1 #LyX 1.5.3svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
7 % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
9 %This preamble is designed to ensure that the document prints
10 % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble,
11 % parts of the document may not print out as expected. If you
12 % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact
13 % the documentation team
14 % email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
16 \usepackage{ifpdf} % part of the hyperref bundle
17 \ifpdf % if pdflatex is used
19 % set fonts for nicer pdf view
20 \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}
21 {\usepackage[scaled=0.92]{helvet}
23 \usepackage{courier} }
25 % link all cross references and URLs in pdf output
26 \usepackage[colorlinks=true, bookmarks, bookmarksnumbered,
27 bookmarksopen, bookmarksopenlevel=2,
28 linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue,
29 pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true,
30 pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false, pdfpagelabels,
31 pdfauthor={LyX Team}, pdftex,
32 pdftitle={The LyX Tutorial},pdfsubject={LyX-documentation Tutorial},
33 pdfkeywords={LyX, documentation}]{hyperref}
35 \else % if dvi or ps is produced
37 % link all cross references and URLs in dvi output
38 \usepackage[ps2pdf]{hyperref}
40 \fi % end if pdflatex is used
42 % the pages of the TOC are numbered roman
43 % and a pdf-bookmark for the TOC is added
45 \let\myTOC\tableofcontents
46 \renewcommand\tableofcontents{%
47 \pdfbookmark[1]{Contents}{}
50 \pagenumbering{arabic} }
52 % redefine the \LyX macro for PDF bookmarks
53 \def\LyX{\texorpdfstring{%
54 L\kern-.1667em\lower.25em\hbox{Y}\kern-.125emX\@}
61 \font_typewriter default
62 \font_default_family default
76 \paperorientation portrait
79 \paragraph_separation indent
81 \quotes_language english
84 \paperpagestyle headings
85 \tracking_changes false
102 \begin_layout Standard
103 If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documenta
106 lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
116 \begin_layout Standard
117 \begin_inset LatexCommand tableofcontents
124 \begin_layout Chapter
128 \begin_layout Section
132 \begin_layout Standard
133 This file is designed for all of you who have never heard of LaTeX, or don't
135 Now, don't panic - you won't need to learn LaTeX to use LyX.
136 That is, after all, the whole point of LyX: to provide an almost-WYSIWYG
138 There are some things you will need to learn, however, in order to use
142 \begin_layout Standard
143 Some of you probably found your way to this document because you tried to
144 put two spaces after a
145 \begin_inset Quotes eld
149 \begin_inset Quotes erd
152 or tried to put 3 blank lines between paragraphs.
153 You found out you couldn't and in fact, you'll find out that most of the
154 little tricks you're accustomed to use in other word processors won't work
156 That's because most word processors you've used before allow you to manually
157 enter all spacings, font changes, and so on.
158 So you end up not only writing a document but typesetting it, too.
159 LyX does the typesetting for you, in a consistent fashion, letting you
160 focus on the important things, like the content of your writing.
163 \begin_layout Standard
164 So read on to learn more about LyX.
165 Reading this tutorial is definitely worth the time.
168 \begin_layout Section
178 \begin_layout Standard
179 Before we get started with this section, we want to make a quick note of
185 uses the notation outlined in the
190 If you came to this manual first, please read the
194 before you continue with the
201 \begin_layout Standard
202 Now that you know which fonts mean what, we want to talk a bit about what
210 \begin_layout Subsection
211 Getting the most out of the Tutorial
214 \begin_layout Standard
215 This tutorial consists of examples and exercises.
216 To get the most out of this document, you should read through the document,
217 typing all the little things we're telling you to type and trying out all
218 of the exercises to see if you get them right.
219 For convenience, you might want to print out the PDF version of this document.
222 \begin_layout Standard
223 If you are familiar with LaTeX, you'll probably be able to read the
227 somewhat faster, since many LyX ideas are just LaTeX ideas in disguise.
228 However, LyX have features you'll want to learn about.
229 Even if you don't feel like reading the rest of the
233 , you should definitely check out Section\InsetSpace ~
235 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
236 reference "sec:latexusers"
240 , which is specifically written for experienced LaTeX users.
243 \begin_layout Subsection
251 \begin_layout Itemize
252 Detailed explanations of all of LyX's features.
256 \begin_layout Standard
265 \begin_layout Itemize
266 Detailed explanations of LaTeX.
270 \begin_layout Standard
272 If you want to learn some of the neat tricks you can do with LaTeX in LyX,
273 you can have a look at the
275 Embedded\InsetSpace ~
282 \begin_layout Standard
283 It's time to move onwards, time for your first document \SpecialChar \ldots{}
287 \begin_layout Chapter
288 Getting started with LyX
291 \begin_layout Section
292 Your first LyX document
293 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
294 name "sec:Your-first-LyX"
301 \begin_layout Standard
303 You're ready to start writing.
304 Before you do, there are a few things we need to mention, which will hopefully
305 make the Tutorial more instructive and useful.
309 \begin_layout Standard
310 Because there are informations we can't give you in the Tutorial, the
316 thing that you need to do is find the
323 Start up LyX, Choose the
332 You may want to load the
336 as well (if you're not reading it within LyX already).
337 This way, you can read them while you're writing your own file.
341 \begin_layout Standard
342 They can also serve as good examples of how to use the many features of
348 Note that once you've got more than one document open, you can use the
353 menu or the document tabs to switch between them.
356 \begin_layout Standard
357 In this Tutorial, we're going to assume that you have a fully working version
358 of LyX, as well as a LaTeX-distribution, a DVI-, and a PDF-viewer.
359 This should be the case on all major Linux- and BSD-distribution, as well
360 as on Windows, where this is setup by the LyX installer.
363 \begin_layout Standard
364 Finally, we've written a file to let you practice your LyX skills on, it's
370 Imagine that it was typed by someone who didn't know about any of LyX's
372 As you learn new LyX functions, we'll suggest that you fix those parts
379 \begin_inset Quotes eld
383 \begin_inset Quotes erd
386 hints about how to fix things
390 \begin_layout Standard
391 The hints are located in yellow
392 \begin_inset Quotes eld
396 \begin_inset Quotes erd
400 Access the text in a note by clicking on it.
406 If you want to cheat, or check what you've done, there's also a file called
411 which contains the same text written and typeset by a LyX master.
414 \begin_layout Standard
415 The example files can be found in the
419 directory of LyX's installation folder.
420 Open the raw document, and use
422 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
426 to save a copy in your own directory for you to work on.
427 As you fix parts of the raw document, check to see how those changes affect
431 \begin_layout Standard
436 directory contains lots of other examples files.
437 They will show you how to do various fancy things with LyX.
438 After you read the Tutorial, or when you're confused about how to do something
439 fancy in LyX, take a look at these files.
