end of the toolbar and looks like this:
897 \begin_inset Graphics
898 filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
905 It indicates in which environment you are currently writing.
906 While you were writing your first document, it said
907 \begin_inset Quotes eld
911 \begin_inset Quotes erd
914 which is the default environment for text.
915 Now you will put a number of environments in your new document so that
916 you can see how they work.
919 \begin_layout Subsection
920 Sections and Subsections
923 \begin_layout Standard
928 on the first line of your LyX file, and select
940 \begin_layout Plain Layout
946 If nothing is selected, LyX changes the paragraph you are currently in
947 to the selected environment.
948 Alternatively, you can change several paragraphs to a different environment
949 by selecting them before picking an environment.
966 , which will be covered below.
967 LyX numbers the section
968 \begin_inset Quotes eld
972 \begin_inset Quotes erd
975 and typesets the section heading (title) in a larger font.
986 \begin_inset Quotes eld
990 \begin_inset Quotes erd
994 \begin_inset Quotes eld
998 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1002 Section headings, like most environments, are assumed to end when you type
1008 Type the document introduction:
1011 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1012 This is an introduction to my first LyX document.
1015 \begin_layout Standard
1030 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1034 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1037 and waits for you to type a title.
1039 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1045 \begin_inset space ~
1051 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1054 , and you will see that LyX again sets it as a section title.
1057 \begin_layout Standard
1059 Go to the end of Section
1060 \begin_inset space ~
1064 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1067 my first LyX document
1068 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1085 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1089 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1092 and waits for you to type a title.
1099 \begin_inset space ~
1103 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1107 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1111 \begin_inset space ~
1114 2, has been automatically renumbered to Section
1115 \begin_inset space ~
1118 3! In true WYSIWYM fashion, you just need to identify the text that makes
1119 up the section titles, and LyX takes care of numbering the sections and
1123 \begin_layout Standard
1132 environment, and type the following five lines:
1135 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1136 Sections and subsections are described below.
1139 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1143 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1144 Sections are bigger than subsections.
1147 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1148 Subsection description
1151 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1152 Subsections are smaller than sections.
1155 \begin_layout Standard
1156 Click on the second line and select
1165 LyX numbers the subsection
1166 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1170 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1173 , and typesets it in a font which is bigger than regular text but smaller
1174 than the section title.
1175 Change the fourth line to the
1179 environment as well.
1180 As you probably expected, LyX automatically numbered the section
1181 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1185 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1189 If you put yet another section before Section
1190 \begin_inset space ~
1194 \begin_inset space ~
1197 2 will be renumbered as Section 3, and the subsections will be renumbered
1199 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1203 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1207 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1211 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1217 \begin_layout Standard
1218 Further levels of sectioning include
1231 We will let you play with these on your own.
1232 You may notice that paragraph and subparagraph headings are not numbered
1233 by default, and that subparagraphs are indented; see the
1237 for an explanation and how to change this.
1242 headings are actually the highest level of sectioning, above
1246 s, but you are only allowed to use them in certain types (text classes)
1247 of LyX documents (see Section
1248 \begin_inset space ~
1252 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1254 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
1262 \begin_layout Standard
1263 Finally, you may want to have sections or subsections that are not numbered.
1264 There are environments for this as well.
1265 If you change one of your section headings to the
1269 environment (you may have to scroll down in the
1273 box to find it), LyX will use the same font size for the heading as it
1274 uses for a regular section, but it will not number that section.
1275 There are corresponding
1276 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1280 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1283 heading environments for
1292 Try changing some of your sections or subsections to the starred environments,
1293 and note how the other section numbers are updated.
1296 \begin_layout Standard
1301 : Fix the section and subsection headings in
1309 \begin_layout Subsection
1313 \begin_layout Standard
1314 LyX has several different environments for typesetting lists.
1315 The various list environments free you from hitting
1319 a million times when writing an outline, or from renumbering a whole list
1320 when you want to add a point in the middle of the list.
1321 Different types of documents logically require different list environments:
1324 \begin_layout Itemize
1325 A slide presentation might use the
1329 environment's bulleted lists to describe different points.
1332 \begin_layout Itemize
1333 An outline would use the
1337 environment's numbered lists (and lettered sublists).
1340 \begin_layout Itemize
1341 A document describing several software packages could use the
1345 environment, where each item in the list begins with a bold-faced word.
1348 \begin_layout Itemize
1357 ) environment is a variation on the
1364 \begin_layout Standard
1365 Let us write a list of reasons why LyX is better than other word processors.
1366 Somewhere in your document, type:
1369 \begin_layout Standard
1372 LyX is better than other word processors because:
1375 \begin_layout Standard
1392 arg "layout Itemize"
1397 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1401 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1405 Type in your reasons:
1408 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1409 Typesetting is done for you.
1412 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1416 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1417 Lists are very easy to create!
1420 \begin_layout Standard
1421 List environments, unlike headings, do not end when you type
1426 Instead, LyX assumes you are going on to the next item in the list.
1427 The above will therefore result in a three-item list.
1428 If you want more than one paragraph within one list
1432 , one way is to use the
1435 \begin_inset space ~
1440 , which you get by typing
1445 In order to get out of the list, you need to reselect the
1449 environment (or just use the key binding
1452 arg "layout Standard"
1458 \begin_layout Standard
1459 You have got a beautiful itemized list.
1460 You might want to run LaTeX to see how the list looks when printed out.
1461 But what if you wanted to number the reasons? Well, just select the whole
1466 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1467 LyX will not let you select the first bullet unless you also select the
1472 the list, which you probably do not want to do.
1473 Similarly, you cannot select the actual number in a numbered section title.
1474 This is on purpose because the bullet or number depends on the document
1475 settings or text position, respectively.
