1 #LyX 1.6.0rc5 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
7 % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
9 %This preamble is designed to ensure that the document prints
10 % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble,
11 % parts of the document may not print out as expected. If you
12 % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact
13 % the documentation team
14 % email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
16 \usepackage{ifpdf} % part of the hyperref bundle
17 \ifpdf % if pdflatex is used
19 % set fonts for nicer pdf view
20 \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}{}
22 \fi % end if pdflatex is used
24 % the pages of the TOC is numbered roman
25 % and a pdf-bookmark for the TOC is added
26 \let\myTOC\tableofcontents
27 \renewcommand\tableofcontents{%
29 \pdfbookmark[1]{\contentsname}{}
33 % redefine the \LyX macro for PDF bookmarks
34 \def\LyX{\texorpdfstring{%
35 L\kern-.1667em\lower.25em\hbox{Y}\kern-.125emX\@}
38 \use_default_options false
43 \font_typewriter default
44 \font_default_family default
54 \pdf_title "The LyX Tutorial"
55 \pdf_author "LyX Team"
56 \pdf_subject "LyX-documentation Tutorial"
57 \pdf_keywords "LyX, documentation"
59 \pdf_bookmarksnumbered true
60 \pdf_bookmarksopen true
61 \pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 2
66 \pdf_pdfusetitle false
67 \pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue,pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true,pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false, pdfpagelabels"
74 \paperorientation portrait
77 \paragraph_separation indent
79 \quotes_language english
82 \paperpagestyle headings
83 \tracking_changes false
100 \begin_layout Plain Layout
101 If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documenta
105 \begin_inset CommandInset href
107 target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
122 \begin_layout Standard
123 \begin_inset CommandInset toc
124 LatexCommand tableofcontents
131 \begin_layout Chapter
135 \begin_layout Section
139 \begin_layout Standard
140 This file is designed for all of you who have never heard of LaTeX, or don't
142 Now, don't panic - you won't need to learn LaTeX to use LyX.
143 That is, after all, the whole point of LyX: to provide an almost-WYSIWYG
145 There are some things you will need to learn, however, in order to use
149 \begin_layout Standard
150 Some of you probably found your way to this document because you tried to
151 put two spaces after a
152 \begin_inset Quotes eld
156 \begin_inset Quotes erd
159 or tried to put 3 blank lines between paragraphs.
160 You found out you couldn't and in fact, you'll find out that most of the
161 little tricks you're accustomed to use in other word processors won't work
163 That's because most word processors you've used before allow you to manually
164 enter all spacings, font changes, and so on.
165 So you end up not only writing a document but typesetting it, too.
166 LyX does the typesetting for you, in a consistent fashion, letting you
167 focus on the important things, like the content of your writing.
170 \begin_layout Standard
171 So read on to learn more about LyX.
172 Reading this tutorial is definitely worth the time.
175 \begin_layout Section
185 \begin_layout Standard
186 Before we get started with this section, we want to make a quick note of
192 uses the notation outlined in the
197 If you came to this manual first, please read the
201 before you continue with the
208 \begin_layout Standard
209 Now that you know which fonts mean what, we want to talk a bit about what
217 \begin_layout Subsection
218 Getting the most out of the Tutorial
221 \begin_layout Standard
222 This tutorial consists of examples and exercises.
223 To get the most out of this document, you should read through the document,
224 typing all the little things we're telling you to type and trying out all
225 of the exercises to see if you get them right.
226 For convenience, you might want to print out the PDF version of this document.
229 \begin_layout Standard
230 If you are familiar with LaTeX, you'll probably be able to read the
234 somewhat faster, since many LyX ideas are just LaTeX ideas in disguise.
235 However, LyX have features you'll want to learn about.
236 Even if you don't feel like reading the rest of the
240 , you should definitely check out Section
245 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
247 reference "sec:latexusers"
251 , which is specifically written for experienced LaTeX users.
254 \begin_layout Subsection
262 \begin_layout Itemize
263 Detailed explanations of all of LyX's features.
267 \begin_layout Standard
276 \begin_layout Itemize
277 Detailed explanations of LaTeX.
281 \begin_layout Standard
283 If you want to learn some of the neat tricks you can do with LaTeX in LyX,
284 you can have a look at the
296 \begin_layout Standard
297 It's time to move onwards, time for your first document \SpecialChar \ldots{}
301 \begin_layout Chapter
302 Getting started with LyX
305 \begin_layout Section
306 Your first LyX document
309 \begin_layout Standard
311 You're ready to start writing.
312 Before you do, there are a few things we need to mention, which will hopefully
313 make the Tutorial more instructive and useful.
317 \begin_layout Standard
318 Because there are informations we can't give you in the Tutorial, the
324 thing that you need to do is find the
331 Start up LyX, Choose the
340 You may want to load the
344 as well (if you're not reading it within LyX already).
345 This way, you can read them while you're writing your own file.
349 \begin_layout Plain Layout
350 They can also serve as good examples of how to use the many features of
356 Note that once you've got more than one document open, you can use the
361 menu or the document tabs to switch between them.
364 \begin_layout Standard
365 In this Tutorial, we're going to assume that you have a fully working version
366 of LyX, as well as a LaTeX-distribution, a DVI-, and a PDF-viewer.
367 This should be the case on all major Linux- and BSD-distribution, as well
368 as on Windows, where this is setup by the LyX installer.
371 \begin_layout Standard
372 Finally, we've written a file to let you practice your LyX skills on, it's
378 Imagine that it was typed by someone who didn't know about any of LyX's
380 As you learn new LyX functions, we'll suggest that you fix those parts
387 \begin_inset Quotes eld
391 \begin_inset Quotes erd
394 hints about how to fix things
398 \begin_layout Plain Layout
399 The hints are located in yellow
400 \begin_inset Quotes eld
404 \begin_inset Quotes erd
408 Access the text in a note by clicking on it.
414 If you want to cheat, or check what you've done, there's also a file called
419 which contains the same text written and typeset by a LyX master.
422 \begin_layout Standard
423 The example files can be found in the
427 directory of LyX's installation folder.
428 Open the raw document, and use
430 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
437 to save a copy in your own directory for you to work on.
438 As you fix parts of the raw document, check to see how those changes affect
442 \begin_layout Standard
447 directory contains lots of other examples files.
448 They will show you how to do various fancy things with LyX.
449 After you read the Tutorial, or when you're confused about how to do something
450 fancy in LyX, take a look at these files.
453 \begin_layout Subsection
454 Typing, Viewing, and Exporting
457 \begin_layout Itemize
460 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
464 \begin_layout Itemize
465 Type a sentence like:
467 This is my first LyX document!
470 \begin_layout Itemize
471 Save your document with
473 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
482 \begin_layout Itemize
483 Run LaTeX to create a DVI file, with
485 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
488 or the toolbar button
489 \begin_inset Graphics
490 filename ../images/buffer-view_dvi.png
496 LyX will open a DVI-viewer program displaying your document looking like
501 \begin_layout Plain Layout
502 You can save time by leaving the DVI-viewer running in the background.
505 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
506 Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator
509 or the toolbar button
510 \begin_inset Graphics
511 filename ../images/buffer-update_dvi.png
516 and just click on the DVI-viewer window (or unminimize it) after LaTeX
525 \begin_layout Itemize
526 Export the ready to print document with
528 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
536 \begin_layout Standard
537 Congratulations! You've written your first LyX document.
538 All of the rest is just details, which is covered in the other manuals.
541 \begin_layout Subsection
545 \begin_layout Standard
546 LyX can of course do most of the things you're used to do with a word processor.
547 It will word-wrap and indent paragraphs automatically.
548 Here's a quick description of how to do some simple actions.
551 \begin_layout Description
552 Undo LyX has multiple levels of undo, which means you can undo everything
553 you've done since your current editing session started, by selecting
555 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
559 \begin_inset Graphics
560 filename ../images/undo.png
565 ) over and over again.
