1 #LyX 1.6.6svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
7 % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
9 %This preamble is designed to ensure that the document prints
10 % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble,
11 % parts of the document may not print out as expected. If you
12 % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact
13 % the documentation team
14 % email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
16 \usepackage{ifpdf} % part of the hyperref bundle
17 \ifpdf % if pdflatex is used
19 % set fonts for nicer pdf view
20 \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}{}
22 \fi % end if pdflatex is used
24 % the pages of the TOC is numbered roman
25 % and a pdf-bookmark for the TOC is added
26 \let\myTOC\tableofcontents
27 \renewcommand\tableofcontents{%
29 \pdfbookmark[1]{\contentsname}{}
33 % redefine the \LyX macro for PDF bookmarks
34 \def\LyX{\texorpdfstring{%
35 L\kern-.1667em\lower.25em\hbox{Y}\kern-.125emX\@}
38 \use_default_options false
46 \font_typewriter default
47 \font_default_family default
57 \pdf_title "The LyX Tutorial"
58 \pdf_author "LyX Team"
59 \pdf_subject "LyX-documentation Tutorial"
60 \pdf_keywords "LyX, documentation"
62 \pdf_bookmarksnumbered true
63 \pdf_bookmarksopen true
64 \pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1
69 \pdf_pdfusetitle false
70 \pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue,pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true,pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false, pdfpagelabels"
77 \paperorientation portrait
80 \paragraph_separation indent
82 \quotes_language english
85 \paperpagestyle headings
86 \tracking_changes false
103 \begin_layout Plain Layout
104 If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documenta
108 \begin_inset CommandInset href
110 target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
125 \begin_layout Standard
126 \begin_inset CommandInset toc
127 LatexCommand tableofcontents
134 \begin_layout Chapter
138 \begin_layout Section
142 \begin_layout Standard
143 This file is designed for all of you who have never heard of LaTeX, or do
144 not know it very well.
145 Now, do not panic - you will not need to learn LaTeX to use LyX.
146 That is, after all, the whole point of LyX: to provide an almost-WYSIWYG
148 There are some things you will need to learn, however, in order to use
152 \begin_layout Standard
153 Some of you probably found your way to this document because you tried to
154 put two spaces after a
155 \begin_inset Quotes eld
159 \begin_inset Quotes erd
162 or tried to put three blank lines between paragraphs.
163 You found out you could not and in fact, you will find out that most of
164 the little tricks you are accustomed to use in other word processors will
166 That is because most word processors you have used before allow you to
167 manually enter all spacings, font changes, and so on.
168 So you end up not only writing a document but typesetting it, too.
169 LyX does the typesetting for you, in a consistent fashion, letting you
170 focus on the important things, like the content of your writing.
173 \begin_layout Standard
174 So read on to learn more about LyX.
175 Reading this tutorial is definitely worth the time.
178 \begin_layout Section
188 \begin_layout Standard
189 Before we get started with this section, we want to make a quick note of
195 uses the notation outlined in the
200 If you came to this manual first, please read the
204 before you continue with the
211 \begin_layout Standard
212 Now that you know which fonts mean what, we want to talk a bit about what
220 \begin_layout Subsection
221 Getting the most out of the Tutorial
224 \begin_layout Standard
225 This tutorial consists of examples and exercises.
226 To get the most out of this document, you should read through the document,
227 typing all the little things we are telling you to type and trying out
228 all of the exercises to see if you get them right.
229 For convenience, you might want to print out the PDF version of this document.
232 \begin_layout Standard
233 If you are familiar with LaTeX, you will probably be able to read the
237 somewhat faster, since many LyX ideas are just LaTeX ideas in disguise.
238 However, LyX has features you will want to learn about.
239 Even if you do not feel like reading the rest of the
243 , you should definitely check out Section
248 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
250 reference "sec:latexusers"
254 , which is specifically written for experienced LaTeX users.
257 \begin_layout Subsection
265 \begin_layout Itemize
266 Detailed explanations of all of LyX's features.
270 \begin_layout Standard
279 \begin_layout Itemize
280 Detailed explanations of LaTeX.
284 \begin_layout Standard
286 If you want to learn some of the neat tricks you can do with LaTeX in LyX,
287 you can have a look at the
299 \begin_layout Standard
300 It is time to move onwards, time for your first document \SpecialChar \ldots{}
304 \begin_layout Chapter
305 Getting started with LyX
308 \begin_layout Section
309 Your first LyX document
312 \begin_layout Standard
314 You are ready to start writing.
315 Before you do, there are a few things we need to mention, which will hopefully
316 make the Tutorial more instructive and useful.
320 \begin_layout Standard
321 Because there is information we cannot give you in the Tutorial, the
327 thing that you need to do is find the
334 Start up LyX, Choose the
343 You may want to load the
347 as well (if you are not reading it within LyX already).
348 This way, you can read them while you are writing your own file.
352 \begin_layout Plain Layout
353 They can also serve as good examples of how to use the many features of
359 Note that once you have got more than one document open, you can use the
364 menu or the document tabs to switch between them.
367 \begin_layout Standard
368 In this Tutorial, we are going to assume that you have a fully working version
369 of LyX, as well as a LaTeX-distribution, a DVI-, and a PDF-viewer.
370 This should be the case on all major Linux- and BSD-distributions, as well
371 as on Windows, where this is setup by the LyX installers.
374 \begin_layout Standard
375 Finally, we have written a file called
379 to let you practice your LyX skills.
380 Imagine that it was typed by someone who did not know about any of LyX's
382 As you learn new LyX functions, we will suggest that you fix those parts
388 It also contains `subtle' hints about how to fix things.
392 \begin_layout Plain Layout
393 The hints are located in yellow
394 \begin_inset Quotes eld
398 \begin_inset Quotes erd
402 Access the text in a note by clicking on it.
407 If you want to cheat, or check what you have done, there is also a file
412 which contains the same text written and typeset by a LyX master.
415 \begin_layout Standard
416 The example files can be found in the
420 directory of LyX's installation folder.
421 Open the raw document, and use
423 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
430 to save a copy in your own directory for you to work on.
431 As you fix parts of the raw document, check to see how those changes affect
435 \begin_layout Standard
440 directory contains lots of other examples files.