1491 arg "layout Enumerate"
1495 Pow! As we mentioned, if you add or delete a list item, LyX will fix the
1499 \begin_layout Standard
1500 While the list is still selected, you can change to the other two list environme
1508 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1514 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1524 arg "layout Description"
1533 ), in order to see what they look like.
1534 For those two environments, each list item is made up of a term, which
1535 is the item's first word, followed by a definition, which is the rest of
1536 the paragraph (until you hit
1541 The term is either typeset in boldface (
1546 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1550 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1557 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1558 But a typesetter's tab, which will change to fit the size of the largest
1559 term, not a pathetic, rigid, unchangeable typewriter
1572 ) from the rest of the paragraph.
1573 If you want to have more than one word in the definition, then separate
1577 \begin_inset space ~
1585 \begin_layout Standard
1590 : Typeset the list in
1595 \begin_layout Standard
1596 You can nest lists within each other in all sorts of interesting ways.
1597 An obvious example would be writing outlines.
1598 Numbered and bulleted lists will have different numbering and bulleting
1599 schemes for sublists.
1604 for details on the different sorts of lists and for examples of nestings.
1607 \begin_layout Subsection
1608 Other environments: Verses, Quotations, and more
1611 \begin_layout Standard
1612 There are two environments for setting quotations apart from surrounding
1617 for short quotes and
1630 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1631 used in this Tutorial for the long typing examples
1640 font; this environment is the only place in LyX where you are allowed to
1641 use multiple spaces to allow code indenting.
1642 You can even write poetry using the
1650 to separate stanzas, and
1654 to separate lines within a stanza.
1659 for more complete descriptions of all of the available LyX environments.
1662 \begin_layout Standard
1667 : Correctly typeset the
1676 \begin_inset Newline newline
1684 \begin_layout Chapter
1688 \begin_layout Standard
1689 The previous chapter hopefully allowed you to get used to writing in LyX.
1690 It introduced you to the basic editing operations in LyX, as well as the
1691 powerful method of writing with environments.
1692 Most people who use LyX, though, will want to write documents: papers,
1693 articles, books, manuals, or letters.
1694 This chapter is meant to take you from simply writing text with LyX to
1695 writing a complete document.
1696 It will introduce you to text classes, which allow you to write different
1698 It will then describe many of the additions that turn text into a document,
1699 such as titles, footnotes, cross references, bibliographies, and tables
1703 \begin_layout Section
1705 \begin_inset CommandInset label
1707 name "sec:Document-Classes"
1714 \begin_layout Standard
1715 Different sorts of documents should be typeset differently.
1716 For example, books are generally printed double-sided, while articles are
1718 In addition, many documents contain special environments: letters contain
1719 some environments — such as the sender's address and the signature — which
1720 do not make sense in a book or article.
1729 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1730 for LaTeX users: this is equivalent to the LaTeX document class
1735 takes care of these large scale differences between different sorts of
1737 This Tutorial, for example, was written in the
1742 Document classes are another major part of the WYSIWYM philosophy; they
1743 tell LyX how to typeset the document, so you do not need to know how.
1746 \begin_layout Standard
1747 Your document is probably being written in the
1755 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1756 That is usually the default document class
1761 Try changing to other document classes (using the
1763 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1766 dialog) to see how they are typeset differently.
1767 If you change your document to the
1771 document class and look at the
1775 box, you will see that most of the allowed environments are the same.
1776 However, you can now use the
1781 If you are ever unsure about which environments you can use in a given
1782 document class, just consult the
1789 \begin_layout Standard
1790 Font sizes, one- or two-column printing, and page headings are just some
1791 of the ways journals' typesettings differ from one another.
1792 As the Computer Age continues to mature, journals have begun accepting
1793 electronic submissions, creating LaTeX
1794 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1798 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1801 so that authors can submit correctly typeset articles.
1802 LyX is set up to support this as well.
1803 For example, LyX supports typesetting (and extra environments) for the
1804 American Mathematics Society journals using the
1807 \begin_inset space ~
1815 \begin_layout Standard
1816 Here is a very quick reference to some of the document classes.
1819 Special Document Classes
1825 manual for many more details.
1828 \begin_layout Standard
1830 \begin_inset Tabular
1831 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
1832 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
1833 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
1834 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
1836 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1839 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1845 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1848 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1856 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1859 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1865 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1868 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1869 one-sided, no chapters
1876 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1879 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1885 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1888 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1889 layout & environments for American Math Society
1896 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1899 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1905 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1908 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1909 longer than article, two-sided
1916 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1919 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1925 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1928 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1929 report + front and back matter
1936 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1939 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1945 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1948 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1956 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1959 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1965 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1968 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1969 lots of extra environments for address, signature\SpecialChar \ldots{}
1983 \begin_layout Section
1984 Templates: Writing a Letter
1987 \begin_layout Standard
1988 One way to write a letter would be to open a new file, and choose a
1994 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1998 While this is the most obvious way to write a letter, it seems like extra
2000 Every time you write a business letter, you want to have your address,
2001 the address to which you are sending it, a body, a signature, etc.
2006 for letters, which contains a sample letter; once you have a template,
2007 you can just replace a couple of parts of the letter with your text each
2008 time you write a letter.
2011 \begin_layout Standard
2012 Open a new file with
2014 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2016 \begin_inset space ~
2020 \begin_inset space ~
2031 Save and print the file to see how the various environments are typeset.
2034 \begin_layout Standard
2035 When you look at the
2039 box, you will see several environments, like the
2042 \begin_inset space ~
2047 environment, that do not exist in most other document classes.
2053 You can play around for a while to figure out how the various environments
2055 You will notice for example that the
2059 environment has the word
2060 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2064 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2067 in red before the actual text of the signature.
2068 This word does not show up in the actual letter, as you will see if you
2069 view/export the file.
