1 #LyX 2.4 created this file. For more info see https://www.lyx.org/
5 \save_transient_properties true
6 \origin /systemlyxdir/doc/
8 \use_default_options false
12 \maintain_unincluded_children no
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17 \font_roman "palatino" "default"
18 \font_sans "helvet" "default"
19 \font_typewriter "courier" "default"
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27 \font_sf_scale 100 100
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30 \use_dash_ligatures false
32 \default_output_format pdf2
34 \bibtex_command default
35 \index_command default
39 \pdf_title "The LyX Tutorial"
40 \pdf_author "LyX Team"
41 \pdf_subject "LyX-documentation Tutorial"
42 \pdf_keywords "LyX, documentation"
44 \pdf_bookmarksnumbered true
45 \pdf_bookmarksopen true
46 \pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1
51 \pdf_pdfusetitle false
52 \pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue,pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false"
55 \use_package amsmath 1
56 \use_package amssymb 1
59 \use_package mathdots 1
60 \use_package mathtools 1
62 \use_package stackrel 1
63 \use_package stmaryrd 1
64 \use_package undertilde 1
66 \cite_engine_type default
70 \paperorientation portrait
83 \paragraph_separation indent
84 \paragraph_indentation default
86 \math_numbering_side default
91 \paperpagestyle headings
93 \tracking_changes false
96 \postpone_fragile_content false
100 \docbook_table_output 0
101 \docbook_mathml_prefix 1
112 by the \SpecialChar LyX
117 \begin_layout Plain Layout
119 If you have comments on or corrections to this documentation,
120 please send them to the \SpecialChar LyX
121 Documentation mailing list:
123 \begin_inset CommandInset href
125 target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
139 \begin_layout Standard
140 \begin_inset CommandInset toc
141 LatexCommand tableofcontents
148 \begin_layout Chapter
152 \begin_layout Section
153 Welcome to \SpecialChar LyX
157 \begin_layout Standard
158 This manual is designed for all of you who have never heard of \SpecialChar LaTeX
160 or do not know it very well.
162 do not panic – you will not need to learn \SpecialChar LaTeX
163 to use \SpecialChar LyX
167 the whole point of \SpecialChar LyX
169 to provide an almost-WYSIWYG interface to \SpecialChar LaTeX
171 There are some things you will need to learn,
173 in order to use \SpecialChar LyX
177 \begin_layout Standard
178 Some of you probably found your way to this document because you tried to put two spaces after a
179 \begin_inset Quotes eld
183 \begin_inset Quotes erd
186 or tried to put three blank lines between paragraphs.
187 You found out you could not and,
189 you will find out that most of the little tricks you are accustomed to use in word processors will not work in \SpecialChar LyX
191 That is because most word processors you have used before allow you manually to enter all spacings,
194 So you end up not only writing a document but typesetting it,
197 does the typesetting for you,
198 in a consistent fashion,
199 letting you focus on the important things,
200 like the content of your writing.
203 \begin_layout Standard
204 So read on to learn more about \SpecialChar LyX
206 Reading this tutorial is definitely worth the time.
209 \begin_layout Section
219 \begin_layout Standard
220 Before we get started with this section,
221 you need to know that this
225 uses the notation outlined in the
230 If you came to this manual first,
235 before you continue with the
242 \begin_layout Standard
243 Now that you know which fonts mean what in the documentation,
244 we want to talk a bit about what this
251 \begin_layout Subsection
252 Getting the most out of the Tutorial
255 \begin_layout Standard
256 This tutorial consists of examples and exercises.
257 To get the most out of this document,
258 you should read through it,
259 typing all the little things we are telling you to type and trying out all of the exercises to see if you get them right.
261 you might want to print out the PDF version of this document.
264 \begin_layout Standard
265 If you are familiar with \SpecialChar LaTeX
267 you will probably be able to read the
272 since many \SpecialChar LyX
273 ideas are just \SpecialChar LaTeX
277 has features you will want to learn about.
278 Even if you do not feel like reading the rest of the
283 you should definitely check out Section
288 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
290 reference "sec:latexusers"
296 which is specifically written for experienced \SpecialChar LaTeX
300 \begin_layout Subsection
308 \begin_layout Itemize
309 Detailed explanations of all of \SpecialChar LyX
314 \begin_layout Standard
323 \begin_layout Itemize
324 Detailed explanations of \SpecialChar LaTeX
329 \begin_layout Standard
331 If you want to learn some of the neat tricks you can do with \SpecialChar LaTeX
334 you can have a look at the
346 \begin_layout Standard
347 It is time to move on,
348 time for your first document \SpecialChar ldots
352 \begin_layout Chapter
353 Getting started with \SpecialChar LyX
357 \begin_layout Section
358 Your first \SpecialChar LyX
362 \begin_layout Standard
363 OK\SpecialChar endofsentence
364 You are ready to start writing.
366 there are a few things we need to mention,
367 which will hopefully make the Tutorial more instructive and useful.
371 \begin_layout Standard
372 Because there is information we cannot give you in the Tutorial,
379 thing that you need to do is find the
387 Start up \SpecialChar LyX
398 You may want to load the
402 as well (if you are not reading it within \SpecialChar LyX
405 you can read them while you are writing your own file.
409 \begin_layout Plain Layout
410 They can also serve as good examples of how to use the many features of \SpecialChar LyX
416 Note that once you have got more than one document open,
421 menu or the document tabs to switch between them.
424 \begin_layout Standard
426 we are going to assume that you have a fully working version of \SpecialChar LyX
428 as well as a \SpecialChar LaTeX
429 -distribution and a PDF-viewer.
430 This should be the case on all major Linux- and BSD-distributions,
431 as well as on Windows,
432 where this is setup by the \SpecialChar LyX
436 \begin_layout Standard
438 we have written a file called
442 to let you practice your \SpecialChar LyX
444 Imagine that it was typed by someone who did not know about any of \SpecialChar LyX
446 As you learn new \SpecialChar LyX
448 we will suggest that you fix those parts of
454 \begin_inset Quotes els
458 \begin_inset Quotes ers
461 hints about how to fix things.
465 \begin_layout Plain Layout
466 The hints are located in yellow
467 \begin_inset Quotes eld
471 \begin_inset Quotes erd
475 Access the text in a note by clicking on it.
480 If you want to cheat,
481 or check what you have done,
482 there is also a file called
486 which contains the same text written and typeset by a \SpecialChar LyX
490 \begin_layout Standard
491 The example files can be found in the
492 \begin_inset Quotes eld
496 \begin_inset Quotes erd
501 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
502 Open Example\SpecialChar ldots
512 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
519 to save a copy in your own directory for you to work on.
520 As you fix parts of the raw document,
521 check to see how those changes affect the output.
524 \begin_layout Standard
528 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
529 Open Example\SpecialChar ldots
532 contains lots of other examples files.
533 They will show you how to do various fancy things with \SpecialChar LyX
535 After you have read the Tutorial,
536 or when you are confused about how to do something fancy in \SpecialChar LyX
538 take a look at these files.
541 \begin_layout Subsection
547 \begin_layout Itemize
550 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
554 \begin_layout Itemize
555 Type a sentence like:
558 This is my first \SpecialChar LyX
562 \begin_layout Itemize
563 Save your document with
565 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
570 As\SpecialChar endofsentence
574 \begin_layout Itemize
578 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
581 or the toolbar button
589 will open a PDF-viewer program displaying your document as it will look when printed.