441 They will show you how to do various fancy things with LyX.
442 After you have read the Tutorial, or when you are confused about how to
443 do something fancy in LyX, take a look at these files.
446 \begin_layout Subsection
447 Typing, Viewing, and Exporting
450 \begin_layout Itemize
453 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
457 \begin_layout Itemize
458 Type a sentence like:
460 This is my first LyX document!
463 \begin_layout Itemize
464 Save your document with
466 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
475 \begin_layout Itemize
476 Run LaTeX to create a DVI file, with
478 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
481 or the toolbar button
482 \begin_inset Graphics
483 filename ../images/buffer-view_dvi.png
489 LyX will open a DVI-viewer program displaying your document as it will
494 \begin_layout Plain Layout
495 You can save time by leaving the DVI-viewer running in the background.
498 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
499 Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator
502 or the toolbar button
503 \begin_inset Graphics
504 filename ../images/buffer-update_dvi.png
509 and just click on the DVI-viewer window (or unminimize it) after LaTeX
518 \begin_layout Itemize
519 Export the ready to print document with
521 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
529 \begin_layout Standard
530 Congratulations! You have written your first LyX document.
531 All of the rest is just details, which are covered in the other manuals.
534 \begin_layout Subsection
538 \begin_layout Standard
539 LyX can of course do most of the things you are used to do with a word processor.
540 It will word-wrap and indent paragraphs automatically.
541 Here is a quick description of how to do some simple actions.
544 \begin_layout Description
545 Undo LyX has multiple levels of undo, which means you can undo everything
546 you have done since your current editing session started, by selecting
549 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
553 \begin_inset Graphics
554 filename ../images/undo.png
559 ) over and over again.
560 If you undo too much, just select
562 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
566 \begin_inset Graphics
567 filename ../images/redo.png
577 \begin_layout Standard
578 Currently, undo is limited to 100 steps.
582 \begin_layout Description
585 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
589 \begin_inset Graphics
590 filename ../images/cut.png
597 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
601 \begin_inset Graphics
602 filename ../images/copy.png
609 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
613 \begin_inset Graphics
614 filename ../images/paste.png
619 ) to cut, copy, and paste.
620 Or automatically paste selected text (including selections from other programs)
628 \begin_layout Description
631 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
643 \begin_inset Graphics
644 filename ../images/dialog-show_findreplace.png
650 In the dialog, search with the
662 button to replace a word you have found.
666 \begin_layout Plain Layout
667 Close the window when you are done or leave it open if you find it more
669 Most dialog boxes in LyX can operate like this.
670 Just be sure you have the right window focus when you are trying to type
671 in the main LyX window or a LyX dialog.
676 If you like, you can specify whether to make the search case-sensitive,
677 or to search for only complete words; you can also search backwards through
681 \begin_layout Description
690 text (which will by default print characters in italics), set it in
698 (usually small caps, used for people's names), or use your own formatting
701 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
708 dialog (toolbar button
709 \begin_inset Graphics
710 filename ../images/dialog-show_character.png
718 \begin_layout Description
719 Toolbar There are buttons on the toolbar (just below the menus) which allow
720 you to do some of the more popular functions, such as
731 \begin_layout Standard
732 Of course, you have not yet written enough to make most of these functions
734 As you write more, though, try undoing, pasting, etc.
737 \begin_layout Subsection
738 WYSIWYM: Whitespace in LyX
741 \begin_layout Standard
742 One of the hardest things for new users to get used to is the way that LyX
744 As many times as you hit
748 , you will only get one blank line.
749 As many times as you hit
753 , you will only get one space.
754 On a blank line, LyX will not let you type even one space.
759 key will not move you forward one tab stop; in fact there
763 no tab stops! There is no ruler at the top of the page to let you set tabs
767 \begin_layout Standard
768 Many word processors are based on the WYSIWYG principle:
769 \begin_inset Quotes eld
772 What You See Is What You Get.
773 \begin_inset Quotes erd
776 LyX, on the other hand, is based on the principle that
777 \begin_inset Quotes eld
780 What You See Is What You
785 \begin_inset Quotes erd
788 You type what you mean, and LyX will take care of typesetting it for you,
789 so that the output looks nice.
794 grammatically separates paragraphs, and a
798 grammatically separates words, so there is no reason to have several of
803 has no grammatical function at all, so LyX does not support it.
804 Using LyX, you will spend more of your time worrying about the
808 of your document, and less time worrying about the
817 for more information on the WYSIWYM concept.
820 \begin_layout Standard
821 LyX does have (many) ways to fine-tune the formatting of your document.
822 After all, LyX might not typeset
831 has information about all that.
832 It includes horizontal fills and vertical space — which are more powerful
833 and versatile than multiple spaces or blank lines — and ways to change
834 font sizes, character styles, and paragraph alignments by hand.
835 The idea, though, is that you can write your whole document, focusing on
836 content, and just worry about that fine-tuning at the end.
837 With standard word processors, you will be distracted by document formatting
838 throughout the writing process.
841 \begin_layout Section
845 \begin_layout Standard
846 Different parts of a document have different purposes; we call these parts
852 Most of a document is made up of regular text.
853 Section titles (chapter, subsection, etc.) let the reader know that a new
854 topic or subtopic will be discussed.
855 Certain types of documents have special environments.
856 A journal article will have an abstract and a title.
857 A letter will have neither of these, but will probably have an environment
858 that gives the writer's address.
861 \begin_layout Standard
862 Environments are a major part of the
863 \begin_inset Quotes eld
866 What You See Is What You Mean
867 \begin_inset Quotes erd
871 A given environment may require a certain font style, font size, indenting,
872 line spacing, and more.
873 This problem is aggravated, because the exact formatting for a given environmen
874 t may change: one journal may use boldface, 18 point, centered type for
875 section titles while another uses italicized, 15 point, left justified
876 type; different languages may have different standards for indenting; and
877 bibliography formats can vary widely.
878 LyX lets you avoid learning all the different formatting styles.
881 \begin_layout Standard
886 choice box is located on the left end of the toolbar and looks like this:
888 \begin_inset Graphics
889 filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
896 It indicates in which environment you are currently writing.
897 While you were writing your first document, it said
898 \begin_inset Quotes eld
902 \begin_inset Quotes erd
905 which is the default environment for text.
906 Now you will put a number of environments in your new document so that
907 you can see how they work.