2070 It is just there to let you know where the signature goes.
2071 Also, note that it does not matter where in the file the
2076 Remember, LyX is WYSIWYM; you can put the
2080 environment anywhere you want, but LyX knows that in the printout, the
2081 signature should be at the end.
2084 \begin_layout Standard
2085 A template is just a regular LyX file.
2086 This means you can fill in your address and signature and save the file
2088 From now on, any time you want to write a letter, you can use the new template
2090 We do not have to suggest an actual
2091 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2095 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2098 here; just write a letter to someone!
2102 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2103 One warning, if you are writing from a template.
2104 If you erase all of the text in an environment — for example, if you erase
2108 \begin_inset space ~
2113 field so that you can replace it with your own — and then you move the
2114 cursor without writing any text, the environment may disappear.
2115 This is because most environments cannot exist without any text in them.
2116 Just reselect the environment from the
2128 \begin_layout Standard
2129 Templates can be a huge time-saver, and we urge you to use them whenever
2131 In addition, they can help a person learn how to use some of the fancier
2133 Finally, they may be useful for a person who is configuring LyX for a bunch
2134 of less computer-aware users.
2135 When they are first learning LyX, it will be less intimidating if they
2136 have a letter template customized for their company, for example.
2139 \begin_layout Section
2143 \begin_layout Standard
2144 LyX (like LaTeX) considers the title — which may contain the actual title,
2145 the author, the date, and even an abstract of a paper — to be a separate
2146 part of the document.
2149 \begin_layout Standard
2150 Go back to your LyX document and make sure it is using the
2158 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2159 You should not be using the letter any more, since the
2163 document class does not allow titles.
2168 Type a title on the first line, and change the line to the
2173 On the next line, type your name and change it to the
2178 On the next line, write the date in the
2183 Type a paragraph or two summarizing your document using the
2188 Notice how the title is presented when it is printed out.
2189 If you change the document format to Book, you will get a separate title
2190 page, like the first page of this tutorial.
2193 \begin_layout Standard
2198 : Fix the title, date, and author in
2203 \begin_layout Section
2204 Labels and Cross-References
2207 \begin_layout Standard
2208 You can label section headings, list items, formulas, footnotes, and floats
2212 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2213 Floats are explained in the
2227 Once you do so, you can refer to this section in other parts of the document,
2228 using cross-references.
2229 You can refer either to the section's number, or to the page that the section
2231 As with section numbering, LyX also takes care of cross-reference numbering
2233 Automatic management of labels and cross-references is among the most significa
2234 nt advantages of LyX (and LaTeX) over conventional word processors.
2237 \begin_layout Subsection
2241 \begin_layout Standard
2242 Go to our second section, whose title is
2243 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2247 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2251 Click at the end of the section title line, and select
2253 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2256 or the toolbar button
2263 A dialog asks you for a label name, and gives you a suggestion.
2268 , the label name will be placed in a box next to the section title.
2271 \begin_layout Standard
2272 So far you have not done anything — the DVI output will look exactly the
2273 same, since labels do not show up in the printed document.
2274 However, now that you have added a label, you can refer to that label with
2276 We will do that next.
2279 \begin_layout Subsection
2280 Your first cross-reference
2283 \begin_layout Standard
2284 Place the cursor somewhere in Section
2285 \begin_inset space ~
2292 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2293 If you want to know more about this document, then see
2294 \begin_inset Newline newline
2297 Section, which can be found on page.
2300 \begin_layout Standard
2301 Now — with the cursor after the word
2302 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2306 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2311 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2313 \begin_inset space ~
2318 or the toolbar button
2321 arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
2325 The Cross-reference dialog pops up.
2326 It shows a list of the possible labels you can reference.
2327 At the moment, there should be only one,
2328 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2331 sec:About-This-Document
2332 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2336 First, select the drop-down menu labeled
2337 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2341 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2345 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2348 <reference> on page <page>
2349 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2354 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2357 sec:About-This-Document
2358 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2361 (it may be selected by default), and a reference marker will appear containing
2363 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2366 Ref+Text: sec:About-This-Document
2367 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2370 (To be really correct, you should put a
2373 \begin_inset space ~
2379 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2383 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2387 An alternative way to reference a label is to right-click the label and
2392 in the appearing context menu.
2393 The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be copied
2394 to the actual cursor position via the menu
2396 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2406 In the printed document, this reference marker will be replaced with the
2407 section number and then the page number.
2408 View your document as DVI, and you will see that LaTeX has been even cleverer
2411 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2415 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2418 and depending how much text you have between the start of Section
2419 \begin_inset space ~
2422 2 and this cross-reference you may see
2423 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2427 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2431 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2434 on the previous page
2435 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2439 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2443 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2450 is the page number).
2453 \begin_layout Standard
2454 Conveniently, a cross-reference acts as a hyperlink when you are editing
2455 a document in LyX; clicking on it will pop up the
2462 \begin_inset space ~
2466 \begin_inset space ~
2471 will move the cursor to the referenced label.
2474 \begin_layout Subsection
2475 More fun with labels
2478 \begin_layout Standard
2479 We told you that LyX takes care of numbering cross-references; now you can
2481 Add a new section before Section
2482 \begin_inset space ~
2486 Update the DVI view, and — voilà! — the section cross-reference changed
2488 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2492 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2495 ! Change the section
2496 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2500 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2503 to a subsection, and the cross-reference will reference Subsection
2504 \begin_inset space ~
2507 2.1 instead of Section
2508 \begin_inset space ~
2512 The page reference will not change unless you add a whole page of text
2513 before the label, of course.
2517 \begin_layout Standard
2518 If you want some more practice with labels, then try putting a new label
2519 where your first cross-reference was, and refer to that label from elsewhere
2521 If you will be inserting cross-references often, it may be convenient to
2529 \begin_layout Standard
2530 If you want to confirm that the cross-referencing gets the pages right even
2531 for larger documents,
2535 a couple pages of text from the
2539 to the clipboard, and
2543 it into your document.