592 \begin_layout Itemize
593 Export the ready to print document with
595 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
603 \begin_layout Standard
605 You have written your first \SpecialChar LyX
607 All of the rest is just details.
608 \begin_inset Newline newline
614 \begin_layout Standard
620 You can save time by leaving the PDF viewer running in the background.
621 Under MacOS and Linux you can use
623 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
626 or the toolbar button
632 and just click on the PDF viewer window afterwards.
633 Under Windows still use
635 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
647 \begin_layout Standard
653 In case you are using a high-resolution display,
654 the LyX toolbar icons are quite small.
655 To change their size,
656 right-click into a toolbar.
659 \begin_layout Subsection
663 \begin_layout Standard
665 can of course do most of the things you are used to doing with a word processor.
666 It will word-wrap and indent paragraphs automatically.
667 Here is a quick description of how to do some simple actions.
670 \begin_layout Description
671 Undo \SpecialChar LyX
672 has multiple levels of undo,
673 which means you can undo everything you have done since your current editing session started,
676 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
685 ) over and over again.
686 If you undo too much,
689 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
702 \begin_layout Standard
704 undo is limited to 100 steps.
708 \begin_layout Description
711 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
723 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
735 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
747 Or automatically paste selected text (including selections from other programs) with the
754 \begin_layout Description
757 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
771 arg "dialog-show findreplace"
789 button to replace a word you have found.
793 \begin_layout Plain Layout
794 Close the window when you are done or leave it open if you find it more convenient.
795 Most dialog boxes in \SpecialChar LyX
796 can operate like this.
797 Just be sure you have the right window in focus when you are trying to type in the main \SpecialChar LyX
798 window or a \SpecialChar LyX
805 you can specify whether to make the search case-sensitive,
806 or to search for only complete words;
807 you can also search backwards through the document.
810 \begin_layout Description
826 which will by default print characters in italics),
839 used for people's names),
840 or use your own formatting by using the
842 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
847 Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
850 dialog (toolbar button
853 arg "dialog-show character"
859 \begin_layout Description
860 Toolbar Other buttons on the toolbar allow you to do some of the more popular functions,
889 \begin_layout Standard
891 you have not yet written enough to make most of these functions useful.
899 \begin_layout Subsection
901 Whitespace in \SpecialChar LyX
905 \begin_layout Standard
906 One of the hardest things for new users to get used to is the way that \SpecialChar LyX
908 As many times as you hit
913 you will only get one blank line.
914 As many times as you hit
919 you will only get one space.
922 will not let you type even one space.
927 key will not move you forward one tab stop;
933 There is no ruler at the top of the page to let you set tabs or margins,
937 \begin_layout Standard
938 Many word processors are based on the WYSIWYG principle:
940 \begin_inset Quotes eld
943 What You See Is What You Get.
944 \begin_inset Quotes erd
950 is based on the principle that
951 \begin_inset Quotes eld
954 What You See Is What You
959 \begin_inset Quotes erd
962 You type what you mean and \SpecialChar LyX
963 will take care of typesetting it for you so that the output looks nice.
968 grammatically separates paragraphs and a
972 grammatically separates words;
973 so there is no reason to have several of them in a row;
978 has no grammatical function at all – so \SpecialChar LyX
980 Using \SpecialChar LyX
982 you will spend more of your time worrying about the
986 of your document and less time worrying about the
995 for more information on the WYSIWYM concept.
998 \begin_layout Standard
1000 does have (many) ways to fine-tune the formatting of your document.
1012 has information about all that.
1013 It includes horizontal fills and vertical space —
1014 which are more powerful and versatile than multiple spaces or blank lines —
1015 and ways to change font sizes,
1017 and paragraph alignments by hand.
1020 is that you can write your whole document,
1021 focusing on content,
1022 and just worry about that fine-tuning at the end.
1023 With standard word processors,
1024 you will be distracted by document formatting throughout the writing process.
1027 \begin_layout Section
1031 \begin_layout Standard
1032 Different parts of a document have different purposes;
1038 Most of a document is made up of regular text.
1039 Section titles (chapter,
1041 etc.) let the reader know that a new topic or subtopic will be discussed.
1042 Certain types of documents have special environments.
1043 A journal article will have an abstract and a title.
1044 A letter will have neither of these,
1045 but will probably have an environment that gives the writer's address.
1048 \begin_layout Standard
1049 Environments are a major part of the
1050 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1053 What You See Is What You Mean
1054 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1057 philosophy of \SpecialChar LyX
1059 A given environment may require a certain font style,
1064 This problem is aggravated,
1065 because the exact formatting for a given environment may change:
1066 one journal may use boldface,
1068 centered type for section titles while another uses italicized,
1070 left justified type;
1071 different languages may have different standards for indenting;
1072 and bibliography formats can vary widely.
1074 lets you avoid learning all the different formatting styles.
1077 \begin_layout Standard
1082 choice box is located on the left end of the toolbar and looks like this:
1084 \begin_inset Graphics
1085 filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
1092 It indicates in which environment you are currently writing.
1093 While you were writing your first document,
1095 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1099 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1102 which is the default environment for text.
1103 Now you will put a number of environments in your new document so that you can see how they work.
1106 \begin_layout Subsection
1107 Sections and Subsections
1110 \begin_layout Standard
1115 on the first line of your new \SpecialChar LyX
1129 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1135 If nothing is selected,
1137 changes the paragraph you are currently in to the selected environment.
1139 you can change several paragraphs to a different environment by selecting them before picking an environment.
1157 which will be covered below.
1160 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1164 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1167 and typesets the section heading (title) in a larger font.
1172 \SpecialChar endofsentence
1178 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1182 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1186 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1190 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1195 like most environments,
1196 are assumed to end when you type
1200 \SpecialChar endofsentence
1201 Type the document introduction:
1205 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1206 This is an introduction to my first \SpecialChar LyX
1210 \begin_layout Standard
1227 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1231 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1234 and waits for you to type a title.
1236 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1242 \begin_inset space ~
1248 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1252 and you will see that \SpecialChar LyX
1253 again sets it as a section title.
1256 \begin_layout Standard
1258 Go to the end of Section
1259 \begin_inset space ~
1263 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1266 my first \SpecialChar LyX
1268 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1288 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1292 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1295 and waits for you to type a title.
1302 \begin_inset space ~
1306 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1310 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1315 \begin_inset space ~
1319 has been automatically renumbered to Section
1320 \begin_inset space ~
1324 In true WYSIWYM fashion,
1325 you just need to identify the text that makes up the section titles,
1326 and \SpecialChar LyX
1327 takes care of numbering the sections and typesetting them.
1330 \begin_layout Standard
1340 and type the following five lines:
1343 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1344 Sections and subsections are described below.
1347 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1351 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1352 Sections are bigger than subsections.
1355 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1356 Subsection description
1359 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1360 Subsections are smaller than sections.
1363 \begin_layout Standard
1364 Click on the second line and select
1374 numbers the subsection
1375 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1379 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1383 and typesets it in a font which is bigger than regular text but smaller than the section title.
1384 Change the fourth line to the
1388 environment as well.
1389 As you probably expected,
1391 automatically numbered the section
1392 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1396 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1400 If you put yet another section before Section
1401 \begin_inset space ~
1406 \begin_inset space ~
1409 2 will be renumbered as Section 3,
1410 and the subsections will be renumbered to
1411 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1415 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1419 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1423 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1429 \begin_layout Standard
1430 Further levels of sectioning include
1445 We will let you play with these on your own.
1446 You may notice that paragraph and subparagraph headings are not numbered by default,
1447 and that subparagraphs are indented;
1452 for an explanation and how to change this.