442 \begin_layout Subsection
443 Typing, Viewing, and Exporting
446 \begin_layout Itemize
449 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
453 \begin_layout Itemize
454 Type a sentence like:
456 This is my first LyX document!
459 \begin_layout Itemize
460 Save your document with
462 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
468 \begin_layout Itemize
469 Run LaTeX to create a DVI file, with
471 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
474 or the toolbar button
475 \begin_inset Graphics
476 filename ../images/buffer-view_dvi.png
482 LyX will open a DVI-viewer program displaying your document looking like
487 \begin_layout Standard
488 You can save time by leaving the DVI-viewer running in the background.
491 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
492 Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator
495 or the toolbar button
496 \begin_inset Graphics
497 filename ../images/buffer-update_dvi.png
502 and just click on the DVI-viewer window (or unminimize it) after LaTeX
511 \begin_layout Itemize
512 Export the ready to print document with
514 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
522 \begin_layout Standard
523 Congratulations! You've written your first LyX document.
524 All of the rest is just details, which is covered in the other manuals.
527 \begin_layout Subsection
531 \begin_layout Standard
532 LyX can of course do most of the things you're used to do with a word processor.
533 It will word-wrap and indent paragraphs automatically.
534 Here's a quick description of how to do some simple actions.
537 \begin_layout Description
538 Undo LyX has multiple levels of undo, which means you can undo everything
539 you've done since your current editing session started, by selecting
541 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
545 \begin_inset Graphics
546 filename ../images/undo.png
551 ) over and over again.
552 If you undo too much, just select
554 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
558 \begin_inset Graphics
559 filename ../images/redo.png
569 \begin_layout Standard
570 Currently, undo is limited to 100 steps.
571 Undo also doesn't work for
575 ; for instance, not for changes to the document layout what is really a
580 \begin_layout Description
583 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
587 \begin_inset Graphics
588 filename ../images/cut.png
595 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
599 \begin_inset Graphics
600 filename ../images/copy.png
607 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
611 \begin_inset Graphics
612 filename ../images/paste.png
617 ) to cut, copy, and paste.
618 Or automatically paste selected text (including selections from other programs)
626 \begin_layout Description
629 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
635 In the dialog, search with the
644 button to replace a word you've found
648 \begin_layout Standard
649 Close the window when you're done or leave it open if you find it more convenien
651 Most dialog boxes in LyX can operate like this.
652 Just be sure you have the right window focus when you're trying to type
653 in the main LyX window or a LyX dialog.
659 If you like, you can specify whether to make the search case-sensitive,
660 or to search for only complete words; you can also search backwards through
664 \begin_layout Description
665 Character\InsetSpace ~
670 text (which will by default print characters in italics), set it in
678 (usually small caps, used for people's names) from the toggle buttons in
681 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
685 dialog (toolbar button
686 \begin_inset Graphics
687 filename ../images/dialog-show_character.png
695 \begin_layout Description
696 Toolbar There are buttons on the toolbar (just below the menus) which allow
697 you to do some of the more popular functions, such as
708 \begin_layout Standard
709 Of course, you haven't yet written enough to make most of these functions
711 As you write more, though, try undoing, pasting, etc.
714 \begin_layout Subsection
715 WYSIWYM: Whitespace in LyX
716 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
717 name "sec:whitespace"
724 \begin_layout Standard
725 One of the hardest things for new users to get used to is the way that LyX
727 As many times as you hit
731 , you'll only get one blank line.
732 As many times as you hit
736 , you'll only get one space.
737 On a blank line, LyX won't let you type even one space.
742 key won't move you forward one tab stop; in fact there
746 no tab stops! There's no ruler at the top of the page to let you set tabs
750 \begin_layout Standard
751 Many commercial word processors are based on the WYSIWYG principle:
752 \begin_inset Quotes eld
755 What You See Is What You Get.
756 \begin_inset Quotes erd
759 LyX, on the other hand, is based on the principle that
760 \begin_inset Quotes eld
763 What You See Is What You
768 \begin_inset Quotes erd
771 You type what you mean, and LyX will take care of typesetting it for you,
772 so that the output looks nice.
777 grammatically separates paragraphs, and a
781 grammatically separates words, so there is no reason to have several of
786 has no grammatical function at all, so LyX does not support it.
787 Using LyX, you'll spend more of your time worrying about the
791 of your document, and less time worrying about the
800 for more information on the WYSIWYM concept.
803 \begin_layout Standard
804 LyX does have (many) ways to fine-tune the formatting of your document.
805 After all, LyX might not typeset
814 has information about all that.
819 s and vertical space --- which are more powerful and versatile than multiple
820 spaces or blank lines --- and ways to change font sizes, character styles,
821 and paragraph alignments by hand.
822 The idea, though, is that you can write your whole document, focusing on
823 content, and just worry about that fine-tuning at the end.
824 With standard word processors, you'll be distracted by document formatting
825 throughout the writing process.
828 \begin_layout Section
832 \begin_layout Standard
833 Different parts of a document have different purposes; we call these parts
839 Most of a document is made up of regular text.
840 Section titles (chapter, subsection, etc.) let the reader know that a new
841 topic or subtopic will be discussed.
842 Certain types of documents have special environments.
843 A journal article will have an abstract and a title.
844 A letter will have neither of these, but will probably have an environment
845 that gives the writer's address.
848 \begin_layout Standard
849 Environments are a major part of the
850 \begin_inset Quotes eld
853 What You See Is What You Mean
854 \begin_inset Quotes erd
858 A given environment may require a certain font style, font size, indenting,
859 line spacing, and more.
860 This problem is aggravated, because the exact formatting for a given environmen
861 t may change: one journal may use boldface, 18 point, centered type for
862 section titles while another uses italicized, 15 point, left justified
863 type; different languages may have different standards for indenting; and
864 bibliography formats can vary widely.
865 LyX lets you avoid learning all the different formatting styles.
868 \begin_layout Standard
873 choice box is located on the left end of the toolbar and looks like this:
875 \begin_inset Graphics
876 filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
883 It indicates which environment you're currently writing in.
884 While you were writing your first document, it said
885 \begin_inset Quotes eld
889 \begin_inset Quotes erd
892 which is the default environment for text.
893 Now you will put a number of environments in your new document so that
894 you can see how they work.
897 \begin_layout Subsection
898 Sections and Subsections
901 \begin_layout Standard
906 on the first line of your LyX file, and select
918 \begin_layout Standard
924 If nothing is selected, LyX changes the paragraph you are currently in
925 to the selected environment.
926 Alternatively, you can change several paragraphs to a different environment
927 by selecting them before picking an environment.
944 , which will be covered below.
945 LyX numbers the section
946 \begin_inset Quotes eld
950 \begin_inset Quotes erd
953 and typesets the section heading (title) in a larger font.
964 \begin_inset Quotes eld
968 \begin_inset Quotes erd
972 \begin_inset Quotes eld
976 \begin_inset Quotes erd
980 Section headings, like most environments, are assumed to end when you type
986 Type the document introduction:
989 \begin_layout LyX-Code
990 This is an introduction to my first LyX document.
993 \begin_layout Standard
1008 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1012 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1015 and waits for you to type a title.
1017 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1026 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1029 , and you'll see that LyX again sets it as a section title.
1032 \begin_layout Standard
1034 Go to the end of Section\InsetSpace ~
1036 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1039 my first LyX document
1040 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1057 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1061 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1064 and waits for you to type a title.
1070 Section\InsetSpace ~
1072 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1076 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1079 , which used to be Section\InsetSpace ~
1080 2, has been automatically renumbered to Section\InsetSpace ~
1082 In true WYSIWYM fashion, you just need to identify the text that makes
1083 up the section titles, and LyX takes care of numbering the sections and
1087 \begin_layout Standard
1096 environment, and type the following five lines:
1099 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1100 Sections and subsections are described below.
1103 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1107 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1108 Sections are bigger than subsections.