2547 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2548 By the way, copying a chapter title may cause an error, because chapters
2549 are not allowed in the article class, see Section
2550 \begin_inset space ~
2554 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
2556 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
2561 If this happens, just delete the chapter title.
2569 \begin_layout Standard
2574 : Fix the references in
2579 \begin_layout Section
2580 Footnotes and Margin Notes
2583 \begin_layout Standard
2584 Footnotes can be added using the toolbar button
2587 arg "footnote-insert"
2592 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2596 Click at the end of the word
2597 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2601 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2604 somewhere in your document and insert a footnote.
2605 A footnote box appears where you can enter the text of the footnote.
2606 LyX should place the cursor at the beginning of the footnote box.
2610 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2611 LyX is a typesetting word processor.
2614 \begin_layout Standard
2615 Now click on the button labeled
2616 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2620 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2624 The footnote box is closed, leaving the button showing where the footnote
2625 marker will be in the printed text; this is called
2626 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2630 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2634 You can unfold the footnote at any time and re-edit its text by clicking
2636 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2640 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2646 \begin_layout Standard
2647 A footnote can be cut and pasted like normal text.
2648 Go ahead; try it! All you need to do is select the footnote button
2652 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2653 It may be easier to select it using the keyboard.
2654 You might accidentally open the footnote if you are trying to select the
2655 marker itself with the mouse.
2669 In addition, you can change regular text to a footnote, by selecting it
2673 arg "footnote-insert"
2676 button; change a footnote to regular text by hitting the
2680 key when the cursor is in the first position of a footnote, or by hitting
2685 key when the cursor is in the very last position of the footnote.
2688 \begin_layout Standard
2689 Margin notes can be added using the menu
2691 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2693 \begin_inset space ~
2698 or the toolbar button
2701 arg "marginalnote-insert"
2705 Margin notes are like footnotes, except that:
2708 \begin_layout Itemize
2709 the on-screen boxes say
2710 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2714 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2718 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2722 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2728 \begin_layout Itemize
2729 the notes will be placed in the margin, instead of below the text
2732 \begin_layout Itemize
2733 margin notes are not numbered
2736 \begin_layout Standard
2737 Change your LyX footnote back to text, then select and change it to a margin
2739 Run LaTeX again to see what the margin note looks like.
2742 \begin_layout Standard
2747 : Fix the footnote in
2752 \begin_layout Section
2754 \begin_inset CommandInset label
2756 name "sec:bibliographies"
2763 \begin_layout Standard
2764 Bibliographies (at least in the exact sciences) are similar to cross-references.
2765 The bibliography contains a list of references at the end of the document,
2766 and they can be referenced from within the document.
2767 Like section titles, LyX and LaTeX make your job easier by automatically
2768 numbering the bibliography items and changing citations when the item numbers
2772 \begin_layout Standard
2773 Go to the end of the document and switch to the
2778 Now, each paragraph you type will be a reference.
2780 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2785 The Lyx Tutorial, by the LyX Documentation Team
2788 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2791 as your first reference.
2792 Note that LyX automatically puts a number in a box before each reference.
2793 Click on the boxed reference number, and the
2796 \begin_inset space ~
2806 is to refer to this reference within the LyX document, the
2815 is set (default), you will see the number of the bibliography in the output.
2821 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2825 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2828 to make it easy to remember.
2831 \begin_layout Standard
2832 Now pick somewhere in your document that you would like to insert a reference.
2835 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2838 or the toolbar button
2841 arg "dialog-show-new-inset citation"
2850 The right panel in this dialog lists all the bibliography entries, and
2851 this field allows you to choose which bibliography item you want to cite.
2853 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2857 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2860 (right now, that is the only item in the bibliography), then use the
2864 button in the center to insert it.
2865 (You can have multiple citations in the same place by transferring a number
2866 of keys this way.) Now view your file as DVI, and you will see that the
2867 citation appears in brackets in the text, referring to the bibliography
2868 at the end of the document.
2871 \begin_layout Standard
2875 \begin_inset space ~
2884 dialog will put a remark (such as a reference to a page or chapter within
2885 the referenced book or article) in the brackets after the reference.
2886 If you want the references to have labels instead of numbers in the printed
2887 output (for example, some journals would use
2888 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2892 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2895 to refer to a paper written by Smith in 1995), use the
2902 \begin_inset space ~
2915 \begin_layout Standard
2920 Fix the bibliography and citation in
2925 \begin_layout Section
2929 \begin_layout Standard
2930 You may want to put a table of contents at the beginning of your document.
2931 LyX makes this easy to do.
2936 after your document title and before your first section title and choose
2939 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2941 \begin_inset space ~
2945 \begin_inset space ~
2948 TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2950 \begin_inset space ~
2954 \begin_inset space ~
2961 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2965 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2968 will appear in a button on the first line of the document.
2972 \begin_layout Standard
2973 This may not appear to be very useful.
2974 However, if you look at your DVI file, you will see that a table of contents
2975 has been generated, listing the various sections and subsections in your
2977 As usual, if you reorder sections or create new ones, you will see those
2978 changes in the DVI file when you update it.
2982 \begin_layout Standard
2983 The table of contents is not printed in the on-screen version of the document.
2984 But you can display the table of contents in a separate window by clicking
2985 on the table of contents button, or by using
2987 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2990 or the toolbar button
2993 arg "dialog-toggle toc"
2997 This menu will work even if you do not have a table of contents inset in
2999 This is a very useful tool for rearranging your document parts.
3000 Clicking on a (sub)section title in the
3004 window will highlight that line and move the display (in the LyX editing
3005 window) to that place in the document.