1457 headings are actually the highest level of sectioning,
1463 but you are only allowed to use them in certain types (text classes) of \SpecialChar LyX
1464 documents (see Section
1465 \begin_inset space ~
1469 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1471 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
1479 \begin_layout Standard
1481 you may want to have sections or subsections that are not numbered.
1482 There are environments for this as well.
1483 If you change one of your section headings to the
1487 environment (you may have to scroll down in the
1493 will use the same font size for the heading as it uses for a regular section,
1494 but it will not number that section.
1495 There are corresponding
1496 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1500 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1503 heading environments for
1512 Try changing some of your sections or subsections to the starred environments,
1513 and note how the other section numbers are updated.
1516 \begin_layout Labeling
1517 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1523 Fix the section and subsection headings in
1528 \begin_layout Subsection
1532 \begin_layout Standard
1534 has several different environments for typesetting lists.
1535 The various list environments free you from hitting
1539 a million times when writing an outline,
1540 or from renumbering a whole list when you want to add a point in the middle of the list.
1541 Different types of documents logically require different list environments:
1544 \begin_layout Itemize
1545 A slide presentation might use the
1549 environment's bulleted lists to describe different points.
1552 \begin_layout Itemize
1553 An outline would use the
1557 environment's numbered lists (and lettered sublists).
1560 \begin_layout Itemize
1561 A document describing several software packages could use the
1566 where each item in the list begins with a bold-faced word.
1569 \begin_layout Itemize
1578 ) environment is a variation on the
1585 \begin_layout Standard
1586 Let us write a list of reasons why \SpecialChar LyX
1587 is better than other word processors.
1588 Somewhere in your document,
1592 \begin_layout Standard
1596 is better than other word processors because:
1599 \begin_layout Standard
1616 arg "layout-toggle Itemize"
1622 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1626 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1630 Type in your reasons:
1633 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1634 Typesetting is done for you.
1637 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1641 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1642 Lists are very easy to create!
1645 \begin_layout Standard
1648 do not end when you type
1655 assumes you are going on to the next item in the list.
1656 The above will therefore result in a three-item list.
1657 If you want more than one paragraph within one list
1662 one way is to use the
1665 \begin_inset space ~
1671 which you get by typing
1676 In order to get out of the list,
1677 you need to reselect the
1681 environment (or just use the key binding
1684 arg "layout Standard"
1690 \begin_layout Standard
1691 You now have a beautiful itemized list.
1692 You might want to run \SpecialChar LaTeX
1693 to see how the list looks when printed out.
1694 But what if you wanted to number the reasons?
1696 just select the whole list
1700 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1702 will not let you select the first bullet (or the actual number in a numbered section title) unless you also select the paragraph
1707 which you probably do not want to do.
1708 This is on purpose because the bullet or number depends on the document settings or text position,
1725 arg "layout-toggle Enumerate"
1731 if you add or delete a list item,
1733 will fix the numbering.
1736 \begin_layout Standard
1737 While the list is still selected,
1738 you can change to the other two list environments,
1746 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1752 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1762 arg "layout-toggle Description"
1768 arg "layout-toggle List"
1772 in order to see what they look like.
1773 For those two environments,
1774 each list item is made up of a term,
1775 which is the item's first word,
1776 followed by a definition,
1777 which is the rest of the paragraph (until you hit
1782 The term is either typeset in boldface (
1787 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1791 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1798 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1799 But a typesetter's tab,
1800 which will change to fit the size of the largest term,
1803 unchangeable typewriter
1816 ) from the rest of the paragraph.
1817 If you want to have more than one word in the definition,
1818 then separate the words with
1821 \begin_inset space ~
1825 \begin_inset space ~
1833 \begin_layout Labeling
1834 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1845 \begin_layout Standard
1846 You can nest lists within each other in all sorts of interesting ways.
1847 An obvious example would be writing outlines.
1848 Numbered and bulleted lists will have different numbering and bulleting schemes for sublists.
1853 for details on the different sorts of lists and for examples of nestings.
1856 \begin_layout Subsection
1863 \begin_layout Standard
1864 There are two environments for setting quotations apart from surrounding text:
1869 for short quotes and
1883 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1884 used in this Tutorial for the long typing examples
1894 this environment is the only place in \SpecialChar LyX
1895 where you are allowed to use multiple spaces to allow code indenting.
1896 You can even write poetry using the
1905 to separate stanzas,
1910 to separate lines within a stanza.
1915 for more complete descriptions of all of the available \SpecialChar LyX
1919 \begin_layout Labeling
1920 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1926 Correctly typeset the
1942 \begin_layout Chapter
1946 \begin_layout Standard
1947 The previous chapter hopefully allowed you to get used to writing in \SpecialChar LyX
1949 It introduced you to the basic editing operations in \SpecialChar LyX
1951 as well as the powerful method of writing with environments.
1952 Most people who use \SpecialChar LyX
1955 will want to write documents:
1961 This chapter is meant to take you from simply writing text with \SpecialChar LyX
1962 to writing a complete document.
1963 It will introduce you to text classes,
1964 which allow you to write different sorts of documents.
1965 It will then describe many of the additions that turn text into a document,
1970 and tables of contents.
1973 \begin_layout Section
1975 \begin_inset CommandInset label
1977 name "sec:Document-Classes"
1984 \begin_layout Standard
1985 Different sorts of documents should be typeset differently.
1987 books are generally printed double-sided,
1988 while articles are single-sided.
1990 many documents contain special environments:
1991 letters contain some environments —
1992 such as the sender's address and the signature —
1993 which do not make sense in a book or article.
1994 The \SpecialChar LyX
2003 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2004 for \SpecialChar LaTeX
2006 this is equivalent to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
2012 takes care of these large scale differences between different sorts of documents.
2020 Document classes are another major part of the WYSIWYM philosophy;
2021 they tell \SpecialChar LyX
2022 how to typeset the document,
2023 so you do not need to know how.
2026 \begin_layout Standard
2027 Your document is probably being written in the
2035 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2036 That is usually the default document class
2041 Try changing to other document classes (using the
2043 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
2046 dialog) to see how they are typeset differently.
2047 If you change your document to the
2051 document class and look at the
2056 you will see that most of the allowed environments are the same.
2063 If you are ever unsure about which environments you can use in a given document class,
2071 \begin_layout Standard
2073 one- or two-column printing,
2074 and page headings are just some of the ways journals' typesettings differ from one another.
2075 As the Computer Age continues to mature,
2076 journals have begun accepting electronic submissions,
2077 creating \SpecialChar LaTeX
2079 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2083 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2086 so that authors can submit correctly typeset articles.
2088 is set up to support this as well.
2091 supports typesetting (and extra environments) for the American Mathematics Society journals using the
2094 \begin_inset space ~
2102 \begin_layout Standard
2103 Here is a very quick reference to some of the document classes.
2106 Special Document Classes
2112 manual for many more details.