1111 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1112 Subsection description
1115 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1116 Subsections are smaller than sections.
1119 \begin_layout Standard
1120 Click on the second line and select
1129 LyX numbers the subsection
1130 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1134 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1137 , and typesets it in a font which is bigger than regular text but smaller
1138 than the section title.
1139 Change the fourth line
1143 environment as well.
1144 As you probably expected, LyX automatically numbered the section
1145 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1149 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1153 If you put yet another section before Section\InsetSpace ~
1154 2, Section\InsetSpace ~
1155 2 will be renumbered
1156 as Section 3, and the subsections will be renumbered to
1157 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1161 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1165 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1169 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1176 \begin_layout Standard
1177 Further levels of sectioning include
1190 We'll let you play with these on your own.
1191 You may notice that paragraph and subparagraph headings are not numbered
1192 by default, and that subparagraphs are indented; see the
1196 for an explanation and how to change this.
1201 headings are actually the highest level of sectioning, above
1205 s, but you're only allowed to use them in certain types (text classes) of
1206 LyX documents (see Section\InsetSpace ~
1208 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
1209 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
1217 \begin_layout Standard
1218 Finally, you may want to have sections or subsections that are not numbered.
1219 There are environments for this as well.
1220 If you change one of your section headings to the
1224 environment (you may have to scroll down in the
1228 box to find it), LyX will use the same font size for the heading as it
1229 uses for a regular section, but it won't number that section.
1230 There are corresponding
1231 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1235 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1238 heading environments for
1247 Try changing some of your sections or subsections to the starred environments,
1248 and note how the other sections' numbers are updated.
1251 \begin_layout Standard
1256 : Fix the section and subsection headings in
1264 \begin_layout Subsection
1268 \begin_layout Standard
1269 LyX has several different environments for typesetting lists.
1270 The various list environments free you from hitting
1274 a million times when writing an outline, or from renumbering a whole list
1275 when you want to add a point in the middle of the list.
1276 Different types of documents logically require different list environments:
1279 \begin_layout Itemize
1280 A slide presentation might use the
1284 environment's bulleted lists to describe different points.
1288 \begin_layout Itemize
1289 An outline would use the
1293 environment's numbered lists (and lettered sublists).
1297 \begin_layout Itemize
1298 A document describing several software packages could use the
1302 environment, where each item in the list begins with a bold-faced word.
1306 \begin_layout Itemize
1311 environment --- not found in LaTeX --- is a slightly different form of
1319 \begin_layout Standard
1320 Let's write a list of reasons why LyX is better than other word processors.
1321 Somewhere in your document, type:
1324 \begin_layout Standard
1327 LyX is better than other word processors because:
1330 \begin_layout Standard
1346 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1350 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1354 Type in your reasons:
1357 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1358 Typesetting is done for you.
1361 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1365 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1366 Lists are very easy to create!
1369 \begin_layout Standard
1370 List environments, unlike headings, do not end when you type
1375 Instead, LyX assumes you're going on to the next item in the list.
1376 The above will therefore result in a three-item list.
1377 If you want more than one paragraph within one list
1381 , one way is to use the
1383 Protected\InsetSpace ~
1386 , which you get by typing
1391 In order to get out of the list, you need to reselect the
1395 environment (or just use the keybinding,
1403 \begin_layout Standard
1404 You've got a beautiful itemized list.
1405 You might want to run LaTeX to see how the list looks when printed out.
1406 But what if you wanted to number the reasons? Well, just select the whole
1411 \begin_layout Standard
1412 LyX won't let you select the first bullet unless you also select the paragraph
1417 the list, which you probably don't want to do.
1418 Similarly, you can't select the actual number in a numbered section title.
1419 This is on purpose because the bullet or number depends on the document
1420 settings or text position, respectively.
1434 Pow! As we mentioned, if you add or delete a list item, LyX will fix the
1438 \begin_layout Standard
1439 While the list is still selected, you can change to the other two list environme
1448 , in order to see what they look like.
1449 For those two environments, each list item is made up of a term, which
1450 is the item's first word, followed by a definition, which is the rest of
1451 the paragraph (until you hit
1455 .) The term is either typeset in boldface (
1460 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1464 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1471 \begin_layout Standard
1472 But a typesetter's tab, which will change to fit the size of the largest
1473 term, not a pathetic, rigid, unchangeable typewriter
1486 ) from the rest of the paragraph.
1487 If you want to have more than one word in the definition, then separate
1490 Protected\InsetSpace ~
1496 \begin_layout Standard
1501 : Typeset the list in
1506 \begin_layout Standard
1507 You can nest lists within each other in all sorts of interesting ways.
1508 An obvious example would be writing outlines.
1509 Numbered and bulleted lists will have different numbering and bulleting
1510 schemes for sublists.
1515 for details on the different sorts of lists and for examples of nestings.
1518 \begin_layout Subsection
1519 Other environments: Verses, Quotations, and more
1522 \begin_layout Standard
1523 There are two environments for setting quotations apart from surrounding
1528 for short quotes and
1541 \begin_layout Standard
1542 used in this Tutorial for the long typing examples
1551 font; this environment is the only place in LyX where you're allowed to
1552 use multiple spaces to allow code indenting.
1553 You can even write poetry using the
1561 to separate stanzas, and
1565 to separate lines within a stanza.
1570 for more complete descriptions of all of the available LyX environments.
1573 \begin_layout Standard
1578 : Correctly typeset the
1593 \begin_layout Chapter
1597 \begin_layout Standard
1598 The previous chapter hopefully allowed you to get used to writing in LyX.
1599 It introduced you to the basic editing operations in LyX, as well as the
1600 powerful method of writing with environments.
1601 Most people who use LyX, though, will want to write documents: papers,
1602 articles, books, manuals, or letters.
1603 This chapter is meant to take you from simply writing text with LyX to
1604 writing a complete document.
1605 It will introduce you to text classes, which allow you to write different
1607 It will then describe many of the additions that turn text into a document,
1608 such as titles, footnotes, cross references, bibliographies, and tables
1612 \begin_layout Section
1614 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
1615 name "sec:Document-Classes"
1622 \begin_layout Standard
1623 Different sorts of documents should be typeset differently.
1624 For example, books are generally printed double-sided, while articles are
1626 In addition, many documents contain special environments: letters contain
1627 some environments --- such as the sender's address and the signature ---
1628 which do not make sense in a book or article.
1637 \begin_layout Standard
1638 for LaTeX users: this is equivalent to the LaTeX document class
1643 takes care of these large scale differences between different sorts of
1645 This Tutorial, for example, was written in the
1650 Document classes are another major part of the WYSIWYM philosophy; they
1651 tell LyX how to typeset the document, so you don't need to know how.
1654 \begin_layout Standard
1655 Your document is probably being written in the
1663 \begin_layout Standard
1664 That's usually the default document class
1669 Try changing to other document classes (using the
1671 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1674 dialog) to see how they are typeset differently.
1675 If you change your document to the
1679 document class and look at the
1683 box, you'll see that most of the allowed environments are the same.
1684 However, you can now use the
1689 If you are ever unsure about which environments you can use in a given
1690 document class, just consult the
1697 \begin_layout Standard
1698 Font sizes, one- or two-column printing, and page headings are just some
1699 of the ways journals' typesettings differ from one another.