566 If you undo too much, just select
568 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
572 \begin_inset Graphics
573 filename ../images/redo.png
583 \begin_layout Standard
584 Currently, undo is limited to 100 steps.
585 Undo also doesn't work for
589 ; for instance, not for changes to the document layout what is really a
594 \begin_layout Description
597 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
601 \begin_inset Graphics
602 filename ../images/cut.png
609 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
613 \begin_inset Graphics
614 filename ../images/copy.png
621 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
625 \begin_inset Graphics
626 filename ../images/paste.png
631 ) to cut, copy, and paste.
632 Or automatically paste selected text (including selections from other programs)
640 \begin_layout Description
643 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
655 \begin_inset Graphics
656 filename ../images/dialog-show_findreplace.png
662 In the dialog, search with the
674 button to replace a word you've found
678 \begin_layout Plain Layout
679 Close the window when you're done or leave it open if you find it more convenien
681 Most dialog boxes in LyX can operate like this.
682 Just be sure you have the right window focus when you're trying to type
683 in the main LyX window or a LyX dialog.
689 If you like, you can specify whether to make the search case-sensitive,
690 or to search for only complete words; you can also search backwards through
694 \begin_layout Description
703 text (which will by default print characters in italics), set it in
711 (usually small caps, used for people's names) from the toggle buttons in
714 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
721 dialog (toolbar button
722 \begin_inset Graphics
723 filename ../images/dialog-show_character.png
731 \begin_layout Description
732 Toolbar There are buttons on the toolbar (just below the menus) which allow
733 you to do some of the more popular functions, such as
744 \begin_layout Standard
745 Of course, you haven't yet written enough to make most of these functions
747 As you write more, though, try undoing, pasting, etc.
750 \begin_layout Subsection
751 WYSIWYM: Whitespace in LyX
754 \begin_layout Standard
755 One of the hardest things for new users to get used to is the way that LyX
757 As many times as you hit
761 , you'll only get one blank line.
762 As many times as you hit
766 , you'll only get one space.
767 On a blank line, LyX won't let you type even one space.
772 key won't move you forward one tab stop; in fact there
776 no tab stops! There's no ruler at the top of the page to let you set tabs
780 \begin_layout Standard
781 Many word processors are based on the WYSIWYG principle:
782 \begin_inset Quotes eld
785 What You See Is What You Get.
786 \begin_inset Quotes erd
789 LyX, on the other hand, is based on the principle that
790 \begin_inset Quotes eld
793 What You See Is What You
798 \begin_inset Quotes erd
801 You type what you mean, and LyX will take care of typesetting it for you,
802 so that the output looks nice.
807 grammatically separates paragraphs, and a
811 grammatically separates words, so there is no reason to have several of
816 has no grammatical function at all, so LyX does not support it.
817 Using LyX, you'll spend more of your time worrying about the
821 of your document, and less time worrying about the
830 for more information on the WYSIWYM concept.
833 \begin_layout Standard
834 LyX does have (many) ways to fine-tune the formatting of your document.
835 After all, LyX might not typeset
844 has information about all that.
849 s and vertical space --- which are more powerful and versatile than multiple
850 spaces or blank lines --- and ways to change font sizes, character styles,
851 and paragraph alignments by hand.
852 The idea, though, is that you can write your whole document, focusing on
853 content, and just worry about that fine-tuning at the end.
854 With standard word processors, you'll be distracted by document formatting
855 throughout the writing process.
858 \begin_layout Section
862 \begin_layout Standard
863 Different parts of a document have different purposes; we call these parts
869 Most of a document is made up of regular text.
870 Section titles (chapter, subsection, etc.) let the reader know that a new
871 topic or subtopic will be discussed.
872 Certain types of documents have special environments.
873 A journal article will have an abstract and a title.
874 A letter will have neither of these, but will probably have an environment
875 that gives the writer's address.
878 \begin_layout Standard
879 Environments are a major part of the
880 \begin_inset Quotes eld
883 What You See Is What You Mean
884 \begin_inset Quotes erd
888 A given environment may require a certain font style, font size, indenting,
889 line spacing, and more.
890 This problem is aggravated, because the exact formatting for a given environmen
891 t may change: one journal may use boldface, 18 point, centered type for
892 section titles while another uses italicized, 15 point, left justified
893 type; different languages may have different standards for indenting; and
894 bibliography formats can vary widely.
895 LyX lets you avoid learning all the different formatting styles.
898 \begin_layout Standard
903 choice box is located on the left end of the toolbar and looks like this:
905 \begin_inset Graphics
906 filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
913 It indicates which environment you're currently writing in.
914 While you were writing your first document, it said
915 \begin_inset Quotes eld
919 \begin_inset Quotes erd
922 which is the default environment for text.
923 Now you will put a number of environments in your new document so that
924 you can see how they work.
927 \begin_layout Subsection
928 Sections and Subsections
931 \begin_layout Standard
936 on the first line of your LyX file, and select
948 \begin_layout Plain Layout
954 If nothing is selected, LyX changes the paragraph you are currently in
955 to the selected environment.
956 Alternatively, you can change several paragraphs to a different environment
957 by selecting them before picking an environment.
974 , which will be covered below.
975 LyX numbers the section
976 \begin_inset Quotes eld
980 \begin_inset Quotes erd
983 and typesets the section heading (title) in a larger font.
994 \begin_inset Quotes eld
998 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1002 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1006 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1010 Section headings, like most environments, are assumed to end when you type
1016 Type the document introduction:
1019 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1020 This is an introduction to my first LyX document.
1023 \begin_layout Standard
1038 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1042 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1045 and waits for you to type a title.
1047 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1053 \begin_inset space ~
1059 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1062 , and you'll see that LyX again sets it as a section title.
1065 \begin_layout Standard
1067 Go to the end of Section
1068 \begin_inset space ~
1072 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1075 my first LyX document
1076 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1093 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1097 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1100 and waits for you to type a title.
1107 \begin_inset space ~
1111 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1115 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1118 , which used to be Section
1119 \begin_inset space ~
1122 2, has been automatically renumbered to Section
1123 \begin_inset space ~
1126 3! In true WYSIWYM fashion, you just need to identify the text that makes
1127 up the section titles, and LyX takes care of numbering the sections and
1131 \begin_layout Standard
1140 environment, and type the following five lines:
1143 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1144 Sections and subsections are described below.
1147 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1151 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1152 Sections are bigger than subsections.
1155 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1156 Subsection description
1159 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1160 Subsections are smaller than sections.
1163 \begin_layout Standard
1164 Click on the second line and select
1173 LyX numbers the subsection
1174 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1178 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1181 , and typesets it in a font which is bigger than regular text but smaller
1182 than the section title.
1183 Change the fourth line
1187 environment as well.