3006 You can also use the arrow keys to move up and down in the table of contents.
3007 You may therefore find it convenient to leave this window open throughout
3009 You can get similar functionality from the
3013 menu, though, where the table of contents appears automatically.
3016 \begin_layout Standard
3017 To get rid of the Table of Contents, you can delete the table of contents
3018 button just like any other text.
3021 \begin_layout Standard
3026 : Fix the table of contents in
3031 \begin_layout Chapter
3035 \begin_layout Standard
3036 LaTeX is used by many scientists because it outputs great looking equations,
3037 avoiding the control characters used by word processors and their equation
3039 Many of these scientists are frustrated, however, because writing equations
3040 in LaTeX is more like programming than writing.
3041 Happily, LyX has WYSIWYM support for equations.
3042 If you are used to LaTeX, you will find that all of the usual LaTeX math
3043 commands can be typed in normally, but they will show up in a WYSIWYM fashion.
3044 If, on the other hand, you have never written in LaTeX, then the
3047 \begin_inset space ~
3052 will allow you to write professional-looking math quickly and easily.
3055 \begin_layout Section
3059 \begin_layout Standard
3060 Somewhere in your LyX document, type:
3063 \begin_layout LyX-Code
3064 I like what Einstein said, E=mc^2, because it is so simple.
3068 \begin_layout Standard
3069 Now, that equation does not look very good in LyX and in the output; there
3070 is no space between the letters and the equals sign, and you would like
3071 to write an actual superscript for the
3072 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3076 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3080 That bad typesetting happened because we did not tell LyX that we were
3081 writing a mathematical expression, so it typeset the equation like regular
3085 \begin_layout Standard
3086 Instead, we create a formula that will get typeset properly.
3087 In order to create a formula, just click the toolbar button
3095 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3096 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3098 \begin_inset space ~
3104 LyX will insert a little blue square, which is an empty math formula.
3110 The expression is typed in blue, and the blue square disappears as soon
3111 as the formula is not empty.
3116 to leave the equation The purple markers disappear, leaving the cursor
3117 to the right of the expression, and now if you type something, it will
3121 \begin_layout Standard
3122 Looking at the output you will notice that the expression was typeset nicely,
3123 with spaces between the letters and the equals sign, and a superscript
3125 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3129 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3133 Letters in math mode are assumed to be variables, and come out in italics.
3134 Numbers are just numbers.
3137 \begin_layout Standard
3138 This math editor is another example of the WYSIWYM philosophy.
3139 In LaTeX, you write a mathematical expression using text and commands like
3146 ; this can be frustrating, because you cannot see what an expression looks
3147 like until you run the file under LaTeX and you may have to spend time
3149 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3153 \begin_inset space \space{}
3157 LyX does not attempt to get the expression to look perfect (WYSIWYG), but
3158 it gives you an extremely good idea of what the expression will look like.
3159 LaTeX then takes care of the professional typesetting.
3162 \begin_layout Section
3163 Navigating an Equation
3166 \begin_layout Standard
3168 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
3172 \begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$
3176 Use the arrow keys to move the cursor into the expression.
3177 Note that when you enter the expression, the purple markers appear to let
3178 you know you are editing math.
3187 to move the cursor past the equals sign, and just type
3188 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3192 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3196 Again, you can use the arrow keys or
3200 to leave the formula\SpecialChar \@.
3204 \begin_layout Standard
3205 Other than the special keys described below, typing in math mode is like
3206 editing regular text.
3216 Select text either with the arrow keys or with the mouse.
3219 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3222 works in math mode as well as cut and paste.
3223 One thing to be careful of: if you are left or right outside a formula
3232 respectively, you delete the whole formula.
3233 Luckily, you can just use
3240 \begin_layout Standard
3241 What if you want to change
3242 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
3246 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$
3249 ? Again, you can use the mouse to click in the right place.
3250 However, you can also use the arrow keys.
3251 If the cursor is just after the
3252 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3256 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3260 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3264 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3271 and the cursor is moved to the level of the superscript, just before the
3273 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3277 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3282 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3286 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3294 will move the cursor back to the regular level.
3303 , the cursor will be placed
3307 the superscript (so that you can then type the
3308 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3312 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3318 \begin_layout Section
3319 Exponents and Indices
3322 \begin_layout Standard
3323 An exponent can be entered from the
3326 \begin_inset space ~
3331 (see below), but it is actually simpler just to type the caret key,
3332 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3336 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3340 LyX will place another blue rectangle in the superscript, so that whatever
3341 you write next will be superscripted, and in a smaller font size.
3342 Everything you type until you hit a
3350 to exit the formula entirely) will be in the superscript.
3353 \begin_layout Standard
3354 Writing a subscript (index) is just as easy; start one by typing the underscore
3356 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3360 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3364 You can subscript and superscript both subscripts and superscripts like
3366 \begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$
3373 \begin_layout Standard
3385 \begin_layout Section
3389 \begin_layout Standard
3393 \begin_inset space ~
3398 is a convenient way to enter symbols and/or to perform complicated formula
3400 Many of these operations can be accomplished from the keyboard or the
3402 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3407 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3411 However, we are going to concentrate on using the
3414 \begin_inset space ~
3419 , just to let you know what is out there; you can learn keyboard shortcuts
3420 and commands later from the
3427 \begin_layout Standard
3431 \begin_inset space ~
3436 is shown when the cursor is in a formula and can also be turned on manually
3439 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3443 When you click there on
3444 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3448 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3454 arg "toolbar-toggle math"
3457 ) the toolbar will be shown permanently at the bottom; this state is visualized
3462 menu with a checkmark.
3463 When you click in this state again on
3464 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3468 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3479 is only shown when the cursor is within a formula; this state is visualized
3480 by the renaming of the menu entry from
3481 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3485 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3489 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3493 \begin_inset space ~
3497 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3503 \begin_layout Subsection
3507 \begin_layout Standard
3511 \begin_inset space ~
3516 allows you to choose from a large array of symbols used in math: operators,
3517 arrows, relationships, delimiters, special characters, sums and integrals.