1700 As the Computer Age continues to mature, journals have begun accepting
1701 electronic submissions, creating LaTeX
1702 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1706 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1709 so that authors can submit correctly typeset articles.
1710 LyX is set up to support this as well.
1711 For example, LyX supports typesetting (and extra environments) for the
1712 American Mathematics Society journals using the
1714 Article\InsetSpace ~
1720 \begin_layout Standard
1721 Here is a very quick reference to some of the document classes.
1724 Special Document Classes
1730 manual for many more details.
1733 \begin_layout Standard
1735 \begin_inset Tabular
1736 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
1738 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
1739 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
1740 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
1741 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1744 \begin_layout Standard
1750 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1753 \begin_layout Standard
1760 <row topline="true">
1761 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1764 \begin_layout Standard
1770 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1773 \begin_layout Standard
1774 one-sided, no chapters
1780 <row topline="true">
1781 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1784 \begin_layout Standard
1790 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1793 \begin_layout Standard
1794 layout & environments for American Math Society
1800 <row topline="true">
1801 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1804 \begin_layout Standard
1810 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1813 \begin_layout Standard
1814 longer than article, two-sided
1820 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
1821 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1824 \begin_layout Standard
1830 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1833 \begin_layout Standard
1834 report + front and back matter
1840 <row bottomline="true">
1841 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1844 \begin_layout Standard
1850 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1853 \begin_layout Standard
1860 <row bottomline="true">
1861 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1864 \begin_layout Standard
1870 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1873 \begin_layout Standard
1874 lots of extra environments for address, signature\SpecialChar \ldots{}
1888 \begin_layout Section
1889 Templates: Writing a Letter
1892 \begin_layout Standard
1893 ne way to write a letter would be to open a new file, and choose a
1899 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1903 While this is the most obvious way to write a letter, it seems like extra
1905 Every time you write a business letter, you want to have your address,
1906 the address you're sending to, a body, a signature, etc.
1911 for letters, which contains a sample letter; once you have a template,
1912 you can just replace a couple parts of the letter with your text each time
1916 \begin_layout Standard
1917 Open a new file with
1919 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1930 Save and print the file to see how the various environments are typeset.
1933 \begin_layout Standard
1934 When you look at the
1938 box, you'll see several environments, like the
1943 environment, which don't even exist in most other document classes.
1953 You can play around for a while to figure out how the various environments
1955 You'll notice for example that the
1959 environment has the word
1960 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1964 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1967 in red before the actual text of the signature.
1968 This word doesn't show up in the actual letter, as you'll see if you view/expor
1970 It's just there to let you know where the signature goes.
1971 Also, note that it doesn't matter where in the file the
1976 Remember, LyX is WYSIWYM; you can put the
1980 environment anywhere you want, but LyX knows that in the printout, the
1981 signature should be at the end.
1984 \begin_layout Standard
1985 A template is just a regular LyX file.
1986 This means you can fill in your address and signature and save the file
1988 From now on, any time you want to write a letter, you can use the new template
1990 We don't have to suggest an actual
1991 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1995 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1998 here; just write a letter to someone!
2002 \begin_layout Standard
2003 One warning, if you're writing from a template.
2004 If you erase all of the text in an environment --- for example, if you
2010 field so that you can replace it with your own --- and then you move the
2011 cursor without writing any text, the environment may disappear.
2012 This is because most environments cannot exist without any text in them.
2013 Just reselect the environment from the
2025 \begin_layout Standard
2026 Templates can be a huge time-saver, and we urge you to use them whenever
2028 In addition, they can help a person learn how to use some of the fancier
2030 Finally, they may be useful for a person who is configuring LyX for a bunch
2031 of less computer-aware users.
2032 When they're first learning LyX, it will be much less intimidating if they
2033 have a letter template customized for their company, for example.
2036 \begin_layout Section
2040 \begin_layout Standard
2041 LyX (like LaTeX) considers the title --- which may contain the actual title,
2042 the author, the date, and even an abstract of a paper --- to be a separate
2043 part of the document.
2046 \begin_layout Standard
2047 Go back to your LyX document and make sure it's using the
2055 \begin_layout Standard
2056 You should not be using the letter any more, since the
2060 textclass doesn't allow titles.
2065 Type a title on the first line, and change the line to the
2070 On the next line, type your name and change it to the
2075 On the next line, write the date in the
2080 Type a paragraph or two summarizing your document using the
2085 Notice how the title is presented when it's printed out.
2086 If you changed the document format to Book, you'll get a separate title
2087 page, like the first page of this tutorial.
2090 \begin_layout Standard
2095 : Fix the title, date, and author in
2100 \begin_layout Section
2101 Labels and Cross-References
2102 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
2110 \begin_layout Standard
2111 You can label section headings, list items, formulas, footnotes, and floats
2115 \begin_layout Standard
2116 Floats are explained in the
2130 Once you do so, you can refer to this section in other parts of the document,
2131 using cross-references.
2132 You can refer either to the section's number, or to the page that the section
2134 As with section numbering, LyX also takes care about cross-reference numbering
2136 Automatic labels and cross-references are one of the best advantages of
2137 LyX (and LaTeX) over conventional word processors.
2140 \begin_layout Subsection*
2144 \begin_layout Standard
2145 Go to our second section, whose title is
2146 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2150 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2154 Click at the end of the section title line, and select
2156 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2159 or the toolbar button
2160 \begin_inset Graphics
2161 filename ../images/label-insert.png
2168 A dialog asks you for a label name, and gives you a suggestion.
2173 , the label name will be placed in a box next to the section title.
2176 \begin_layout Standard
2177 By the way, you could have put the label right anywhere within the section
2178 as well; section references will refer to the last section or subsection
2179 whose heading comes before the label.
2180 However, putting it on the same line as the section title (or, perhaps,
2181 on the first line of the section's text) ensures that page references will
2182 reference the beginning of the section.
2185 \begin_layout Standard
2186 So far you haven't done anything --- the DVI output will look exactly the
2187 same, since labels don't show up in the printed document.
2188 However, now that you have added a label, you can refer to that label with
2193 \begin_layout Subsection*
2194 Your first cross-reference
2197 \begin_layout Standard
2198 Place the cursor somewhere in Section\InsetSpace ~
2203 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2204 If you want to know more about this document, then see
2210 \begin_layout Standard
2211 Now --- with the cursor after the word
2212 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2216 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2221 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2225 or the toolbar button
2226 \begin_inset Graphics
2227 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png
2239 It shows a list of the possible labels you can reference.
2240 At the moment, there should be only one,
2241 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2244 sec:About-This-Document
2245 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2249 Select it (it may be selected by default), and click
2254 Now put the cursor after the word
2255 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2259 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2262 , and change the reference format to use the page number then click
2267 (To be really correct, you should put a
2269 Protected\InsetSpace ~
2273 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2277 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2281 Same for the page reference.)
2284 \begin_layout Standard
2285 LyX puts the references in a box right where the cursor was.
2286 In the printed document, this reference marker will be replaced with either
2287 the page or section number (depending on what you selected in the
2292 View your document as DVI, and you'll see that on the last page we refer
2294 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2297 Section\InsetSpace ~
2299 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2303 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2308 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2311 (or whatever page Section\InsetSpace ~
2315 \begin_layout Standard
2316 Conveniently, a cross-reference acts as a hyperlink when you are editing
2317 a document in LyX; clicking on it will pop up the
2327 will move the cursor to the referenced label.