1188 As you probably expected, LyX automatically numbered the section
1189 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1193 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1197 If you put yet another section before Section
1198 \begin_inset space ~
1202 \begin_inset space ~
1205 2 will be renumbered as Section 3, and the subsections will be renumbered
1207 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1211 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1215 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1219 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1226 \begin_layout Standard
1227 Further levels of sectioning include
1240 We'll let you play with these on your own.
1241 You may notice that paragraph and subparagraph headings are not numbered
1242 by default, and that subparagraphs are indented; see the
1246 for an explanation and how to change this.
1251 headings are actually the highest level of sectioning, above
1255 s, but you're only allowed to use them in certain types (text classes) of
1256 LyX documents (see Section
1257 \begin_inset space ~
1261 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1263 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
1271 \begin_layout Standard
1272 Finally, you may want to have sections or subsections that are not numbered.
1273 There are environments for this as well.
1274 If you change one of your section headings to the
1278 environment (you may have to scroll down in the
1282 box to find it), LyX will use the same font size for the heading as it
1283 uses for a regular section, but it won't number that section.
1284 There are corresponding
1285 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1289 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1292 heading environments for
1301 Try changing some of your sections or subsections to the starred environments,
1302 and note how the other sections' numbers are updated.
1305 \begin_layout Standard
1310 : Fix the section and subsection headings in
1318 \begin_layout Subsection
1322 \begin_layout Standard
1323 LyX has several different environments for typesetting lists.
1324 The various list environments free you from hitting
1328 a million times when writing an outline, or from renumbering a whole list
1329 when you want to add a point in the middle of the list.
1330 Different types of documents logically require different list environments:
1333 \begin_layout Itemize
1334 A slide presentation might use the
1338 environment's bulleted lists to describe different points.
1342 \begin_layout Itemize
1343 An outline would use the
1347 environment's numbered lists (and lettered sublists).
1351 \begin_layout Itemize
1352 A document describing several software packages could use the
1356 environment, where each item in the list begins with a bold-faced word.
1360 \begin_layout Itemize
1365 environment --- not found in LaTeX --- is a slightly different form of
1373 \begin_layout Standard
1374 Let's write a list of reasons why LyX is better than other word processors.
1375 Somewhere in your document, type:
1378 \begin_layout Standard
1381 LyX is better than other word processors because:
1384 \begin_layout Standard
1400 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1404 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1408 Type in your reasons:
1411 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1412 Typesetting is done for you.
1415 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1419 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1420 Lists are very easy to create!
1423 \begin_layout Standard
1424 List environments, unlike headings, do not end when you type
1429 Instead, LyX assumes you're going on to the next item in the list.
1430 The above will therefore result in a three-item list.
1431 If you want more than one paragraph within one list
1435 , one way is to use the
1438 \begin_inset space ~
1443 , which you get by typing
1448 In order to get out of the list, you need to reselect the
1452 environment (or just use the keybinding,
1455 \begin_inset space ~
1463 \begin_layout Standard
1464 You've got a beautiful itemized list.
1465 You might want to run LaTeX to see how the list looks when printed out.
1466 But what if you wanted to number the reasons? Well, just select the whole
1471 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1472 LyX won't let you select the first bullet unless you also select the paragraph
1477 the list, which you probably don't want to do.
1478 Similarly, you can't select the actual number in a numbered section title.
1479 This is on purpose because the bullet or number depends on the document
1480 settings or text position, respectively.
1494 Pow! As we mentioned, if you add or delete a list item, LyX will fix the
1498 \begin_layout Standard
1499 While the list is still selected, you can change to the other two list environme
1508 , in order to see what they look like.
1509 For those two environments, each list item is made up of a term, which
1510 is the item's first word, followed by a definition, which is the rest of
1511 the paragraph (until you hit
1515 .) The term is either typeset in boldface (
1520 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1524 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1531 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1532 But a typesetter's tab, which will change to fit the size of the largest
1533 term, not a pathetic, rigid, unchangeable typewriter
1546 ) from the rest of the paragraph.
1547 If you want to have more than one word in the definition, then separate
1551 \begin_inset space ~
1559 \begin_layout Standard
1564 : Typeset the list in
1569 \begin_layout Standard
1570 You can nest lists within each other in all sorts of interesting ways.
1571 An obvious example would be writing outlines.
1572 Numbered and bulleted lists will have different numbering and bulleting
1573 schemes for sublists.
1578 for details on the different sorts of lists and for examples of nestings.
1581 \begin_layout Subsection
1582 Other environments: Verses, Quotations, and more
1585 \begin_layout Standard
1586 There are two environments for setting quotations apart from surrounding
1591 for short quotes and
1604 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1605 used in this Tutorial for the long typing examples
1614 font; this environment is the only place in LyX where you're allowed to
1615 use multiple spaces to allow code indenting.
1616 You can even write poetry using the
1624 to separate stanzas, and
1628 to separate lines within a stanza.
1633 for more complete descriptions of all of the available LyX environments.
1636 \begin_layout Standard
1641 : Correctly typeset the
1650 \begin_inset Newline newline
1658 \begin_layout Chapter
1662 \begin_layout Standard
1663 The previous chapter hopefully allowed you to get used to writing in LyX.
1664 It introduced you to the basic editing operations in LyX, as well as the
1665 powerful method of writing with environments.
1666 Most people who use LyX, though, will want to write documents: papers,
1667 articles, books, manuals, or letters.
1668 This chapter is meant to take you from simply writing text with LyX to
1669 writing a complete document.
1670 It will introduce you to text classes, which allow you to write different
1672 It will then describe many of the additions that turn text into a document,
1673 such as titles, footnotes, cross references, bibliographies, and tables
1677 \begin_layout Section
1679 \begin_inset CommandInset label
1681 name "sec:Document-Classes"
1688 \begin_layout Standard
1689 Different sorts of documents should be typeset differently.
1690 For example, books are generally printed double-sided, while articles are
1692 In addition, many documents contain special environments: letters contain
1693 some environments --- such as the sender's address and the signature ---
1694 which do not make sense in a book or article.
1703 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1704 for LaTeX users: this is equivalent to the LaTeX document class
1709 takes care of these large scale differences between different sorts of
1711 This Tutorial, for example, was written in the
1716 Document classes are another major part of the WYSIWYM philosophy; they
1717 tell LyX how to typeset the document, so you don't need to know how.
1720 \begin_layout Standard
1721 Your document is probably being written in the
1729 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1730 That's usually the default document class
1735 Try changing to other document classes (using the
1737 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1740 dialog) to see how they are typeset differently.
1741 If you change your document to the
1745 document class and look at the
1749 box, you'll see that most of the allowed environments are the same.
1750 However, you can now use the
1755 If you are ever unsure about which environments you can use in a given
1756 document class, just consult the
1763 \begin_layout Standard
1764 Font sizes, one- or two-column printing, and page headings are just some
1765 of the ways journals' typesettings differ from one another.
1766 As the Computer Age continues to mature, journals have begun accepting
1767 electronic submissions, creating LaTeX
1768 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1772 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1775 so that authors can submit correctly typeset articles.
1776 LyX is set up to support this as well.
1777 For example, LyX supports typesetting (and extra environments) for the
1778 American Mathematics Society journals using the
1781 \begin_inset space ~
1789 \begin_layout Standard
1790 Here is a very quick reference to some of the document classes.
1793 Special Document Classes
1799 manual for many more details.