910 \begin_layout Subsection
911 Sections and Subsections
914 \begin_layout Standard
919 on the first line of your LyX file, and select
931 \begin_layout Plain Layout
937 If nothing is selected, LyX changes the paragraph you are currently in
938 to the selected environment.
939 Alternatively, you can change several paragraphs to a different environment
940 by selecting them before picking an environment.
957 , which will be covered below.
958 LyX numbers the section
959 \begin_inset Quotes eld
963 \begin_inset Quotes erd
966 and typesets the section heading (title) in a larger font.
977 \begin_inset Quotes eld
981 \begin_inset Quotes erd
985 \begin_inset Quotes eld
989 \begin_inset Quotes erd
993 Section headings, like most environments, are assumed to end when you type
999 Type the document introduction:
1002 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1003 This is an introduction to my first LyX document.
1006 \begin_layout Standard
1021 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1025 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1028 and waits for you to type a title.
1030 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1036 \begin_inset space ~
1042 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1045 , and you will see that LyX again sets it as a section title.
1048 \begin_layout Standard
1050 Go to the end of Section
1051 \begin_inset space ~
1055 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1058 my first LyX document
1059 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1076 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1080 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1083 and waits for you to type a title.
1090 \begin_inset space ~
1094 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1098 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1102 \begin_inset space ~
1105 2, has been automatically renumbered to Section
1106 \begin_inset space ~
1109 3! In true WYSIWYM fashion, you just need to identify the text that makes
1110 up the section titles, and LyX takes care of numbering the sections and
1114 \begin_layout Standard
1123 environment, and type the following five lines:
1126 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1127 Sections and subsections are described below.
1130 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1134 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1135 Sections are bigger than subsections.
1138 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1139 Subsection description
1142 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1143 Subsections are smaller than sections.
1146 \begin_layout Standard
1147 Click on the second line and select
1156 LyX numbers the subsection
1157 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1161 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1164 , and typesets it in a font which is bigger than regular text but smaller
1165 than the section title.
1166 Change the fourth line
1170 environment as well.
1171 As you probably expected, LyX automatically numbered the section
1172 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1176 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1180 If you put yet another section before Section
1181 \begin_inset space ~
1185 \begin_inset space ~
1188 2 will be renumbered as Section 3, and the subsections will be renumbered
1190 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1194 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1198 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1202 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1209 \begin_layout Standard
1210 Further levels of sectioning include
1223 We will let you play with these on your own.
1224 You may notice that paragraph and subparagraph headings are not numbered
1225 by default, and that subparagraphs are indented; see the
1229 for an explanation and how to change this.
1234 headings are actually the highest level of sectioning, above
1238 s, but you are only allowed to use them in certain types (text classes)
1239 of LyX documents (see Section
1240 \begin_inset space ~
1244 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1246 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
1254 \begin_layout Standard
1255 Finally, you may want to have sections or subsections that are not numbered.
1256 There are environments for this as well.
1257 If you change one of your section headings to the
1261 environment (you may have to scroll down in the
1265 box to find it), LyX will use the same font size for the heading as it
1266 uses for a regular section, but it will not number that section.
1267 There are corresponding
1268 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1272 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1275 heading environments for
1284 Try changing some of your sections or subsections to the starred environments,
1285 and note how the other section numbers are updated.
1288 \begin_layout Standard
1293 : Fix the section and subsection headings in
1301 \begin_layout Subsection
1305 \begin_layout Standard
1306 LyX has several different environments for typesetting lists.
1307 The various list environments free you from hitting
1311 a million times when writing an outline, or from renumbering a whole list
1312 when you want to add a point in the middle of the list.
1313 Different types of documents logically require different list environments:
1316 \begin_layout Itemize
1317 A slide presentation might use the
1321 environment's bulleted lists to describe different points.
1325 \begin_layout Itemize
1326 An outline would use the
1330 environment's numbered lists (and lettered sublists).
1334 \begin_layout Itemize
1335 A document describing several software packages could use the
1339 environment, where each item in the list begins with a bold-faced word.
1343 \begin_layout Itemize
1348 environment is a variation on the
1355 \begin_layout Standard
1356 Let us write a list of reasons why LyX is better than other word processors.
1357 Somewhere in your document, type:
1360 \begin_layout Standard
1363 LyX is better than other word processors because:
1366 \begin_layout Standard
1382 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1386 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1390 Type in your reasons:
1393 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1394 Typesetting is done for you.
1397 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1401 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1402 Lists are very easy to create!
1405 \begin_layout Standard
1406 List environments, unlike headings, do not end when you type
1411 Instead, LyX assumes you are going on to the next item in the list.
1412 The above will therefore result in a three-item list.
1413 If you want more than one paragraph within one list
1417 , one way is to use the
1420 \begin_inset space ~
1425 , which you get by typing
1430 In order to get out of the list, you need to reselect the
1434 environment (or just use the key binding,
1437 \begin_inset space ~
1445 \begin_layout Standard
1446 You have got a beautiful itemized list.
1447 You might want to run LaTeX to see how the list looks when printed out.
1448 But what if you wanted to number the reasons? Well, just select the whole
1453 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1454 LyX will not let you select the first bullet unless you also select the
1459 the list, which you probably do not want to do.
1460 Similarly, you cannot select the actual number in a numbered section title.
1461 This is on purpose because the bullet or number depends on the document
1462 settings or text position, respectively.
1476 Pow! As we mentioned, if you add or delete a list item, LyX will fix the
1480 \begin_layout Standard
1481 While the list is still selected, you can change to the other two list environme
1490 , in order to see what they look like.
1491 For those two environments, each list item is made up of a term, which
1492 is the item's first word, followed by a definition, which is the rest of
1493 the paragraph (until you hit
1497 .) The term is either typeset in boldface (
1502 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1506 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1513 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1514 But a typesetter's tab, which will change to fit the size of the largest
1515 term, not a pathetic, rigid, unchangeable typewriter
1528 ) from the rest of the paragraph.
1529 If you want to have more than one word in the definition, then separate
1533 \begin_inset space ~
1541 \begin_layout Standard
1546 : Typeset the list in
1551 \begin_layout Standard
1552 You can nest lists within each other in all sorts of interesting ways.
1553 An obvious example would be writing outlines.
1554 Numbered and bulleted lists will have different numbering and bulleting
1555 schemes for sublists.
