1 #LyX 1.6.4 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
7 % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
9 %This preamble is designed to ensure that the document prints
10 % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble,
11 % parts of the document may not print out as expected. If you
12 % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact
13 % the documentation team
14 % email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
16 \usepackage{ifpdf} % part of the hyperref bundle
17 \ifpdf % if pdflatex is used
19 % set fonts for nicer pdf view
20 \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}{}
22 \fi % end if pdflatex is used
24 % the pages of the TOC is numbered roman
25 % and a pdf-bookmark for the TOC is added
26 \let\myTOC\tableofcontents
27 \renewcommand\tableofcontents{%
29 \pdfbookmark[1]{\contentsname}{}
33 % redefine the \LyX macro for PDF bookmarks
34 \def\LyX{\texorpdfstring{%
35 L\kern-.1667em\lower.25em\hbox{Y}\kern-.125emX\@}
38 \use_default_options false
43 \font_typewriter default
44 \font_default_family default
54 \pdf_title "The LyX Tutorial"
55 \pdf_author "LyX Team"
56 \pdf_subject "LyX-documentation Tutorial"
57 \pdf_keywords "LyX, documentation"
59 \pdf_bookmarksnumbered true
60 \pdf_bookmarksopen true
61 \pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1
66 \pdf_pdfusetitle false
67 \pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue,pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true,pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false, pdfpagelabels"
74 \paperorientation portrait
77 \paragraph_separation indent
79 \quotes_language english
82 \paperpagestyle headings
83 \tracking_changes false
100 \begin_layout Plain Layout
101 If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documenta
105 \begin_inset CommandInset href
107 target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
122 \begin_layout Standard
123 \begin_inset CommandInset toc
124 LatexCommand tableofcontents
131 \begin_layout Chapter
135 \begin_layout Section
139 \begin_layout Standard
140 This file is designed for all of you who have never heard of LaTeX, or do
141 not know it very well.
142 Now, do not panic - you will not need to learn LaTeX to use LyX.
143 That is, after all, the whole point of LyX: to provide an almost-WYSIWYG
145 There are some things you will need to learn, however, in order to use
149 \begin_layout Standard
150 Some of you probably found your way to this document because you tried to
151 put two spaces after a
152 \begin_inset Quotes eld
156 \begin_inset Quotes erd
159 or tried to put three blank lines between paragraphs.
160 You found out you could not and in fact, you will find out that most of
161 the little tricks you are accustomed to use in other word processors will
163 That is because most word processors you have used before allow you to
164 manually enter all spacings, font changes, and so on.
165 So you end up not only writing a document but typesetting it, too.
166 LyX does the typesetting for you, in a consistent fashion, letting you
167 focus on the important things, like the content of your writing.
170 \begin_layout Standard
171 So read on to learn more about LyX.
172 Reading this tutorial is definitely worth the time.
175 \begin_layout Section
185 \begin_layout Standard
186 Before we get started with this section, we want to make a quick note of
192 uses the notation outlined in the
197 If you came to this manual first, please read the
201 before you continue with the
208 \begin_layout Standard
209 Now that you know which fonts mean what, we want to talk a bit about what
217 \begin_layout Subsection
218 Getting the most out of the Tutorial
221 \begin_layout Standard
222 This tutorial consists of examples and exercises.
223 To get the most out of this document, you should read through the document,
224 typing all the little things we are telling you to type and trying out
225 all of the exercises to see if you get them right.
226 For convenience, you might want to print out the PDF version of this document.
229 \begin_layout Standard
230 If you are familiar with LaTeX, you will probably be able to read the
234 somewhat faster, since many LyX ideas are just LaTeX ideas in disguise.
235 However, LyX has features you will want to learn about.
236 Even if you do not feel like reading the rest of the
240 , you should definitely check out Section
245 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
247 reference "sec:latexusers"
251 , which is specifically written for experienced LaTeX users.
254 \begin_layout Subsection
262 \begin_layout Itemize
263 Detailed explanations of all of LyX's features.
267 \begin_layout Standard
276 \begin_layout Itemize
277 Detailed explanations of LaTeX.
281 \begin_layout Standard
283 If you want to learn some of the neat tricks you can do with LaTeX in LyX,
284 you can have a look at the
296 \begin_layout Standard
297 It is time to move onwards, time for your first document \SpecialChar \ldots{}
301 \begin_layout Chapter
302 Getting started with LyX
305 \begin_layout Section
306 Your first LyX document
309 \begin_layout Standard
311 You are ready to start writing.
312 Before you do, there are a few things we need to mention, which will hopefully
313 make the Tutorial more instructive and useful.
317 \begin_layout Standard
318 Because there is information we cannot give you in the Tutorial, the
324 thing that you need to do is find the
331 Start up LyX, Choose the
340 You may want to load the
344 as well (if you are not reading it within LyX already).
345 This way, you can read them while you are writing your own file.
349 \begin_layout Plain Layout
350 They can also serve as good examples of how to use the many features of
356 Note that once you have got more than one document open, you can use the
361 menu or the document tabs to switch between them.
364 \begin_layout Standard
365 In this Tutorial, we are going to assume that you have a fully working version
366 of LyX, as well as a LaTeX-distribution, a DVI-, and a PDF-viewer.
367 This should be the case on all major Linux- and BSD-distributions, as well
368 as on Windows, where this is setup by the LyX installers.
371 \begin_layout Standard
372 Finally, we have written a file called
376 to let you practice your LyX skills.
377 Imagine that it was typed by someone who did not know about any of LyX's
379 As you learn new LyX functions, we will suggest that you fix those parts
385 It also contains `subtle' hints about how to fix things.
389 \begin_layout Plain Layout
390 The hints are located in yellow
391 \begin_inset Quotes eld
395 \begin_inset Quotes erd
399 Access the text in a note by clicking on it.
404 If you want to cheat, or check what you have done, there is also a file
409 which contains the same text written and typeset by a LyX master.
412 \begin_layout Standard
413 The example files can be found in the
417 directory of LyX's installation folder.
418 Open the raw document, and use
420 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
427 to save a copy in your own directory for you to work on.
428 As you fix parts of the raw document, check to see how those changes affect
432 \begin_layout Standard
437 directory contains lots of other examples files.
438 They will show you how to do various fancy things with LyX.
439 After you have read the Tutorial, or when you are confused about how to
440 do something fancy in LyX, take a look at these files.
443 \begin_layout Subsection
444 Typing, Viewing, and Exporting
447 \begin_layout Itemize
450 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
454 \begin_layout Itemize
455 Type a sentence like:
457 This is my first LyX document!
460 \begin_layout Itemize
461 Save your document with
463 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
472 \begin_layout Itemize
473 Run LaTeX to create a DVI file, with
475 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
478 or the toolbar button
479 \begin_inset Graphics
480 filename ../images/buffer-view_dvi.png
486 LyX will open a DVI-viewer program displaying your document as it will
491 \begin_layout Plain Layout
492 You can save time by leaving the DVI-viewer running in the background.
495 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
496 Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator
499 or the toolbar button
500 \begin_inset Graphics
501 filename ../images/buffer-update_dvi.png
506 and just click on the DVI-viewer window (or unminimize it) after LaTeX
515 \begin_layout Itemize
516 Export the ready to print document with
518 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
526 \begin_layout Standard
527 Congratulations! You have written your first LyX document.
528 All of the rest is just details, which are covered in the other manuals.
531 \begin_layout Subsection
535 \begin_layout Standard
536 LyX can of course do most of the things you are used to do with a word processor.
537 It will word-wrap and indent paragraphs automatically.
538 Here is a quick description of how to do some simple actions.
541 \begin_layout Description
542 Undo LyX has multiple levels of undo, which means you can undo everything
543 you have done since your current editing session started, by selecting
546 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
550 \begin_inset Graphics
551 filename ../images/undo.png
556 ) over and over again.