2115 \begin_layout Standard
2117 \begin_inset Tabular
2118 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
2119 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
2120 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
2121 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
2123 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2126 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2132 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2135 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2143 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2146 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2152 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2155 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2164 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2167 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2173 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2176 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2177 layout & environments for American Math Society
2184 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2187 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2193 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2196 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2197 longer than article,
2205 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2208 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2214 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2217 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2218 report + front and back matter
2225 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2228 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2234 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2237 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2245 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2248 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2254 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2257 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2258 lots of extra environments for address,
2259 signature\SpecialChar ldots
2273 \begin_layout Section
2278 \begin_layout Standard
2279 One way to write a letter would be to open a new file,
2286 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
2290 While this is the most obvious way to write a letter,
2291 it seems like extra work.
2292 Every time you write a business letter,
2293 you want to have your address,
2294 the address to which you are sending it,
2304 which contains a sample letter;
2305 once you have a template,
2306 you can just replace a couple of parts of the letter with your text each time you write a letter.
2309 \begin_layout Standard
2310 Open a new file with
2312 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
2314 \begin_inset space ~
2318 \begin_inset space ~
2327 Letter (Standard Class)
2330 Save and print the file to see how the various environments are typeset.
2333 \begin_layout Standard
2334 When you look at the
2339 you will see several environments,
2343 \begin_inset space ~
2349 that do not exist in most other document classes.
2357 You can play around for a while to figure out how the various environments work.
2358 You will notice for example that the
2362 environment has the word
2363 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2367 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2370 in red before the actual text of the signature.
2371 This word does not show up in the actual letter,
2372 as you will see if you view/export the file.
2373 It is just there to let you know where the signature goes.
2375 note that it does not matter where in the file the
2387 environment anywhere you want,
2388 but \SpecialChar LyX
2389 knows that in the printout,
2390 the signature should be at the end.
2393 \begin_layout Standard
2394 A template is just a regular \SpecialChar LyX
2396 This means you can fill in your address and signature and save the file as a new template.
2398 any time you want to write a letter,
2399 you can use the new template to save time.
2400 We do not have to suggest an actual
2401 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2405 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2409 just write a letter to someone!
2413 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2415 if you are writing from a template.
2416 If you erase all of the text in an environment —
2418 if you erase the whole
2421 \begin_inset space ~
2426 field so that you can replace it with your own —
2427 and then you move the cursor without writing any text,
2428 the environment may disappear.
2429 This is because most environments cannot exist without any text in them.
2430 Just reselect the environment from the
2442 \begin_layout Standard
2443 Templates can be a huge time-saver,
2444 and we urge you to use them whenever possible.
2446 they can help a person learn how to use some of the fancier document classes.
2448 they may be useful for a person who is configuring \SpecialChar LyX
2449 for a bunch of less computer-aware users.
2450 When they are first learning \SpecialChar LyX
2452 it will be less intimidating if they have a letter template customized for their company,
2456 \begin_layout Standard
2457 \begin_inset Newpage newpage
2463 \begin_layout Section
2467 \begin_layout Standard
2469 (like \SpecialChar LaTeX
2470 ) considers the title —
2471 which may contain the actual title,
2474 and even an abstract of a paper —
2475 to be a separate part of the document.
2478 \begin_layout Standard
2479 Go back to your first \SpecialChar LyX
2480 document and make sure it is using the
2488 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2489 You should not be using the letter any more,
2494 document class does not allow titles.
2499 Type a title on the first line,
2500 and change the line to the
2506 type your name and change it to the
2512 write the date in the
2517 Type a paragraph or two summarizing your document using the
2522 Notice how the title is presented when it is printed out.
2523 If you change the document format to Book,
2524 you will get a separate title page,
2525 like the first page of this tutorial.
2528 \begin_layout Labeling
2529 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
2542 \begin_layout Section
2543 Labels and Cross-References
2546 \begin_layout Standard
2547 You can label section headings,
2555 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2556 Floats are explained in the
2571 you can refer to the element in other parts of the document,
2572 using cross-references.
2573 You can refer to a section's number,
2574 to the page on which the section begins or to both.
2575 As with section numbering,
2577 also takes care of cross-reference numbering for you.
2578 Automatic management of labels and cross-references is among the most significant advantages of \SpecialChar LyX
2579 (and \SpecialChar LaTeX
2580 ) over conventional word processors.
2583 \begin_layout Subsection
2587 \begin_layout Standard
2588 Go to our second section,
2590 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2594 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2598 Click at the end of the section title line,
2601 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2604 or the toolbar button
2611 A dialog asks you for a label name,
2612 and gives you a suggestion.
2618 the label name will be placed in a box next to the section title.
2621 \begin_layout Standard
2622 So far you have not done anything —
2623 the output will look exactly the same,
2624 since labels do not show up in the printed document.
2626 now that you have added a label,
2627 you can refer to that label with cross-references.
2628 We will do that next.
2631 \begin_layout Subsection
2632 Your first cross-reference
2635 \begin_layout Standard
2636 Place the cursor somewhere in Section
2637 \begin_inset space ~
2644 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2645 If you want to know more about this document,
2646 \begin_inset Newline newline
2652 \begin_layout Standard
2654 with the cursor before the final period,
2657 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2659 \begin_inset space ~
2664 or the toolbar button
2667 arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
2671 The Cross-reference dialog pops up.
2672 It shows a list of the possible labels you can reference.
2674 there should be only one,
2676 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2679 sec:About-This-Document
2680 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2685 select the drop-down menu labeled
2686 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2690 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2694 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2698 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2703 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2706 sec:About-This-Document
2707 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2710 (it may be selected by default),
2711 and a reference marker will appear containing
2712 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2716 sec:About-This-Document
2717 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2720 (To be really correct,
2724 \begin_inset space ~
2732 arg "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
2735 ) in between the word
2736 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2740 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2743 and the reference.) An alternative way to reference a label is to right-click the label and select
2747 in the pop-up context menu.
2748 The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be copied to the actual cursor position via the menu
2750 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
2760 In the printed document,
2761 this reference marker will be replaced with the section number.
2762 Preview your document and you will see that \SpecialChar LaTeX
2763 has been even cleverer than that.
2765 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2769 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2775 \begin_layout Standard
2777 a cross-reference acts as a hyperlink when you are editing a document in \SpecialChar LyX
2779 clicking on it will pop up the
2787 \begin_inset space ~
2791 \begin_inset space ~
2796 will move the cursor to the referenced label.
2799 \begin_layout Subsection
2800 More fun with labels
2803 \begin_layout Standard
2804 We told you that \SpecialChar LyX
2805 takes care of numbering cross-references;
2806 now you can test this claim.
2807 Add a new section before Section
2808 \begin_inset space ~
2816 the section cross-reference changed to
2817 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2821 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2826 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2830 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2834 and the cross-reference will reference Subsection
2835 \begin_inset space ~
2838 2.1 instead of Section
2839 \begin_inset space ~
2843 The page reference will not change unless you add a whole page of text before the label,
2848 \begin_layout Standard
2849 If you want some more practice with labels,
2850 then try putting a new label where your first cross-reference was,
2851 and refer to that label from elsewhere in the document.
2852 If you will be inserting cross-references often,
2853 it may be convenient to leave the
2860 \begin_layout Standard
2861 If you want to confirm that the cross-referencing gets the pages right even for larger documents,
2866 a couple pages of text from the
2875 them into your document.
2879 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2881 copying a chapter title may cause an error,
2882 because chapters are not allowed in the article class,
2884 \begin_inset space ~
2888 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
2890 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
2897 just delete the chapter title.