1560 for details on the different sorts of lists and for examples of nestings.
1563 \begin_layout Subsection
1564 Other environments: Verses, Quotations, and more
1567 \begin_layout Standard
1568 There are two environments for setting quotations apart from surrounding
1573 for short quotes and
1586 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1587 used in this Tutorial for the long typing examples
1596 font; this environment is the only place in LyX where you are allowed to
1597 use multiple spaces to allow code indenting.
1598 You can even write poetry using the
1606 to separate stanzas, and
1610 to separate lines within a stanza.
1615 for more complete descriptions of all of the available LyX environments.
1618 \begin_layout Standard
1623 : Correctly typeset the
1632 \begin_inset Newline newline
1640 \begin_layout Chapter
1644 \begin_layout Standard
1645 The previous chapter hopefully allowed you to get used to writing in LyX.
1646 It introduced you to the basic editing operations in LyX, as well as the
1647 powerful method of writing with environments.
1648 Most people who use LyX, though, will want to write documents: papers,
1649 articles, books, manuals, or letters.
1650 This chapter is meant to take you from simply writing text with LyX to
1651 writing a complete document.
1652 It will introduce you to text classes, which allow you to write different
1654 It will then describe many of the additions that turn text into a document,
1655 such as titles, footnotes, cross references, bibliographies, and tables
1659 \begin_layout Section
1661 \begin_inset CommandInset label
1663 name "sec:Document-Classes"
1670 \begin_layout Standard
1671 Different sorts of documents should be typeset differently.
1672 For example, books are generally printed double-sided, while articles are
1674 In addition, many documents contain special environments: letters contain
1675 some environments — such as the sender's address and the signature — which
1676 do not make sense in a book or article.
1685 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1686 for LaTeX users: this is equivalent to the LaTeX document class
1691 takes care of these large scale differences between different sorts of
1693 This Tutorial, for example, was written in the
1698 Document classes are another major part of the WYSIWYM philosophy; they
1699 tell LyX how to typeset the document, so you do not need to know how.
1702 \begin_layout Standard
1703 Your document is probably being written in the
1711 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1712 That is usually the default document class
1717 Try changing to other document classes (using the
1719 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1722 dialog) to see how they are typeset differently.
1723 If you change your document to the
1727 document class and look at the
1731 box, you will see that most of the allowed environments are the same.
1732 However, you can now use the
1737 If you are ever unsure about which environments you can use in a given
1738 document class, just consult the
1745 \begin_layout Standard
1746 Font sizes, one- or two-column printing, and page headings are just some
1747 of the ways journals typesettings differ from one another.
1748 As the Computer Age continues to mature, journals have begun accepting
1749 electronic submissions, creating LaTeX
1750 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1754 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1757 so that authors can submit correctly typeset articles.
1758 LyX is set up to support this as well.
1759 For example, LyX supports typesetting (and extra environments) for the
1760 American Mathematics Society journals using the
1763 \begin_inset space ~
1771 \begin_layout Standard
1772 Here is a very quick reference to some of the document classes.
1775 Special Document Classes
1781 manual for many more details.
1784 \begin_layout Standard
1786 \begin_inset Tabular
1787 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
1789 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
1790 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
1792 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1795 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1801 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1804 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1812 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1815 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1821 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1824 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1825 one-sided, no chapters
1832 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1835 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1841 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1844 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1845 layout & environments for American Math Society
1852 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1855 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1861 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1864 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1865 longer than article, two-sided
1872 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1875 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1881 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1884 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1885 report + front and back matter
1892 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1895 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1901 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1904 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1912 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1915 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1921 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1924 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1925 lots of extra environments for address, signature\SpecialChar \ldots{}
1939 \begin_layout Section
1940 Templates: Writing a Letter
1943 \begin_layout Standard
1944 One way to write a letter would be to open a new file, and choose a
1950 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1954 While this is the most obvious way to write a letter, it seems like extra
1956 Every time you write a business letter, you want to have your address,
1957 the address to which you are sending it, a body, a signature, etc.
1962 for letters, which contains a sample letter; once you have a template,
1963 you can just replace a couple of parts of the letter with your text each
1964 time you write a letter.
1967 \begin_layout Standard
1968 Open a new file with
1970 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1972 \begin_inset space ~
1976 \begin_inset space ~
1987 Save and print the file to see how the various environments are typeset.
1990 \begin_layout Standard
1991 When you look at the
1995 box, you will see several environments, like the
1998 \begin_inset space ~
2003 environment, which do not even exist in most other document classes.
2013 You can play around for a while to figure out how the various environments
2015 You will notice for example that the
2019 environment has the word
2020 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2024 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2027 in red before the actual text of the signature.
2028 This word does not show up in the actual letter, as you will see if you
2029 view/export the file.
2030 It is just there to let you know where the signature goes.
2031 Also, note that it does not matter where in the file the
2036 Remember, LyX is WYSIWYM; you can put the
2040 environment anywhere you want, but LyX knows that in the printout, the
2041 signature should be at the end.
2044 \begin_layout Standard
2045 A template is just a regular LyX file.
2046 This means you can fill in your address and signature and save the file
2048 From now on, any time you want to write a letter, you can use the new template
2050 We do not have to suggest an actual
2051 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2055 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2058 here; just write a letter to someone!
2062 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2063 One warning, if you are writing from a template.
2064 If you erase all of the text in an environment — for example, if you erase
2068 \begin_inset space ~
2073 field so that you can replace it with your own — and then you move the
2074 cursor without writing any text, the environment may disappear.
2075 This is because most environments cannot exist without any text in them.
2076 Just reselect the environment from the
2088 \begin_layout Standard
2089 Templates can be a huge time-saver, and we urge you to use them whenever
2091 In addition, they can help a person learn how to use some of the fancier
2093 Finally, they may be useful for a person who is configuring LyX for a bunch
2094 of less computer-aware users.
2095 When they are first learning LyX, it will be much less intimidating if
2096 they have a letter template customized for their company, for example.
2099 \begin_layout Section
2103 \begin_layout Standard
2104 LyX (like LaTeX) considers the title — which may contain the actual title,
2105 the author, the date, and even an abstract of a paper — to be a separate
2106 part of the document.