1802 \begin_layout Standard
1804 \begin_inset Tabular
1805 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
1807 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
1808 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
1810 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1813 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1819 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1822 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1830 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1833 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1839 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1842 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1843 one-sided, no chapters
1850 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1853 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1859 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1862 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1863 layout & environments for American Math Society
1870 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1873 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1879 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1882 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1883 longer than article, two-sided
1890 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1893 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1899 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1902 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1903 report + front and back matter
1910 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1913 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1919 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1922 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1930 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1933 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1939 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1942 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1943 lots of extra environments for address, signature\SpecialChar \ldots{}
1957 \begin_layout Section
1958 Templates: Writing a Letter
1961 \begin_layout Standard
1962 One way to write a letter would be to open a new file, and choose a
1968 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1972 While this is the most obvious way to write a letter, it seems like extra
1974 Every time you write a business letter, you want to have your address,
1975 the address you're sending to, a body, a signature, etc.
1980 for letters, which contains a sample letter; once you have a template,
1981 you can just replace a couple parts of the letter with your text each time
1985 \begin_layout Standard
1986 Open a new file with
1988 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1990 \begin_inset space ~
1994 \begin_inset space ~
2005 Save and print the file to see how the various environments are typeset.
2008 \begin_layout Standard
2009 When you look at the
2013 box, you'll see several environments, like the
2016 \begin_inset space ~
2021 environment, which don't even exist in most other document classes.
2031 You can play around for a while to figure out how the various environments
2033 You'll notice for example that the
2037 environment has the word
2038 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2042 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2045 in red before the actual text of the signature.
2046 This word doesn't show up in the actual letter, as you'll see if you view/expor
2048 It's just there to let you know where the signature goes.
2049 Also, note that it doesn't matter where in the file the
2054 Remember, LyX is WYSIWYM; you can put the
2058 environment anywhere you want, but LyX knows that in the printout, the
2059 signature should be at the end.
2062 \begin_layout Standard
2063 A template is just a regular LyX file.
2064 This means you can fill in your address and signature and save the file
2066 From now on, any time you want to write a letter, you can use the new template
2068 We don't have to suggest an actual
2069 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2073 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2076 here; just write a letter to someone!
2080 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2081 One warning, if you're writing from a template.
2082 If you erase all of the text in an environment --- for example, if you
2086 \begin_inset space ~
2091 field so that you can replace it with your own --- and then you move the
2092 cursor without writing any text, the environment may disappear.
2093 This is because most environments cannot exist without any text in them.
2094 Just reselect the environment from the
2106 \begin_layout Standard
2107 Templates can be a huge time-saver, and we urge you to use them whenever
2109 In addition, they can help a person learn how to use some of the fancier
2111 Finally, they may be useful for a person who is configuring LyX for a bunch
2112 of less computer-aware users.
2113 When they're first learning LyX, it will be much less intimidating if they
2114 have a letter template customized for their company, for example.
2117 \begin_layout Section
2121 \begin_layout Standard
2122 LyX (like LaTeX) considers the title --- which may contain the actual title,
2123 the author, the date, and even an abstract of a paper --- to be a separate
2124 part of the document.
2127 \begin_layout Standard
2128 Go back to your LyX document and make sure it's using the
2136 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2137 You should not be using the letter any more, since the
2141 document class doesn't allow titles.
2146 Type a title on the first line, and change the line to the
2151 On the next line, type your name and change it to the
2156 On the next line, write the date in the
2161 Type a paragraph or two summarizing your document using the
2166 Notice how the title is presented when it's printed out.
2167 If you changed the document format to Book, you'll get a separate title
2168 page, like the first page of this tutorial.
2171 \begin_layout Standard
2176 : Fix the title, date, and author in
2181 \begin_layout Section
2182 Labels and Cross-References
2185 \begin_layout Standard
2186 You can label section headings, list items, formulas, footnotes, and floats
2190 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2191 Floats are explained in the
2205 Once you do so, you can refer to this section in other parts of the document,
2206 using cross-references.
2207 You can refer either to the section's number, or to the page that the section
2209 As with section numbering, LyX also takes care about cross-reference numbering
2211 Automatic labels and cross-references are one of the best advantages of
2212 LyX (and LaTeX) over conventional word processors.
2215 \begin_layout Subsection*
2219 \begin_layout Standard
2220 Go to our second section, whose title is
2221 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2225 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2229 Click at the end of the section title line, and select
2231 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2234 or the toolbar button
2235 \begin_inset Graphics
2236 filename ../images/label-insert.png
2243 A dialog asks you for a label name, and gives you a suggestion.
2248 , the label name will be placed in a box next to the section title.
2251 \begin_layout Standard
2252 By the way, you could have put the label right anywhere within the section
2253 as well; section references will refer to the last section or subsection
2254 whose heading comes before the label.
2255 However, putting it on the same line as the section title (or, perhaps,
2256 on the first line of the section's text) ensures that page references will
2257 reference the beginning of the section.
2260 \begin_layout Standard
2261 So far you haven't done anything --- the DVI output will look exactly the
2262 same, since labels don't show up in the printed document.
2263 However, now that you have added a label, you can refer to that label with
2268 \begin_layout Subsection*
2269 Your first cross-reference
2272 \begin_layout Standard
2273 Place the cursor somewhere in Section
2274 \begin_inset space ~
2281 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2282 If you want to know more about this document, then see
2283 \begin_inset Newline newline
2286 Section , which can be found on page .
2289 \begin_layout Standard
2290 Now --- with the cursor after the word
2291 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2295 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2300 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2302 \begin_inset space ~
2307 or the toolbar button
2308 \begin_inset Graphics
2309 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png
2321 It shows a list of the possible labels you can reference.
2322 At the moment, there should be only one,
2323 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2326 sec:About-This-Document
2327 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2331 Select it (it may be selected by default), and click
2336 Now put the cursor after the word
2337 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2341 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2344 , and change the reference format to use the page number then click
2349 (To be really correct, you should put a
2352 \begin_inset space ~
2358 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2362 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2366 Same for the page reference.)
2369 \begin_layout Standard
2370 LyX puts the references in a box right where the cursor was.
2371 In the printed document, this reference marker will be replaced with either
2372 the page or section number (depending on what you selected in the
2377 View your document as DVI, and you'll see that on the last page we refer
2379 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2383 \begin_inset space ~
2387 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2391 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2395 \begin_inset space ~
2399 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2402 (or whatever page Section
2403 \begin_inset space ~
2409 \begin_layout Standard
2410 Conveniently, a cross-reference acts as a hyperlink when you are editing
2411 a document in LyX; clicking on it will pop up the
2418 \begin_inset space ~
2422 \begin_inset space ~
2427 will move the cursor to the referenced label.
2430 \begin_layout Subsection*
2431 More fun with labels
2434 \begin_layout Standard
2435 We told you that LyX takes care about numbering cross-references; now you
2437 Add a new section before Section
2438 \begin_inset space ~
2442 Update the DVI view, and --- voilà ! --- the section cross reference changed
2444 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2448 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2451 ! Change the section
2452 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2456 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2459 to a subsection, and the cross-reference will reference Subsection
2460 \begin_inset space ~
2463 2.1 instead of Section
2464 \begin_inset space ~
2468 The page reference won't change unless you add a whole page of text before
2469 the label, of course.
2473 \begin_layout Standard
2474 If you want some more practice with labels, then try putting a new label
2475 where your first cross-reference was, and refer to that label from elsewhere
2477 If you'll be inserting cross-references often, it may be convenient to
2485 \begin_layout Standard
2486 If you want to make sure that the cross-referencing gets the pages right
2487 even for larger documents,
2491 a couple pages of text from the
2495 to the clipboard, and
2499 the stolen text into your document.