2905 \begin_layout Labeling
2906 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
2912 Fix the references in
2917 \begin_layout Section
2918 Footnotes and Margin Notes
2921 \begin_layout Standard
2922 Footnotes can be added using the toolbar button
2925 arg "footnote-insert"
2930 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2934 Click at the end of the word
2935 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2940 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2943 somewhere in your document and insert a footnote.
2944 A footnote box appears where you can enter the text of the footnote.
2946 should place the cursor at the beginning of the footnote box.
2950 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2952 is a typesetting word processor.
2955 \begin_layout Standard
2956 Now click on the button labeled
2957 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2961 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2965 The footnote box is closed,
2966 leaving the button showing where the footnote marker will be in the printed text;
2968 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2972 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2976 You can unfold the footnote at any time and re-edit its text by clicking again on the
2977 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2981 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2987 \begin_layout Standard
2988 A footnote can be cut and pasted like normal text.
2991 All you need to do is select the footnote button
2995 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2996 It may be easier to select it using the keyboard.
2997 You might accidentally open the footnote if you are trying to select the marker itself with the mouse.
3012 you can change regular text to a footnote,
3013 by selecting it and hitting the
3016 arg "footnote-insert"
3020 change a footnote to regular text by hitting the
3024 key when the cursor is in the first position of a footnote,
3029 key when the cursor is in the very last position of the footnote.
3032 \begin_layout Standard
3033 Margin notes can be added using the menu
3035 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3037 \begin_inset space ~
3042 or the toolbar button
3045 arg "marginalnote-insert"
3048 \SpecialChar endofsentence
3049 Margin notes are like footnotes,
3054 \begin_layout Itemize
3055 the on-screen boxes say
3056 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3060 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3064 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3068 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3074 \begin_layout Itemize
3075 the notes will be placed in the margin,
3076 instead of below the text
3079 \begin_layout Itemize
3080 margin notes are not numbered
3083 \begin_layout Standard
3084 Change your \SpecialChar LyX
3085 footnote back to text,
3086 then select and change it to a margin note.
3087 Run \SpecialChar LaTeX
3088 again to see what the margin note looks like.
3091 \begin_layout Labeling
3092 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3103 \begin_layout Section
3105 \begin_inset CommandInset label
3107 name "sec:bibliographies"
3114 \begin_layout Standard
3115 Bibliographies are similar to cross-references.
3116 The bibliography contains a list of references at the end of the document,
3117 and they can be referenced from within the document.
3118 Like section titles,
3120 and \SpecialChar LaTeX
3121 make your job easier by automatically numbering the bibliography items and changing citations when the item numbers change.
3124 \begin_layout Standard
3125 Go to the end of the document and switch to the
3131 each paragraph you type will be a reference.
3133 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3139 by the \SpecialChar LyX
3143 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3146 as your first reference.
3147 Note that \SpecialChar LyX
3148 automatically puts a number in a box before each reference.
3149 Click on the boxed reference number,
3153 \begin_inset space ~
3163 is to refer to this reference within the \SpecialChar LyX
3175 you will see the number of the bibliography in the output.
3181 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3185 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3188 to make it easy to remember.
3191 \begin_layout Standard
3192 Now pick somewhere in your document that you would like to insert a reference.
3195 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3198 or the toolbar button
3201 arg "dialog-show-new-inset citation"
3210 The left panel in this dialog lists all the bibliography entries,
3211 and this field allows you to choose which bibliography item you want to cite.
3213 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3217 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3221 that is the only item in the bibliography),
3226 button in the center to insert it.
3227 (You can have multiple citations in the same place by transferring a number of keys this way.)
3231 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3232 If one uses label names for references that are easy to remember it is easier to find the entry in the list of references.
3242 Now preview your file and you will see that the citation appears in brackets in the text,
3243 referring to the bibliography at the end of the document.
3246 \begin_layout Standard
3250 \begin_inset space ~
3259 dialog will put a remark (such as a reference to a page or chapter within the referenced book or article) in the brackets after the reference.
3260 If you want the references to have labels instead of numbers in the printed output (for example,
3261 some journals would use
3262 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3266 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3269 to refer to a paper written by Smith in 1995),
3277 \begin_inset space ~
3290 \begin_layout Labeling
3291 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3297 Fix the bibliography and citation in
3302 \begin_layout Section
3306 \begin_layout Standard
3307 You may want to put a table of contents at the beginning of your document.
3309 makes this easy to do.
3314 after your document title and before your first section title and select
3316 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3318 \begin_inset space ~
3322 \begin_inset space ~
3326 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3330 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3333 References\SpecialChar menuseparator
3335 \begin_inset space ~
3339 \begin_inset space ~
3346 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3350 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3353 will appear in a button on the first line of the document.
3357 \begin_layout Standard
3358 This may not appear to be very useful.
3360 if you look at your preview,
3361 you will see that a table of contents has been generated,
3362 listing the various sections and subsections in your document.
3364 if you reorder sections or create new ones,
3365 you will see those changes in the preview when you update it.
3369 \begin_layout Standard
3370 The table of contents is not printed in the on-screen version of the document.
3371 But you can display the table of contents in a separate window by clicking on the table of contents button,
3374 View\SpecialChar menuseparator
3376 \begin_inset space ~
3381 or the toolbar button
3384 arg "dialog-toggle toc"
3388 This menu will work even if you do not have a table of contents inset in your document.
3389 This is a very useful tool for rearranging your document parts.
3390 Clicking on a (sub)section title in the
3394 window will highlight that line and move the display (in the \SpecialChar LyX
3395 editing window) to that place in the document.
3396 You can also use the arrow keys to move up and down in the table of contents.
3397 You may therefore find it convenient to leave this window open throughout editing sessions.
3398 You can get similar functionality from the
3404 where the table of contents appears automatically.
3407 \begin_layout Standard
3408 To get rid of the Table of Contents,
3409 you can delete the table of contents button just like any other text.
3412 \begin_layout Labeling
3413 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3419 Fix the table of contents in
3424 \begin_layout Chapter
3428 \begin_layout Standard
3430 is used by many scientists because it outputs great looking equations,
3431 avoiding the control characters used by word processors and their equation editors.
3432 Many of these scientists are frustrated,
3434 because writing equations in \SpecialChar LaTeX
3435 is more like programming than writing.
3438 has WYSIWYM support for equations.
3439 If you are used to \SpecialChar LaTeX
3441 you will find that all of the usual \SpecialChar LaTeX
3442 math commands can be typed in normally,
3443 but they will show up in a WYSIWYM fashion.
3446 you have never written in \SpecialChar LaTeX
3452 toolbar will allow you to write professional-looking math quickly and easily.
3455 \begin_layout Section
3459 \begin_layout Standard
3460 Somewhere in your \SpecialChar LyX
3466 \begin_layout LyX-Code
3467 I like what Einstein said,
3470 \begin_inset Newline linebreak
3476 \begin_layout Standard
3478 that equation does not look very good in \SpecialChar LyX
3480 there is no space between the letters and the equals sign,
3481 and you would like to write an actual superscript for the
3482 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3486 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3490 That bad typesetting happened because we did not tell \SpecialChar LyX
3491 that we were writing a mathematical expression,
3492 so it typeset the equation like regular old text.
3495 \begin_layout Standard
3496 But we can create a formula that will be typeset properly.
3497 Highlight the equation and click the toolbar button
3505 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3506 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
3508 \begin_inset space ~
3514 If nothing is highlighted \SpecialChar LyX
3515 inserts a little blue square,
3516 which is an empty math formula.
3517 The expression appears in blue and the blue square disappears as soon as the formula is not empty.
3522 to leave the equation.