2330 \begin_layout Subsection*
2331 More fun with labels
2334 \begin_layout Standard
2335 We told you that LyX takes care about numbering cross-references; now you
2337 Add a new section before Section\InsetSpace ~
2339 Update the DVI view, and --- voilà ! --- the section cross reference changed
2341 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2345 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2348 ! Change the section
2349 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2353 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2356 to a subsection, and the cross-reference will reference Subsection\InsetSpace ~
2358 of Section\InsetSpace ~
2360 The page reference won't change unless you add a whole page of text before
2361 the label, of course.
2365 \begin_layout Standard
2366 If you want some more practice with labels, then try putting a new label
2367 where your first cross-reference was, and refer to that label from elsewhere
2369 If you'll be inserting cross-references often, it may be convenient to
2377 \begin_layout Standard
2378 If you want to make sure that the cross-referencing gets the pages right
2379 even for larger documents,
2383 a couple pages of text from the
2387 to the clipboard, and
2391 the stolen text into your document.
2395 \begin_layout Standard
2396 By the way, copying a chapter title may cause an error, because chapters
2397 aren't allowed in the article class, see section\InsetSpace ~
2399 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
2400 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
2405 If this happens, just delete the chapter title.
2413 \begin_layout Standard
2418 : Fix the references in
2423 \begin_layout Section
2424 Footnotes and Margin Notes
2427 \begin_layout Standard
2428 Footnotes can be added using the toolbar button
2429 \begin_inset Graphics
2430 filename ../images/footnote-insert.png
2438 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2442 Click at the end of the word
2443 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2447 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2450 somewhere in your document and click the
2451 \begin_inset Graphics
2452 filename ../images/footnote-insert.png
2459 A footnote box appears where you can enter the text of the footnote.
2460 LyX should place the cursor at the beginning of the footnote box.
2464 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2465 LyX is a typesetting word processor.
2468 \begin_layout Standard
2469 Now click on the button labelled
2470 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2474 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2478 The footnote box is closed, leaving the button showing where the footnote
2479 marker will be in the printed text; this is called
2480 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2484 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2488 You can unfold the footnote at any time --- and re-edit its text, if you
2489 want --- by clicking again on the
2490 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2494 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2500 \begin_layout Standard
2501 You may wonder why the footnote button is a word instead of a number.
2502 The answer is that LyX takes care about the footnote numbering for you
2503 in the printed text.
2504 You can see this yourself by looking at the DVI file (or printout).
2505 If you add other footnotes, LyX will renumber the footnotes.
2506 Since LyX (well, LaTeX, actually) takes care of the footnote numbering,
2507 there's really no need to put the numbers in the LyX file.
2510 \begin_layout Standard
2511 A footnote can be cut and pasted like normal text.
2512 Go ahead; try it! All you need to do is select the footnote button
2516 \begin_layout Standard
2517 It may be easier to select it using the keyboard.
2518 You might accidentally open the footnote if you're trying to select the
2519 marker itself with the mouse.
2533 In addition, you can change regular text to a footnote, by selecting it
2535 \begin_inset Graphics
2536 filename ../images/footnote-insert.png
2542 button; change a footnote to regular text by hitting the
2546 key when the cursor is in the first position of a footnote, or by hitting
2551 key when the cursor is in the very last position of the footnote, respectively.
2554 \begin_layout Standard
2555 Margin notes can be added using the menu
2557 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2558 Marginal\InsetSpace ~
2561 or the toolbar button
2562 \begin_inset Graphics
2563 filename ../images/marginalnote-insert.png
2570 Margin notes are like footnotes, except that:
2573 \begin_layout Itemize
2574 the on-screen boxes say
2575 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2579 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2583 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2587 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2593 \begin_layout Itemize
2594 the notes will be placed in the margin, instead of below the text
2597 \begin_layout Itemize
2598 margin notes are not numbered
2601 \begin_layout Standard
2602 Change your LyX footnote back to text, then select and change it to a margin
2604 Run LaTeX again to see what the margin note looks like.
2607 \begin_layout Standard
2612 : Fix the footnote in
2617 \begin_layout Section
2619 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
2620 name "sec:bibliographies"
2627 \begin_layout Standard
2628 Bibliographies (at least in the exact sciences) are similar to cross references.
2629 The bibliography contains a list of references at the end of the document,
2630 and they can be referenced from within the document.
2631 Like section titles, LyX and LaTeX make your job easier by automatically
2632 numbering the bibliography items and changing citations when the item numbers
2636 \begin_layout Standard
2637 Go to the end of the document and switch to the
2642 Now, each paragraph you type will be a reference.
2644 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2649 The Lyx Tutorial, by the LyX Documentation Team
2652 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2655 as your first reference.
2656 Note that LyX automatically puts a number in a box before each reference.
2657 Click on the boxed reference number, and the
2659 Bibliography\InsetSpace ~
2667 is to refer to this reference within the LyX document, the
2676 is set (default), you will see the number of the bibliography in the output.
2682 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2686 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2689 to make it easy to remember.
2692 \begin_layout Standard
2693 Now pick somewhere in your document that you would like to insert a reference.
2696 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2699 or the toolbar button
2700 \begin_inset Graphics
2701 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_citation.png
2713 The right panel in this dialog lists all the bibliography entries, and
2714 this field allows you to choose which bibliography item you want to cite.
2716 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2720 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2723 (right now, that's the only item in the bibliography), then use the
2727 button in the center to insert it.
2728 (You can have multiple citations in the same place by transferring a number
2729 of keys this way.) Now view your file as DVI, and you'll see that the citation
2730 appears in brackets in the text, referring to the bibliography at the end
2734 \begin_layout Standard
2744 dialog will put a remark (such as a reference to a page or chapter within
2745 the referenced book or article) in the brackets after the reference.
2746 If you want the references to have labels instead of numbers in the printed
2747 output (for example, some journals would use
2748 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2752 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2755 to refer to a paper written by Smith in 1995), use the
2761 Bibliography\InsetSpace ~
2772 \begin_layout Standard
2777 Fix the bibliography and citation in
2782 \begin_layout Section
2786 \begin_layout Standard
2787 You may want to put a table of contents at the beginning of your document.
2788 LyX makes this very easy to do.
2793 after your document title and before your first section title and choose
2796 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2799 TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2806 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2810 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2813 will appear in a button on the first line of the document.
2817 \begin_layout Standard
2818 This may not appear to be very useful.
2819 However, if you look at your DVI file, you will see that a table of contents
2820 has been generated, listing the various sections and subsections in your
2822 As usual, if you reorder sections or create new ones, you will see those
2823 changes in the DVI file when you update it.
2827 \begin_layout Standard
2828 The table of contents is not printed in the on-screen version of the document
2829 to keep the overview in your file.
2830 But you can display the table of contents in a separate window by clicking
2831 on the table of contents button, or by using
2833 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2837 This menu will work even if you don't have a table of contents inset in
2839 This is a very useful tool where you can move around your document parts.
2840 Clicking on a (sub)section title in the
2844 window will highlight that line and move the display (in the LyX editing
2845 window) to that place in the document.
2846 You can also use the arrow keys to move up and down in the table of contents.
2847 You may therefore find it convenient to leave this window open throughout
2849 You can get similar functionality from the
2853 menu, though, where the table of contents appears automatically.