3518 Note that subscripting and superscripting allow you to put lower and upper
3519 limits on sums and integrals.
3522 \begin_layout Subsection
3523 Square roots, accents, and delimiters
3526 \begin_layout Standard
3527 To type a square root, just click on the button
3530 arg "math-insert \\sqrt"
3534 The square root appears, and the cursor is in a new insertion point inside
3536 You can type variables, numbers, other square roots, fractions, whatever
3538 LyX will automatically resize the square root to fit what is inside.
3541 \begin_layout Standard
3542 Accenting a character (
3543 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a}$
3546 ) or group of characters (
3547 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$
3550 ) is done similarly, and is an example of inserting a
3551 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3555 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3559 Decorations are available from the toolbar via the button
3562 arg "math-insert \\hat"
3566 Click on a decoration, and LyX will insert that decoration with an insertion
3567 point under (or over) it.
3568 Just type what you want in the insertion point.
3569 There are two sets of decorations: those that resize with the text you
3570 type, and those that have a fixed size, and are most appropriate for a
3575 \begin_layout Standard
3576 Delimiters such as parentheses, brackets, and braces work similarly, but
3577 are a bit more complicated.
3578 Hit the delimiter button
3581 arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter"
3589 Your current selection of delimiters is displayed in a box.
3590 It is a pair of parentheses by default, but you can choose a pair of braces,
3591 a brace and a parenthesis, or choose the empty square to have something
3593 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3597 \begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$
3601 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3604 (the empty delimiter is displayed as a broken line in LyX, but will not
3605 show up in the output).
3608 \begin_layout Standard
3609 If you are lazy, you can type actual parentheses in math mode, rather than
3615 However, those parentheses will be the same size as regular text, which
3616 will look bad if you have a big fraction or matrix inside the parentheses.
3617 So it is better in this case to use one of the three delimiter buttons
3618 that insert directly e.
3619 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3623 \begin_inset space \space{}
3627 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3633 \begin_layout Standard
3634 You can also put delimiters or a square root sign or a decoration on already
3635 existing formula parts.
3636 Select the portion of the formula that you want to adjust, and then click
3637 on the button you want from the
3640 \begin_inset space ~
3646 Try using this to change Newton's second law from scalar to vector form
3648 \begin_inset Formula $f=ma$
3652 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$
3656 Once you have learned about matrices, this is how you will put parentheses
3657 or brackets around them.
3660 \begin_layout Subsection
3664 \begin_layout Standard
3665 To create a fraction, click on the fraction button
3668 arg "math-insert \\frac"
3674 arg "math-insert \\frac-square"
3680 \begin_inset space ~
3686 LyX writes two insertion points in a fraction.
3687 As you would expect, you can use arrow keys or the mouse to move around
3689 Click on the top square and type
3690 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3694 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3703 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3707 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3711 You have made a fraction! Of course you can type anything within each of
3712 the two boxes: variables with exponents, square roots, other fractions,
3717 \begin_layout Standard
3729 \begin_layout Subsection
3730 Functions: lim, log, sin and others
3733 \begin_layout Standard
3734 Because letters in math mode are considered to be variables, if you type
3736 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3740 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3743 in math mode, LyX thinks you are typing the product of the three variables
3745 \begin_inset Formula $s$
3749 \begin_inset Formula $i$
3753 \begin_inset Formula $n$
3757 The three letters will be typeset in italics, when what you really wanted
3759 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3763 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3767 In addition, LyX will not put a space between the word
3768 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3772 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3776 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3780 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3787 will exit the formula).
3789 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3793 \begin_inset Formula $\sin(x)$
3797 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3801 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3805 \begin_inset Formula $sin(x)$
3809 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3815 \begin_layout Standard
3819 \begin_inset space ~
3827 arg "math-insert \\functions"
3831 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3835 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3838 in the appearing function list.
3840 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3844 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3847 is displayed in LyX in black, and set in upright roman type.
3848 The whole word is treated as one symbol, so if you type
3852 , it will delete the whole word.
3854 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3858 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3861 , which will be written in blue italics, like you expect in a formula.
3862 In the output, the expression will be correctly typeset.
3866 \begin_layout Standard
3867 The function list includes other trigonometric functions and their inverses,
3868 hyperbolic functions, logarithms, limits, and quite a few others.
3869 These functions can take subscripts and superscripts, important for typing
3871 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3875 \begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$
3879 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3883 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3887 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$
3891 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3897 \begin_layout Standard
3909 \begin_layout Subsection
3913 \begin_layout Standard
3914 Click on the matrix button
3917 arg "dialog-show mathmatrix"
3923 \begin_inset space ~
3929 The appearing dialog allows you to choose how many rows and columns you
3930 want in your matrix.
3931 Choose 2 rows and 3 columns and hit
3936 LyX prints 6 insertion points in a
3937 \begin_inset Formula $2\times3$
3941 As usual, you can put any sort of formula expression (a square root, another
3942 matrix, etc.) in each insertion point.
3943 You can also leave some of the insertion points empty if you want.
3946 \begin_layout Standard
3951 can be used to move horizontally between the columns of a matrix.
3952 Alternatively, you can use the arrow keys to move around - hitting
3956 at the end of one box will move to the next box,
3960 will move to the next row, etc.
3963 \begin_layout Standard
3964 If you need to change the number of rows and columns, use the menu
3966 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3968 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3972 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3977 or the math toolbar buttons
3980 arg "inset-modify tabular append-row"
3986 arg "inset-modify tabular delete-row"
3992 arg "inset-modify tabular append-column"
3998 arg "inset-modify tabular delete-column"
4004 \begin_layout Standard
4009 for information on how to change the horizontal alignment of each column,
4010 and how to change the vertical position of the whole matrix.