557 If you undo too much, just select
559 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
563 \begin_inset Graphics
564 filename ../images/redo.png
574 \begin_layout Standard
575 Currently, undo is limited to 100 steps.
579 \begin_layout Description
582 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
586 \begin_inset Graphics
587 filename ../images/cut.png
594 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
598 \begin_inset Graphics
599 filename ../images/copy.png
606 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
610 \begin_inset Graphics
611 filename ../images/paste.png
616 ) to cut, copy, and paste.
617 Or automatically paste selected text (including selections from other programs)
625 \begin_layout Description
628 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
640 \begin_inset Graphics
641 filename ../images/dialog-show_findreplace.png
647 In the dialog, search with the
659 button to replace a word you have found.
663 \begin_layout Plain Layout
664 Close the window when you are done or leave it open if you find it more
666 Most dialog boxes in LyX can operate like this.
667 Just be sure you have the right window focus when you are trying to type
668 in the main LyX window or a LyX dialog.
673 If you like, you can specify whether to make the search case-sensitive,
674 or to search for only complete words; you can also search backwards through
678 \begin_layout Description
687 text (which will by default print characters in italics), set it in
695 (usually small caps, used for people's names), or use your own formatting
698 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
705 dialog (toolbar button
706 \begin_inset Graphics
707 filename ../images/dialog-show_character.png
715 \begin_layout Description
716 Toolbar There are buttons on the toolbar (just below the menus) which allow
717 you to do some of the more popular functions, such as
728 \begin_layout Standard
729 Of course, you have not yet written enough to make most of these functions
731 As you write more, though, try undoing, pasting, etc.
734 \begin_layout Subsection
735 WYSIWYM: Whitespace in LyX
738 \begin_layout Standard
739 One of the hardest things for new users to get used to is the way that LyX
741 As many times as you hit
745 , you will only get one blank line.
746 As many times as you hit
750 , you will only get one space.
751 On a blank line, LyX will not let you type even one space.
756 key will not move you forward one tab stop; in fact there
760 no tab stops! There is no ruler at the top of the page to let you set tabs
764 \begin_layout Standard
765 Many word processors are based on the WYSIWYG principle:
766 \begin_inset Quotes eld
769 What You See Is What You Get.
770 \begin_inset Quotes erd
773 LyX, on the other hand, is based on the principle that
774 \begin_inset Quotes eld
777 What You See Is What You
782 \begin_inset Quotes erd
785 You type what you mean, and LyX will take care of typesetting it for you,
786 so that the output looks nice.
791 grammatically separates paragraphs, and a
795 grammatically separates words, so there is no reason to have several of
800 has no grammatical function at all, so LyX does not support it.
801 Using LyX, you will spend more of your time worrying about the
805 of your document, and less time worrying about the
814 for more information on the WYSIWYM concept.
817 \begin_layout Standard
818 LyX does have (many) ways to fine-tune the formatting of your document.
819 After all, LyX might not typeset
828 has information about all that.
833 s and vertical space — which are more powerful and versatile than multiple
834 spaces or blank lines — and ways to change font sizes, character styles,
835 and paragraph alignments by hand.
836 The idea, though, is that you can write your whole document, focusing on
837 content, and just worry about that fine-tuning at the end.
838 With standard word processors, you will be distracted by document formatting
839 throughout the writing process.
842 \begin_layout Section
846 \begin_layout Standard
847 Different parts of a document have different purposes; we call these parts
853 Most of a document is made up of regular text.
854 Section titles (chapter, subsection, etc.) let the reader know that a new
855 topic or subtopic will be discussed.
856 Certain types of documents have special environments.
857 A journal article will have an abstract and a title.
858 A letter will have neither of these, but will probably have an environment
859 that gives the writer's address.
862 \begin_layout Standard
863 Environments are a major part of the
864 \begin_inset Quotes eld
867 What You See Is What You Mean
868 \begin_inset Quotes erd
872 A given environment may require a certain font style, font size, indenting,
873 line spacing, and more.
874 This problem is aggravated, because the exact formatting for a given environmen
875 t may change: one journal may use boldface, 18 point, centered type for
876 section titles while another uses italicized, 15 point, left justified
877 type; different languages may have different standards for indenting; and
878 bibliography formats can vary widely.
879 LyX lets you avoid learning all the different formatting styles.
882 \begin_layout Standard
887 choice box is located on the left end of the toolbar and looks like this:
889 \begin_inset Graphics
890 filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
897 It indicates in which environment you are currently writing.
898 While you were writing your first document, it said
899 \begin_inset Quotes eld
903 \begin_inset Quotes erd
906 which is the default environment for text.
907 Now you will put a number of environments in your new document so that
908 you can see how they work.
911 \begin_layout Subsection
912 Sections and Subsections
915 \begin_layout Standard
920 on the first line of your LyX file, and select
932 \begin_layout Plain Layout
938 If nothing is selected, LyX changes the paragraph you are currently in
939 to the selected environment.
940 Alternatively, you can change several paragraphs to a different environment
941 by selecting them before picking an environment.
958 , which will be covered below.
959 LyX numbers the section
960 \begin_inset Quotes eld
964 \begin_inset Quotes erd
967 and typesets the section heading (title) in a larger font.
978 \begin_inset Quotes eld
982 \begin_inset Quotes erd
986 \begin_inset Quotes eld
990 \begin_inset Quotes erd
994 Section headings, like most environments, are assumed to end when you type
1000 Type the document introduction:
1003 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1004 This is an introduction to my first LyX document.
1007 \begin_layout Standard
1022 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1026 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1029 and waits for you to type a title.
1031 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1037 \begin_inset space ~
1043 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1046 , and you will see that LyX again sets it as a section title.
1049 \begin_layout Standard
1051 Go to the end of Section
1052 \begin_inset space ~
1056 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1059 my first LyX document
1060 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1077 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1081 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1084 and waits for you to type a title.
1091 \begin_inset space ~
1095 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1099 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1103 \begin_inset space ~
1106 2, has been automatically renumbered to Section
1107 \begin_inset space ~
1110 3! In true WYSIWYM fashion, you just need to identify the text that makes
1111 up the section titles, and LyX takes care of numbering the sections and
1115 \begin_layout Standard
1124 environment, and type the following five lines:
1127 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1128 Sections and subsections are described below.
1131 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1135 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1136 Sections are bigger than subsections.
1139 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1140 Subsection description
1143 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1144 Subsections are smaller than sections.
1147 \begin_layout Standard
1148 Click on the second line and select
1157 LyX numbers the subsection
1158 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1162 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1165 , and typesets it in a font which is bigger than regular text but smaller
1166 than the section title.
1167 Change the fourth line
1171 environment as well.