2109 \begin_layout Standard
2110 Go back to your LyX document and make sure it is using the
2118 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2119 You should not be using the letter any more, since the
2123 document class does not allow titles.
2128 Type a title on the first line, and change the line to the
2133 On the next line, type your name and change it to the
2138 On the next line, write the date in the
2143 Type a paragraph or two summarizing your document using the
2148 Notice how the title is presented when it is printed out.
2149 If you change the document format to Book, you will get a separate title
2150 page, like the first page of this tutorial.
2153 \begin_layout Standard
2158 : Fix the title, date, and author in
2163 \begin_layout Section
2164 Labels and Cross-References
2167 \begin_layout Standard
2168 You can label section headings, list items, formulas, footnotes, and floats
2172 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2173 Floats are explained in the
2187 Once you do so, you can refer to this section in other parts of the document,
2188 using cross-references.
2189 You can refer either to the section's number, or to the page that the section
2191 As with section numbering, LyX also takes care about cross-reference numbering
2193 Automatic labels and cross-references are among the most significant advantages
2194 of LyX (and LaTeX) over conventional word processors.
2198 \begin_layout Subsection
2202 \begin_layout Standard
2203 Go to our second section, whose title is
2204 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2208 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2212 Click at the end of the section title line, and select
2214 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2217 or the toolbar button
2218 \begin_inset Graphics
2219 filename ../images/label-insert.png
2226 A dialog asks you for a label name, and gives you a suggestion.
2231 , the label name will be placed in a box next to the section title.
2234 \begin_layout Standard
2235 So far you have not done anything — the DVI output will look exactly the
2236 same, since labels do not show up in the printed document.
2237 However, now that you have added a label, you can refer to that label with
2239 We will do that next.
2242 \begin_layout Subsection
2243 Your first cross-reference
2246 \begin_layout Standard
2247 Place the cursor somewhere in section
2248 \begin_inset space ~
2255 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2256 If you want to know more about this document, then see
2257 \begin_inset Newline newline
2260 section, which can be found on page.
2263 \begin_layout Standard
2264 Now — with the cursor after the word `Section' — choose
2266 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2268 \begin_inset space ~
2273 or the toolbar button
2274 \begin_inset Graphics
2275 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png
2282 The Cross-reference dialog pops up.
2283 It shows a list of the possible labels you can reference.
2284 At the moment, there should be only one, `sec:About-This-Document'.
2285 First, select the drop-down menu labeled Format and select '<reference>
2286 on page <page>.' Then select `sec:About-This-Document' (it may be selected
2287 by default), and a reference marker will appear containing `Ref+Text: sec:About
2288 -This-Document' (To be really correct, you should put a
2291 \begin_inset space ~
2296 in between the word `Section' and the reference).
2297 Alternatively to that method, you can right-click on a label and use in
2298 the appearing context menu
2303 The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be copied
2304 to the actual cursor position via the menu
2306 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2314 In the printed document, this reference marker will be replaced with the
2315 section number and then the page number.
2316 View your document as DVI, and you will see that LaTeX has been even cleverer
2318 It refers to `Section 2' and depending how much text you have between the
2319 start of Section 2 and this cross-reference you may see `on this page,'
2320 'on the previous page' or `on page n' (whereas
2324 is the page number).
2327 \begin_layout Standard
2328 Conveniently, a cross-reference acts as a hyperlink when you are editing
2329 a document in LyX; clicking on it will pop up the
2336 \begin_inset space ~
2340 \begin_inset space ~
2345 will move the cursor to the referenced label.
2348 \begin_layout Subsection
2349 More fun with labels
2352 \begin_layout Standard
2353 We told you that LyX takes care about numbering cross-references; now you
2355 Add a new section before Section
2356 \begin_inset space ~
2360 Update the DVI view, and — voilà ! — the section cross reference changed
2362 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2366 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2369 ! Change the section
2370 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2374 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2377 to a subsection, and the cross-reference will reference Subsection
2378 \begin_inset space ~
2381 2.1 instead of Section
2382 \begin_inset space ~
2386 The page reference will not change unless you add a whole page of text
2387 before the label, of course.
2391 \begin_layout Standard
2392 If you want some more practice with labels, then try putting a new label
2393 where your first cross-reference was, and refer to that label from elsewhere
2395 If you will be inserting cross-references often, it may be convenient to
2403 \begin_layout Standard
2404 If you want to make sure that the cross-referencing gets the pages right
2405 even for larger documents,
2409 a couple pages of text from the
2413 to the clipboard, and
2417 the stolen text into your document.
2421 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2422 By the way, copying a chapter title may cause an error, because chapters
2423 are not allowed in the article class, see section
2424 \begin_inset space ~
2428 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
2430 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
2435 If this happens, just delete the chapter title.
2443 \begin_layout Standard
2448 : Fix the references in
2453 \begin_layout Section
2454 Footnotes and Margin Notes
2457 \begin_layout Standard
2458 Footnotes can be added using the toolbar button
2459 \begin_inset Graphics
2460 filename ../images/footnote-insert.png
2468 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2472 Click at the end of the word
2473 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2477 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2480 somewhere in your document and click the
2481 \begin_inset Graphics
2482 filename ../images/footnote-insert.png
2489 A footnote box appears where you can enter the text of the footnote.
2490 LyX should place the cursor at the beginning of the footnote box.
2494 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2495 LyX is a typesetting word processor.
2498 \begin_layout Standard
2499 Now click on the button labeled
2500 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2504 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2508 The footnote box is closed, leaving the button showing where the footnote
2509 marker will be in the printed text; this is called
2510 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2514 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2518 You can unfold the footnote at any time and re-edit its text by clicking
2520 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2524 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2530 \begin_layout Standard
2531 A footnote can be cut and pasted like normal text.
2532 Go ahead; try it! All you need to do is select the footnote button
2536 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2537 It may be easier to select it using the keyboard.
2538 You might accidentally open the footnote if you are trying to select the
2539 marker itself with the mouse.
2553 In addition, you can change regular text to a footnote, by selecting it
2555 \begin_inset Graphics
2556 filename ../images/footnote-insert.png
2562 button; change a footnote to regular text by hitting the
2566 key when the cursor is in the first position of a footnote, or by hitting
2571 key when the cursor is in the very last position of the footnote, respectively.