2503 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2504 By the way, copying a chapter title may cause an error, because chapters
2505 aren't allowed in the article class, see section
2506 \begin_inset space ~
2510 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
2512 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
2517 If this happens, just delete the chapter title.
2525 \begin_layout Standard
2530 : Fix the references in
2535 \begin_layout Section
2536 Footnotes and Margin Notes
2539 \begin_layout Standard
2540 Footnotes can be added using the toolbar button
2541 \begin_inset Graphics
2542 filename ../images/footnote-insert.png
2550 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2554 Click at the end of the word
2555 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2559 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2562 somewhere in your document and click the
2563 \begin_inset Graphics
2564 filename ../images/footnote-insert.png
2571 A footnote box appears where you can enter the text of the footnote.
2572 LyX should place the cursor at the beginning of the footnote box.
2576 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2577 LyX is a typesetting word processor.
2580 \begin_layout Standard
2581 Now click on the button labelled
2582 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2586 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2590 The footnote box is closed, leaving the button showing where the footnote
2591 marker will be in the printed text; this is called
2592 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2596 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2600 You can unfold the footnote at any time --- and re-edit its text, if you
2601 want --- by clicking again on the
2602 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2606 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2612 \begin_layout Standard
2613 You may wonder why the footnote button is a word instead of a number.
2614 The answer is that LyX takes care about the footnote numbering for you
2615 in the printed text.
2616 You can see this yourself by looking at the DVI file (or printout).
2617 If you add other footnotes, LyX will renumber the footnotes.
2618 Since LyX (well, LaTeX, actually) takes care of the footnote numbering,
2619 there's really no need to put the numbers in the LyX file.
2622 \begin_layout Standard
2623 A footnote can be cut and pasted like normal text.
2624 Go ahead; try it! All you need to do is select the footnote button
2628 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2629 It may be easier to select it using the keyboard.
2630 You might accidentally open the footnote if you're trying to select the
2631 marker itself with the mouse.
2645 In addition, you can change regular text to a footnote, by selecting it
2647 \begin_inset Graphics
2648 filename ../images/footnote-insert.png
2654 button; change a footnote to regular text by hitting the
2658 key when the cursor is in the first position of a footnote, or by hitting
2663 key when the cursor is in the very last position of the footnote, respectively.
2666 \begin_layout Standard
2667 Margin notes can be added using the menu
2669 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2671 \begin_inset space ~
2676 or the toolbar button
2677 \begin_inset Graphics
2678 filename ../images/marginalnote-insert.png
2685 Margin notes are like footnotes, except that:
2688 \begin_layout Itemize
2689 the on-screen boxes say
2690 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2694 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2698 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2702 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2708 \begin_layout Itemize
2709 the notes will be placed in the margin, instead of below the text
2712 \begin_layout Itemize
2713 margin notes are not numbered
2716 \begin_layout Standard
2717 Change your LyX footnote back to text, then select and change it to a margin
2719 Run LaTeX again to see what the margin note looks like.
2722 \begin_layout Standard
2727 : Fix the footnote in
2732 \begin_layout Section
2734 \begin_inset CommandInset label
2736 name "sec:bibliographies"
2743 \begin_layout Standard
2744 Bibliographies (at least in the exact sciences) are similar to cross references.
2745 The bibliography contains a list of references at the end of the document,
2746 and they can be referenced from within the document.
2747 Like section titles, LyX and LaTeX make your job easier by automatically
2748 numbering the bibliography items and changing citations when the item numbers
2752 \begin_layout Standard
2753 Go to the end of the document and switch to the
2758 Now, each paragraph you type will be a reference.
2760 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2765 The Lyx Tutorial, by the LyX Documentation Team
2768 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2771 as your first reference.
2772 Note that LyX automatically puts a number in a box before each reference.
2773 Click on the boxed reference number, and the
2776 \begin_inset space ~
2786 is to refer to this reference within the LyX document, the
2795 is set (default), you will see the number of the bibliography in the output.
2801 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2805 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2808 to make it easy to remember.
2811 \begin_layout Standard
2812 Now pick somewhere in your document that you would like to insert a reference.
2815 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2818 or the toolbar button
2819 \begin_inset Graphics
2820 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_citation.png
2832 The right panel in this dialog lists all the bibliography entries, and
2833 this field allows you to choose which bibliography item you want to cite.
2835 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2839 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2842 (right now, that's the only item in the bibliography), then use the
2846 button in the center to insert it.
2847 (You can have multiple citations in the same place by transferring a number
2848 of keys this way.) Now view your file as DVI, and you'll see that the citation
2849 appears in brackets in the text, referring to the bibliography at the end
2853 \begin_layout Standard
2857 \begin_inset space ~
2866 dialog will put a remark (such as a reference to a page or chapter within
2867 the referenced book or article) in the brackets after the reference.
2868 If you want the references to have labels instead of numbers in the printed
2869 output (for example, some journals would use
2870 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2874 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2877 to refer to a paper written by Smith in 1995), use the
2884 \begin_inset space ~
2897 \begin_layout Standard
2902 Fix the bibliography and citation in
2907 \begin_layout Section
2911 \begin_layout Standard
2912 You may want to put a table of contents at the beginning of your document.
2913 LyX makes this very easy to do.
2918 after your document title and before your first section title and choose
2921 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2923 \begin_inset space ~
2927 \begin_inset space ~
2930 TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2932 \begin_inset space ~
2936 \begin_inset space ~
2943 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2947 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2950 will appear in a button on the first line of the document.
2954 \begin_layout Standard
2955 This may not appear to be very useful.
2956 However, if you look at your DVI file, you will see that a table of contents
2957 has been generated, listing the various sections and subsections in your
2959 As usual, if you reorder sections or create new ones, you will see those
2960 changes in the DVI file when you update it.
2964 \begin_layout Standard
2965 The table of contents is not printed in the on-screen version of the document
2966 to keep the overview in your file.
2967 But you can display the table of contents in a separate window by clicking
2968 on the table of contents button, or by using
2970 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2973 or the toolbar button
2974 \begin_inset Graphics
2975 filename ../images/dialog-toggle_toc.png
2982 This menu will work even if you don't have a table of contents inset in
2984 This is a very useful tool where you can move around your document parts.
2985 Clicking on a (sub)section title in the
2989 window will highlight that line and move the display (in the LyX editing
2990 window) to that place in the document.
2991 You can also use the arrow keys to move up and down in the table of contents.
2992 You may therefore find it convenient to leave this window open throughout
2994 You can get similar functionality from the
2998 menu, though, where the table of contents appears automatically.
3001 \begin_layout Standard
3002 To get rid of the Table of Contents, you can delete the table of contents
3003 button just like any other text.
3006 \begin_layout Standard
3011 : Fix the table of contents in
3016 \begin_layout Chapter
3020 \begin_layout Standard
3021 LaTeX is used by many scientists because it outputs great looking equations,
3022 avoiding the control characters used by word processors and their equation
3024 Many of these scientists are frustrated, however, because writing equations
3025 in LaTeX is more like programming than writing.
3026 Happily, LyX has WYSIWYM support for equations.
3027 If you are used to LaTeX, you'll find that all of the usual LaTeX math
3028 commands can be typed in normally, but they will show up in a WYSIWYM fashion.
3029 If, on the other hand, you've never written in LaTeX, then the
3032 \begin_inset space ~
3037 will allow you to write professional-looking math quickly and easily.
