1 #LyX 2.4 created this file. For more info see https://www.lyx.org/
5 \save_transient_properties true
6 \origin /systemlyxdir/doc/
8 \use_default_options false
12 \maintain_unincluded_children no
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17 \font_roman "palatino" "default"
18 \font_sans "helvet" "default"
19 \font_typewriter "courier" "default"
20 \font_math "auto" "auto"
21 \font_default_family default
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26 \font_typewriter_osf false
27 \font_sf_scale 100 100
28 \font_tt_scale 100 100
30 \use_dash_ligatures false
32 \default_output_format pdf2
34 \bibtex_command default
35 \index_command default
39 \pdf_title "The LyX Tutorial"
40 \pdf_author "LyX Team"
41 \pdf_subject "LyX-documentation Tutorial"
42 \pdf_keywords "LyX, documentation"
44 \pdf_bookmarksnumbered true
45 \pdf_bookmarksopen true
46 \pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1
51 \pdf_pdfusetitle false
52 \pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue,pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false"
55 \use_package amsmath 1
56 \use_package amssymb 1
59 \use_package mathdots 1
60 \use_package mathtools 1
62 \use_package stackrel 1
63 \use_package stmaryrd 1
64 \use_package undertilde 1
66 \cite_engine_type default
70 \paperorientation portrait
82 \paragraph_separation indent
83 \paragraph_indentation default
85 \math_numbering_side default
90 \paperpagestyle headings
92 \tracking_changes true
95 \postpone_fragile_content false
99 \docbook_table_output 0
100 \docbook_mathml_prefix 1
101 \author -712698321 "Jürgen Spitzmüller"
102 \author -131811572 "Yuriy Skalko"
114 by the \SpecialChar LyX
119 \begin_layout Plain Layout
121 If you have comments on or corrections to this documentation, please send
122 them to the \SpecialChar LyX
123 Documentation mailing list:
124 \begin_inset CommandInset href
126 target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
140 \begin_layout Standard
141 \begin_inset CommandInset toc
142 LatexCommand tableofcontents
149 \begin_layout Chapter
153 \begin_layout Section
154 Welcome to \SpecialChar LyX
158 \begin_layout Standard
159 This manual is designed for all of you who have never heard of \SpecialChar LaTeX
162 Now, do not panic – you will not need to learn \SpecialChar LaTeX
163 to use \SpecialChar LyX
165 That is, after all, the whole point of \SpecialChar LyX
166 : to provide an almost-WYSIWYG interface
167 to \SpecialChar LaTeX
169 There are some things you will need to learn, however, in order to use
174 \begin_layout Standard
175 Some of you probably found your way to this document because you tried to
176 put two spaces after a
177 \begin_inset Quotes eld
181 \begin_inset Quotes erd
184 or tried to put three blank lines between paragraphs.
185 You found out you could not and, in fact, you will find out that most of
186 the little tricks you are accustomed to use in word processors will not
187 work in \SpecialChar LyX
189 That is because most word processors you have used before allow you manually
190 to enter all spacings, font changes, and so on.
191 So you end up not only writing a document but typesetting it, too.
193 does the typesetting for you, in a consistent fashion, letting you focus
194 on the important things, like the content of your writing.
197 \begin_layout Standard
198 So read on to learn more about \SpecialChar LyX
200 Reading this tutorial is definitely worth the time.
203 \begin_layout Section
213 \begin_layout Standard
214 Before we get started with this section, you need to know that this
218 uses the notation outlined in the
223 If you came to this manual first, please read the
227 before you continue with the
234 \begin_layout Standard
235 Now that you know which fonts mean what in the documentation, we want to
236 talk a bit about what this
243 \begin_layout Subsection
244 Getting the most out of the Tutorial
247 \begin_layout Standard
248 This tutorial consists of examples and exercises.
249 To get the most out of this document, you should read through it, typing
250 all the little things we are telling you to type and trying out all of
251 the exercises to see if you get them right.
252 For convenience, you might want to print out the PDF version of this document.
255 \begin_layout Standard
256 If you are familiar with \SpecialChar LaTeX
257 , you will probably be able to read the
261 somewhat faster, since many \SpecialChar LyX
262 ideas are just \SpecialChar LaTeX
264 However, \SpecialChar LyX
265 has features you will want to learn about.
266 Even if you do not feel like reading the rest of the
270 , you should definitely check out Section
275 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
277 reference "sec:latexusers"
281 , which is specifically written for experienced \SpecialChar LaTeX
285 \begin_layout Subsection
293 \begin_layout Itemize
294 Detailed explanations of all of \SpecialChar LyX
299 \begin_layout Standard
308 \begin_layout Itemize
309 Detailed explanations of \SpecialChar LaTeX
314 \begin_layout Standard
316 If you want to learn some of the neat tricks you can do with \SpecialChar LaTeX
319 can have a look at the
331 \begin_layout Standard
332 It is time to move on, time for your first document \SpecialChar ldots
336 \begin_layout Chapter
337 Getting started with \SpecialChar LyX
341 \begin_layout Section
342 Your first \SpecialChar LyX
346 \begin_layout Standard
347 OK\SpecialChar endofsentence
348 You are ready to start writing.
349 Before you do, there are a few things we need to mention, which will hopefully
350 make the Tutorial more instructive and useful.
354 \begin_layout Standard
355 Because there is information we cannot give you in the Tutorial, the
361 thing that you need to do is find the
368 Start up \SpecialChar LyX
378 You may want to load the
382 as well (if you are not reading it within \SpecialChar LyX
384 This way, you can read them while you are writing your own file.
388 \begin_layout Plain Layout
389 They can also serve as good examples of how to use the many features of
396 Note that once you have got more than one document open, you can use the
401 menu or the document tabs to switch between them.
404 \begin_layout Standard
405 In this Tutorial, we are going to assume that you have a fully working version
407 , as well as a \SpecialChar LaTeX
408 -distribution and a PDF-viewer.
409 This should be the case on all major Linux- and BSD-distributions, as well
410 as on Windows, where this is setup by the \SpecialChar LyX
414 \begin_layout Standard
415 Finally, we have written a file called
416 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351112
420 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351120
428 to let you practice your \SpecialChar LyX
430 Imagine that it was typed by someone who did not know about any of \SpecialChar LyX
433 As you learn new \SpecialChar LyX
434 functions, we will suggest that you fix those parts of
436 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351165
440 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351165
450 \begin_inset Quotes els
454 \begin_inset Quotes ers
457 hints about how to fix things.
461 \begin_layout Plain Layout
462 The hints are located in yellow
463 \begin_inset Quotes eld
467 \begin_inset Quotes erd
471 Access the text in a note by clicking on it.
476 If you want to cheat, or check what you have done, there is also a file
478 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351273
482 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351278
490 which contains the same text written and typeset by a \SpecialChar LyX
494 \begin_layout Standard
495 The example files can be found in
496 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351405
498 \begin_inset Quotes eld
502 \begin_inset Quotes erd
507 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
508 Open Example\SpecialChar ldots
510 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351425
517 directory of \SpecialChar LyX
518 's installation folder
522 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351441
526 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351441
536 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
543 to save a copy in your own directory for you to work on.
544 As you fix parts of the raw document, check to see how those changes affect
548 \begin_layout Standard
550 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351473
556 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351473
559 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
560 Open Example\SpecialChar ldots
565 contains lots of other examples files.
566 They will show you how to do various fancy things with \SpecialChar LyX
568 After you have read the Tutorial, or when you are confused about how to
569 do something fancy in \SpecialChar LyX
570 , take a look at these files.