1172 As you probably expected, LyX automatically numbered the section
1173 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1177 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1181 If you put yet another section before Section
1182 \begin_inset space ~
1186 \begin_inset space ~
1189 2 will be renumbered as Section 3, and the subsections will be renumbered
1191 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1195 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1199 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1203 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1210 \begin_layout Standard
1211 Further levels of sectioning include
1224 We will let you play with these on your own.
1225 You may notice that paragraph and subparagraph headings are not numbered
1226 by default, and that subparagraphs are indented; see the
1230 for an explanation and how to change this.
1235 headings are actually the highest level of sectioning, above
1239 s, but you are only allowed to use them in certain types (text classes)
1240 of LyX documents (see Section
1241 \begin_inset space ~
1245 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1247 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
1255 \begin_layout Standard
1256 Finally, you may want to have sections or subsections that are not numbered.
1257 There are environments for this as well.
1258 If you change one of your section headings to the
1262 environment (you may have to scroll down in the
1266 box to find it), LyX will use the same font size for the heading as it
1267 uses for a regular section, but it will not number that section.
1268 There are corresponding
1269 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1273 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1276 heading environments for
1285 Try changing some of your sections or subsections to the starred environments,
1286 and note how the other section numbers are updated.
1289 \begin_layout Standard
1294 : Fix the section and subsection headings in
1302 \begin_layout Subsection
1306 \begin_layout Standard
1307 LyX has several different environments for typesetting lists.
1308 The various list environments free you from hitting
1312 a million times when writing an outline, or from renumbering a whole list
1313 when you want to add a point in the middle of the list.
1314 Different types of documents logically require different list environments:
1317 \begin_layout Itemize
1318 A slide presentation might use the
1322 environment's bulleted lists to describe different points.
1326 \begin_layout Itemize
1327 An outline would use the
1331 environment's numbered lists (and lettered sublists).
1335 \begin_layout Itemize
1336 A document describing several software packages could use the
1340 environment, where each item in the list begins with a bold-faced word.
1344 \begin_layout Itemize
1353 , environment is a variation on the
1360 \begin_layout Standard
1361 Let us write a list of reasons why LyX is better than other word processors.
1362 Somewhere in your document, type:
1365 \begin_layout Standard
1368 LyX is better than other word processors because:
1371 \begin_layout Standard
1387 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1391 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1395 Type in your reasons:
1398 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1399 Typesetting is done for you.
1402 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1406 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1407 Lists are very easy to create!
1410 \begin_layout Standard
1411 List environments, unlike headings, do not end when you type
1416 Instead, LyX assumes you are going on to the next item in the list.
1417 The above will therefore result in a three-item list.
1418 If you want more than one paragraph within one list
1422 , one way is to use the
1425 \begin_inset space ~
1430 , which you get by typing
1435 In order to get out of the list, you need to reselect the
1439 environment (or just use the keybinding,
1442 \begin_inset space ~
1450 \begin_layout Standard
1451 You have got a beautiful itemized list.
1452 You might want to run LaTeX to see how the list looks when printed out.
1453 But what if you wanted to number the reasons? Well, just select the whole
1458 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1459 LyX will not let you select the first bullet unless you also select the
1464 the list, which you probably do not want to do.
1465 Similarly, you cannot select the actual number in a numbered section title.
1466 This is on purpose because the bullet or number depends on the document
1467 settings or text position, respectively.
1481 Pow! As we mentioned, if you add or delete a list item, LyX will fix the
1485 \begin_layout Standard
1486 While the list is still selected, you can change to the other two list environme
1495 , in order to see what they look like.
1496 For those two environments, each list item is made up of a term, which
1497 is the item's first word, followed by a definition, which is the rest of
1498 the paragraph (until you hit
1502 .) The term is either typeset in boldface (
1507 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1511 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1518 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1519 But a typesetter's tab, which will change to fit the size of the largest
1520 term, not a pathetic, rigid, unchangeable typewriter
1533 ) from the rest of the paragraph.
1534 If you want to have more than one word in the definition, then separate
1538 \begin_inset space ~
1546 \begin_layout Standard
1551 : Typeset the list in
1556 \begin_layout Standard
1557 You can nest lists within each other in all sorts of interesting ways.
1558 An obvious example would be writing outlines.
1559 Numbered and bulleted lists will have different numbering and bulleting
1560 schemes for sublists.
1565 for details on the different sorts of lists and for examples of nestings.
1568 \begin_layout Subsection
1569 Other environments: Verses, Quotations, and more
1572 \begin_layout Standard
1573 There are two environments for setting quotations apart from surrounding
1578 for short quotes and
1591 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1592 used in this Tutorial for the long typing examples
1601 font; this environment is the only place in LyX where you are allowed to
1602 use multiple spaces to allow code indenting.
1603 You can even write poetry using the
1611 to separate stanzas, and
1615 to separate lines within a stanza.
1620 for more complete descriptions of all of the available LyX environments.
1623 \begin_layout Standard
1628 : Correctly typeset the
1637 \begin_inset Newline newline
1645 \begin_layout Chapter
1649 \begin_layout Standard
1650 The previous chapter hopefully allowed you to get used to writing in LyX.
1651 It introduced you to the basic editing operations in LyX, as well as the
1652 powerful method of writing with environments.
1653 Most people who use LyX, though, will want to write documents: papers,
1654 articles, books, manuals, or letters.
1655 This chapter is meant to take you from simply writing text with LyX to
1656 writing a complete document.
1657 It will introduce you to text classes, which allow you to write different
1659 It will then describe many of the additions that turn text into a document,
1660 such as titles, footnotes, cross references, bibliographies, and tables
1664 \begin_layout Section
1666 \begin_inset CommandInset label
1668 name "sec:Document-Classes"
1675 \begin_layout Standard
1676 Different sorts of documents should be typeset differently.
1677 For example, books are generally printed double-sided, while articles are
1679 In addition, many documents contain special environments: letters contain
1680 some environments — such as the sender's address and the signature — which
1681 do not make sense in a book or article.
1690 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1691 for LaTeX users: this is equivalent to the LaTeX document class
1696 takes care of these large scale differences between different sorts of
1698 This Tutorial, for example, was written in the
1703 Document classes are another major part of the WYSIWYM philosophy; they
1704 tell LyX how to typeset the document, so you do not need to know how.
1707 \begin_layout Standard
1708 Your document is probably being written in the
1716 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1717 That is usually the default document class
1722 Try changing to other document classes (using the
1724 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1727 dialog) to see how they are typeset differently.
1728 If you change your document to the
1732 document class and look at the
1736 box, you will see that most of the allowed environments are the same.
1737 However, you can now use the
1742 If you are ever unsure about which environments you can use in a given
1743 document class, just consult the
1750 \begin_layout Standard
1751 Font sizes, one- or two-column printing, and page headings are just some
1752 of the ways journals' typesettings differ from one another.
1753 As the Computer Age continues to mature, journals have begun accepting
1754 electronic submissions, creating LaTeX
1755 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1759 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1762 so that authors can submit correctly typeset articles.
1763 LyX is set up to support this as well.
1764 For example, LyX supports typesetting (and extra environments) for the
1765 American Mathematics Society journals using the
1768 \begin_inset space ~
1776 \begin_layout Standard
1777 Here is a very quick reference to some of the document classes.
1780 Special Document Classes
1786 manual for many more details.