2574 \begin_layout Standard
2575 Margin notes can be added using the menu
2577 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2579 \begin_inset space ~
2584 or the toolbar button
2585 \begin_inset Graphics
2586 filename ../images/marginalnote-insert.png
2593 Margin notes are like footnotes, except that:
2596 \begin_layout Itemize
2597 the on-screen boxes say
2598 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2602 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2606 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2610 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2616 \begin_layout Itemize
2617 the notes will be placed in the margin, instead of below the text
2620 \begin_layout Itemize
2621 margin notes are not numbered
2624 \begin_layout Standard
2625 Change your LyX footnote back to text, then select and change it to a margin
2627 Run LaTeX again to see what the margin note looks like.
2630 \begin_layout Standard
2635 : Fix the footnote in
2640 \begin_layout Section
2642 \begin_inset CommandInset label
2644 name "sec:bibliographies"
2651 \begin_layout Standard
2652 Bibliographies (at least in the exact sciences) are similar to cross references.
2653 The bibliography contains a list of references at the end of the document,
2654 and they can be referenced from within the document.
2655 Like section titles, LyX and LaTeX make your job easier by automatically
2656 numbering the bibliography items and changing citations when the item numbers
2660 \begin_layout Standard
2661 Go to the end of the document and switch to the
2666 Now, each paragraph you type will be a reference.
2668 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2673 The Lyx Tutorial, by the LyX Documentation Team
2676 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2679 as your first reference.
2680 Note that LyX automatically puts a number in a box before each reference.
2681 Click on the boxed reference number, and the
2684 \begin_inset space ~
2694 is to refer to this reference within the LyX document, the
2703 is set (default), you will see the number of the bibliography in the output.
2709 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2713 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2716 to make it easy to remember.
2719 \begin_layout Standard
2720 Now pick somewhere in your document that you would like to insert a reference.
2723 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2726 or the toolbar button
2727 \begin_inset Graphics
2728 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_citation.png
2740 The right panel in this dialog lists all the bibliography entries, and
2741 this field allows you to choose which bibliography item you want to cite.
2743 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2747 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2750 (right now, that is the only item in the bibliography), then use the
2754 button in the center to insert it.
2755 (You can have multiple citations in the same place by transferring a number
2756 of keys this way.) Now view your file as DVI, and you will see that the
2757 citation appears in brackets in the text, referring to the bibliography
2758 at the end of the document.
2761 \begin_layout Standard
2765 \begin_inset space ~
2774 dialog will put a remark (such as a reference to a page or chapter within
2775 the referenced book or article) in the brackets after the reference.
2776 If you want the references to have labels instead of numbers in the printed
2777 output (for example, some journals would use
2778 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2782 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2785 to refer to a paper written by Smith in 1995), use the
2792 \begin_inset space ~
2805 \begin_layout Standard
2810 Fix the bibliography and citation in
2815 \begin_layout Section
2819 \begin_layout Standard
2820 You may want to put a table of contents at the beginning of your document.
2821 LyX makes this very easy to do.
2826 after your document title and before your first section title and choose
2829 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2831 \begin_inset space ~
2835 \begin_inset space ~
2838 TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2840 \begin_inset space ~
2844 \begin_inset space ~
2851 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2855 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2858 will appear in a button on the first line of the document.
2862 \begin_layout Standard
2863 This may not appear to be very useful.
2864 However, if you look at your DVI file, you will see that a table of contents
2865 has been generated, listing the various sections and subsections in your
2867 As usual, if you reorder sections or create new ones, you will see those
2868 changes in the DVI file when you update it.
2872 \begin_layout Standard
2873 The table of contents is not printed in the on-screen version of the document.
2874 But you can display the table of contents in a separate window by clicking
2875 on the table of contents button, or by using
2877 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2880 or the toolbar button
2881 \begin_inset Graphics
2882 filename ../images/dialog-toggle_toc.png
2889 This menu will work even if you do not have a table of contents inset in
2891 This is a very useful tool for moving around your document parts.
2892 Clicking on a (sub)section title in the
2896 window will highlight that line and move the display (in the LyX editing
2897 window) to that place in the document.
2898 You can also use the arrow keys to move up and down in the table of contents.
2899 You may therefore find it convenient to leave this window open throughout
2901 You can get similar functionality from the
2905 menu, though, where the table of contents appears automatically.
2908 \begin_layout Standard
2909 To get rid of the Table of Contents, you can delete the table of contents
2910 button just like any other text.
2913 \begin_layout Standard
2918 : Fix the table of contents in
2923 \begin_layout Chapter
2927 \begin_layout Standard
2928 LaTeX is used by many scientists because it outputs great looking equations,
2929 avoiding the control characters used by word processors and their equation
2931 Many of these scientists are frustrated, however, because writing equations
2932 in LaTeX is more like programming than writing.
2933 Happily, LyX has WYSIWYM support for equations.
2934 If you are used to LaTeX, you will find that all of the usual LaTeX math
2935 commands can be typed in normally, but they will show up in a WYSIWYM fashion.
2936 If, on the other hand, you have never written in LaTeX, then the
2939 \begin_inset space ~
2944 will allow you to write professional-looking math quickly and easily.
2947 \begin_layout Section
2951 \begin_layout Standard
2952 Somewhere in your LyX document, type:
2955 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2956 I like what Einstein said, E=mc^2, because it is so simple.
2960 \begin_layout Standard
2961 Now, that equation does not look very good in LyX and in the output; there
2962 is no space between the letters and the equals sign, and you would like
2963 to write an actual superscript for the
2964 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2968 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2972 That bad typesetting happened because we did not tell LyX that we were
2973 writing a mathematical expression, so it typeset the equation like regular
2977 \begin_layout Standard
2978 Instead, we create a formula that will get typeset properly.
2979 In order to create a formula, just click the toolbar button
2980 \begin_inset Graphics
2981 filename ../images/math-mode.png
2989 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2990 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2992 \begin_inset space ~
2998 LyX will insert a little blue square, which is an empty math formula.
3004 The expression is typed in blue, and the blue square disappears as soon
3005 as the formula is not empty.
3010 to leave the equation The purple markers disappear, leaving the cursor
3011 to the right of the expression, and now if you type something, it will
3015 \begin_layout Standard
3016 Looking at the output you will notice that the expression was typeset nicely,
3017 with spaces between the letters and the equals sign, and a superscript
3019 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3023 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3027 Letters in math mode are assumed to be variables, and come out in italics.