573 \begin_layout Subsection
574 Typing, Viewing, and Exporting
577 \begin_layout Itemize
580 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
584 \begin_layout Itemize
585 Type a sentence like:
587 This is my first \SpecialChar LyX
591 \begin_layout Itemize
592 Save your document with
594 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
599 As\SpecialChar endofsentence
603 \begin_layout Itemize
604 Create a PDF file, with
606 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
609 or the toolbar button
617 will open a PDF-viewer program displaying your document as it will look
621 \begin_layout Itemize
622 Export the ready to print document with
624 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
632 \begin_layout Standard
633 Congratulations! You have written your first \SpecialChar LyX
635 All of the rest is just details.
636 \begin_inset Newline newline
642 \begin_layout Standard
647 You can save time by leaving the PDF viewer running in the background.
648 Under MacOS and Linux you can use
650 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
653 or the toolbar button
659 and just click on the PDF viewer window afterwards.
660 Under Windows still use
662 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
674 \begin_layout Standard
679 In case you are using a high-resolution display, the LyX toolbar icons
681 To change their size, right-click into a toolbar.
684 \begin_layout Subsection
688 \begin_layout Standard
690 can of course do most of the things you are used to doing with a word processor.
691 It will word-wrap and indent paragraphs automatically.
692 Here is a quick description of how to do some simple actions.
695 \begin_layout Description
696 Undo \SpecialChar LyX
697 has multiple levels of undo, which means you can undo everything you
698 have done since your current editing session started, by selecting
700 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
709 ) over and over again.
710 If you undo too much, just select
712 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
725 \begin_layout Standard
726 Currently, undo is limited to 100 steps.
730 \begin_layout Description
733 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
744 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
755 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
764 ) to cut, copy, and paste.
765 Or automatically paste selected text (including selections from other programs)
773 \begin_layout Description
776 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
790 arg "dialog-show findreplace"
794 In the dialog, search with the
806 button to replace a word you have found.
810 \begin_layout Plain Layout
811 Close the window when you are done or leave it open if you find it more
813 Most dialog boxes in \SpecialChar LyX
814 can operate like this.
815 Just be sure you have the right window in focus when you are trying to
816 type in the main \SpecialChar LyX
817 window or a \SpecialChar LyX
823 If you like, you can specify whether to make the search case-sensitive,
824 or to search for only complete words; you can also search backwards through
828 \begin_layout Description
843 , which will by default print characters in italics), set it in
853 , usually small caps, used for people's names), or use your own formatting
856 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
861 Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
864 dialog (toolbar button
867 arg "dialog-show character"
873 \begin_layout Description
874 Toolbar Other buttons on the toolbar allow you to do some of the more popular
902 \begin_layout Standard
903 Of course, you have not yet written enough to make most of these functions
905 As you write more, though, try undoing, pasting, etc.
908 \begin_layout Subsection
909 WYSIWYM: Whitespace in \SpecialChar LyX
913 \begin_layout Standard
914 One of the hardest things for new users to get used to is the way that \SpecialChar LyX
917 As many times as you hit
921 , you will only get one blank line.
922 As many times as you hit
926 , you will only get one space.
927 On a blank line, \SpecialChar LyX
928 will not let you type even one space.
933 key will not move you forward one tab stop; in fact there
937 no tab stops! There is no ruler at the top of the page to let you set tabs
941 \begin_layout Standard
942 Many word processors are based on the WYSIWYG principle:
943 \begin_inset Quotes eld
946 What You See Is What You Get.
947 \begin_inset Quotes erd
951 , on the other hand, is based on the principle that
952 \begin_inset Quotes eld
955 What You See Is What You
960 \begin_inset Quotes erd
963 You type what you mean and \SpecialChar LyX
964 will take care of typesetting it for you so
965 that the output looks nice.
970 grammatically separates paragraphs and a
974 grammatically separates words; so there is no reason to have several of
979 has no grammatical function at all – so \SpecialChar LyX
981 Using \SpecialChar LyX
982 , you will spend more of your time worrying about the
986 of your document and less time worrying about the
995 for more information on the WYSIWYM concept.
998 \begin_layout Standard
1000 does have (many) ways to fine-tune the formatting of your document.
1001 After all, \SpecialChar LyX
1011 has information about all that.
1012 It includes horizontal fills and vertical space — which are more powerful
1013 and versatile than multiple spaces or blank lines — and ways to change
1014 font sizes, character styles, and paragraph alignments by hand.
1015 The idea, though, is that you can write your whole document, focusing on
1016 content, and just worry about that fine-tuning at the end.
1017 With standard word processors, you will be distracted by document formatting
1018 throughout the writing process.
1021 \begin_layout Section
1025 \begin_layout Standard
1026 Different parts of a document have different purposes; we call these parts
1032 Most of a document is made up of regular text.
1033 Section titles (chapter, subsection, etc.) let the reader know that a new
1034 topic or subtopic will be discussed.
1035 Certain types of documents have special environments.
1036 A journal article will have an abstract and a title.
1037 A letter will have neither of these, but will probably have an environment
1038 that gives the writer's address.
1041 \begin_layout Standard
1042 Environments are a major part of the
1043 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1046 What You See Is What You Mean
1047 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1050 philosophy of \SpecialChar LyX
1052 A given environment may require a certain font style, font size, indenting,
1053 line spacing, and more.
1054 This problem is aggravated, because the exact formatting for a given environmen
1055 t may change: one journal may use boldface, 18 point, centered type for
1056 section titles while another uses italicized, 15 point, left justified
1057 type; different languages may have different standards for indenting; and
1058 bibliography formats can vary widely.
1060 lets you avoid learning all the different formatting styles.
1063 \begin_layout Standard
1068 choice box is located on the left end of the toolbar and looks like this:
1070 \begin_inset Graphics
1071 filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
1078 It indicates in which environment you are currently writing.
1079 While you were writing your first document, it said
1080 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1084 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1087 which is the default environment for text.
1088 Now you will put a number of environments in your new document so that
1089 you can see how they work.
1092 \begin_layout Subsection
1093 Sections and Subsections
1096 \begin_layout Standard
1101 on the first line of your new \SpecialChar LyX
1114 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1120 If nothing is selected, \SpecialChar LyX
1121 changes the paragraph you are currently in to
1122 the selected environment.
1123 Alternatively, you can change several paragraphs to a different environment
1124 by selecting them before picking an environment.
1141 , which will be covered below.
1144 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1148 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1151 and typesets the section heading (title) in a larger font.
1156 \SpecialChar endofsentence
1162 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1166 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1170 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1174 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1178 Section headings, like most environments, are assumed to end when you type
1183 \SpecialChar endofsentence
1184 Type the document introduction:
1187 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1188 This is an introduction to my first \SpecialChar LyX
1192 \begin_layout Standard
1208 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1212 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1215 and waits for you to type a title.
1217 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1223 \begin_inset space ~
1229 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1232 , and you will see that \SpecialChar LyX
1233 again sets it as a section title.
1236 \begin_layout Standard
1238 Go to the end of Section
1239 \begin_inset space ~
1243 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1246 my first \SpecialChar LyX
1248 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1264 Again, \SpecialChar LyX
1266 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1270 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1273 and waits for you to type a title.
1280 \begin_inset space ~
1284 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1288 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1292 \begin_inset space ~
1295 2, has been automatically renumbered to Section
1296 \begin_inset space ~
1299 3! In true WYSIWYM fashion, you just need to identify the text that makes
1300 up the section titles, and \SpecialChar LyX
1301 takes care of numbering the sections and typesettin
1305 \begin_layout Standard
1314 environment, and type the following five lines:
1317 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1318 Sections and subsections are described below.
1321 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1325 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1326 Sections are bigger than subsections.
1329 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1330 Subsection description
1333 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1334 Subsections are smaller than sections.
1337 \begin_layout Standard
1338 Click on the second line and select
1348 numbers the subsection
1349 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1353 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1356 , and typesets it in a font which is bigger than regular text but smaller
1357 than the section title.
1358 Change the fourth line to the
1362 environment as well.
1363 As you probably expected, \SpecialChar LyX
1364 automatically numbered the section
1365 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1369 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1373 If you put yet another section before Section
1374 \begin_inset space ~
1378 \begin_inset space ~
1381 2 will be renumbered as Section 3, and the subsections will be renumbered
1383 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1387 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1391 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1395 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1401 \begin_layout Standard
1402 Further levels of sectioning include
1415 We will let you play with these on your own.
1416 You may notice that paragraph and subparagraph headings are not numbered
1417 by default, and that subparagraphs are indented; see the
1421 for an explanation and how to change this.