4011 Note that if you want to write a table containing text, you should use
4012 LyX's wonderful table support, rather than trying to write text in a matrix.
4015 \begin_layout Subsection
4019 \begin_layout Standard
4020 All of the expressions we have written so far have been on the same line
4021 as the text that came before and after them, otherwise known as inline
4023 This is fine for short, simple expressions, but if you want to write larger
4024 ones, or if you want your expressions to stand out from the text, you need
4025 to write them in display mode.
4026 In addition, only displayed expressions can be labeled and numbered (see
4031 ), and multi-line equations must be in display mode.
4034 \begin_layout Standard
4035 While being in a formula, click on the display button
4044 \begin_inset space ~
4050 This centers the formula and adds a blank line before and after it.
4051 Now type in an expression and compile your file to see how it looks.
4052 The display button is actually a toggle; use it now to change a couple
4053 of your expressions to display mode and back.
4057 \begin_layout Standard
4058 Display mode has a couple differences from inline mode:
4061 \begin_layout Itemize
4062 The default font is larger for a few symbols, like
4063 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
4067 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
4073 \begin_layout Itemize
4074 Subscripts and superscripts for limits and sums (but not integrals) are
4075 written under and over rather than next to the symbols
4078 \begin_layout Itemize
4082 \begin_layout Standard
4083 Other than these differences, though, displayed expressions and inline expressio
4084 ns are very similar.
4087 \begin_layout Standard
4088 One final note about the way displayed formulas are typeset: Be careful
4089 about whether you are putting your equation into a new paragraph or not.
4090 If your formula is in the middle of a sentence or paragraph, then do not
4096 Doing so will cause the text
4100 the formula to start a new paragraph.
4101 That text will be indented or follow a blank line, depending on your document
4102 paragraph settings, which is probably not what you want.
4105 \begin_layout Standard
4110 : Put the various equations in
4114 into display mode, and see how they are typeset differently.
4117 \begin_layout Standard
4122 : Using various tools you have learned in this section, you should be able
4123 to write an equation like:
4127 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4128 After you have done it the hard way, give
4130 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4131 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4133 \begin_inset space ~
4144 \begin_inset Formula
4146 f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc}
4149 \sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0
4158 \begin_layout Section
4162 \begin_layout Standard
4163 Now you are familiar with the basics.
4164 LyX's math editor can do a lot more.
4165 You can refer to the
4169 manual for tips on how to:
4172 \begin_layout Itemize
4173 Label and number expressions.
4176 \begin_layout Itemize
4177 Create multi-line equations.
4180 \begin_layout Itemize
4181 Change typefaces, e.
4182 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4186 \begin_inset space \space{}
4189 to write bold-face text in an expression.
4192 \begin_layout Itemize
4193 Fine-tune font sizes and spacing within an expression.
4194 (Do not worry about this until your final draft!)
4197 \begin_layout Itemize
4199 These are very powerful, because you just define them once at the top of
4200 the document, and then you can use them throughout the document.
4203 \begin_layout Itemize
4204 Almost all you can do with math.
4207 \begin_layout Chapter
4211 \begin_layout Section
4212 Other major LyX Features
4215 \begin_layout Standard
4216 We have not gone through all the possible commands in LyX, and we are not
4225 \begin_inset space ~
4230 manual for more information.
4231 We will just mention a couple more major things LyX can do:
4234 \begin_layout Itemize
4235 LyX has WYSIWYM support for tables.
4238 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4244 arg "tabular-insert"
4248 Click on the table with the
4255 \begin_inset space ~
4260 dialog box which allows extensive table editing.
4264 arg "toolbar-toggle table"
4267 the table toolbar will appear permanently.
4270 \begin_layout Itemize
4271 LyX also supports including pictures in any format within documents.
4274 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4280 arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics"
4284 Then browse for the figure file, rotate or scale it, etc.) Tables and figures
4285 can have captions, and LyX will automatically generate lists of figures
4289 \begin_layout Itemize
4290 LyX is heavily configurable.
4291 Everything from how the LyX window looks to how the output comes out can
4292 be configured in a number of ways.
4293 Much configuration is done through
4295 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4299 For more information on this, check out
4301 Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4302 Customization\SpecialChar \@.
4306 \begin_layout Itemize
4307 LyX is being developed by a team of programmers on five continents.
4308 Therefore, LyX has better support for non-English languages (such as Dutch,
4309 German, French, Greek, Czech, Turkish, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
4310 ) than many word processors.
4311 Even the right-to-left languages Arabic, Farsi, and Hebrew and the Asian
4312 languages Chinese Japanese, and Korean are supported.
4313 You can write documents in other languages and you can also configure LyX
4314 to show its menus and error messages in other languages.
4318 \begin_layout Itemize
4319 The LyX menus feature keybindings.
4320 This means that you can do
4322 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4333 or by using the binding which is shown next to it in the menu (
4340 Keybindings are also configurable.
4341 For information on this, check out
4343 Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4344 Customization\SpecialChar \@.
4348 \begin_layout Itemize
4349 LyX can read LaTeX documents.
4351 \begin_inset space ~
4355 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4357 reference "sec:tex2lyx"
4364 \begin_layout Itemize
4365 Spell-checking, thesaurus, and word count facilities are available.
4368 \begin_layout Itemize
4369 Generation of indexes and nomenclatures/glossaries is supported.
4372 \begin_layout Section
4374 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4376 name "sec:latexusers"
4383 \begin_layout Standard
4384 If you do not know anything about LaTeX, you do not have to read this section.
4385 Actually, you might want to
4389 about LaTeX, and then read this chapter.