2856 \begin_layout Standard
2857 To get rid of the Table of Contents, you can delete the table of contents
2858 button just like any other text.
2861 \begin_layout Standard
2866 : Fix the table of contents in
2871 \begin_layout Chapter
2875 \begin_layout Standard
2876 LaTeX is used by many scientists because it outputs great looking equations,
2877 avoiding the control characters used by word processors and their equation
2879 Many of these scientists are frustrated, however, because writing equations
2880 in LaTeX is more like programming than writing.
2881 Happily, LyX has WYSIWYM support for equations.
2882 If you are used to LaTeX, you'll find that all of the usual LaTeX math
2883 commands can be typed in normally, but they will show up in a WYSIWYM fashion.
2884 If, on the other hand, you've never written in LaTeX, then the
2889 will allow you to write professional-looking math quickly and easily
2893 \begin_layout Standard
2894 LyX can't check if the math you're writing is actually
2907 \begin_layout Section
2911 \begin_layout Standard
2912 Somewhere in your LyX document, type:
2915 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2916 I like what Einstein said, E=mc^2, because it's so simple.
2920 \begin_layout Standard
2921 Now, that equation doesn't look very good, even in the
2925 file; there's no space between the letters and the equals sign, and you'd
2926 like to write an actual superscript for the
2927 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2931 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2935 That bad typesetting happened because we didn't tell LyX that we were writing
2936 a mathematical expression, so it typeset the equation like regular old
2940 \begin_layout Standard
2941 Instead, we create a formula that will get typeset properly.
2942 In order to create a formula, just click the toolbar button with
2943 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{a+b}{c}$
2946 written on it in blue.
2947 LyX will insert a little blue square, which is an empty math formula.
2948 LyX has placed the cursor in the blue square, so just type
2953 The expression is typed in blue, and the blue square disappears as soon
2954 as the formula is not empty.
2959 to leave the equation The purple markers disappear, leaving the cursor
2960 to the right of the expression, and now if you type something, it will
2964 \begin_layout Standard
2965 Run LaTeX and look at the
2970 Notice that the expression was typeset nicely, with spaces between the
2971 letters and the equals sign, and a superscript
2972 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2976 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2980 Letters in math mode are assumed to be variables, and come out in italics.
2981 Numbers are just numbers.
2984 \begin_layout Standard
2985 This math editor is another example of the WYSIWYM philosophy.
2986 In LaTeX, you write a mathematical expression using text and commands like
2993 ; this can be frustrating, because you can't see what an expression looks
2994 like until you LaTeX the file, and may have to spend time to find missing
2996 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3000 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3004 On the other hand, LyX doesn't attempt to get the expression to look perfect
3005 (WYSIWYG), but it gives you an extremely good idea of what the expression
3007 LaTeX then takes care of the professional typesetting.
3008 99% of the time, you won't have to make any changes to the font sizes or
3009 spacing that LaTeX outputs.
3010 This way (sorry to be so repetitive) you can focus on the
3014 of your mathematical expressions, not their format.
3017 \begin_layout Section
3018 Navigating an Equation
3021 \begin_layout Standard
3023 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
3027 \begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$
3031 Use the arrow keys to move the cursor into the expression.
3032 Note that when you enter the expression, the purple markers appear to let
3033 you know you're editing math.
3042 to move the cursor past the equals sign, and just type
3043 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3047 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3051 Again, you can use the arrow keys or
3055 to leave the formula\SpecialChar \@.
3059 \begin_layout Standard
3060 Other than the special keys described below, typing in math mode is like
3061 editing regular text.
3071 Select text either with the arrow keys or with the mouse.
3077 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3084 works in math mode, as does cutting and pasting.
3085 One thing to be careful of: if you're right outside a formula and you type
3094 ), it will delete the whole expression.
3095 Luckily, you can just use
3102 \begin_layout Standard
3103 What if you want to change
3104 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
3108 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$
3111 ? Again, you can use the mouse to click in the right place.
3112 However, you can also use the arrow keys.
3113 If the cursor is just after the
3114 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3118 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3122 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3126 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3133 will move the cursor to the level of the superscript, just before the
3134 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3138 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3143 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3147 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3155 will move the cursor back to the regular level.
3160 from anywhere within the superscript, the cursor will be placed just
3164 the superscript (so that you can then type the
3165 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3169 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3175 \begin_layout Section
3176 Exponents and Indices
3179 \begin_layout Standard
3180 An exponent can be entered from the
3185 (see below), but it's actually simpler just to type the caret key,
3186 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3190 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3194 LyX will place another blue rectangle in the superscript, so that whatever
3195 you write next will be superscripted, and in a smaller font size.
3196 Everything you type until you hit a
3204 to exit Mathed entirely) will be in the superscript.
3207 \begin_layout Standard
3208 Writing a subscript (index) is just as easy --- start one by typing the
3210 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3214 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3218 You can subscript and superscript both subscripts and superscripts like
3220 \begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$
3227 \begin_layout Standard
3239 \begin_layout Section
3243 \begin_layout Standard
3249 is a convenient way to enter symbols or to perform many complicated Mathed
3251 Many of these functions can be accomplished from the keyboard or the
3253 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3258 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3262 However, we're going to concentrate on using the
3267 , just to let you know what's out there; you can learn keyboard shortcuts
3268 later, from other manuals.
3271 \begin_layout Standard
3276 can be turned on in the menu
3278 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3282 When you click there on
3283 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3287 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3290 the toolbar will be shown permanently at the bottom; this state is visualized
3295 menu with a checkmark.
3296 When you click in this state again on
3297 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3301 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3312 is only shown when the cursor is within a formula; this state is visualized
3313 by the renaming of the menu entry from
3314 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3318 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3322 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3327 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3333 \begin_layout Subsection
3337 \begin_layout Standard
3343 which allow you to choose from a large array of symbols used in math: various
3344 arrows, relations, operators, and sums and integrals.
3345 Note that subscripting and superscripting allow you to put lower and upper
3346 limits on sums and integrals.
3350 \begin_layout Standard
3351 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3354 Nothing you can do that can't be done\SpecialChar \ldots{}
3356 \begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$
3360 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3366 \begin_layout Subsection
3367 Square roots, accents, and delimiters
3370 \begin_layout Standard
3371 To type a square root, just click on the button with a square root sign
3373 The square root appears, and the cursor is in a new insertion point inside
3375 You can type variables, numbers, other square roots, fractions, whatever
3377 LyX will automatically resize the square root to fit what's inside.
3380 \begin_layout Standard
3381 Accenting a character (
3382 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$
3385 ) or group of characters (
3386 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$
3389 ) is done the same way.
3394 types are available from the toolbar.
3395 Click on a decoration, and LyX will insert that decoration with an insertion
3396 point under (or over) it.
3397 Just type what you want in the insertion point.
3398 There are two sets of decorations: those that resize with the text you
3399 type, and those that have fixed size, and are most appropriate for a single
3404 \begin_layout Standard
3405 Delimiters such as parentheses, brackets, and braces work similarly, but
3406 are a bit more complicated.