1426 headings are actually the highest level of sectioning, above
1430 s, but you are only allowed to use them in certain types (text classes)
1432 documents (see Section
1433 \begin_inset space ~
1437 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1439 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
1446 \begin_layout Standard
1447 Finally, you may want to have sections or subsections that are not numbered.
1448 There are environments for this as well.
1449 If you change one of your section headings to the
1453 environment (you may have to scroll down in the
1457 box to find it), \SpecialChar LyX
1458 will use the same font size for the heading as it uses
1459 for a regular section, but it will not number that section.
1460 There are corresponding
1461 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1465 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1468 heading environments for
1477 Try changing some of your sections or subsections to the starred environments,
1478 and note how the other section numbers are updated.
1481 \begin_layout Labeling
1482 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1487 : Fix the section and subsection headings in
1488 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351516
1492 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351522
1496 \begin_inset Newline newline
1509 \begin_layout Subsection
1513 \begin_layout Standard
1515 has several different environments for typesetting lists.
1516 The various list environments free you from hitting
1520 a million times when writing an outline, or from renumbering a whole list
1521 when you want to add a point in the middle of the list.
1522 Different types of documents logically require different list environments:
1525 \begin_layout Itemize
1526 A slide presentation might use the
1530 environment's bulleted lists to describe different points.
1533 \begin_layout Itemize
1534 An outline would use the
1538 environment's numbered lists (and lettered sublists).
1541 \begin_layout Itemize
1542 A document describing several software packages could use the
1546 environment, where each item in the list begins with a bold-faced word.
1549 \begin_layout Itemize
1558 ) environment is a variation on the
1565 \begin_layout Standard
1566 Let us write a list of reasons why \SpecialChar LyX
1567 is better than other word processors.
1568 Somewhere in your document, type:
1571 \begin_layout Standard
1575 is better than other word processors because:
1578 \begin_layout Standard
1595 arg "layout-toggle Itemize"
1601 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1605 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1609 Type in your reasons:
1612 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1613 Typesetting is done for you.
1616 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1620 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1621 Lists are very easy to create!
1624 \begin_layout Standard
1625 List environments, unlike headings, do not end when you type
1630 Instead, \SpecialChar LyX
1631 assumes you are going on to the next item in the list.
1632 The above will therefore result in a three-item list.
1633 If you want more than one paragraph within one list
1637 , one way is to use the
1638 \change_deleted 177693 1654668928
1642 \change_inserted 177693 1654668930
1644 \change_deleted 177693 1654668945
1646 \begin_inset space ~
1650 \change_inserted 177693 1654668949
1652 \begin_inset space ~
1659 , which you get by typing
1664 In order to get out of the list, you need to reselect the
1668 environment (or just use the key binding
1671 arg "layout Standard"
1677 \begin_layout Standard
1678 You now have a beautiful itemized list.
1679 You might want to run \SpecialChar LaTeX
1680 to see how the list looks when printed out.
1681 But what if you wanted to number the reasons? Well, just select the whole
1686 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1688 will not let you select the first bullet (or the actual number in a numbered
1689 section title) unless you also select the paragraph
1693 it, which you probably do not want to do.
1694 This is on purpose because the bullet or number depends on the document
1695 settings or text position, respectively.
1711 arg "layout-toggle Enumerate"
1715 Pow! As we mentioned, if you add or delete a list item, \SpecialChar LyX
1716 will fix the numbering.
1719 \begin_layout Standard
1720 While the list is still selected, you can change to the other two list environme
1728 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1734 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1744 arg "layout-toggle Description"
1750 arg "layout-toggle List"
1753 ), in order to see what they look like.
1754 For those two environments, each list item is made up of a term, which
1755 is the item's first word, followed by a definition, which is the rest of
1756 the paragraph (until you hit
1761 The term is either typeset in boldface (
1766 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1770 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1777 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1778 But a typesetter's tab, which will change to fit the size of the largest
1779 term, not a pathetic, rigid, unchangeable typewriter
1792 ) from the rest of the paragraph.
1793 If you want to have more than one word in the definition, then separate
1795 \change_deleted 177693 1654668936
1799 \change_inserted 177693 1654668939
1803 \begin_inset space ~
1807 \change_inserted 177693 1654668953
1809 \begin_inset space ~
1819 \begin_layout Labeling
1820 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1825 : Typeset the list in
1826 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351539
1830 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351539
1839 \begin_layout Standard
1840 You can nest lists within each other in all sorts of interesting ways.
1841 An obvious example would be writing outlines.
1842 Numbered and bulleted lists will have different numbering and bulleting
1843 schemes for sublists.
1848 for details on the different sorts of lists and for examples of nestings.
1851 \begin_layout Subsection
1852 Other environments: Verses, Quotations, and more
1855 \begin_layout Standard
1856 There are two environments for setting quotations apart from surrounding
1861 for short quotes and
1875 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1876 used in this Tutorial for the long typing examples
1885 font; this environment is the only place in \SpecialChar LyX
1886 where you are allowed to use
1887 multiple spaces to allow code indenting.
1888 You can even write poetry using the
1896 to separate stanzas, and
1900 to separate lines within a stanza.
1905 for more complete descriptions of all of the available \SpecialChar LyX
1909 \begin_layout Labeling
1910 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1915 : Correctly typeset the
1917 Quote, \SpecialChar LyX
1925 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351552
1929 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351554
1933 \begin_inset Newline newline
1943 \begin_layout Chapter
1947 \begin_layout Standard
1948 The previous chapter hopefully allowed you to get used to writing in \SpecialChar LyX
1950 It introduced you to the basic editing operations in \SpecialChar LyX
1951 , as well as the powerful
1952 method of writing with environments.
1953 Most people who use \SpecialChar LyX
1954 , though, will want to write documents: papers, articles,
1955 books, manuals, or letters.
1956 This chapter is meant to take you from simply writing text with \SpecialChar LyX
1958 a complete document.
1959 It will introduce you to text classes, which allow you to write different
1961 It will then describe many of the additions that turn text into a document,
1962 such as titles, footnotes, cross references, bibliographies, and tables
1966 \begin_layout Section
1968 \begin_inset CommandInset label
1970 name "sec:Document-Classes"
1977 \begin_layout Standard
1978 Different sorts of documents should be typeset differently.
1979 For example, books are generally printed double-sided, while articles are
1981 In addition, many documents contain special environments: letters contain
1982 some environments — such as the sender's address and the signature — which
1983 do not make sense in a book or article.
1984 The \SpecialChar LyX
1993 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1994 for \SpecialChar LaTeX
1995 users: this is equivalent to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
2001 takes care of these large scale differences between different sorts of
2003 This Tutorial, for example, was written in the
2008 Document classes are another major part of the WYSIWYM philosophy; they
2009 tell \SpecialChar LyX
2010 how to typeset the document, so you do not need to know how.
2013 \begin_layout Standard
2014 Your document is probably being written in the
2022 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2023 That is usually the default document class
2028 Try changing to other document classes (using the
2030 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
2033 dialog) to see how they are typeset differently.
2034 If you change your document to the
2038 document class and look at the
2042 box, you will see that most of the allowed environments are the same.
2043 However, you can now use the
2048 If you are ever unsure about which environments you can use in a given
2049 document class, just consult the
2056 \begin_layout Standard
2057 Font sizes, one- or two-column printing, and page headings are just some
2058 of the ways journals' typesettings differ from one another.
2059 As the Computer Age continues to mature, journals have begun accepting
2060 electronic submissions, creating \SpecialChar LaTeX
2062 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2066 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2069 so that authors can submit correctly typeset articles.
2071 is set up to support this as well.