3028 Numbers are just numbers.
3031 \begin_layout Standard
3032 This math editor is another example of the WYSIWYM philosophy.
3033 In LaTeX, you write a mathematical expression using text and commands like
3040 ; this can be frustrating, because you cannot see what an expression looks
3041 like until you run the file under LaTeX and you may have to spend time
3043 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3047 \begin_inset space \space{}
3051 LyX does not attempt to get the expression to look perfect (WYSIWYG), but
3052 it gives you an extremely good idea of what the expression will look like.
3053 LaTeX then takes care of the professional typesetting.
3056 \begin_layout Section
3057 Navigating an Equation
3060 \begin_layout Standard
3062 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
3066 \begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$
3070 Use the arrow keys to move the cursor into the expression.
3071 Note that when you enter the expression, the purple markers appear to let
3072 you know you are editing math.
3081 to move the cursor past the equals sign, and just type
3082 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3086 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3090 Again, you can use the arrow keys or
3094 to leave the formula\SpecialChar \@.
3098 \begin_layout Standard
3099 Other than the special keys described below, typing in math mode is like
3100 editing regular text.
3110 Select text either with the arrow keys or with the mouse.
3113 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3116 works in math mode as well as cut and paste.
3117 One thing to be careful of: if you are left or right outside a formula
3126 respectively, you delete the whole formula.
3127 Luckily, you can just use
3134 \begin_layout Standard
3135 What if you want to change
3136 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
3140 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$
3143 ? Again, you can use the mouse to click in the right place.
3144 However, you can also use the arrow keys.
3145 If the cursor is just after the
3146 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3150 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3154 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3158 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3165 and the cursor is moved to the level of the superscript, just before the
3167 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3171 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3176 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3180 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3188 will move the cursor back to the regular level.
3197 , the cursor will be placed
3201 the superscript (so that you can then type the
3202 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3206 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3212 \begin_layout Section
3213 Exponents and Indices
3216 \begin_layout Standard
3217 An exponent can be entered from the
3220 \begin_inset space ~
3225 (see below), but it is actually simpler just to type the caret key,
3226 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3230 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3234 LyX will place another blue rectangle in the superscript, so that whatever
3235 you write next will be superscripted, and in a smaller font size.
3236 Everything you type until you hit a
3244 to exit the formula entirely) will be in the superscript.
3247 \begin_layout Standard
3248 Writing a subscript (index) is just easy; start one by typing the underscore
3250 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3254 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3258 You can subscript and superscript both subscripts and superscripts like
3260 \begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$
3267 \begin_layout Standard
3279 \begin_layout Section
3283 \begin_layout Standard
3287 \begin_inset space ~
3292 is a convenient way to enter symbols or to perform complicated formula
3294 Many of these operations can be accomplished from the keyboard or the
3296 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3301 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3305 However, we are going to concentrate on using the
3308 \begin_inset space ~
3313 , just to let you know what is out there; you can learn keyboard shortcuts
3314 and commands later from the
3321 \begin_layout Standard
3325 \begin_inset space ~
3330 is shown when the cursor is in a formula and can also be turned on manually
3333 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3337 When you click there on
3338 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3342 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3345 the toolbar will be shown permanently at the bottom; this state is visualized
3350 menu with a checkmark.
3351 When you click in this state again on
3352 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3356 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3367 is only shown when the cursor is within a formula; this state is visualized
3368 by the renaming of the menu entry from
3369 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3373 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3377 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3381 \begin_inset space ~
3385 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3391 \begin_layout Subsection
3395 \begin_layout Standard
3399 \begin_inset space ~
3404 allows you to choose from a large array of symbols used in math: operators,
3405 arrows, relationships, delimiters, special characters, sums and integrals.
3406 Note that subscripting and superscripting allow you to put lower and upper
3407 limits on sums and integrals.
3411 \begin_layout Subsection
3412 Square roots, accents, and delimiters
3415 \begin_layout Standard
3416 To type a square root, just click on the button
3417 \begin_inset Graphics
3418 filename ../images/math/sqrt.png
3425 The square root appears, and the cursor is in a new insertion point inside
3427 You can type variables, numbers, other square roots, fractions, whatever
3429 LyX will automatically resize the square root to fit what is inside.
3432 \begin_layout Standard
3433 Accenting a character (
3434 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$
3437 ) or group of characters (
3438 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$
3441 ) is done the same way.
3442 Decorations are available from the toolbar via the button
3443 \begin_inset Graphics
3444 filename ../images/math/hat.png
3451 Click on a decoration, and LyX will insert that decoration with an insertion
3452 point under (or over) it.
3453 Just type what you want in the insertion point.
3454 There are two sets of decorations: those that resize with the text you
3455 type, and those that have a fixed size, and are most appropriate for a
3460 \begin_layout Standard
3461 Delimiters such as parentheses, brackets, and braces work similarly, but
3462 are a bit more complicated.
3463 Hit the delimiter button
3464 \begin_inset Graphics
3465 filename ../images/dialog-show_mathdelimiter.png
3476 Your current selection of delimiters is displayed in a box.
3477 It is a pair of parentheses by default, but you can choose a pair of braces,
3478 a brace and a parenthesis, or choose the empty square to have something
3480 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3484 \begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$
3488 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3491 (the empty delimiter is displayed as a broken line in LyX, but will not
3492 show up in the output).
3495 \begin_layout Standard
3496 If you are lazy, you can type actual parentheses in math mode, rather than
3502 However, those parentheses will be the same size as regular text, which
3503 will look bad if you have a big fraction or matrix inside the parentheses.
3504 So it is better in this case to use one of the three delimiter buttons
3505 that insert directly e.
3506 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3510 \begin_inset space \space{}
3514 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3520 \begin_layout Standard
3521 You can also put delimiters or a square root sign or a decoration on already
3522 existing formula parts.
3523 Select the portion of the formula that you want to adjust, and then click
3524 on the button you want from the
3527 \begin_inset space ~
3533 Try using this to change Newton's second law from scalar to vector form
3535 \begin_inset Formula $f=ma$
3539 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$
3543 Once you have learned about matrices, this is how you will put parentheses
3544 or brackets around them.