3523 The purple markers disappear,
3524 leaving the cursor to the right of the expression.
3526 if you type something,
3527 it will be regular text.
3530 \begin_layout Standard
3531 Looking at the output you will notice that the expression was typeset nicely,
3532 with spaces between the letters and the equals sign,
3534 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3538 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3542 Letters in math mode are assumed to be variables,
3543 and come out in italics.
3544 Numbers are just numbers.
3547 \begin_layout Standard
3548 This math editor is another example of the WYSIWYM philosophy.
3549 In \SpecialChar LaTeX
3551 you write a mathematical expression using text and commands like
3558 this can be frustrating,
3559 because you cannot see what an expression looks like until you run the file under \SpecialChar LaTeX
3560 and you may have to spend time,
3562 finding missing brackets.
3564 does not attempt to get the expression to look perfect (WYSIWYG),
3565 but it gives you an extremely good idea of what the expression will look like.
3567 then takes care of the professional typesetting.
3570 \begin_layout Section
3571 Navigating an Equation
3574 \begin_layout Standard
3576 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
3580 \begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$
3584 Use the arrow keys to move the cursor into the expression.
3585 Note that when you enter the expression,
3586 the purple markers appear to let you know you are editing math.
3595 to move the cursor past the equals sign,
3597 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3601 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3606 you can use the arrow keys or
3610 to leave the formula\SpecialChar endofsentence
3614 \begin_layout Standard
3615 Other than the special keys described below,
3616 typing in math mode is like editing regular text.
3626 Select text either with the arrow keys or with the mouse.
3629 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
3632 works in math mode as well as cut and paste.
3633 One thing to be careful of:
3634 if you are left or right outside a formula and you press
3643 you delete the whole formula.
3652 \begin_layout Standard
3653 What if you want to change
3654 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
3658 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$
3663 you can use the mouse to click in the right place.
3665 you can also use the arrow keys.
3666 If the cursor is just after the
3667 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3671 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3675 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3679 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3687 and the cursor is moved to the level of the superscript,
3689 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3693 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3698 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3702 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3711 will move the cursor back to the regular level.
3721 the cursor will be placed
3725 the superscript (so that you can then type the
3726 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3730 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3736 \begin_layout Section
3737 Exponents and Indices
3740 \begin_layout Standard
3741 An exponent can be entered from the
3745 toolbar (see below),
3746 but it is actually simpler just to type the caret key,
3748 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3752 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3757 will place another blue rectangle in the superscript,
3758 so that whatever you write next will be superscripted,
3759 and in a smaller font size.
3760 Everything you type until you hit a
3768 to exit the formula entirely) will be in the superscript.
3771 \begin_layout Standard
3772 Writing a subscript (index) is just as easy;
3773 start one by typing the underscore key
3774 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3778 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3782 You can subscript and superscript both subscripts and superscripts like this:
3784 \begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$
3791 \begin_layout Labeling
3792 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3799 \begin_inset space ~
3809 \begin_layout Section
3813 \begin_layout Standard
3818 toolbar is a convenient way to enter symbols and/or to perform complicated formula operations.
3819 Many of these operations can be accomplished from the keyboard or the
3821 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3826 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
3829 menus (the latter only appears when you are in Math mode).
3831 we are going to concentrate on using the
3836 just to let you know what is out there;
3837 you can learn keyboard shortcuts and commands later from the
3844 \begin_layout Standard
3849 toolbar is shown when the cursor is in a formula and can also be turned on manually in the menu
3851 View\SpecialChar menuseparator
3855 When you click there on
3856 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3860 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3866 arg "toolbar-toggle math"
3869 ) the toolbar will be shown permanently at the bottom;
3870 this state is visualized in the
3874 menu with a checkmark.
3875 When you click in this state again on
3876 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3880 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3892 toolbar is only shown when the cursor is within a formula;
3893 this state is visualized by the renaming of the menu entry from
3894 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3898 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3902 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3906 \begin_inset space ~
3910 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3916 \begin_layout Subsection
3920 \begin_layout Standard
3925 toolbar allows you to choose from a large array of symbols used in math:
3932 Note that subscripting and superscripting allow you to put lower and upper limits on sums and integrals.
3935 \begin_layout Subsection
3941 \begin_layout Standard
3942 To type a square root,
3943 just click on the button
3946 arg "math-insert \\sqrt"
3950 The square root appears,
3951 and the cursor is in a new insertion point inside the square root.
3952 You can type variables,
3958 will automatically resize the square root to fit what is inside.
3961 \begin_layout Standard
3963 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3967 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3971 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a}$
3974 ) or group of characters (
3975 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$
3978 ) is done similarly.
3979 Decorations are available from the toolbar via the button
3982 arg "math-insert \\hat"
3986 Click on a decoration,
3987 and \SpecialChar LyX
3988 will insert that decoration with an insertion point under (or over) it.
3989 Just type what you want in the insertion point.
3990 There are two sets of decorations:
3991 those that resize with the text you type,
3992 and those that have a fixed size,
3993 and are most appropriate for a single letter.
3997 \begin_layout Standard
3998 Delimiters such as parentheses,
4000 and braces work similarly,
4001 but are a bit more complicated.
4002 Hit the delimiter button
4005 arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter"
4011 \begin_inset space ~
4017 Your current selection of delimiters is displayed in a box.
4018 It is a pair of parentheses by default,
4019 but you can choose a pair of braces,
4020 a brace and a parenthesis,
4021 or choose the empty square to have something like
4022 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4026 \begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$
4030 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4033 (the empty delimiter is displayed as a broken line in \SpecialChar LyX
4035 but will not show up in the output).
4038 \begin_layout Standard
4040 you can type actual parentheses in math mode,
4041 rather than using the
4044 \begin_inset space ~
4051 those parentheses will be the same size as regular text,
4052 which will look bad if you have a big fraction or matrix inside the parentheses.
4053 So it is better to use one of the three delimiter buttons that insert them directly,
4057 arg "math-delim ( )"
4063 \begin_layout Standard
4064 You can also put delimiters or a square root sign or a decoration on already existing formula parts.
4065 Select the portion of the formula that you want to adjust,
4066 and then click on the button you want from the
4071 Try using this to change Newton's second law from scalar to vector form (
4072 \begin_inset Formula $f=ma$
4076 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$
4080 Once you have learned about matrices,
4081 this is how you will put parentheses or brackets around them.
4084 \begin_layout Subsection
4088 \begin_layout Standard
4089 To create a fraction,
4090 click on the fraction button
4093 arg "math-insert \\frac"
4102 writes two insertion points in a fraction.
4103 As you would expect,
4104 you can use arrow keys or the mouse to move around a fraction.
4105 Click on the top square and type
4106 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4110 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4119 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4123 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4127 You have made a fraction!
4128 Of course you can type anything within each of the two boxes:
4129 variables with exponents,
4135 \begin_layout Labeling
4136 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
4143 \begin_inset space ~
4153 \begin_layout Subsection
4160 \begin_layout Standard
4161 Because letters in math mode are considered to be variables,
4163 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4167 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4172 thinks you are typing the product of the three variables
4173 \begin_inset Formula $s$
4178 \begin_inset Formula $i$
4183 \begin_inset Formula $n$
4187 The three letters will be typeset in italics,
4188 when what you really wanted was the word
4189 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4193 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4199 will not put a space between the word
4200 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4204 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4208 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4212 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4219 will exit the formula).