2072 For example, \SpecialChar LyX
2073 supports typesetting (and extra environments) for the American
2074 Mathematics Society journals using the
2077 \begin_inset space ~
2085 \begin_layout Standard
2086 Here is a very quick reference to some of the document classes.
2089 Special Document Classes
2095 manual for many more details.
2098 \begin_layout Standard
2100 \begin_inset Tabular
2101 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
2102 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
2103 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
2104 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
2106 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2109 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2115 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2118 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2126 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2129 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2135 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2138 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2139 one-sided, no chapters
2146 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2149 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2155 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2158 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2159 layout & environments for American Math Society
2166 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2169 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2175 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2178 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2179 longer than article, two-sided
2186 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2189 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2195 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2198 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2199 report + front and back matter
2206 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2209 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2215 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2218 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2226 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2229 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2235 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2238 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2239 lots of extra environments for address, signature\SpecialChar ldots
2253 \begin_layout Section
2254 Templates: Writing a Letter
2257 \begin_layout Standard
2258 One way to write a letter would be to open a new file, and choose a
2264 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
2268 While this is the most obvious way to write a letter, it seems like extra
2270 Every time you write a business letter, you want to have your address,
2271 the address to which you are sending it, a body, a signature, etc.
2277 for letters, which contains a sample letter; once you have a template,
2278 you can just replace a couple of parts of the letter with your text each
2279 time you write a letter.
2282 \begin_layout Standard
2283 Open a new file with
2285 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
2287 \begin_inset space ~
2291 \begin_inset space ~
2295 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351676
2303 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351662
2307 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351666
2311 Letter (Standard Class)
2316 Save and print the file to see how the various environments are typeset.
2319 \begin_layout Standard
2320 When you look at the
2324 box, you will see several environments, like the
2327 \begin_inset space ~
2332 environment, that do not exist in most other document classes.
2338 You can play around for a while to figure out how the various environments
2340 You will notice for example that the
2344 environment has the word
2345 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2349 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2352 in red before the actual text of the signature.
2353 This word does not show up in the actual letter, as you will see if you
2354 view/export the file.
2355 It is just there to let you know where the signature goes.
2356 Also, note that it does not matter where in the file the
2361 Remember, \SpecialChar LyX
2362 is WYSIWYM; you can put the
2366 environment anywhere you want, but \SpecialChar LyX
2367 knows that in the printout, the signature
2368 should be at the end.
2371 \begin_layout Standard
2372 A template is just a regular \SpecialChar LyX
2374 This means you can fill in your address and signature and save the file
2376 From now on, any time you want to write a letter, you can use the new template
2378 We do not have to suggest an actual
2379 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2383 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2386 here; just write a letter to someone!
2390 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2391 One warning, if you are writing from a template.
2392 If you erase all of the text in an environment — for example, if you erase
2396 \begin_inset space ~
2401 field so that you can replace it with your own — and then you move the
2402 cursor without writing any text, the environment may disappear.
2403 This is because most environments cannot exist without any text in them.
2404 Just reselect the environment from the
2416 \begin_layout Standard
2417 Templates can be a huge time-saver, and we urge you to use them whenever
2419 In addition, they can help a person learn how to use some of the fancier
2421 Finally, they may be useful for a person who is configuring \SpecialChar LyX
2423 of less computer-aware users.
2424 When they are first learning \SpecialChar LyX
2425 , it will be less intimidating if they have
2426 a letter template customized for their company, for example.
2429 \begin_layout Standard
2430 \begin_inset Newpage newpage
2436 \begin_layout Section
2440 \begin_layout Standard
2442 (like \SpecialChar LaTeX
2443 ) considers the title — which may contain the actual title, the author,
2444 the date, and even an abstract of a paper — to be a separate part of the
2448 \begin_layout Standard
2449 Go back to your first \SpecialChar LyX
2450 document and make sure it is using the
2458 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2459 You should not be using the letter any more, since the
2463 document class does not allow titles.
2468 Type a title on the first line, and change the line to the
2473 On the next line, type your name and change it to the
2478 On the next line, write the date in the
2483 Type a paragraph or two summarizing your document using the
2488 Notice how the title is presented when it is printed out.
2489 If you change the document format to Book, you will get a separate title
2490 page, like the first page of this tutorial.
2493 \begin_layout Labeling
2494 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
2499 : Fix the title, date, and author in
2500 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351568
2504 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351568
2513 \begin_layout Section
2514 Labels and Cross-References
2517 \begin_layout Standard
2518 You can label section headings, list items, formulas, footnotes, and floats
2522 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2523 Floats are explained in the
2537 Once you do so, you can refer to the element in other parts of the document,
2538 using cross-references.
2539 You can refer to a section's number, to the page on which the section begins
2541 As with section numbering, \SpecialChar LyX
2542 also takes care of cross-reference numbering
2544 Automatic management of labels and cross-references is among the most significa
2545 nt advantages of \SpecialChar LyX
2546 (and \SpecialChar LaTeX
2547 ) over conventional word processors.
2550 \begin_layout Subsection
2554 \begin_layout Standard
2555 Go to our second section, whose title is
2556 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2560 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2564 Click at the end of the section title line, and select
2566 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2569 or the toolbar button
2576 A dialog asks you for a label name, and gives you a suggestion.
2581 , the label name will be placed in a box next to the section title.
2584 \begin_layout Standard
2585 So far you have not done anything — the output will look exactly the same,
2586 since labels do not show up in the printed document.
2587 However, now that you have added a label, you can refer to that label with
2589 We will do that next.
2592 \begin_layout Subsection
2593 Your first cross-reference
2596 \begin_layout Standard
2597 Place the cursor somewhere in Section
2598 \begin_inset space ~
2605 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2606 If you want to know more about this document,
2607 \begin_inset Newline newline
2613 \begin_layout Standard
2614 Now, with the cursor before the final period, select
2616 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2618 \begin_inset space ~
2623 or the toolbar button
2626 arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
2630 The Cross-reference dialog pops up.
2631 It shows a list of the possible labels you can reference.
2632 At the moment, there should be only one,
2633 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2636 sec:About-This-Document
2637 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2641 First, select the drop-down menu labeled
2642 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2646 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2650 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2654 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2659 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2662 sec:About-This-Document
2663 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2666 (it may be selected by default), and a reference marker will appear containing
2668 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2671 Ref: sec:About-This-Document
2672 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2675 (To be really correct, you should put a
2678 \begin_inset space ~
2686 arg "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
2689 ) in between the word
2690 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2694 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2697 and the reference.) An alternative way to reference a label is to right-click
2698 the label and select
2702 in the pop-up context menu.
2703 The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be copied
2704 to the actual cursor position via the menu
2706 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
2716 In the printed document, this reference marker will be replaced with the
2718 Preview your document and you will see that \SpecialChar LaTeX
2719 has been even cleverer than
2722 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2726 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2732 \begin_layout Standard
2733 Conveniently, a cross-reference acts as a hyperlink when you are editing
2734 a document in \SpecialChar LyX
2735 ; clicking on it will pop up the
2742 \begin_inset space ~
2746 \begin_inset space ~
2751 will move the cursor to the referenced label.
2754 \begin_layout Subsection
2755 More fun with labels
2758 \begin_layout Standard
2759 We told you that \SpecialChar LyX
2760 takes care of numbering cross-references; now you can
2762 Add a new section before Section
2763 \begin_inset space ~
2767 Update the preview, and — voilà! — the section cross-reference changed
2769 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2773 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2776 ! Change the section
2777 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2781 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2784 to a subsection, and the cross-reference will reference Subsection
2785 \begin_inset space ~
2788 2.1 instead of Section
2789 \begin_inset space ~
2793 The page reference will not change unless you add a whole page of text
2794 before the label, of course.
2798 \begin_layout Standard
2799 If you want some more practice with labels, then try putting a new label
2800 where your first cross-reference was, and refer to that label from elsewhere
2802 If you will be inserting cross-references often, it may be convenient to
2810 \begin_layout Standard
2811 If you want to confirm that the cross-referencing gets the pages right even
2812 for larger documents,
2816 a couple pages of text from the
2820 to the clipboard, and
2824 them into your document.