1789 \begin_layout Standard
1791 \begin_inset Tabular
1792 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
1794 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
1795 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
1797 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1800 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1806 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1809 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1817 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1820 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1826 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1829 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1830 one-sided, no chapters
1837 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1840 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1846 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1849 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1850 layout & environments for American Math Society
1857 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1860 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1866 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1869 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1870 longer than article, two-sided
1877 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1880 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1886 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1889 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1890 report + front and back matter
1897 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1900 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1906 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1909 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1917 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1920 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1926 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1929 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1930 lots of extra environments for address, signature\SpecialChar \ldots{}
1944 \begin_layout Section
1945 Templates: Writing a Letter
1948 \begin_layout Standard
1949 One way to write a letter would be to open a new file, and choose a
1955 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1959 While this is the most obvious way to write a letter, it seems like extra
1961 Every time you write a business letter, you want to have your address,
1962 the address to which you are sending it, a body, a signature, etc.
1967 for letters, which contains a sample letter; once you have a template,
1968 you can just replace a couple of parts of the letter with your text each
1969 time you write a letter.
1972 \begin_layout Standard
1973 Open a new file with
1975 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1977 \begin_inset space ~
1981 \begin_inset space ~
1992 Save and print the file to see how the various environments are typeset.
1995 \begin_layout Standard
1996 When you look at the
2000 box, you will see several environments, like the
2003 \begin_inset space ~
2008 environment, which do not even exist in most other document classes.
2018 You can play around for a while to figure out how the various environments
2020 You will notice for example that the
2024 environment has the word
2025 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2029 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2032 in red before the actual text of the signature.
2033 This word does not show up in the actual letter, as you will see if you
2034 view/export the file.
2035 It is just there to let you know where the signature goes.
2036 Also, note that it does not matter where in the file the
2041 Remember, LyX is WYSIWYM; you can put the
2045 environment anywhere you want, but LyX knows that in the printout, the
2046 signature should be at the end.
2049 \begin_layout Standard
2050 A template is just a regular LyX file.
2051 This means you can fill in your address and signature and save the file
2053 From now on, any time you want to write a letter, you can use the new template
2055 We do not have to suggest an actual
2056 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2060 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2063 here; just write a letter to someone!
2067 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2068 One warning, if you are writing from a template.
2069 If you erase all of the text in an environment — for example, if you erase
2073 \begin_inset space ~
2078 field so that you can replace it with your own — and then you move the
2079 cursor without writing any text, the environment may disappear.
2080 This is because most environments cannot exist without any text in them.
2081 Just reselect the environment from the
2093 \begin_layout Standard
2094 Templates can be a huge time-saver, and we urge you to use them whenever
2096 In addition, they can help a person learn how to use some of the fancier
2098 Finally, they may be useful for a person who is configuring LyX for a bunch
2099 of less computer-aware users.
2100 When they are first learning LyX, it will be much less intimidating if
2101 they have a letter template customized for their company, for example.
2104 \begin_layout Section
2108 \begin_layout Standard
2109 LyX (like LaTeX) considers the title — which may contain the actual title,
2110 the author, the date, and even an abstract of a paper — to be a separate
2111 part of the document.
2114 \begin_layout Standard
2115 Go back to your LyX document and make sure it is using the
2123 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2124 You should not be using the letter any more, since the
2128 document class does not allow titles.
2133 Type a title on the first line, and change the line to the
2138 On the next line, type your name and change it to the
2143 On the next line, write the date in the
2148 Type a paragraph or two summarizing your document using the
2153 Notice how the title is presented when it is printed out.
2154 If you change the document format to Book, you will get a separate title
2155 page, like the first page of this tutorial.
2158 \begin_layout Standard
2163 : Fix the title, date, and author in
2168 \begin_layout Section
2169 Labels and Cross-References
2172 \begin_layout Standard
2173 You can label section headings, list items, formulas, footnotes, and floats
2177 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2178 Floats are explained in the
2192 Once you do so, you can refer to this section in other parts of the document,
2193 using cross-references.
2194 You can refer either to the section's number, or to the page that the section
2196 As with section numbering, LyX also takes care about cross-reference numbering
2198 Automatic labels and cross-references are one of the best advantages of
2199 LyX (and LaTeX) over conventional word processors.
2202 \begin_layout Subsection
2206 \begin_layout Standard
2207 Go to our second section, whose title is
2208 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2212 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2216 Click at the end of the section title line, and select
2218 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2221 or the toolbar button
2222 \begin_inset Graphics
2223 filename ../images/label-insert.png
2230 A dialog asks you for a label name, and gives you a suggestion.
2235 , the label name will be placed in a box next to the section title.
2238 \begin_layout Standard
2239 So far you have not done anything — the DVI output will look exactly the
2240 same, since labels do not show up in the printed document.
2241 However, now that you have added a label, you can refer to that label with
2243 We will do that next.
2246 \begin_layout Subsection
2247 Your first cross-reference
2250 \begin_layout Standard
2251 Place the cursor somewhere in Section
2252 \begin_inset space ~
2259 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2260 If you want to know more about this document, then see
2261 \begin_inset Newline newline
2264 Section, which can be found on page.
2267 \begin_layout Standard
2268 Now — with the cursor after the word `Section' — choose
2270 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2272 \begin_inset space ~
2277 or the toolbar button
2278 \begin_inset Graphics
2279 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png
2286 The Cross-reference dialog pops up.
2287 It shows a list of the possible labels you can reference.
2288 At the moment, there should be only one, `sec:About-This-Document'.
2289 First, select the drop-down menu labelled Format and select '<reference>
2290 on page <page>.' Then select `sec:About-This-Document' (it may be selected
2291 by default), and a reference marker will appear containing `Ref+Text: sec:About
2292 -This-Document' (To be really correct, you should put a
2295 \begin_inset space ~
2300 in between the word `Section' and the reference).
2301 Alternatively to that method, you can right-click on a label and use in
2302 the appearing context menu
2307 The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be copied
2308 to the actual cursor position via the menu
2310 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2318 In the printed document, this reference marker will be replaced with the
2319 section number and then the page number.
2320 View your document as DVI, and you will see that LaTeX has been even cleverer
2322 It refers to `Section 2' and depending how much text you have between the
2323 start of Section 2 and this cross-reference you may see `on this page,'
2324 'on the previous page' or `on page n' (whereas n is the page number).
2327 \begin_layout Standard
2328 Conveniently, a cross-reference acts as a hyperlink when you are editing
2329 a document in LyX; clicking on it will pop up the
2336 \begin_inset space ~
2340 \begin_inset space ~
2345 will move the cursor to the referenced label.
2348 \begin_layout Subsection
2349 More fun with labels
2352 \begin_layout Standard
2353 We told you that LyX takes care about numbering cross-references; now you
2355 Add a new section before Section
2356 \begin_inset space ~
2360 Update the DVI view, and — voilà! — the section cross reference changed
2362 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2366 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2369 ! Change the section
2370 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2374 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2377 to a subsection, and the cross-reference will reference Subsection
2378 \begin_inset space ~
2381 2.1 instead of Section
2382 \begin_inset space ~
2386 The page reference will not change unless you add a whole page of text
2387 before the label, of course.
2391 \begin_layout Standard
2392 If you want some more practice with labels, then try putting a new label
2393 where your first cross-reference was, and refer to that label from elsewhere
2395 If you will be inserting cross-references often, it may be convenient to
2403 \begin_layout Standard
2404 If you want to make sure that the cross-referencing gets the pages right
2405 even for larger documents,
2409 a couple pages of text from the
2413 to the clipboard, and
2417 the stolen text into your document.