3411 button, which features a blue square surrounded by brackets, to pop up
3417 Your current selection of delimiters is displayed in a box.
3418 It's a pair of parentheses by default, but you can choose a pair of braces,
3419 a brace and a parenthesis, or even choose the empty square to have something
3421 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3425 \begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$
3429 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3432 (the empty delimiter is displayed as a broken line in LyX, but won't show
3436 \begin_layout Standard
3437 If you're lazy, you can type actual parentheses in math mode, rather than
3443 However, those parentheses will be the same size as regular text, which
3444 will look bad if you have a big fraction or matrix inside the parentheses.
3449 window will guarantee that the delimiters are sized based on what's inside
3453 \begin_layout Standard
3454 You can also put delimiters or a square root sign or a decoration on already
3456 Select the portion of the formula that you want to adjust, and then click
3457 on the button you want from the
3463 Try using this to change Newton's second law from scalar to vector form
3465 \begin_inset Formula $f=ma$
3469 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$
3473 Once you've learned about matrices, this is how you'll put parentheses
3474 or brackets around them.
3477 \begin_layout Subsection
3481 \begin_layout Standard
3482 Fractions are very simple in Mathed.
3492 , which shows a fraction with blue squares in the numerator and the denominator.
3493 LyX writes two insertion points in a fraction.
3494 As you would expect, you can use arrow keys or the mouse to move around
3496 Click on the top square and type
3497 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3501 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3510 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3514 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3518 You've made a fraction! Of course you can type anything within each of
3519 the two boxes: variables with exponents, square roots, other fractions,
3524 \begin_layout Standard
3536 \begin_layout Subsection
3537 TeX mode: Limits, log, sin and others
3540 \begin_layout Standard
3541 Because letters in math mode are considered to be variables, if you type
3543 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3547 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3550 in math mode, LyX thinks you're typing the product of the three variables
3552 \begin_inset Formula $s$
3556 \begin_inset Formula $i$
3560 \begin_inset Formula $n$
3564 The three letters will be typeset in italics, when what you really wanted
3566 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3570 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3574 In addition, LyX won't put a space between the word
3575 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3579 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3583 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3587 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3594 will just exit math mode).
3596 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3600 \begin_inset Formula $\sin x$
3604 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3608 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3612 \begin_inset Formula $sinx$
3616 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3622 \begin_layout Standard
3624 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3628 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3642 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3646 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3649 is written in black, in upright roman type.
3650 The whole word is treated as one symbol, so if you type
3654 , it will delete the whole word.
3656 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3660 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3663 , which will be written in blue italics, like you expect in Mathed.
3668 file, the expression will be correctly typeset.
3672 \begin_layout Standard
3673 Other commands you need to type in TeX mode using the
3677 box include other trigonometric functions and their inverses, hyperbolic
3678 functions, logarithms, limits, and quite a few others.
3679 These functions can take subscripts and superscripts, important for typing
3681 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3685 \begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$
3689 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3693 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3697 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$
3701 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3707 \begin_layout Standard
3719 \begin_layout Subsection
3721 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
3729 \begin_layout Standard
3740 The dialog has two sliding bars which allow you to choose how many rows
3741 and columns you want in your matrix.
3742 Choose 2 rows and 3 columns and hit
3751 LyX prints 6 insertion points in a
3752 \begin_inset Formula $2\times3$
3756 As usual, you can put any sort of Mathed expression (a square root, another
3757 matrix, etc.) in each insertion point.
3758 You can also leave some of the insertion points empty if you want.
3761 \begin_layout Standard
3766 can be used to move horizontally between the columns of a matrix.
3767 Alternatively, you can use the arrow keys to move around - hitting
3771 at the end of one box will move to the next box,
3775 will move to the next row, etc.
3778 \begin_layout Standard
3779 If you suddenly need more rows or columns, use
3784 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3789 ath\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3807 They add a row or column just after the current position.
3828 \begin_layout Standard
3833 for information on how to change the horizontal alignment of each column,
3834 and how to change the vertical position of the whole matrix.
3835 Note that if you want to write a table containing text, you should use
3836 LyX' wonderful table support, rather than trying to write text in a matrix.
3839 \begin_layout Subsection
3843 \begin_layout Standard
3844 All of the expressions we have written so far have been on the same line
3845 as the text that came before and after them, otherwise known as inline
3847 This is fine for short, simple expressions, but if you want to write larger
3848 ones, or if you want your expressions to stand out from the text, you need
3849 to write them in display mode.
3850 In addition, only displayed expressions can be labeled and numbered (see
3855 ), and multi-line equations (see Sec.
3857 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
3858 reference "sec:multiline"
3862 ) must be in display mode.
3865 \begin_layout Standard
3875 , which represents a couple lines of text before and after a centered blue
3877 LyX inserts a formula, but the insertion point is on a new line, and it's
3878 centered within that line.
3879 Now type an expression and run LaTeX to see how it looks.
3884 button is actually a toggle; use it now to change a couple of your expressions
3885 to display mode and back.
3889 \begin_layout Standard
3890 Display mode has a couple differences from inline mode:
3893 \begin_layout Itemize
3894 The default font is larger for a few symbols, like
3895 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
3899 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
3905 \begin_layout Itemize
3906 Subscripts and superscripts for limits and sums (but not integrals) are
3907 written under rather than next to the symbols
3910 \begin_layout Itemize
3914 \begin_layout Standard
3915 Other than these differences, though, displayed expressions and inline expressio
3916 ns are very similar.
3919 \begin_layout Standard
3920 One final note about the way displayed formulae are typeset: be careful
3921 about whether you're putting your equation into a new paragraph or not.
3922 If your formula is in the middle of a sentence or paragraph, then don't
3928 Doing so will cause the text
3932 the formula to start a new paragraph.
3933 That text will therefore be indented, which is probably not what you want.
3936 \begin_layout Standard
3941 : Put the various equations in
3945 into display mode, and see how they're typeset differently.
3948 \begin_layout Standard
3953 : Using various tools you've learned in this section, you should be able
3954 to write an equation like
3958 \begin_layout Standard
3959 After you've done it the hard way, why don't you give
3964 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3969 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
3983 \begin_inset Formula \[
3984 f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc}
3987 \sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0\end{array}\right.\]
3994 \begin_layout Section
3998 \begin_layout Standard
3999 Mathed can do plenty more.
4000 By now, you're familiar with the basics, so we'll just refer to the
4007 \begin_layout Itemize
4008 Labeling and numbering expressions
4011 \begin_layout Itemize
4012 Multi-line equations
4015 \begin_layout Itemize
4016 Change typefaces, e.g., to write bold-face text in an expression.
4019 \begin_layout Itemize
4020 Fine-tune font sizes and spacing within an expression.
4021 (Don't worry about this until your final draft!)
4024 \begin_layout Itemize
4026 These are very powerful, because you just define them once at the top of
4027 the document, and then you can use them throughout the document.
4028 If you change the macro definition, the references to the macro will be
4029 changed throughout the document.
4030 Macros can even take arguments.
4033 \begin_layout Itemize
4034 Do lots of other things we didn't have time to mention in this
4041 \begin_layout Chapter
4045 \begin_layout Section
4046 Other major LyX Features
4049 \begin_layout Standard
4050 We haven't gone through all the possible commands in LyX, and we aren't
4058 Embedded\InsetSpace ~
4061 manual for more information.
4062 We'll just mention a couple more major things LyX can do:
4065 \begin_layout Itemize
4066 LyX has WYSIWYM support for tables.
4069 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4073 \begin_inset Graphics
4074 filename ../images/tabular-insert.png
4081 Click on the table with the
4090 dialog box which allows extensive table editing.