2828 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2829 By the way, copying a chapter title may cause an error, because chapters
2830 are not allowed in the article class, see Section
2831 \begin_inset space ~
2835 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
2837 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
2842 If this happens, just delete the chapter title.
2850 \begin_layout Labeling
2851 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
2856 : Fix the references in
2857 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351573
2861 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351573
2870 \begin_layout Section
2871 Footnotes and Margin Notes
2874 \begin_layout Standard
2875 Footnotes can be added using the toolbar button
2878 arg "footnote-insert"
2883 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2887 Click at the end of the word
2888 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2893 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2896 somewhere in your document and insert a footnote.
2897 A footnote box appears where you can enter the text of the footnote.
2899 should place the cursor at the beginning of the footnote box.
2903 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2905 is a typesetting word processor.
2908 \begin_layout Standard
2909 Now click on the button labeled
2910 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2914 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2918 The footnote box is closed, leaving the button showing where the footnote
2919 marker will be in the printed text; this is called
2920 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2924 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2928 You can unfold the footnote at any time and re-edit its text by clicking
2930 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2934 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2940 \begin_layout Standard
2941 A footnote can be cut and pasted like normal text.
2942 Go ahead; try it! All you need to do is select the footnote button
2946 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2947 It may be easier to select it using the keyboard.
2948 You might accidentally open the footnote if you are trying to select the
2949 marker itself with the mouse.
2963 In addition, you can change regular text to a footnote, by selecting it
2967 arg "footnote-insert"
2970 button; change a footnote to regular text by hitting the
2974 key when the cursor is in the first position of a footnote, or by hitting
2979 key when the cursor is in the very last position of the footnote.
2982 \begin_layout Standard
2983 Margin notes can be added using the menu
2985 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2987 \begin_inset space ~
2992 or the toolbar button
2995 arg "marginalnote-insert"
2998 \SpecialChar endofsentence
2999 Margin notes are like footnotes, except that:
3002 \begin_layout Itemize
3003 the on-screen boxes say
3004 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3008 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3012 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3016 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3022 \begin_layout Itemize
3023 the notes will be placed in the margin, instead of below the text
3026 \begin_layout Itemize
3027 margin notes are not numbered
3030 \begin_layout Standard
3031 Change your \SpecialChar LyX
3032 footnote back to text, then select and change it to a margin
3034 Run \SpecialChar LaTeX
3035 again to see what the margin note looks like.
3038 \begin_layout Labeling
3039 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3044 : Fix the footnote in
3045 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351579
3049 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351579
3058 \begin_layout Section
3060 \begin_inset CommandInset label
3062 name "sec:bibliographies"
3069 \begin_layout Standard
3070 Bibliographies are similar to cross-references.
3071 The bibliography contains a list of references at the end of the document,
3072 and they can be referenced from within the document.
3073 Like section titles, \SpecialChar LyX
3074 and \SpecialChar LaTeX
3075 make your job easier by automatically numbering
3076 the bibliography items and changing citations when the item numbers change.
3079 \begin_layout Standard
3080 Go to the end of the document and switch to the
3085 Now, each paragraph you type will be a reference.
3087 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3092 The Lyx Tutorial, by the \SpecialChar LyX
3096 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3099 as your first reference.
3100 Note that \SpecialChar LyX
3101 automatically puts a number in a box before each reference.
3102 Click on the boxed reference number, and the
3105 \begin_inset space ~
3115 is to refer to this reference within the \SpecialChar LyX
3125 is set (default), you will see the number of the bibliography in the output.
3131 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3135 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3138 to make it easy to remember.
3141 \begin_layout Standard
3142 Now pick somewhere in your document that you would like to insert a reference.
3145 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3148 or the toolbar button
3151 arg "dialog-show-new-inset citation"
3160 The left panel in this dialog lists all the bibliography entries, and this
3161 field allows you to choose which bibliography item you want to cite.
3163 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3167 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3170 (right now, that is the only item in the bibliography), then use the
3174 button in the center to insert it.
3175 (You can have multiple citations in the same place by transferring a number
3180 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3181 If one uses label names for references that are easy to remember it is easier
3182 to find the entry in the list of references.
3192 Now preview your file and you will see that the citation appears in brackets
3193 in the text, referring to the bibliography at the end of the document.
3196 \begin_layout Standard
3200 \begin_inset space ~
3209 dialog will put a remark (such as a reference to a page or chapter within
3210 the referenced book or article) in the brackets after the reference.
3211 If you want the references to have labels instead of numbers in the printed
3212 output (for example, some journals would use
3213 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3217 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3220 to refer to a paper written by Smith in 1995), use the
3227 \begin_inset space ~
3240 \begin_layout Labeling
3241 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3246 Fix the bibliography and citation in
3247 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351585
3251 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351585
3260 \begin_layout Section
3264 \begin_layout Standard
3265 You may want to put a table of contents at the beginning of your document.
3267 makes this easy to do.
3272 after your document title and before your first section title and select
3275 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3277 \begin_inset space ~
3281 \begin_inset space ~
3285 \change_inserted -712698321 1590305779
3287 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3291 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3296 \SpecialChar menuseparator
3298 \begin_inset space ~
3302 \begin_inset space ~
3309 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3313 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3316 will appear in a button on the first line of the document.
3320 \begin_layout Standard
3321 This may not appear to be very useful.
3322 However, if you look at your preview, you will see that a table of contents
3323 has been generated, listing the various sections and subsections in your
3325 As usual, if you reorder sections or create new ones, you will see those
3326 changes in the preview when you update it.
3330 \begin_layout Standard
3331 The table of contents is not printed in the on-screen version of the document.
3332 But you can display the table of contents in a separate window by clicking
3333 on the table of contents button, or by using
3335 View\SpecialChar menuseparator
3337 \begin_inset space ~
3342 or the toolbar button
3345 arg "dialog-toggle toc"
3349 This menu will work even if you do not have a table of contents inset in
3351 This is a very useful tool for rearranging your document parts.
3352 Clicking on a (sub)section title in the
3356 window will highlight that line and move the display (in the \SpecialChar LyX
3358 to that place in the document.
3359 You can also use the arrow keys to move up and down in the table of contents.
3360 You may therefore find it convenient to leave this window open throughout
3362 You can get similar functionality from the
3366 menu, though, where the table of contents appears automatically.
3369 \begin_layout Standard
3370 To get rid of the Table of Contents, you can delete the table of contents
3371 button just like any other text.
3374 \begin_layout Labeling
3375 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3380 : Fix the table of contents in
3381 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351589
3385 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351589
3394 \begin_layout Chapter
3398 \begin_layout Standard
3400 is used by many scientists because it outputs great looking equations,
3401 avoiding the control characters used by word processors and their equation
3403 Many of these scientists are frustrated, however, because writing equations
3404 in \SpecialChar LaTeX
3405 is more like programming than writing.
3406 Happily, \SpecialChar LyX
3407 has WYSIWYM support for equations.
3408 If you are used to \SpecialChar LaTeX
3409 , you will find that all of the usual \SpecialChar LaTeX
3411 can be typed in normally, but they will show up in a WYSIWYM fashion.
3412 If, on the other hand, you have never written in \SpecialChar LaTeX
3417 toolbar will allow you to write professional-looking math quickly and easily.
3420 \begin_layout Section
3424 \begin_layout Standard
3425 Somewhere in your \SpecialChar LyX
3429 \begin_layout LyX-Code
3430 I like what Einstein said, E=mc^2, because it is
3431 \begin_inset Newline linebreak
3437 \begin_layout Standard
3438 Now, that equation does not look very good in \SpecialChar LyX
3439 and in the output; there
3440 is no space between the letters and the equals sign, and you would like
3441 to write an actual superscript for the
3442 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3446 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3450 That bad typesetting happened because we did not tell \SpecialChar LyX
3451 that we were writing
3452 a mathematical expression, so it typeset the equation like regular old
3456 \begin_layout Standard
3457 But we can create a formula that will be typeset properly.
3458 Highlight the equation and click the toolbar button
3466 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3467 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
3469 \begin_inset space ~
3475 If nothing is highlighted \SpecialChar LyX
3476 inserts a little blue square, which is an empty
3478 The expression appears in blue and the blue square disappears as soon as
3479 the formula is not empty.