2421 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2422 By the way, copying a chapter title may cause an error, because chapters
2423 are not allowed in the article class, see section
2424 \begin_inset space ~
2428 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
2430 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
2435 If this happens, just delete the chapter title.
2443 \begin_layout Standard
2448 : Fix the references in
2453 \begin_layout Section
2454 Footnotes and Margin Notes
2457 \begin_layout Standard
2458 Footnotes can be added using the toolbar button
2459 \begin_inset Graphics
2460 filename ../images/footnote-insert.png
2468 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2472 Click at the end of the word
2473 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2477 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2480 somewhere in your document and click the
2481 \begin_inset Graphics
2482 filename ../images/footnote-insert.png
2489 A footnote box appears where you can enter the text of the footnote.
2490 LyX should place the cursor at the beginning of the footnote box.
2494 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2495 LyX is a typesetting word processor.
2498 \begin_layout Standard
2499 Now click on the button labelled
2500 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2504 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2508 The footnote box is closed, leaving the button showing where the footnote
2509 marker will be in the printed text; this is called
2510 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2514 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2518 You can unfold the footnote at any time and re-edit its text by clicking
2520 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2524 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2530 \begin_layout Standard
2531 A footnote can be cut and pasted like normal text.
2532 Go ahead; try it! All you need to do is select the footnote button
2536 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2537 It may be easier to select it using the keyboard.
2538 You might accidentally open the footnote if you are trying to select the
2539 marker itself with the mouse.
2553 In addition, you can change regular text to a footnote, by selecting it
2555 \begin_inset Graphics
2556 filename ../images/footnote-insert.png
2562 button; change a footnote to regular text by hitting the
2566 key when the cursor is in the first position of a footnote, or by hitting
2571 key when the cursor is in the very last position of the footnote, respectively.
2574 \begin_layout Standard
2575 Margin notes can be added using the menu
2577 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2579 \begin_inset space ~
2584 or the toolbar button
2585 \begin_inset Graphics
2586 filename ../images/marginalnote-insert.png
2593 Margin notes are like footnotes, except that:
2596 \begin_layout Itemize
2597 the on-screen boxes say
2598 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2602 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2606 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2610 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2616 \begin_layout Itemize
2617 the notes will be placed in the margin, instead of below the text
2620 \begin_layout Itemize
2621 margin notes are not numbered
2624 \begin_layout Standard
2625 Change your LyX footnote back to text, then select and change it to a margin
2627 Run LaTeX again to see what the margin note looks like.
2630 \begin_layout Standard
2635 : Fix the footnote in
2640 \begin_layout Section
2642 \begin_inset CommandInset label
2644 name "sec:bibliographies"
2651 \begin_layout Standard
2652 Bibliographies (at least in the exact sciences) are similar to cross references.
2653 The bibliography contains a list of references at the end of the document,
2654 and they can be referenced from within the document.
2655 Like section titles, LyX and LaTeX make your job easier by automatically
2656 numbering the bibliography items and changing citations when the item numbers
2660 \begin_layout Standard
2661 Go to the end of the document and switch to the
2666 Now, each paragraph you type will be a reference.
2668 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2673 The Lyx Tutorial, by the LyX Documentation Team
2676 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2679 as your first reference.
2680 Note that LyX automatically puts a number in a box before each reference.
2681 Click on the boxed reference number, and the
2684 \begin_inset space ~
2694 is to refer to this reference within the LyX document, the
2703 is set (default), you will see the number of the bibliography in the output.
2709 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2713 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2716 to make it easy to remember.
2719 \begin_layout Standard
2720 Now pick somewhere in your document that you would like to insert a reference.
2723 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2726 or the toolbar button
2727 \begin_inset Graphics
2728 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_citation.png
2740 The right panel in this dialog lists all the bibliography entries, and
2741 this field allows you to choose which bibliography item you want to cite.
2743 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2747 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2750 (right now, that is the only item in the bibliography), then use the
2754 button in the center to insert it.
2755 (You can have multiple citations in the same place by transferring a number
2756 of keys this way.) Now view your file as DVI, and you will see that the
2757 citation appears in brackets in the text, referring to the bibliography
2758 at the end of the document.
2761 \begin_layout Standard
2765 \begin_inset space ~
2774 dialog will put a remark (such as a reference to a page or chapter within
2775 the referenced book or article) in the brackets after the reference.
2776 If you want the references to have labels instead of numbers in the printed
2777 output (for example, some journals would use
2778 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2782 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2785 to refer to a paper written by Smith in 1995), use the
2792 \begin_inset space ~
2805 \begin_layout Standard
2810 Fix the bibliography and citation in
2815 \begin_layout Section
2819 \begin_layout Standard
2820 You may want to put a table of contents at the beginning of your document.
2821 LyX makes this very easy to do.
2826 after your document title and before your first section title and choose
2829 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2831 \begin_inset space ~
2835 \begin_inset space ~
2838 TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2840 \begin_inset space ~
2844 \begin_inset space ~
2851 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2855 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2858 will appear in a button on the first line of the document.
2862 \begin_layout Standard
2863 This may not appear to be very useful.
2864 However, if you look at your DVI file, you will see that a table of contents
2865 has been generated, listing the various sections and subsections in your
2867 As usual, if you reorder sections or create new ones, you will see those
2868 changes in the DVI file when you update it.
2872 \begin_layout Standard
2873 The table of contents is not printed in the on-screen version of the document.
2874 But you can display the table of contents in a separate window by clicking
2875 on the table of contents button, or by using
2877 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2880 or the toolbar button
2881 \begin_inset Graphics
2882 filename ../images/dialog-toggle_toc.png
2889 This menu will work even if you do not have a table of contents inset in
2891 This is a very useful tool for moving around your document parts.
2892 Clicking on a (sub)section title in the
2896 window will highlight that line and move the display (in the LyX editing
2897 window) to that place in the document.
2898 You can also use the arrow keys to move up and down in the table of contents.
2899 You may therefore find it convenient to leave this window open throughout
2901 You can get similar functionality from the
2905 menu, though, where the table of contents appears automatically.
2908 \begin_layout Standard
2909 To get rid of the Table of Contents, you can delete the table of contents
2910 button just like any other text.
2913 \begin_layout Standard
2918 : Fix the table of contents in
2923 \begin_layout Chapter
2927 \begin_layout Standard
2928 LaTeX is used by many scientists because it outputs great looking equations,
2929 avoiding the control characters used by word processors and their equation
2931 Many of these scientists are frustrated, however, because writing equations
2932 in LaTeX is more like programming than writing.
2933 Happily, LyX has WYSIWYM support for equations.
2934 If you are used to LaTeX, you will find that all of the usual LaTeX math
2935 commands can be typed in normally, but they will show up in a WYSIWYM fashion.
2936 If, on the other hand, you have never written in LaTeX, then the
2939 \begin_inset space ~
2944 will allow you to write professional-looking math quickly and easily.
2947 \begin_layout Section
2951 \begin_layout Standard
2952 Somewhere in your LyX document, type:
2955 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2956 I like what Einstein said, E=mc^2, because it is so simple.