4221 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4225 \begin_inset Formula $\sin(x)$
4229 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4233 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4237 \begin_inset Formula $sin(x)$
4241 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4247 \begin_layout Standard
4255 arg "math-insert \\functions"
4259 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4263 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4266 in the pop-up function list.
4268 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4272 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4275 is displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
4277 and set in upright roman type.
4278 The whole word is treated as one symbol,
4284 it will delete the whole word.
4286 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4290 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4294 which will be written in blue italics,
4295 like you expect in a formula.
4297 the expression will be correctly typeset.
4301 \begin_layout Standard
4302 The function list includes other trigonometric functions and their inverses,
4303 hyperbolic functions,
4306 and quite a few others.
4307 These functions can take subscripts and superscripts,
4308 important for typing
4309 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4313 \begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$
4317 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4321 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4325 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$
4329 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4335 \begin_layout Labeling
4336 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
4343 \begin_inset space ~
4353 \begin_layout Subsection
4357 \begin_layout Standard
4358 Click on the matrix button
4361 arg "dialog-show mathmatrix"
4369 A pop-up dialog allows you to choose how many rows and columns you want in your matrix.
4370 Choose 2 rows and 3 columns and hit
4376 prints 6 insertion points in a
4377 \begin_inset Formula $2\times3$
4382 you can put any sort of formula expression (a square root,
4384 etc.) in each insertion point.
4385 You can also leave some of the insertion points empty if you want.
4388 \begin_layout Standard
4393 can be used to move horizontally between the columns of a matrix.
4395 you can use the arrow keys to move around - hitting
4399 at the end of one box will move to the next box,
4404 will move to the next row,
4408 \begin_layout Standard
4409 If you need to change the number of rows and columns,
4412 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
4414 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4418 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4423 or the math toolbar buttons
4426 arg "tabular-feature append-row"
4433 arg "tabular-feature delete-row"
4440 arg "tabular-feature append-column"
4447 arg "tabular-feature delete-column"
4453 \begin_layout Standard
4458 for information on how to change the horizontal alignment of each column,
4459 and how to change the vertical position of the whole matrix.
4460 Note that if you want to write a table containing text,
4461 you should use \SpecialChar LyX
4462 's wonderful table support,
4463 rather than trying to write text in a matrix.
4466 \begin_layout Subsection
4470 \begin_layout Standard
4471 All of the expressions we have written so far have been on the same line as the text that came before and after them,
4472 otherwise known as inline expressions.
4473 This is fine for short,
4475 but if you want to write larger ones,
4476 or if you want your expressions to stand out from the text,
4477 you need to write them in display mode.
4479 only displayed expressions can be labeled and numbered (see the
4484 and multi-line equations must be in display mode.
4487 \begin_layout Standard
4488 While being in a formula,
4489 click on the display button
4500 This centers the formula and adds a blank line before and after it.
4501 Now type in an expression and compile your file to see how it looks.
4502 The display button is actually a toggle;
4503 use it now to change a couple of your expressions to display mode and back.
4506 \begin_layout Standard
4507 Display mode has a couple differences from inline mode:
4510 \begin_layout Itemize
4511 The default font is larger for a few symbols,
4513 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
4517 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
4523 \begin_layout Itemize
4524 Subscripts and superscripts for limits and sums (but not integrals) are written under and over rather than next to the symbols
4527 \begin_layout Itemize
4531 \begin_layout Standard
4532 Other than these differences,
4534 displayed expressions and inline expressions are very similar.
4537 \begin_layout Standard
4538 One final note about the way displayed formulas are typeset:
4539 be careful about whether you are putting your equation into a new paragraph or not.
4540 If your formula is in the middle of a sentence or paragraph,
4546 Doing so will cause the text
4550 the formula to start a new paragraph.
4551 That text will be indented or follow a blank line,
4552 depending on your document paragraph settings,
4553 which is probably not what you want.
4556 \begin_layout Labeling
4557 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
4563 Put the various equations in
4568 and see how they are typeset differently.
4571 \begin_layout Labeling
4572 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
4578 Using various tools you have learned in this section,
4579 you should be able to write an equation like:
4583 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4584 After you have done it the hard way,
4587 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
4588 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
4590 \begin_inset space ~
4601 \begin_inset Formula
4603 f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc}
4606 \sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0
4615 \begin_layout Section
4619 \begin_layout Standard
4620 Now you are familiar with the basics.
4622 's math editor can do a lot more.
4623 You can refer to the
4627 manual for tips on how to:
4630 \begin_layout Itemize
4631 Label and number expressions.
4634 \begin_layout Itemize
4635 Create multi-line equations.
4638 \begin_layout Itemize
4641 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4645 \begin_inset space \space{}
4648 to write bold-face text in an expression.
4651 \begin_layout Itemize
4652 Fine-tune font sizes and spacing within an expression.
4653 (Do not worry about this until your final draft!)
4656 \begin_layout Itemize
4658 These are very powerful,
4659 because you just define them once at the top of the document,
4660 and then you can use them throughout the document.
4663 \begin_layout Itemize
4664 Do almost all you can do with math.
4667 \begin_layout Chapter
4671 \begin_layout Section
4672 Other major \SpecialChar LyX
4676 \begin_layout Standard
4677 We have not gone through all the possible commands in \SpecialChar LyX
4679 and we are not planning on it.
4688 \begin_inset space ~
4693 manual for more information.
4694 We will just mention a couple more major things \SpecialChar LyX
4698 \begin_layout Itemize
4700 has WYSIWYM support for tables.
4703 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
4709 arg "tabular-insert"
4713 Click on the table with the
4720 \begin_inset space ~
4725 dialog box which allows extensive table editing.
4729 arg "toolbar-toggle table"
4732 the table toolbar will appear permanently.
4735 \begin_layout Itemize
4737 also supports including pictures in any format within documents.
4741 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
4747 arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics"
4751 Then browse for the figure file,
4753 etc.) Tables and figures can have captions,
4754 and \SpecialChar LyX
4755 will automatically generate lists of figures and/or tables.
4758 \begin_layout Itemize
4760 is heavily configurable.
4761 Everything from how the \SpecialChar LyX
4762 window looks to how the output comes out can be configured in a number of ways.
4763 Much configuration is done through
4765 Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
4769 For more information on this,
4772 Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
4773 Customization\SpecialChar endofsentence
4777 \begin_layout Itemize
4779 is being developed by a team of programmers on five continents.
4782 has better support for non-English languages (such as Dutch,
4789 ) than many word processors.
4790 Even the right-to-left languages Arabic,
4792 and Hebrew and the Asian languages Chinese Japanese,
4793 and Korean are supported.
4794 You can write documents in other languages and you can also configure \SpecialChar LyX
4795 to show its menus and error messages in other languages.
4799 \begin_layout Itemize
4800 The \SpecialChar LyX
4801 menus feature keybindings.
4802 This means that you can do
4804 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
4815 or by using the binding which is shown next to it in the menu (
4822 Keybindings are also configurable.
4823 For information on this,
4826 Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
4827 Customization\SpecialChar endofsentence
4831 \begin_layout Itemize
4833 can read \SpecialChar LaTeX
4836 \begin_inset space ~
4840 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4842 reference "sec:tex2lyx"
4850 \begin_layout Itemize
4853 and word count facilities are available.