3040 \begin_layout Section
3044 \begin_layout Standard
3045 Somewhere in your LyX document, type:
3048 \begin_layout LyX-Code
3049 I like what Einstein said, E=mc^2, because it's so simple.
3053 \begin_layout Standard
3054 Now, that equation doesn't look very good in LyX and in the output; there's
3055 no space between the letters and the equals sign, and you'd like to write
3056 an actual superscript for the
3057 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3061 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3065 That bad typesetting happened because we didn't tell LyX that we were writing
3066 a mathematical expression, so it typeset the equation like regular old
3070 \begin_layout Standard
3071 Instead, we create a formula that will get typeset properly.
3072 In order to create a formula, just click the toolbar button
3073 \begin_inset Graphics
3074 filename ../images/math-mode.png
3082 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3083 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3085 \begin_inset space ~
3091 LyX will insert a little blue square, which is an empty math formula.
3097 The expression is typed in blue, and the blue square disappears as soon
3098 as the formula is not empty.
3103 to leave the equation The purple markers disappear, leaving the cursor
3104 to the right of the expression, and now if you type something, it will
3108 \begin_layout Standard
3109 Run LaTeX and look at the output.
3110 Notice that the expression was typeset nicely, with spaces between the
3111 letters and the equals sign, and a superscript
3112 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3116 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3120 Letters in math mode are assumed to be variables, and come out in italics.
3121 Numbers are just numbers.
3124 \begin_layout Standard
3125 This math editor is another example of the WYSIWYM philosophy.
3126 In LaTeX, you write a mathematical expression using text and commands like
3133 ; this can be frustrating, because you can't see what an expression looks
3134 like until you LaTeX the file, and may have to spend time to find e.
3135 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3139 \begin_inset space \space{}
3143 LyX doesn't attempt to get the expression to look perfect (WYSIWYG), but
3144 it gives you an extremely good idea of what the expression will look like.
3145 LaTeX then takes care of the professional typesetting.
3148 \begin_layout Section
3149 Navigating an Equation
3152 \begin_layout Standard
3154 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
3158 \begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$
3162 Use the arrow keys to move the cursor into the expression.
3163 Note that when you enter the expression, the purple markers appear to let
3164 you know you're editing math.
3173 to move the cursor past the equals sign, and just type
3174 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3178 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3182 Again, you can use the arrow keys or
3186 to leave the formula\SpecialChar \@.
3190 \begin_layout Standard
3191 Other than the special keys described below, typing in math mode is like
3192 editing regular text.
3202 Select text either with the arrow keys or with the mouse.
3205 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3208 works in math mode as well as cut and paste.
3209 One thing to be careful of: If you are left or right outside a formula
3218 , respectively, you delete the whole formula.
3219 Luckily, you can just use
3226 \begin_layout Standard
3227 What if you want to change
3228 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
3232 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$
3235 ? Again, you can use the mouse to click in the right place.
3236 However, you can also use the arrow keys.
3237 If the cursor is just after the
3238 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3242 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3246 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3250 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3257 and the cursor is moved to the level of the superscript, just before the
3259 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3263 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3268 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3272 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3280 will move the cursor back to the regular level.
3289 , the cursor will be placed
3293 the superscript (so that you can then type the
3294 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3298 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3304 \begin_layout Section
3305 Exponents and Indices
3308 \begin_layout Standard
3309 An exponent can be entered from the
3312 \begin_inset space ~
3317 (see below), but it's actually simpler just to type the caret key,
3318 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3322 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3326 LyX will place another blue rectangle in the superscript, so that whatever
3327 you write next will be superscripted, and in a smaller font size.
3328 Everything you type until you hit a
3336 to exit the formula entirely) will be in the superscript.
3339 \begin_layout Standard
3340 Writing a subscript (index) is just as easy --- start one by typing the
3342 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3346 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3350 You can subscript and superscript both subscripts and superscripts like
3352 \begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$
3359 \begin_layout Standard
3371 \begin_layout Section
3375 \begin_layout Standard
3379 \begin_inset space ~
3384 is a convenient way to enter symbols or to perform complicated formula
3386 Many of these operations can be accomplished from the keyboard or the
3388 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3393 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3397 However, we're going to concentrate on using the
3400 \begin_inset space ~
3405 , just to let you know what's out there; you can learn keyboard shortcuts
3406 later, from other manuals.
3409 \begin_layout Standard
3414 is shown when the cursor is in a formula and can also be turned on manually
3417 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3421 When you click there on
3422 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3426 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3429 the toolbar will be shown permanently at the bottom; this state is visualized
3434 menu with a checkmark.
3435 When you click in this state again on
3436 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3440 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3451 is only shown when the cursor is within a formula; this state is visualized
3452 by the renaming of the menu entry from
3453 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3457 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3461 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3465 \begin_inset space ~
3469 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3475 \begin_layout Subsection
3479 \begin_layout Standard
3483 \begin_inset space ~
3488 which allow you to choose from a large array of symbols used in math: various
3489 arrows, relations, operators, and sums and integrals.
3490 Note that subscripting and superscripting allow you to put lower and upper
3491 limits on sums and integrals.
3495 \begin_layout Standard
3496 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3499 Nothing you can do that can't be done\SpecialChar \ldots{}
3501 \begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$
3505 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3511 \begin_layout Subsection
3512 Square roots, accents, and delimiters
3515 \begin_layout Standard
3516 To type a square root, just click on the button
3517 \begin_inset Graphics
3518 filename ../images/math/sqrt.png
3525 The square root appears, and the cursor is in a new insertion point inside
3527 You can type variables, numbers, other square roots, fractions, whatever
3529 LyX will automatically resize the square root to fit what's inside.
3532 \begin_layout Standard
3533 Accenting a character (
3534 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$
3537 ) or group of characters (
3538 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$
3541 ) is done the same way.
3542 Decorations are available from the toolbar via the button
3543 \begin_inset Graphics
3544 filename ../images/math/hat.png
3551 Click on a decoration, and LyX will insert that decoration with an insertion
3552 point under (or over) it.
3553 Just type what you want in the insertion point.
3554 There are two sets of decorations: those that resize with the text you
3555 type, and those that have fixed size, and are most appropriate for a single
3560 \begin_layout Standard
3561 Delimiters such as parentheses, brackets, and braces work similarly, but
3562 are a bit more complicated.
3563 Hit the delimiter button
3564 \begin_inset Graphics
3565 filename ../images/dialog-show_mathdelimiter.png
3576 Your current selection of delimiters is displayed in a box.
3577 It's a pair of parentheses by default, but you can choose a pair of braces,
3578 a brace and a parenthesis, or choose the empty square to have something
3580 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3584 \begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$
3588 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3591 (the empty delimiter is displayed as a broken line in LyX, but won't show
3595 \begin_layout Standard
3596 If you're lazy, you can type actual parentheses in math mode, rather than
3602 However, those parentheses will be the same size as regular text, which
3603 will look bad if you have a big fraction or matrix inside the parentheses.
3604 So better use in this case one of the three delimiter buttons that insert
3606 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3610 \begin_inset space \space{}
3614 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3620 \begin_layout Standard
3621 You can also put delimiters or a square root sign or a decoration on already
3622 existing formula parts.
3623 Select the portion of the formula that you want to adjust, and then click
3624 on the button you want from the
3627 \begin_inset space ~
3633 Try using this to change Newton's second law from scalar to vector form
3635 \begin_inset Formula $f=ma$
3639 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$
3643 Once you've learned about matrices, this is how you'll put parentheses
3644 or brackets around them.