2960 \begin_layout Standard
2961 Now, that equation does not look very good in LyX and in the output; there
2962 is no space between the letters and the equals sign, and you would like
2963 to write an actual superscript for the
2964 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2968 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2972 That bad typesetting happened because we did not tell LyX that we were
2973 writing a mathematical expression, so it typeset the equation like regular
2977 \begin_layout Standard
2978 Instead, we create a formula that will get typeset properly.
2979 In order to create a formula, just click the toolbar button
2980 \begin_inset Graphics
2981 filename ../images/math-mode.png
2989 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2990 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2992 \begin_inset space ~
2998 LyX will insert a little blue square, which is an empty math formula.
3004 The expression is typed in blue, and the blue square disappears as soon
3005 as the formula is not empty.
3010 to leave the equation The purple markers disappear, leaving the cursor
3011 to the right of the expression, and now if you type something, it will
3015 \begin_layout Standard
3016 Run LaTeX and look at the output.
3017 Notice that the expression was typeset nicely, with spaces between the
3018 letters and the equals sign, and a superscript
3019 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3023 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3027 Letters in math mode are assumed to be variables, and come out in italics.
3028 Numbers are just numbers.
3031 \begin_layout Standard
3032 This math editor is another example of the WYSIWYM philosophy.
3033 In LaTeX, you write a mathematical expression using text and commands like
3040 ; this can be frustrating, because you cannot see what an expression looks
3041 like until you LaTeX the file, and may have to spend time to find e.
3042 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3046 \begin_inset space \space{}
3050 LyX does not attempt to get the expression to look perfect (WYSIWYG), but
3051 it gives you an extremely good idea of what the expression will look like.
3052 LaTeX then takes care of the professional typesetting.
3055 \begin_layout Section
3056 Navigating an Equation
3059 \begin_layout Standard
3061 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
3065 \begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$
3069 Use the arrow keys to move the cursor into the expression.
3070 Note that when you enter the expression, the purple markers appear to let
3071 you know you are editing math.
3080 to move the cursor past the equals sign, and just type
3081 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3085 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3089 Again, you can use the arrow keys or
3093 to leave the formula\SpecialChar \@.
3097 \begin_layout Standard
3098 Other than the special keys described below, typing in math mode is like
3099 editing regular text.
3109 Select text either with the arrow keys or with the mouse.
3112 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3115 works in math mode as well as cut and paste.
3116 One thing to be careful of: If you are left or right outside a formula
3125 , respectively, you delete the whole formula.
3126 Luckily, you can just use
3133 \begin_layout Standard
3134 What if you want to change
3135 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
3139 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$
3142 ? Again, you can use the mouse to click in the right place.
3143 However, you can also use the arrow keys.
3144 If the cursor is just after the
3145 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3149 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3153 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3157 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3164 and the cursor is moved to the level of the superscript, just before the
3166 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3170 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3175 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3179 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3187 will move the cursor back to the regular level.
3196 , the cursor will be placed
3200 the superscript (so that you can then type the
3201 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3205 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3211 \begin_layout Section
3212 Exponents and Indices
3215 \begin_layout Standard
3216 An exponent can be entered from the
3219 \begin_inset space ~
3224 (see below), but it is actually simpler just to type the caret key,
3225 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3229 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3233 LyX will place another blue rectangle in the superscript, so that whatever
3234 you write next will be superscripted, and in a smaller font size.
3235 Everything you type until you hit a
3243 to exit the formula entirely) will be in the superscript.
3246 \begin_layout Standard
3247 Writing a subscript (index) is just as easy — start one by typing the underscore
3249 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3253 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3257 You can subscript and superscript both subscripts and superscripts like
3259 \begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$
3266 \begin_layout Standard
3278 \begin_layout Section
3282 \begin_layout Standard
3286 \begin_inset space ~
3291 is a convenient way to enter symbols or to perform complicated formula
3293 Many of these operations can be accomplished from the keyboard or the
3295 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3300 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3304 However, we are going to concentrate on using the
3307 \begin_inset space ~
3312 , just to let you know what is out there; you can learn keyboard shortcuts
3313 later, from other manuals.
3316 \begin_layout Standard
3321 is shown when the cursor is in a formula and can also be turned on manually
3324 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3328 When you click there on
3329 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3333 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3336 the toolbar will be shown permanently at the bottom; this state is visualized
3341 menu with a checkmark.
3342 When you click in this state again on
3343 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3347 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3358 is only shown when the cursor is within a formula; this state is visualized
3359 by the renaming of the menu entry from
3360 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3364 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3368 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3372 \begin_inset space ~
3376 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3382 \begin_layout Subsection
3386 \begin_layout Standard
3390 \begin_inset space ~
3395 which allow you to choose from a large array of symbols used in math: various
3396 arrows, relations, operators, and sums and integrals.
3397 Note that subscripting and superscripting allow you to put lower and upper
3398 limits on sums and integrals.
3402 \begin_layout Standard
3403 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3406 Nothing you can do that can not be done\SpecialChar \ldots{}
3408 \begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$
3412 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3418 \begin_layout Subsection
3419 Square roots, accents, and delimiters
3422 \begin_layout Standard
3423 To type a square root, just click on the button
3424 \begin_inset Graphics
3425 filename ../images/math/sqrt.png
3432 The square root appears, and the cursor is in a new insertion point inside
3434 You can type variables, numbers, other square roots, fractions, whatever
3436 LyX will automatically resize the square root to fit what is inside.
3439 \begin_layout Standard
3440 Accenting a character (
3441 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$
3444 ) or group of characters (
3445 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$
3448 ) is done the same way.
3449 Decorations are available from the toolbar via the button
3450 \begin_inset Graphics
3451 filename ../images/math/hat.png
3458 Click on a decoration, and LyX will insert that decoration with an insertion
3459 point under (or over) it.
3460 Just type what you want in the insertion point.
3461 There are two sets of decorations: those that resize with the text you
3462 type, and those that have fixed size, and are most appropriate for a single
3467 \begin_layout Standard
3468 Delimiters such as parentheses, brackets, and braces work similarly, but
3469 are a bit more complicated.
3470 Hit the delimiter button
3471 \begin_inset Graphics
3472 filename ../images/dialog-show_mathdelimiter.png
3483 Your current selection of delimiters is displayed in a box.
3484 It is a pair of parentheses by default, but you can choose a pair of braces,
3485 a brace and a parenthesis, or choose the empty square to have something
3487 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3491 \begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$
3495 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3498 (the empty delimiter is displayed as a broken line in LyX, but will not
3499 show up in the output).
3502 \begin_layout Standard
3503 If you are lazy, you can type actual parentheses in math mode, rather than
3509 However, those parentheses will be the same size as regular text, which
3510 will look bad if you have a big fraction or matrix inside the parentheses.
3511 So better use in this case one of the three delimiter buttons that insert
3513 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3517 \begin_inset space \space{}
3521 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3527 \begin_layout Standard
3528 You can also put delimiters or a square root sign or a decoration on already
3529 existing formula parts.
3530 Select the portion of the formula that you want to adjust, and then click
3531 on the button you want from the
3534 \begin_inset space ~
3540 Try using this to change Newton's second law from scalar to vector form
3542 \begin_inset Formula $f=ma$
3546 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$
3550 Once you have learned about matrices, this is how you will put parentheses
3551 or brackets around them.