3484 to leave the equation.
3485 The purple markers disappear, leaving the cursor to the right of the expression.
3486 Now, if you type something, it will be regular text.
3489 \begin_layout Standard
3490 Looking at the output you will notice that the expression was typeset nicely,
3491 with spaces between the letters and the equals sign, and a superscript
3493 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3497 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3501 Letters in math mode are assumed to be variables, and come out in italics.
3502 Numbers are just numbers.
3505 \begin_layout Standard
3506 This math editor is another example of the WYSIWYM philosophy.
3507 In \SpecialChar LaTeX
3508 , you write a mathematical expression using text and commands like
3514 ; this can be frustrating, because you cannot see what an expression looks
3515 like until you run the file under \SpecialChar LaTeX
3516 and you may have to spend time, for
3517 example, finding missing brackets.
3519 does not attempt to get the expression to look perfect (WYSIWYG), but
3520 it gives you an extremely good idea of what the expression will look like.
3522 then takes care of the professional typesetting.
3525 \begin_layout Section
3526 Navigating an Equation
3529 \begin_layout Standard
3531 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
3535 \begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$
3539 Use the arrow keys to move the cursor into the expression.
3540 Note that when you enter the expression, the purple markers appear to let
3541 you know you are editing math.
3550 to move the cursor past the equals sign, and just type
3551 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3555 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3559 Again, you can use the arrow keys or
3563 to leave the formula\SpecialChar endofsentence
3567 \begin_layout Standard
3568 Other than the special keys described below, typing in math mode is like
3569 editing regular text.
3579 Select text either with the arrow keys or with the mouse.
3582 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
3585 works in math mode as well as cut and paste.
3586 One thing to be careful of: if you are left or right outside a formula
3595 respectively, you delete the whole formula.
3596 Luckily, you can just use
3603 \begin_layout Standard
3604 What if you want to change
3605 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
3609 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$
3612 ? Again, you can use the mouse to click in the right place.
3613 However, you can also use the arrow keys.
3614 If the cursor is just after the
3615 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3619 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3623 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3627 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3634 and the cursor is moved to the level of the superscript, just before the
3636 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3640 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3645 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3649 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3657 will move the cursor back to the regular level.
3666 , the cursor will be placed
3670 the superscript (so that you can then type the
3671 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3675 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3681 \begin_layout Section
3682 Exponents and Indices
3685 \begin_layout Standard
3686 An exponent can be entered from the
3690 toolbar (see below), but it is actually simpler just to type the caret
3692 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3696 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3701 will place another blue rectangle in the superscript, so that whatever
3702 you write next will be superscripted, and in a smaller font size.
3703 Everything you type until you hit a
3711 to exit the formula entirely) will be in the superscript.
3714 \begin_layout Standard
3715 Writing a subscript (index) is just as easy; start one by typing the underscore
3717 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3721 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3725 You can subscript and superscript both subscripts and superscripts like
3727 \begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$
3734 \begin_layout Labeling
3735 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3741 \begin_inset space ~
3745 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351597
3749 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351597
3760 \begin_layout Section
3764 \begin_layout Standard
3769 toolbar is a convenient way to enter symbols and/or to perform complicated
3771 Many of these operations can be accomplished from the keyboard or the
3773 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3778 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
3781 menus (the latter only appears when you are in Math mode).
3782 However, we are going to concentrate on using the
3786 toolbar, just to let you know what is out there; you can learn keyboard
3787 shortcuts and commands later from the
3794 \begin_layout Standard
3799 toolbar is shown when the cursor is in a formula and can also be turned
3800 on manually in the menu
3802 View\SpecialChar menuseparator
3806 When you click there on
3807 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3811 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3817 arg "toolbar-toggle math"
3820 ) the toolbar will be shown permanently at the bottom; this state is visualized
3825 menu with a checkmark.
3826 When you click in this state again on
3827 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3831 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3842 toolbar is only shown when the cursor is within a formula; this state is
3843 visualized by the renaming of the menu entry from
3844 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3848 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3852 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3856 \begin_inset space ~
3860 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3866 \begin_layout Subsection
3870 \begin_layout Standard
3875 toolbar allows you to choose from a large array of symbols used in math:
3876 operators, arrows, relationships, delimiters, special characters, sums
3878 Note that subscripting and superscripting allow you to put lower and upper
3879 limits on sums and integrals.
3882 \begin_layout Subsection
3883 Roots, decorations, and delimiters
3886 \begin_layout Standard
3887 To type a square root, just click on the button
3890 arg "math-insert \\sqrt"
3894 The square root appears, and the cursor is in a new insertion point inside
3896 You can type variables, numbers, other square roots, fractions, whatever
3899 will automatically resize the square root to fit what is inside.
3902 \begin_layout Standard
3904 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3908 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3912 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a}$
3915 ) or group of characters (
3916 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$
3919 ) is done similarly.
3920 Decorations are available from the toolbar via the button
3923 arg "math-insert \\hat"
3927 Click on a decoration, and \SpecialChar LyX
3928 will insert that decoration with an insertion
3929 point under (or over) it.
3930 Just type what you want in the insertion point.
3931 There are two sets of decorations: those that resize with the text you
3932 type, and those that have a fixed size, and are most appropriate for a
3937 \begin_layout Standard
3938 Delimiters such as parentheses, brackets, and braces work similarly, but
3939 are a bit more complicated.
3940 Hit the delimiter button
3943 arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter"
3949 \begin_inset space ~
3955 Your current selection of delimiters is displayed in a box.
3956 It is a pair of parentheses by default, but you can choose a pair of braces,
3957 a brace and a parenthesis, or choose the empty square to have something
3959 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3963 \begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$
3967 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3970 (the empty delimiter is displayed as a broken line in \SpecialChar LyX
3975 \begin_layout Standard
3976 If you are lazy, you can type actual parentheses in math mode, rather than
3980 \begin_inset space ~
3986 However, those parentheses will be the same size as regular text, which
3987 will look bad if you have a big fraction or matrix inside the parentheses.
3988 So it is better to use one of the three delimiter buttons that insert them
3989 directly, for example
3992 arg "math-delim ( )"
3998 \begin_layout Standard
3999 You can also put delimiters or a square root sign or a decoration on already
4000 existing formula parts.
4001 Select the portion of the formula that you want to adjust, and then click
4002 on the button you want from the
4007 Try using this to change Newton's second law from scalar to vector form
4009 \begin_inset Formula $f=ma$
4013 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$
4017 Once you have learned about matrices, this is how you will put parentheses
4018 or brackets around them.
4021 \begin_layout Subsection
4025 \begin_layout Standard
4026 To create a fraction, click on the fraction button
4027 \change_deleted -131811572 1566935165
4031 arg "math-insert \\frac-square"
4035 \change_inserted -131811572 1566935147
4039 arg "math-insert \\frac"
4050 writes two insertion points in a fraction.
4051 As you would expect, you can use arrow keys or the mouse to move around
4053 Click on the top square and type
4054 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4058 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4067 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4071 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4075 You have made a fraction! Of course you can type anything within each of
4076 the two boxes: variables with exponents, square roots, other fractions,
4080 \begin_layout Labeling
4081 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
4087 \begin_inset space ~
4091 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351607
4095 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351607
4106 \begin_layout Subsection
4107 Functions: lim, log, sin and others
4110 \begin_layout Standard
4111 Because letters in math mode are considered to be variables, if you type
4113 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4117 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4120 in math mode, \SpecialChar LyX
4121 thinks you are typing the product of the three variables
4123 \begin_inset Formula $s$
4127 \begin_inset Formula $i$
4131 \begin_inset Formula $n$
4135 The three letters will be typeset in italics, when what you really wanted
4137 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4141 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4145 In addition, \SpecialChar LyX
4146 will not put a space between the word
4147 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4151 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4155 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4159 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4166 will exit the formula).