3647 \begin_layout Subsection
3651 \begin_layout Standard
3652 To create a fraction, click on the fraction button
3653 \begin_inset Graphics
3654 filename ../images/math/frac.png
3664 \begin_inset space ~
3670 LyX writes two insertion points in a fraction.
3671 As you would expect, you can use arrow keys or the mouse to move around
3673 Click on the top square and type
3674 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3678 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3687 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3691 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3695 You've made a fraction! Of course you can type anything within each of
3696 the two boxes: variables with exponents, square roots, other fractions,
3701 \begin_layout Standard
3713 \begin_layout Subsection
3714 TeX mode: Limits, log, sin and others
3717 \begin_layout Standard
3718 Because letters in math mode are considered to be variables, if you type
3720 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3724 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3727 in math mode, LyX thinks you are typing the product of the three variables
3729 \begin_inset Formula $s$
3733 \begin_inset Formula $i$
3737 \begin_inset Formula $n$
3741 The three letters will be typeset in italics, when what you really wanted
3743 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3747 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3751 In addition, LyX won't put a space between the word
3752 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3756 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3760 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3764 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3771 will exit the formula).
3773 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3777 \begin_inset Formula $\sin(x)$
3781 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3785 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3789 \begin_inset Formula $sin(x)$
3793 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3799 \begin_layout Standard
3803 \begin_inset space ~
3809 \begin_inset Graphics
3810 filename ../images/math/functions.png
3817 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3821 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3824 in the appearing function list.
3826 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3830 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3833 is displayed in LyX in black, and set in upright roman type.
3834 The whole word is treated as one symbol, so if you type
3838 , it will delete the whole word.
3840 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3844 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3847 , which will be written in blue italics, like you expect in a formula.
3848 In the output, the expression will be correctly typeset.
3852 \begin_layout Standard
3853 The function list include other trigonometric functions and their inverses,
3854 hyperbolic functions, logarithms, limits, and quite a few others.
3855 These functions can take subscripts and superscripts, important for typing
3857 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3861 \begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$
3865 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3869 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3873 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$
3877 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3883 \begin_layout Standard
3895 \begin_layout Subsection
3899 \begin_layout Standard
3900 Click on the matrix button
3901 \begin_inset Graphics
3902 filename ../images/dialog-show_mathmatrix.png
3911 \begin_inset space ~
3917 The appearing dialog allows you to choose how many rows and columns you
3918 want in your matrix.
3919 Choose 2 rows and 3 columns and hit
3924 LyX prints 6 insertion points in a
3925 \begin_inset Formula $2\times3$
3929 As usual, you can put any sort of formula expression (a square root, another
3930 matrix, etc.) in each insertion point.
3931 You can also leave some of the insertion points empty if you want.
3934 \begin_layout Standard
3939 can be used to move horizontally between the columns of a matrix.
3940 Alternatively, you can use the arrow keys to move around - hitting
3944 at the end of one box will move to the next box,
3948 will move to the next row, etc.
3951 \begin_layout Standard
3952 If you need to change the number of rows and columns, use the menu
3954 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3955 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3957 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3961 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3966 or the math toolbar buttons
3967 \begin_inset Graphics
3968 filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png
3975 \begin_inset Graphics
3976 filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.png
3983 \begin_inset Graphics
3984 filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-column.png
3991 \begin_inset Graphics
3992 filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-column.png
4001 \begin_layout Standard
4006 for information on how to change the horizontal alignment of each column,
4007 and how to change the vertical position of the whole matrix.
4008 Note that if you want to write a table containing text, you should use
4009 LyX's wonderful table support, rather than trying to write text in a matrix.
4012 \begin_layout Subsection
4016 \begin_layout Standard
4017 All of the expressions we have written so far have been on the same line
4018 as the text that came before and after them, otherwise known as inline
4020 This is fine for short, simple expressions, but if you want to write larger
4021 ones, or if you want your expressions to stand out from the text, you need
4022 to write them in display mode.
4023 In addition, only displayed expressions can be labeled and numbered (see
4028 ), and multi-line equations must be in display mode.
4031 \begin_layout Standard
4032 Click on the display button
4033 \begin_inset Graphics
4034 filename ../images/math-display.png
4043 \begin_inset space ~
4048 , which represents a couple lines of text before and after a centered blue
4050 LyX inserts a formula, but the insertion point is on a new line, and it's
4051 centered within that line.
4052 Now type an expression and run LaTeX to see how it looks.
4053 The display button is actually a toggle; use it now to change a couple
4054 of your expressions to display mode and back.
4058 \begin_layout Standard
4059 Display mode has a couple differences from inline mode:
4062 \begin_layout Itemize
4063 The default font is larger for a few symbols, like
4064 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
4068 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
4074 \begin_layout Itemize
4075 Subscripts and superscripts for limits and sums (but not integrals) are
4076 written under rather than next to the symbols
4079 \begin_layout Itemize
4083 \begin_layout Standard
4084 Other than these differences, though, displayed expressions and inline expressio
4085 ns are very similar.
4088 \begin_layout Standard
4089 One final note about the way displayed formulas are typeset: Be careful
4090 about whether you're putting your equation into a new paragraph or not.
4091 If your formula is in the middle of a sentence or paragraph, then don't
4097 Doing so will cause the text
4101 the formula to start a new paragraph.
4102 That text will therefore eventually be indented, depending on your document
4103 paragraph settings, which is probably not what you want.
4106 \begin_layout Standard
4111 : Put the various equations in
4115 into display mode, and see how they're typeset differently.
4118 \begin_layout Standard
4123 : Using various tools you've learned in this section, you should be able
4124 to write an equation like
4128 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4129 After you've done it the hard way, give
4131 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4132 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4134 \begin_inset space ~
4145 \begin_inset Formula \[
4146 f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc}
4149 \sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0\end{array}\right.\]
4156 \begin_layout Section
4160 \begin_layout Standard
4161 LyX's math editor can do plenty more.
4162 By now, you're familiar with the basics, so we refer to the
4169 \begin_layout Itemize
4170 Labeling and numbering expressions
4173 \begin_layout Itemize
4174 Multi-line equations
4177 \begin_layout Itemize
4178 Change typefaces, e.
4179 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4183 \begin_inset space \space{}
4186 to write bold-face text in an expression.
4189 \begin_layout Itemize
4190 Fine-tune font sizes and spacing within an expression.
4191 (Don't worry about this until your final draft!)
4194 \begin_layout Itemize
4196 These are very powerful, because you just define them once at the top of
4197 the document, and then you can use them throughout the document.
4200 \begin_layout Itemize
4201 Do lots of other things that can't be mentioned in this Tutorial.
4204 \begin_layout Chapter
4208 \begin_layout Section
4209 Other major LyX Features
4212 \begin_layout Standard
4213 We haven't gone through all the possible commands in LyX, and we aren't
4222 \begin_inset space ~
4227 manual for more information.
4228 We'll just mention a couple more major things LyX can do:
4231 \begin_layout Itemize
4232 LyX has WYSIWYM support for tables.
4235 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4239 \begin_inset Graphics
4240 filename ../images/tabular-insert.png
4247 Click on the table with the
4254 \begin_inset space ~
4259 dialog box which allows extensive table editing.