3554 \begin_layout Subsection
3558 \begin_layout Standard
3559 To create a fraction, click on the fraction button
3560 \begin_inset Graphics
3561 filename ../images/math/frac.png
3571 \begin_inset space ~
3577 LyX writes two insertion points in a fraction.
3578 As you would expect, you can use arrow keys or the mouse to move around
3580 Click on the top square and type
3581 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3585 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3594 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3598 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3602 You have made a fraction! Of course you can type anything within each of
3603 the two boxes: variables with exponents, square roots, other fractions,
3608 \begin_layout Standard
3620 \begin_layout Subsection
3621 TeX mode: Limits, log, sin and others
3624 \begin_layout Standard
3625 Because letters in math mode are considered to be variables, if you type
3627 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3631 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3634 in math mode, LyX thinks you are typing the product of the three variables
3636 \begin_inset Formula $s$
3640 \begin_inset Formula $i$
3644 \begin_inset Formula $n$
3648 The three letters will be typeset in italics, when what you really wanted
3650 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3654 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3658 In addition, LyX will not put a space between the word
3659 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3663 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3667 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3671 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3678 will exit the formula).
3680 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3684 \begin_inset Formula $\sin(x)$
3688 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3692 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3696 \begin_inset Formula $sin(x)$
3700 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3706 \begin_layout Standard
3710 \begin_inset space ~
3716 \begin_inset Graphics
3717 filename ../images/math/functions.png
3724 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3728 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3731 in the appearing function list.
3733 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3737 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3740 is displayed in LyX in black, and set in upright roman type.
3741 The whole word is treated as one symbol, so if you type
3745 , it will delete the whole word.
3747 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3751 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3754 , which will be written in blue italics, like you expect in a formula.
3755 In the output, the expression will be correctly typeset.
3759 \begin_layout Standard
3760 The function list include other trigonometric functions and their inverses,
3761 hyperbolic functions, logarithms, limits, and quite a few others.
3762 These functions can take subscripts and superscripts, important for typing
3764 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3768 \begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$
3772 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3776 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3780 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$
3784 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3790 \begin_layout Standard
3802 \begin_layout Subsection
3806 \begin_layout Standard
3807 Click on the matrix button
3808 \begin_inset Graphics
3809 filename ../images/dialog-show_mathmatrix.png
3818 \begin_inset space ~
3824 The appearing dialog allows you to choose how many rows and columns you
3825 want in your matrix.
3826 Choose 2 rows and 3 columns and hit
3831 LyX prints 6 insertion points in a
3832 \begin_inset Formula $2\times3$
3836 As usual, you can put any sort of formula expression (a square root, another
3837 matrix, etc.) in each insertion point.
3838 You can also leave some of the insertion points empty if you want.
3841 \begin_layout Standard
3846 can be used to move horizontally between the columns of a matrix.
3847 Alternatively, you can use the arrow keys to move around - hitting
3851 at the end of one box will move to the next box,
3855 will move to the next row, etc.
3858 \begin_layout Standard
3859 If you need to change the number of rows and columns, use the menu
3861 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3863 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3867 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3872 or the math toolbar buttons
3873 \begin_inset Graphics
3874 filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png
3881 \begin_inset Graphics
3882 filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.png
3889 \begin_inset Graphics
3890 filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-column.png
3897 \begin_inset Graphics
3898 filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-column.png
3907 \begin_layout Standard
3912 for information on how to change the horizontal alignment of each column,
3913 and how to change the vertical position of the whole matrix.
3914 Note that if you want to write a table containing text, you should use
3915 LyX's wonderful table support, rather than trying to write text in a matrix.
3918 \begin_layout Subsection
3922 \begin_layout Standard
3923 All of the expressions we have written so far have been on the same line
3924 as the text that came before and after them, otherwise known as inline
3926 This is fine for short, simple expressions, but if you want to write larger
3927 ones, or if you want your expressions to stand out from the text, you need
3928 to write them in display mode.
3929 In addition, only displayed expressions can be labeled and numbered (see
3934 ), and multi-line equations must be in display mode.
3937 \begin_layout Standard
3938 Click on the display button
3939 \begin_inset Graphics
3940 filename ../images/math-display.png
3949 \begin_inset space ~
3954 , which represents a couple lines of text before and after a centered blue
3956 LyX inserts a formula, but the insertion point is on a new line, and it
3957 is centered within that line.
3958 Now type an expression and run LaTeX to see how it looks.
3959 The display button is actually a toggle; use it now to change a couple
3960 of your expressions to display mode and back.
3964 \begin_layout Standard
3965 Display mode has a couple differences from inline mode:
3968 \begin_layout Itemize
3969 The default font is larger for a few symbols, like
3970 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
3974 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
3980 \begin_layout Itemize
3981 Subscripts and superscripts for limits and sums (but not integrals) are
3982 written under rather than next to the symbols
3985 \begin_layout Itemize
3989 \begin_layout Standard
3990 Other than these differences, though, displayed expressions and inline expressio
3991 ns are very similar.
3994 \begin_layout Standard
3995 One final note about the way displayed formulas are typeset: Be careful
3996 about whether you are putting your equation into a new paragraph or not.
3997 If your formula is in the middle of a sentence or paragraph, then do not
4003 Doing so will cause the text
4007 the formula to start a new paragraph.
4008 That text will therefore eventually be indented, depending on your document
4009 paragraph settings, which is probably not what you want.
4012 \begin_layout Standard
4017 : Put the various equations in
4021 into display mode, and see how they are typeset differently.
4024 \begin_layout Standard
4029 : Using various tools you have learned in this section, you should be able
4030 to write an equation like
4034 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4035 After you have done it the hard way, give
4037 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4038 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4040 \begin_inset space ~
4051 \begin_inset Formula \[
4052 f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc}
4055 \sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0\end{array}\right.\]
4062 \begin_layout Section
4066 \begin_layout Standard
4067 LyX's math editor can do plenty more.
4068 By now, you are familiar with the basics, so we refer to the
4075 \begin_layout Itemize
4076 Labeling and numbering expressions
4079 \begin_layout Itemize
4080 Multi-line equations
4083 \begin_layout Itemize
4084 Change typefaces, e.
4085 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4089 \begin_inset space \space{}
4092 to write bold-face text in an expression.
4095 \begin_layout Itemize
4096 Fine-tune font sizes and spacing within an expression.
4097 (Do not worry about this until your final draft!)
4100 \begin_layout Itemize
4102 These are very powerful, because you just define them once at the top of
4103 the document, and then you can use them throughout the document.
4106 \begin_layout Itemize
4107 Do lots of other things that cannot be mentioned in this Tutorial.
4110 \begin_layout Chapter
4114 \begin_layout Section
4115 Other major LyX Features
4118 \begin_layout Standard
4119 We have not gone through all the possible commands in LyX, and we are not
4128 \begin_inset space ~
4133 manual for more information.
4134 We will just mention a couple more major things LyX can do:
4137 \begin_layout Itemize
4138 LyX has WYSIWYM support for tables.
4141 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4145 \begin_inset Graphics
4146 filename ../images/tabular-insert.png
4153 Click on the table with the
4160 \begin_inset space ~
4165 dialog box which allows extensive table editing.