4390 However, some who begin to use LyX will be familiar with LaTeX.
4391 If you are such a person, you may be wondering if LyX can really do everything
4393 The short answer is that LyX can do pretty much everything LaTeX can do
4394 in one form or another, and it definitely simplifies most parts of writing
4398 \begin_layout Standard
4399 Because this is just a tutorial, we are only going to mention things that
4400 new LyX users will most likely be interested in.
4401 In the interests of keeping the Tutorial short, we will give only minimal
4406 \begin_inset space ~
4414 \begin_inset space ~
4419 manual have a great deal of information on differences between LyX and
4420 LaTeX, and how to do various LaTeX tricks in LyX.
4423 \begin_layout Subsection
4427 \begin_layout Standard
4428 Anything that you enter in TeX mode will be passed straight to LaTeX, and
4429 will be displayed in red on the screen.
4430 You can use TeX commands in LyX by choosing
4432 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4434 \begin_inset space ~
4446 This creates a box where everything within it is passed straight to LaTeX.
4449 \begin_layout Standard
4450 In a math formula, TeX mode is handled a bit differently.
4451 TeX mode is entered there by typing a backslash.
4452 The backslash is not written out, but anything you type afterwards will
4454 You exit TeX mode by typing
4458 or some other non-alphabetic character, like a number, underscore, caret,
4460 Once you exit TeX mode, if LyX knows the TeX command you have typed in,
4461 it will convert it to WYSIWYM\SpecialChar \@.
4463 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4473 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4476 in a formula and then press
4480 , LyX will change the red
4481 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4485 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4489 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4493 \begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
4497 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4501 This will work for almost all, non-complicated math macros.
4502 This may be faster than using the
4505 \begin_inset space ~
4510 , and will be especially convenient for experienced LaTeX users.
4513 \begin_layout Standard
4514 As a special case, if you type
4515 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4525 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4528 in a formula, the beginning
4532 ending braces will be inserted in red while the cursor is placed between
4534 This makes it more convenient to type those commands that take an argument.
4537 \begin_layout Standard
4538 LyX cannot do absolutely everything that LaTeX can do.
4539 Some fancy functions are not supported at all, while some work but are
4541 TeX mode allows users to get the full flexibility of LaTeX, while having
4542 all the convenient features of LyX, like WYSIWYM math, tables, and editing.
4543 LyX could never support every LaTeX package.
4550 in the preamble (see Section
4551 \begin_inset space ~
4555 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4557 reference "sec:preamble"
4561 ), you can use any package you want — although you will not have WYSIWYM
4562 support for that package's features.
4565 \begin_layout Subsection
4566 Importing LaTeX Documents —
4571 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4580 \begin_layout Standard
4581 You can import a LaTeX file into LyX by using the
4583 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4584 Import\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4586 \begin_inset space ~
4592 This will call the program
4596 which will create a file foo.lyx from the file foo.tex.
4597 LyX will then open that file.
4598 If the translation does not work, you can try calling
4602 from the command line, possibly using fancier options.
4605 \begin_layout Standard
4606 Even when the translation does work,
4610 may not translate everything, though it does handle most legal LaTeX.
4611 It will leave things it does not understand in TeX mode; so, after translating
4616 , you can look for the red text and manually edit it to get it right.
4619 \begin_layout Standard
4624 has its own documentation (manpage), which Unix/Linux users can access
4625 via the console command
4628 \begin_inset space ~
4634 The manpage describes which LaTeX commands and environments are not supported,
4635 what bugs you might run into (and how to get around them), and how to use
4636 the various options.
4639 \begin_layout Standard
4640 It is important to understand that
4644 can only translate files whose document class is
4645 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4649 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4652 to LyX, that is, for which there is a corresponding LyX
4657 If there is no layout file, then you will get an error saying that the
4658 conversion could not be performed.
4659 So, unless you have a layout for the document class of your LaTeX file,
4664 simply will not know how to translate the LaTeX that it finds there into
4665 things LyX understands.
4666 More about layout files and how they are created is explained in detail
4674 \begin_layout Subsection
4675 Converting LyX Documents to LaTeX
4678 \begin_layout Standard
4679 You might wish to convert a LyX Document to a LaTeX file.
4680 For example, a co-worker or co-author who does not have LyX might want
4684 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4685 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4689 This will create a file
4697 file you are editing.
4700 \begin_layout Subsection
4704 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4708 \begin_layout Standard
4711 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4714 dialog takes care of the document-wide options, such as changing the document
4715 class, default font size and paper size.
4716 Document class options and also options for LaTeX packages can be entered
4720 \begin_inset space ~
4728 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4729 Other Preamble Matter
4730 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4739 \begin_layout Standard
4740 If you have special commands to put in the preamble of a LaTeX file, you
4741 can use them in a LyX document as well.
4744 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4745 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4747 \begin_inset space ~
4752 and type in the dialog window (or from the document settings dialog, depending
4754 Anything you type will (as with TeX mode) be sent directly to LaTeX.
4757 \begin_layout Subsection
4761 \begin_layout Standard
4762 LyX has support for BibTeX, which allows you to build databases of bibliographic
4763 al references to be used in multiple documents.
4766 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4768 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4772 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4775 TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4777 \begin_inset space ~
4791 field you load BibTeX files, in the
4795 field you can load BibTeX style files.
4798 \begin_layout Standard
4799 After you have done this, you can use citations from any bibliographies
4800 you have included with
4802 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4806 \begin_inset space ~
4810 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4812 reference "sec:bibliographies"
4821 dialog will show a list of all the references in your
4828 \begin_layout Section
4832 \begin_layout Standard
4833 Sometimes when you try to view a document, there will be errors, things
4834 that LyX or LaTeX cannot understand.
4835 When this happens, LyX will open a
4838 \begin_inset space ~
4844 Clicking on individual errors in this dialog will take you to the place
4845 in the LyX document where the error occurs and also display the detailed
4846 LaTeX error message.
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