4262 \begin_layout Itemize
4263 LyX also supports including pictures in any format within documents.
4266 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4270 \begin_inset Graphics
4271 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_graphics.png
4278 Then browse for the figure file, rotate or scale it, etc.) Tables and figures
4279 can have captions, and LyX will automatically generate lists of figures
4283 \begin_layout Itemize
4284 LyX is heavily configurable.
4285 Everything from how the LyX window looks to how the output comes out can
4286 be configured in a number of ways.
4287 Much configuration is done through
4289 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4293 For more information on this, check out
4295 Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4296 Customization\SpecialChar \@.
4300 \begin_layout Itemize
4301 LyX is being developed by a team of programmers on five continents.
4302 Therefore, LyX has better support for non-English languages (such as Dutch,
4303 German, French, Greek, Czech, Turkish, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
4304 ) than many word processors.
4305 Even the right-to-left languages Arabic, Farsi, and Hebrew and the Asian
4306 languages Chinese Japanese, and Korean are supported.
4307 You can write documents in other languages and you can also configure LyX
4308 to show its menus and error messages in other languages.
4312 \begin_layout Itemize
4313 The LyX menus feature keybindings.
4314 This means that you can do
4316 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4327 or by using the binding which is shown next to it in the menu (C-O by default).
4328 Keybindings are also configurable.
4329 For information on this, check out
4331 Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4332 Customization\SpecialChar \@.
4336 \begin_layout Itemize
4337 LyX can read LaTeX documents.
4339 \begin_inset space ~
4343 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4345 reference "sec:tex2lyx"
4352 \begin_layout Itemize
4353 Spellchecking, thesaurus, and word count facilities are available.
4356 \begin_layout Itemize
4357 Generation of indexes and nomenclatures/glossaries is supported.
4360 \begin_layout Section
4362 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4364 name "sec:latexusers"
4371 \begin_layout Standard
4372 If you don't know anything about LaTeX, you don't have to read this section.
4373 Actually, you might want to
4377 about LaTeX, and then read this chapter.
4378 However, some who begin to use LyX will be familiar with LaTeX.
4379 If you are such a person, you may be wondering if LyX can really do everything
4381 The short answer is that LyX can do pretty much everything LaTeX can do
4382 in one form or another, and it definitely simplifies most parts of writing
4386 \begin_layout Standard
4387 Because this is just a tutorial, we are only going to mention things that
4388 new LyX users will most likely be interested in.
4389 In the interests of keeping the Tutorial short, we will give only minimal
4394 \begin_inset space ~
4402 \begin_inset space ~
4407 manual have a great deal of information on differences between LyX and
4408 LaTeX, and how to do various LaTeX tricks in LyX.
4411 \begin_layout Subsection
4415 \begin_layout Standard
4416 Anything that you enter in TeX mode will be passed straight to LaTeX, and
4417 will be displayed in red on the screen.
4418 You can use TeX commands in LyX by choosing
4420 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4422 \begin_inset space ~
4428 \begin_inset Graphics
4429 filename ../images/ert-insert.png
4436 This creates a box where everything within it is passed straight to LaTeX.
4439 \begin_layout Standard
4440 In a math formula, TeX mode is handled a bit differently.
4441 TeX mode is there entered by typing a backslash.
4442 The backslash is not written out, but anything you type afterwards will
4444 You exit TeX mode by typing
4448 or some other non-alphabetic character, like a number, underscore, caret,
4450 Once you exit TeX mode, if LyX knows the TeX command you've typed in, it
4451 will convert it to WYSIWYM\SpecialChar \@.
4453 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4463 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4466 in a formula and then press
4470 , LyX will change the red
4471 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4475 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4479 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4483 \begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
4487 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4491 This will work for almost all, non-complicated math macros.
4492 This may be faster than using the
4495 \begin_inset space ~
4500 , and will be especially convenient for experienced LaTeX users.
4503 \begin_layout Standard
4504 As a special case, if you type a brace in TeX mode, then the beginning
4508 ending braces will be inserted in red, then take you
4512 of TeX mode and place the cursor between the braces.
4513 This makes it more convenient to type commands that LyX doesn't know which
4517 \begin_layout Standard
4518 LyX can't do absolutely everything that LaTeX can do.
4519 Some fancy functions are not supported at all, while some work but aren't
4521 TeX mode allows users to get the full flexibility of LaTeX, while having
4522 all the convenient features of LyX, like WYSIWYM math, tables, and editing.
4523 LyX could never support every LaTeX package.
4530 in the preamble (see section
4531 \begin_inset space ~
4535 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4537 reference "sec:preamble"
4541 ), you can use any package you want --- although you won't have WYSIWYM
4542 support for that package's features.
4545 \begin_layout Subsection
4546 Importing LaTeX Documents ---
4551 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4560 \begin_layout Standard
4561 You can import a LaTeX file into LyX by using the
4563 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4564 Import\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4566 \begin_inset space ~
4572 This will call the program
4576 which will create a file
4584 and then open that file.
4585 If the translation doesn't work, you can try calling
4589 from the command line, possibly using fancier options.
4592 \begin_layout Standard
4597 will translate most legal LaTeX, but not everything.
4598 It will leave things it doesn't understand in TeX mode, so after translating
4603 , you can look for red text and hand-edit it to look right.
4606 \begin_layout Standard
4611 has its own manpage.
4612 Read it to find out about which LaTeX commands and environments aren't
4613 supported, bugs (and how to get around them), and how to use the various
4617 \begin_layout Subsection
4618 Converting LyX Documents to LaTeX
4621 \begin_layout Standard
4622 You might wish to convert a LyX Document to a LaTeX file.
4623 For example, a co-worker or co-author who doesn't have LyX might want to
4627 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4628 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4632 This will create a file
4640 file you are editing.
4641 LyX always creates temporary LaTeX files when viewing or printing files.
4644 \begin_layout Subsection
4648 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4652 \begin_layout Standard
4655 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4658 dialog takes care of many of the options that you would input in a
4665 Change the class, default font size and paper size here.
4666 Put any extra options to the
4679 \begin_inset space ~
4687 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4688 Other Preamble Matter
4689 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4698 \begin_layout Standard
4699 If you have special commands to put in the preamble of a LaTeX file, you
4700 can use them in a LyX document as well.
4703 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4704 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4706 \begin_inset space ~
4711 and type in the dialog window (or from the document settings dialog, depending
4713 Anything you type will (like with TeX mode) be sent directly to LaTeX.
4716 \begin_layout Subsection
4720 \begin_layout Standard
4721 LyX has support for BibTeX, which allows you to build databases of bibliographic
4722 al references to be used in multiple documents.
4728 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4730 \begin_inset space ~
4734 \begin_inset space ~
4741 C\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4747 \begin_inset space ~
4761 field you load BibTeX files, in the
4765 field you can load BibTeX style files.
4768 \begin_layout Standard
4769 After you've done this, you can use citations from any bibliographies you're
4772 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4776 \begin_inset space ~
4780 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4782 reference "sec:bibliographies"
4787 LyX will take care of running BibTeX.
4792 dialog will show a list of all the references in your
4799 \begin_layout Section
4803 \begin_layout Standard
4804 Sometimes when you LaTeX a document, there will be errors, things that LyX
4805 or LaTeX can't understand.
4806 When this happens, LyX will open a
4809 \begin_inset space ~
4815 Clicking on individual errors in this dialog will take you to the place
4816 in the LyX document where the error occurs and also display the detailed
4817 LaTeX error message.