4168 \begin_layout Itemize
4169 LyX also supports including pictures in any format within documents.
4172 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4176 \begin_inset Graphics
4177 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_graphics.png
4184 Then browse for the figure file, rotate or scale it, etc.) Tables and figures
4185 can have captions, and LyX will automatically generate lists of figures
4189 \begin_layout Itemize
4190 LyX is heavily configurable.
4191 Everything from how the LyX window looks to how the output comes out can
4192 be configured in a number of ways.
4193 Much configuration is done through
4195 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4199 For more information on this, check out
4201 Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4202 Customization\SpecialChar \@.
4206 \begin_layout Itemize
4207 LyX is being developed by a team of programmers on five continents.
4208 Therefore, LyX has better support for non-English languages (such as Dutch,
4209 German, French, Greek, Czech, Turkish, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
4210 ) than many word processors.
4211 Even the right-to-left languages Arabic, Farsi, and Hebrew and the Asian
4212 languages Chinese Japanese, and Korean are supported.
4213 You can write documents in other languages and you can also configure LyX
4214 to show its menus and error messages in other languages.
4218 \begin_layout Itemize
4219 The LyX menus feature keybindings.
4220 This means that you can do
4222 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4233 or by using the binding which is shown next to it in the menu (Ctrl+O by
4235 Keybindings are also configurable.
4236 For information on this, check out
4238 Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4239 Customization\SpecialChar \@.
4243 \begin_layout Itemize
4244 LyX can read LaTeX documents.
4246 \begin_inset space ~
4250 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4252 reference "sec:tex2lyx"
4259 \begin_layout Itemize
4260 Spellchecking, thesaurus, and word count facilities are available.
4263 \begin_layout Itemize
4264 Generation of indexes and nomenclatures/glossaries is supported.
4267 \begin_layout Section
4269 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4271 name "sec:latexusers"
4278 \begin_layout Standard
4279 If you do not know anything about LaTeX, you do not have to read this section.
4280 Actually, you might want to
4284 about LaTeX, and then read this chapter.
4285 However, some who begin to use LyX will be familiar with LaTeX.
4286 If you are such a person, you may be wondering if LyX can really do everything
4288 The short answer is that LyX can do pretty much everything LaTeX can do
4289 in one form or another, and it definitely simplifies most parts of writing
4293 \begin_layout Standard
4294 Because this is just a tutorial, we are only going to mention things that
4295 new LyX users will most likely be interested in.
4296 In the interests of keeping the Tutorial short, we will give only minimal
4301 \begin_inset space ~
4309 \begin_inset space ~
4314 manual have a great deal of information on differences between LyX and
4315 LaTeX, and how to do various LaTeX tricks in LyX.
4318 \begin_layout Subsection
4322 \begin_layout Standard
4323 Anything that you enter in TeX mode will be passed straight to LaTeX, and
4324 will be displayed in red on the screen.
4325 You can use TeX commands in LyX by choosing
4327 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4329 \begin_inset space ~
4335 \begin_inset Graphics
4336 filename ../images/ert-insert.png
4343 This creates a box where everything within it is passed straight to LaTeX.
4346 \begin_layout Standard
4347 In a math formula, TeX mode is handled a bit differently.
4348 TeX mode is there entered by typing a backslash.
4349 The backslash is not written out, but anything you type afterwards will
4351 You exit TeX mode by typing
4355 or some other non-alphabetic character, like a number, underscore, caret,
4357 Once you exit TeX mode, if LyX knows the TeX command you have typed in,
4358 it will convert it to WYSIWYM\SpecialChar \@.
4360 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4370 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4373 in a formula and then press
4377 , LyX will change the red
4378 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4382 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4386 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4390 \begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
4394 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4398 This will work for almost all, non-complicated math macros.
4399 This may be faster than using the
4402 \begin_inset space ~
4407 , and will be especially convenient for experienced LaTeX users.
4410 \begin_layout Standard
4411 As a special case, if you type a brace in TeX mode, then the beginning
4415 ending braces will be inserted in red, then take you
4419 of TeX mode and place the cursor between the braces.
4420 This makes it more convenient to type commands that LyX does not know which
4424 \begin_layout Standard
4425 LyX cannot do absolutely everything that LaTeX can do.
4426 Some fancy functions are not supported at all, while some work but are
4428 TeX mode allows users to get the full flexibility of LaTeX, while having
4429 all the convenient features of LyX, like WYSIWYM math, tables, and editing.
4430 LyX could never support every LaTeX package.
4437 in the preamble (see section
4438 \begin_inset space ~
4442 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4444 reference "sec:preamble"
4448 ), you can use any package you want — although you will not have WYSIWYM
4449 support for that package's features.
4452 \begin_layout Subsection
4453 Importing LaTeX Documents —
4458 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4467 \begin_layout Standard
4468 You can import a LaTeX file into LyX by using the
4470 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4471 Import\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4473 \begin_inset space ~
4479 This will call the program
4483 which will create a file
4491 and then open that file.
4492 If the translation does not work, you can try calling
4496 from the command line, possibly using fancier options.
4499 \begin_layout Standard
4504 will translate most legal LaTeX, but not everything.
4505 It will leave things it does not understand in TeX mode, so after translating
4510 , you can look for red text and hand-edit it to look right.
4513 \begin_layout Standard
4518 has its own manpage.
4519 Read it to find out about which LaTeX commands and environments are not
4520 supported, bugs (and how to get around them), and how to use the various
4524 \begin_layout Subsection
4525 Converting LyX Documents to LaTeX
4528 \begin_layout Standard
4529 You might wish to convert a LyX Document to a LaTeX file.
4530 For example, a co-worker or co-author who does not have LyX might want
4534 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4535 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4539 This will create a file
4547 file you are editing.
4548 LyX always creates temporary LaTeX files when viewing or printing files.
4551 \begin_layout Subsection
4555 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4559 \begin_layout Standard
4562 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4565 dialog takes care of many of the options that you would input in a
4572 Change the class, default font size and paper size here.
4573 Put any extra options to the
4586 \begin_inset space ~
4594 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4595 Other Preamble Matter
4596 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4605 \begin_layout Standard
4606 If you have special commands to put in the preamble of a LaTeX file, you
4607 can use them in a LyX document as well.
4610 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4611 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4613 \begin_inset space ~
4618 and type in the dialog window (or from the document settings dialog, depending
4620 Anything you type will (like with TeX mode) be sent directly to LaTeX.
4623 \begin_layout Subsection
4627 \begin_layout Standard
4628 LyX has support for BibTeX, which allows you to build databases of bibliographic
4629 al references to be used in multiple documents.
4632 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4634 \begin_inset space ~
4638 \begin_inset space ~
4641 TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4643 \begin_inset space ~
4657 field you load BibTeX files, in the
4661 field you can load BibTeX style files.
4664 \begin_layout Standard
4665 After you have done this, you can use citations from any bibliographies
4666 you are including with
4668 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4672 \begin_inset space ~
4676 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4678 reference "sec:bibliographies"
4683 LyX will take care of running BibTeX.
4688 dialog will show a list of all the references in your
4695 \begin_layout Section
4699 \begin_layout Standard
4700 Sometimes when you LaTeX a document, there will be errors, things that LyX
4701 or LaTeX cannot understand.
4702 When this happens, LyX will open a
4705 \begin_inset space ~
4711 Clicking on individual errors in this dialog will take you to the place
4712 in the LyX document where the error occurs and also display the detailed
4713 LaTeX error message.