4093 \begin_layout Itemize
4094 LyX also supports including pictures in any format within documents.
4097 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4101 \begin_inset Graphics
4102 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_graphics.png
4109 Then browse for the figure file, rotate or scale it, etc.) Tables and figures
4110 can have captions, and LyX will automatically generate lists of figures
4114 \begin_layout Itemize
4115 LyX is heavily configurable.
4116 Everything from how the LyX window looks to how the output comes out can
4117 be configured in a number of ways.
4118 Much configuration is done through
4120 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4124 For more information on this, check out
4126 Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4127 Customization\SpecialChar \@.
4131 \begin_layout Itemize
4132 LyX is being developed by a team of programmers on five continents.
4133 Therefore, LyX has better support for non-English languages (such as Dutch,
4134 German, French, Greek, Czech, Turkish, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
4135 ) than many word processors.
4136 Even the right-to-left languages Arabic, Farsi, and Hebrew and the Asian
4137 languages Chinese Japanese, and Korean are supported.
4138 You can write documents in other languages and you can also configure LyX
4139 to show its menus and error messages in other languages.
4143 \begin_layout Itemize
4144 The LyX menus feature keybindings.
4145 This means that you can do
4147 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4158 or by using the binding which is shown next to it in the menu (C-O by default).
4159 Keybindings are also configurable.
4160 For information on this, check out
4162 Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4163 Customization\SpecialChar \@.
4167 \begin_layout Itemize
4168 LyX can read LaTeX documents.
4169 See section\InsetSpace ~
4171 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
4172 reference "sec:tex2lyx"
4179 \begin_layout Itemize
4180 Spellchecking, thesaurus, and word count facilities are available.
4183 \begin_layout Itemize
4184 Generation of indexes and nomenclatures/glossaries is supported.
4187 \begin_layout Section
4189 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
4190 name "sec:latexusers"
4197 \begin_layout Standard
4198 If you don't know anything about LaTeX, you don't have to read this section.
4199 Actually, you might want to
4203 about LaTeX, and then read this chapter.
4204 However, some who begin to use LyX will be familiar with LaTeX.
4205 If you are such a person, you may be wondering if LyX can really do everything
4207 The short answer is that LyX can do pretty much everything LaTeX can do
4208 in one form or another, and it definitely simplifies most parts of writing
4212 \begin_layout Standard
4213 Because this is just a tutorial, we are only going to mention things that
4214 new LyX users will most likely be interested in.
4215 In the interests of keeping the Tutorial short, we will give only minimal
4219 Extended\InsetSpace ~
4224 Embedded\InsetSpace ~
4227 manual have a great deal of information on differences between LyX and
4228 LaTeX, and how to do various LaTeX tricks in LyX.
4231 \begin_layout Subsection
4235 \begin_layout Standard
4236 Anything that you enter in TeX mode will be passed straight to LaTeX, and
4237 will be displayed in red on the screen.
4238 You can use TeX commands in LyX by choosing
4240 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4245 \begin_inset Graphics
4246 filename ../images/ert-insert.png
4253 This creates a box where everything within it is passed straight to LaTeX.
4256 \begin_layout Standard
4257 In a math formula, TeX mode is handled a bit differently.
4258 TeX mode is there entered by typing a backslash.
4259 The backslash is not written out, but anything you type afterwards will
4261 You exit TeX mode by typing
4265 or some other non-alphabetic character, like a number, underscore, caret,
4267 Once you exit TeX mode, if LyX knows the TeX command you've typed in, it
4268 will convert it to WYSIWYM\SpecialChar \@.
4270 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4280 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4283 in a formula and then press
4287 , LyX will change the red
4288 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4292 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4296 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4300 \begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
4304 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4308 This will work for almost all, non-complicated math macros.
4309 This may be faster than using the
4314 , and will be especially convenient for experienced LaTeX users.
4317 \begin_layout Standard
4318 As a special case, if you type a brace in TeX mode, then the beginning
4322 ending braces will be inserted in red, then take you
4326 of TeX mode and place the cursor between the braces.
4327 This makes it more convenient to type commands that LyX doesn't know which
4331 \begin_layout Standard
4332 LyX can't do absolutely everything that LaTeX can do.
4333 Some fancy functions are not supported at all, while some work but aren't
4335 TeX mode allows users to get the full flexibility of LaTeX, while having
4336 all the convenient features of LyX, like WYSIWYM math, tables, and editing.
4337 LyX could never support every LaTeX package.
4344 in the preamble (see section\InsetSpace ~
4346 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
4347 reference "sec:preamble"
4351 ), you can use any package you want --- although you won't have WYSIWYM
4352 support for that package's features.
4355 \begin_layout Subsection
4356 Importing LaTeX Documents ---
4361 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
4369 \begin_layout Standard
4370 You can import a LaTeX file into LyX by using the
4372 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4373 Import\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4378 This will call the program
4382 which will create a file
4390 and then open that file.
4391 If the translation doesn't work, you can try calling
4395 from the command line, possibly using fancier options.
4398 \begin_layout Standard
4403 will translate most legal LaTeX, but not everything.
4404 It will leave things it doesn't understand in TeX mode, so after translating
4409 , you can look for red text and hand-edit it to look right.
4412 \begin_layout Standard
4417 has its own manpage.
4418 Read it to find out about which LaTeX commands and environments aren't
4419 supported, bugs (and how to get around them), and how to use the various
4423 \begin_layout Subsection
4424 Converting LyX Documents to LaTeX
4427 \begin_layout Standard
4428 You might wish to convert a LyX Document to a LaTeX file.
4429 For example, a co-worker or co-author who doesn't have LyX might want to
4433 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4434 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4438 This will create a file
4446 file you are editing.
4447 LyX always creates temporary LaTeX files when viewing or printing files.
4450 \begin_layout Subsection
4454 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4458 \begin_layout Standard
4461 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4464 dialog takes care of many of the options that you would input in a
4471 Change the class, default font size and paper size here.
4472 Put any extra options to the
4490 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4491 Other Preamble Matter
4492 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
4500 \begin_layout Standard
4501 If you have special commands to put in the preamble of a LaTeX file, you
4502 can use them in a LyX document as well.
4505 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4506 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4510 and type in the dialog window (or from the document settings dialog, depending
4512 Anything you type will (like with TeX mode) be sent directly to LaTeX.
4515 \begin_layout Subsection
4519 \begin_layout Standard
4520 LyX has support for BibTeX, which allows you to build databases of bibliographic
4521 al references to be used in multiple documents.
4527 nsert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4534 C\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4551 field you load BibTeX files, in the
4555 field you can load BibTeX style files.
4558 \begin_layout Standard
4559 After you've done this, you can use citations from any bibliographies you're
4562 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4565 (see section\InsetSpace ~
4567 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
4568 reference "sec:bibliographies"
4573 LyX will take care of running BibTeX.
4578 dialog will show a list of all the references in your
4585 \begin_layout Section
4589 \begin_layout Standard
4590 Sometimes when you LaTeX a document, there will be errors, things that LyX
4591 or LaTeX can't understand.
4592 When this happens, LyX will open a
4598 Clicking on individual errors in this dialog will take you to the place
4599 in the LyX document where the error occurs and also display the detailed
4600 LaTeX error message.