4168 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4172 \begin_inset Formula $\sin(x)$
4176 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4180 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4184 \begin_inset Formula $sin(x)$
4188 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4194 \begin_layout Standard
4202 arg "math-insert \\functions"
4206 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4210 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4213 in the pop-up function list.
4215 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4219 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4222 is displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
4223 in black, and set in upright roman type.
4224 The whole word is treated as one symbol, so if you type
4228 , it will delete the whole word.
4230 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4234 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4237 , which will be written in blue italics, like you expect in a formula.
4238 In the output, the expression will be correctly typeset.
4242 \begin_layout Standard
4243 The function list includes other trigonometric functions and their inverses,
4244 hyperbolic functions, logarithms, limits, and quite a few others.
4245 These functions can take subscripts and superscripts, important for typing
4247 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4251 \begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$
4255 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4259 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4263 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$
4267 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4273 \begin_layout Labeling
4274 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
4280 \begin_inset space ~
4284 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351612
4288 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351612
4299 \begin_layout Subsection
4303 \begin_layout Standard
4304 Click on the matrix button
4307 arg "dialog-show mathmatrix"
4313 \change_inserted -131811572 1566934540
4319 A pop-up dialog allows you to choose how many rows and columns you want
4321 Choose 2 rows and 3 columns and hit
4327 prints 6 insertion points in a
4328 \begin_inset Formula $2\times3$
4332 As usual, you can put any sort of formula expression (a square root, another
4333 matrix, etc.) in each insertion point.
4334 You can also leave some of the insertion points empty if you want.
4337 \begin_layout Standard
4342 can be used to move horizontally between the columns of a matrix.
4343 Alternatively, you can use the arrow keys to move around - hitting
4347 at the end of one box will move to the next box,
4351 will move to the next row, etc.
4354 \begin_layout Standard
4355 If you need to change the number of rows and columns, use the menu
4357 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
4359 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4363 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4368 or the math toolbar buttons
4371 arg "tabular-feature append-row"
4377 arg "tabular-feature delete-row"
4383 arg "tabular-feature append-column"
4389 arg "tabular-feature delete-column"
4395 \begin_layout Standard
4400 for information on how to change the horizontal alignment of each column,
4401 and how to change the vertical position of the whole matrix.
4402 Note that if you want to write a table containing text, you should use
4404 's wonderful table support, rather than trying to write text in a matrix.
4407 \begin_layout Subsection
4411 \begin_layout Standard
4412 All of the expressions we have written so far have been on the same line
4413 as the text that came before and after them, otherwise known as inline
4415 This is fine for short, simple expressions, but if you want to write larger
4416 ones, or if you want your expressions to stand out from the text, you need
4417 to write them in display mode.
4418 In addition, only displayed expressions can be labeled and numbered (see
4423 ), and multi-line equations must be in display mode.
4426 \begin_layout Standard
4427 While being in a formula, click on the display button
4438 This centers the formula and adds a blank line before and after it.
4439 Now type in an expression and compile your file to see how it looks.
4440 The display button is actually a toggle; use it now to change a couple
4441 of your expressions to display mode and back.
4444 \begin_layout Standard
4445 Display mode has a couple differences from inline mode:
4448 \begin_layout Itemize
4449 The default font is larger for a few symbols, like
4450 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
4454 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
4460 \begin_layout Itemize
4461 Subscripts and superscripts for limits and sums (but not integrals) are
4462 written under and over rather than next to the symbols
4465 \begin_layout Itemize
4469 \begin_layout Standard
4470 Other than these differences, though, displayed expressions and inline expressio
4471 ns are very similar.
4474 \begin_layout Standard
4475 One final note about the way displayed formulas are typeset: be careful
4476 about whether you are putting your equation into a new paragraph or not.
4477 If your formula is in the middle of a sentence or paragraph, then do not
4483 Doing so will cause the text
4487 the formula to start a new paragraph.
4488 That text will be indented or follow a blank line, depending on your document
4489 paragraph settings, which is probably not what you want.
4492 \begin_layout Labeling
4493 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
4498 : Put the various equations in
4499 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351617
4503 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351617
4511 into display mode, and see how they are typeset differently.
4514 \begin_layout Labeling
4515 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
4520 : Using various tools you have learned in this section, you should be able
4521 to write an equation like:
4525 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4526 After you have done it the hard way, give
4528 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
4529 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
4531 \begin_inset space ~
4542 \begin_inset Formula
4544 f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc}
4547 \sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0
4556 \begin_layout Section
4560 \begin_layout Standard
4561 Now you are familiar with the basics.
4563 's math editor can do a lot more.
4564 You can refer to the
4568 manual for tips on how to:
4571 \begin_layout Itemize
4572 Label and number expressions.
4575 \begin_layout Itemize
4576 Create multi-line equations.
4579 \begin_layout Itemize
4580 Change typefaces, e.
4581 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4585 \begin_inset space \space{}
4588 to write bold-face text in an expression.
4591 \begin_layout Itemize
4592 Fine-tune font sizes and spacing within an expression.
4593 (Do not worry about this until your final draft!)
4596 \begin_layout Itemize
4598 These are very powerful, because you just define them once at the top of
4599 the document, and then you can use them throughout the document.
4602 \begin_layout Itemize
4603 Do almost all you can do with math.
4606 \begin_layout Chapter
4610 \begin_layout Section
4611 Other major \SpecialChar LyX
4615 \begin_layout Standard
4616 We have not gone through all the possible commands in \SpecialChar LyX
4617 , and we are not planning
4626 \begin_inset space ~
4631 manual for more information.
4632 We will just mention a couple more major things \SpecialChar LyX
4636 \begin_layout Itemize
4638 has WYSIWYM support for tables.
4641 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
4647 arg "tabular-insert"
4651 Click on the table with the
4658 \begin_inset space ~
4663 dialog box which allows extensive table editing.
4667 arg "toolbar-toggle table"
4670 the table toolbar will appear permanently.
4673 \begin_layout Itemize
4675 also supports including pictures in any format within documents.
4678 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
4684 arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics"
4688 Then browse for the figure file, rotate or scale it, etc.) Tables and figures
4689 can have captions, and \SpecialChar LyX
4690 will automatically generate lists of figures and/or
4694 \begin_layout Itemize
4696 is heavily configurable.
4697 Everything from how the \SpecialChar LyX
4698 window looks to how the output comes out can be
4699 configured in a number of ways.
4700 Much configuration is done through
4702 Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
4706 For more information on this, check out
4708 Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
4709 Customization\SpecialChar endofsentence
4713 \begin_layout Itemize
4715 is being developed by a team of programmers on five continents.
4716 Therefore, \SpecialChar LyX
4717 has better support for non-English languages (such as Dutch,
4718 German, French, Greek, Czech, Turkish, \SpecialChar ldots
4719 ) than many word processors.
4720 Even the right-to-left languages Arabic, Farsi, and Hebrew and the Asian
4721 languages Chinese Japanese, and Korean are supported.
4722 You can write documents in other languages and you can also configure \SpecialChar LyX
4724 to show its menus and error messages in other languages.
4728 \begin_layout Itemize
4729 The \SpecialChar LyX
4730 menus feature keybindings.
4731 This means that you can do
4733 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
4744 or by using the binding which is shown next to it in the menu (
4751 Keybindings are also configurable.
4752 For information on this, check out
4754 Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
4755 Customization\SpecialChar endofsentence
4759 \begin_layout Itemize
4761 can read \SpecialChar LaTeX
4764 \begin_inset space ~
4768 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4770 reference "sec:tex2lyx"
4777 \begin_layout Itemize
4778 Spell-checking, thesaurus, and word count facilities are available.
4781 \begin_layout Itemize
4782 Generation of indexes and nomenclatures/glossaries is supported.
4785 \begin_layout Section
4787 for \SpecialChar LaTeX
4789 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4791 name "sec:latexusers"
4798 \begin_layout Standard
4799 If you do not know anything about \SpecialChar LaTeX
4800 , you do not have to read this section.