4856 \begin_layout Itemize
4857 Generation of indexes and nomenclatures/glossaries is supported.
4860 \begin_layout Section
4862 for \SpecialChar LaTeX
4864 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4866 name "sec:latexusers"
4873 \begin_layout Standard
4874 If you do not know anything about \SpecialChar LaTeX
4876 you do not have to read this section.
4882 about \SpecialChar LaTeX
4884 and then read this chapter.
4886 some of those who begin to use \SpecialChar LyX
4887 will be familiar with \SpecialChar LaTeX
4889 If you are such a person,
4890 you may be wondering if \SpecialChar LyX
4891 can really do everything \SpecialChar LaTeX
4893 The short answer is that \SpecialChar LyX
4894 can do pretty much everything \SpecialChar LaTeX
4895 can do in one form or another,
4896 and it definitely simplifies most parts of writing a \SpecialChar LaTeX
4900 \begin_layout Standard
4901 Because this is just a tutorial,
4902 we are only going to mention things that new \SpecialChar LyX
4903 users will most likely be interested in.
4904 In the interests of keeping the Tutorial short,
4905 we will give only minimal information here.
4909 \begin_inset space ~
4917 \begin_inset space ~
4922 manuals have a great deal of information on differences between \SpecialChar LyX
4923 and \SpecialChar LaTeX
4925 and how to do various \SpecialChar LaTeX
4926 tricks in \SpecialChar LyX
4930 \begin_layout Subsection
4935 \begin_layout Standard
4936 Anything that you enter in \SpecialChar TeX
4937 mode will be passed straight to \SpecialChar LaTeX
4939 and will be displayed in red on the screen.
4940 You can use \SpecialChar TeX
4941 commands in \SpecialChar LyX
4944 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
4946 \begin_inset space ~
4958 This creates a box where everything within it is passed straight to \SpecialChar LaTeX
4962 \begin_layout Standard
4965 mode is handled a bit differently.
4967 mode is entered there by typing a backslash.
4968 The backslash is not written out,
4969 but anything you type afterwards will be in red.
4970 You exit \SpecialChar TeX
4975 or some other non-alphabetic character,
4978 caret or parenthesis.
4979 Once you exit \SpecialChar TeX
4982 knows the \SpecialChar TeX
4983 command you have typed in,
4984 it will convert it to WYSIWYM\SpecialChar endofsentence
4986 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4996 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4999 in a formula and then press
5006 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5010 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5014 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5018 \begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
5022 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5026 This will work for almost all,
5027 non-complicated math macros.
5028 This may be faster than using the
5031 \begin_inset space ~
5037 and will be especially convenient for experienced \SpecialChar LaTeX
5041 \begin_layout Standard
5044 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5054 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5062 ending braces will be inserted in red while the cursor is placed between the braces.
5063 This makes it more convenient to type those commands that take an argument.
5066 \begin_layout Standard
5068 cannot do absolutely everything that \SpecialChar LaTeX
5070 Some fancy functions are not supported at all,
5071 while some work but are not WYSIWYM.
5073 mode allows users to get the full flexibility of \SpecialChar LaTeX
5075 while having all the convenient features of \SpecialChar LyX
5081 could never support every \SpecialChar LaTeX
5090 in the preamble (see Section
5091 \begin_inset space ~
5095 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5097 reference "sec:preamble"
5103 you can use any package you want —
5104 although you will not have WYSIWYM support for that package's features.
5107 \begin_layout Subsection
5108 Importing \SpecialChar LaTeX
5115 \begin_inset CommandInset label
5124 \begin_layout Standard
5125 You can import a \SpecialChar LaTeX
5126 file into \SpecialChar LyX
5129 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
5130 Import\SpecialChar menuseparator
5132 \begin_inset space ~
5137 menu in \SpecialChar LyX
5139 This will call the program
5143 which will create a file foo.lyx from the file foo.tex.
5145 will then open that file.
5146 If the translation does not work,
5151 from the command line,
5152 possibly using fancier options.
5155 \begin_layout Standard
5156 Even when the translation does work,
5161 may not translate everything,
5162 though it does handle most legal \SpecialChar LaTeX
5164 It will leave things it does not understand in \SpecialChar TeX
5167 after translating a file with
5172 you can look for the red text and manually edit it to get it right.
5175 \begin_layout Standard
5180 has its own documentation (manpage),
5181 which Unix/Linux users can access via the console command
5184 \begin_inset space ~
5190 The manpage describes which \SpecialChar LaTeX
5191 commands and environments are not supported,
5192 what bugs you might run into (and how to get around them),
5193 and how to use the various options.
5196 \begin_layout Standard
5197 It is important to understand that
5201 can only translate files whose document class is
5202 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5206 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5212 for which there is a corresponding \SpecialChar LyX
5218 If there is no layout file,
5219 then you will get an error saying that the conversion could not be performed.
5221 unless you have a layout for the document class of your \SpecialChar LaTeX
5227 simply will not know how to translate the \SpecialChar LaTeX
5228 that it finds there into things \SpecialChar LyX
5230 More about layout files and how they are created is explained in detail in Chapter 5 of the
5237 \begin_layout Subsection
5238 Converting \SpecialChar LyX
5239 Documents to \SpecialChar LaTeX
5243 \begin_layout Standard
5244 You might wish to convert a \SpecialChar LyX
5245 Document to a \SpecialChar LaTeX
5248 a co-worker or co-author who does not have \SpecialChar LyX
5249 might want to read it.
5252 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
5253 Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
5257 This will create a file
5265 file you are editing.
5268 \begin_layout Subsection
5273 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5277 \begin_layout Standard
5280 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
5283 dialog takes care of the document-wide options,
5284 such as changing the document class,
5285 default font size and paper size.
5286 Document class options and also options for \SpecialChar LaTeX
5287 packages can be entered there in the
5290 \begin_inset space ~
5298 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5299 Other Preamble Matter
5300 \begin_inset CommandInset label
5309 \begin_layout Standard
5310 If you have special commands to put in the preamble of a \SpecialChar LaTeX
5312 you can use them in a \SpecialChar LyX
5316 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
5317 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
5319 \begin_inset space ~
5324 and type in the dialog window (or from the document settings dialog,
5325 depending on the frontend).
5326 Anything you type will (as with \SpecialChar TeX
5327 mode) be sent directly to \SpecialChar LaTeX
5331 \begin_layout Subsection
5336 \begin_layout Standard
5338 has support for Bib\SpecialChar TeX
5340 which allows you to build databases of bibliographical references to be used in multiple documents.
5343 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
5345 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
5349 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
5353 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
5357 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
5360 References\SpecialChar menuseparator
5362 \begin_inset space ~
5377 widget you select Bib\SpecialChar TeX
5383 field you can select a Bib\SpecialChar TeX
5387 \begin_layout Standard
5388 After you have done this,
5389 you can use citations from any bibliographies you have included with
5391 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
5395 \begin_inset space ~
5399 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5401 reference "sec:bibliographies"
5411 dialog will show a list of all the references in your
5417 If you want to use Biblatex rather than classic Bib\SpecialChar TeX
5419 please refer to the User Guide for instructions.
5422 \begin_layout Section
5426 \begin_layout Standard
5427 Sometimes when you try to view a document,
5428 there will be errors,
5429 things that \SpecialChar LyX
5430 or \SpecialChar LaTeX
5438 \begin_inset space ~
5444 Clicking on individual errors in this dialog will take you to the place in the \SpecialChar LyX
5445 document where the error occurs and also display the detailed \SpecialChar LaTeX