4801 Actually, you might want to
4805 about \SpecialChar LaTeX
4806 , and then read this chapter.
4807 However, some of those who begin to use \SpecialChar LyX
4808 will be familiar with \SpecialChar LaTeX
4810 If you are such a person, you may be wondering if \SpecialChar LyX
4811 can really do everything
4814 The short answer is that \SpecialChar LyX
4815 can do pretty much everything \SpecialChar LaTeX
4817 form or another, and it definitely simplifies most parts of writing a \SpecialChar LaTeX
4822 \begin_layout Standard
4823 Because this is just a tutorial, we are only going to mention things that
4824 new \SpecialChar LyX
4825 users will most likely be interested in.
4826 In the interests of keeping the Tutorial short, we will give only minimal
4831 \begin_inset space ~
4839 \begin_inset space ~
4844 manuals have a great deal of information on differences between \SpecialChar LyX
4845 and \SpecialChar LaTeX
4847 and how to do various \SpecialChar LaTeX
4848 tricks in \SpecialChar LyX
4852 \begin_layout Subsection
4857 \begin_layout Standard
4858 Anything that you enter in \SpecialChar TeX
4859 mode will be passed straight to \SpecialChar LaTeX
4861 displayed in red on the screen.
4862 You can use \SpecialChar TeX
4863 commands in \SpecialChar LyX
4866 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
4868 \begin_inset space ~
4880 This creates a box where everything within it is passed straight to \SpecialChar LaTeX
4884 \begin_layout Standard
4885 In a math formula, \SpecialChar TeX
4886 mode is handled a bit differently.
4888 mode is entered there by typing a backslash.
4889 The backslash is not written out, but anything you type afterwards will
4891 You exit \SpecialChar TeX
4896 or some other non-alphabetic character, like a number, underscore, caret
4898 Once you exit \SpecialChar TeX
4899 mode, if \SpecialChar LyX
4900 knows the \SpecialChar TeX
4901 command you have typed in, it will
4902 convert it to WYSIWYM\SpecialChar endofsentence
4904 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4914 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4917 in a formula and then press
4923 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4927 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4931 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4935 \begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
4939 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4943 This will work for almost all, non-complicated math macros.
4944 This may be faster than using the
4947 \begin_inset space ~
4952 , and will be especially convenient for experienced \SpecialChar LaTeX
4956 \begin_layout Standard
4957 As a special case, if you type
4958 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4968 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4971 in a formula, the beginning
4975 ending braces will be inserted in red while the cursor is placed between
4977 This makes it more convenient to type those commands that take an argument.
4980 \begin_layout Standard
4982 cannot do absolutely everything that \SpecialChar LaTeX
4984 Some fancy functions are not supported at all, while some work but are
4987 mode allows users to get the full flexibility of \SpecialChar LaTeX
4988 , while having all the
4989 convenient features of \SpecialChar LyX
4990 , like WYSIWYM math, tables, and editing.
4992 could never support every \SpecialChar LaTeX
5000 in the preamble (see Section
5001 \begin_inset space ~
5005 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5007 reference "sec:preamble"
5011 ), you can use any package you want — although you will not have WYSIWYM
5012 support for that package's features.
5015 \begin_layout Subsection
5016 Importing \SpecialChar LaTeX
5022 \begin_inset CommandInset label
5031 \begin_layout Standard
5032 You can import a \SpecialChar LaTeX
5033 file into \SpecialChar LyX
5036 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
5037 Import\SpecialChar menuseparator
5039 \begin_inset space ~
5044 menu in \SpecialChar LyX
5046 This will call the program
5050 which will create a file foo.lyx from the file foo.tex.
5052 will then open that file.
5053 If the translation does not work, you can try calling
5057 from the command line, possibly using fancier options.
5060 \begin_layout Standard
5061 Even when the translation does work,
5065 may not translate everything, though it does handle most legal \SpecialChar LaTeX
5067 It will leave things it does not understand in \SpecialChar TeX
5068 mode; so, after translating
5073 , you can look for the red text and manually edit it to get it right.
5076 \begin_layout Standard
5081 has its own documentation (manpage), which Unix/Linux users can access
5082 via the console command
5085 \begin_inset space ~
5091 The manpage describes which \SpecialChar LaTeX
5092 commands and environments are not supported,
5093 what bugs you might run into (and how to get around them), and how to use
5094 the various options.
5097 \begin_layout Standard
5098 It is important to understand that
5102 can only translate files whose document class is
5103 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5107 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5111 , that is, for which there is a corresponding \SpecialChar LyX
5117 If there is no layout file, then you will get an error saying that the
5118 conversion could not be performed.
5119 So, unless you have a layout for the document class of your \SpecialChar LaTeX
5124 simply will not know how to translate the \SpecialChar LaTeX
5125 that it finds there into things
5128 More about layout files and how they are created is explained in detail
5136 \begin_layout Subsection
5137 Converting \SpecialChar LyX
5138 Documents to \SpecialChar LaTeX
5142 \begin_layout Standard
5143 You might wish to convert a \SpecialChar LyX
5144 Document to a \SpecialChar LaTeX
5146 For example, a co-worker or co-author who does not have \SpecialChar LyX
5151 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
5152 Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
5156 This will create a file
5164 file you are editing.
5167 \begin_layout Subsection
5172 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5176 \begin_layout Standard
5179 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
5182 dialog takes care of the document-wide options, such as changing the document
5183 class, default font size and paper size.
5184 Document class options and also options for \SpecialChar LaTeX
5185 packages can be entered there
5189 \begin_inset space ~
5197 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5198 Other Preamble Matter
5199 \begin_inset CommandInset label
5208 \begin_layout Standard
5209 If you have special commands to put in the preamble of a \SpecialChar LaTeX
5211 use them in a \SpecialChar LyX
5215 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
5216 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
5218 \begin_inset space ~
5223 and type in the dialog window (or from the document settings dialog, depending
5225 Anything you type will (as with \SpecialChar TeX
5226 mode) be sent directly to \SpecialChar LaTeX
5230 \begin_layout Subsection
5235 \begin_layout Standard
5237 has support for Bib\SpecialChar TeX
5239 \change_inserted -712698321 1590301994
5242 , which allows you to build databases of bibliographical references to be
5243 used in multiple documents.
5246 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
5248 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
5252 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
5256 \change_inserted -712698321 1590301964
5258 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
5262 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
5267 \SpecialChar menuseparator
5269 \change_inserted -712698321 1590301973
5273 \begin_inset space ~
5287 \change_inserted -712698321 1590302046
5293 \change_deleted -712698321 1590302066
5295 \change_inserted -712698321 1590302067
5299 \change_deleted -712698321 1590302057
5301 \change_inserted -712698321 1590302058
5306 \change_inserted -712698321 1590302061
5314 \change_deleted -712698321 1590302077
5316 \change_inserted -712698321 1590302078
5321 \change_deleted -712698321 1590302081
5327 \begin_layout Standard
5328 After you have done this, you can use citations from any bibliographies
5329 you have included with
5331 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
5335 \begin_inset space ~
5339 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5341 reference "sec:bibliographies"
5350 dialog will show a list of all the references in your
5357 \change_inserted -712698321 1590302176
5358 If you want to use Biblatex rather than classic Bib\SpecialChar TeX
5359 , please refer to the
5360 User Guide for instructions.
5365 \begin_layout Section
5369 \begin_layout Standard
5370 Sometimes when you try to view a document, there will be errors, things
5371 that \SpecialChar LyX
5372 or \SpecialChar LaTeX
5374 When this happens, \SpecialChar LyX
5379 \begin_inset space ~
5385 Clicking on individual errors in this dialog will take you to the place
5386 in the \SpecialChar LyX
5387 document where the error occurs and also display the detailed \SpecialChar LaTeX