3547 \begin_layout Subsection
3551 \begin_layout Standard
3552 To create a fraction, click on the fraction button
3553 \begin_inset Graphics
3554 filename ../images/math/frac.png
3564 \begin_inset space ~
3570 LyX writes two insertion points in a fraction.
3571 As you would expect, you can use arrow keys or the mouse to move around
3573 Click on the top square and type
3574 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3578 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3587 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3591 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3595 You have made a fraction! Of course you can type anything within each of
3596 the two boxes: variables with exponents, square roots, other fractions,
3601 \begin_layout Standard
3613 \begin_layout Subsection
3614 Functions: lim, log, sin and others
3617 \begin_layout Standard
3618 Because letters in math mode are considered to be variables, if you type
3620 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3624 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3627 in math mode, LyX thinks you are typing the product of the three variables
3629 \begin_inset Formula $s$
3633 \begin_inset Formula $i$
3637 \begin_inset Formula $n$
3641 The three letters will be typeset in italics, when what you really wanted
3643 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3647 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3651 In addition, LyX will not put a space between the word
3652 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3656 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3660 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3664 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3671 will exit the formula).
3673 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3677 \begin_inset Formula $\sin(x)$
3681 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3685 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3689 \begin_inset Formula $sin(x)$
3693 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3699 \begin_layout Standard
3703 \begin_inset space ~
3709 \begin_inset Graphics
3710 filename ../images/math/functions.png
3717 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3721 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3724 in the appearing function list.
3726 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3730 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3733 is displayed in LyX in black, and set in upright roman type.
3734 The whole word is treated as one symbol, so if you type
3738 , it will delete the whole word.
3740 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3744 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3747 , which will be written in blue italics, like you expect in a formula.
3748 In the output, the expression will be correctly typeset.
3752 \begin_layout Standard
3753 The function list includes other trigonometric functions and their inverses,
3754 hyperbolic functions, logarithms, limits, and quite a few others.
3755 These functions can take subscripts and superscripts, important for typing
3757 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3761 \begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$
3765 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3769 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3773 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$
3777 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3783 \begin_layout Standard
3795 \begin_layout Subsection
3799 \begin_layout Standard
3800 Click on the matrix button
3801 \begin_inset Graphics
3802 filename ../images/dialog-show_mathmatrix.png
3811 \begin_inset space ~
3817 The appearing dialog allows you to choose how many rows and columns you
3818 want in your matrix.
3819 Choose 2 rows and 3 columns and hit
3824 LyX prints 6 insertion points in a
3825 \begin_inset Formula $2\times3$
3829 As usual, you can put any sort of formula expression (a square root, another
3830 matrix, etc.) in each insertion point.
3831 You can also leave some of the insertion points empty if you want.
3834 \begin_layout Standard
3839 can be used to move horizontally between the columns of a matrix.
3840 Alternatively, you can use the arrow keys to move around - hitting
3844 at the end of one box will move to the next box,
3848 will move to the next row, etc.
3851 \begin_layout Standard
3852 If you need to change the number of rows and columns, use the menu
3854 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3856 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3860 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3865 or the math toolbar buttons
3866 \begin_inset Graphics
3867 filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png
3874 \begin_inset Graphics
3875 filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.png
3882 \begin_inset Graphics
3883 filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-column.png
3890 \begin_inset Graphics
3891 filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-column.png
3900 \begin_layout Standard
3905 for information on how to change the horizontal alignment of each column,
3906 and how to change the vertical position of the whole matrix.
3907 Note that if you want to write a table containing text, you should use
3908 LyX's wonderful table support, rather than trying to write text in a matrix.
3911 \begin_layout Subsection
3915 \begin_layout Standard
3916 All of the expressions we have written so far have been on the same line
3917 as the text that came before and after them, otherwise known as inline
3919 This is fine for short, simple expressions, but if you want to write larger
3920 ones, or if you want your expressions to stand out from the text, you need
3921 to write them in display mode.
3922 In addition, only displayed expressions can be labeled and numbered (see
3927 ), and multi-line equations must be in display mode.
3930 \begin_layout Standard
3931 While being in a formula, click on the display button
3932 \begin_inset Graphics
3933 filename ../images/math-display.png
3942 \begin_inset space ~
3948 This centers the formula and adds a blank line before and after it.
3949 Now type in an expression and compile your file to see how it looks.
3950 The display button is actually a toggle; use it now to change a couple
3951 of your expressions to display mode and back.
3955 \begin_layout Standard
3956 Display mode has a couple differences from inline mode:
3959 \begin_layout Itemize
3960 The default font is larger for a few symbols, like
3961 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
3965 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
3971 \begin_layout Itemize
3972 Subscripts and superscripts for limits and sums (but not integrals) are
3973 written under and over rather than next to the symbols
3976 \begin_layout Itemize
3980 \begin_layout Standard
3981 Other than these differences, though, displayed expressions and inline expressio
3982 ns are very similar.
3985 \begin_layout Standard
3986 One final note about the way displayed formulas are typeset: Be careful
3987 about whether you are putting your equation into a new paragraph or not.
3988 If your formula is in the middle of a sentence or paragraph, then do not
3994 Doing so will cause the text
3998 the formula to start a new paragraph.
3999 That text will be indented or follow a blank line, depending on your document
4000 paragraph settings, which is probably not what you want.
4003 \begin_layout Standard
4008 : Put the various equations in
4012 into display mode, and see how they are typeset differently.
4015 \begin_layout Standard
4020 : Using various tools you have learned in this section, you should be able
4021 to write an equation like:
4025 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4026 After you have done it the hard way, give
4028 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4029 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4031 \begin_inset space ~
4042 \begin_inset Formula \[
4043 f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc}
4046 \sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0\end{array}\right.\]
4053 \begin_layout Section
4057 \begin_layout Standard
4058 LyX's math editor can do a lot more.
4059 Now you are familiar with the basics, you can refer to the
4066 \begin_layout Itemize
4067 Label and number expressions
4070 \begin_layout Itemize
4071 Create multi-line equations
4074 \begin_layout Itemize
4075 Change typefaces, e.
4076 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4080 \begin_inset space \space{}
4083 to write bold-face text in an expression.
4086 \begin_layout Itemize
4087 Fine-tune font sizes and spacing within an expression.
4088 (Do not worry about this until your final draft!)
4091 \begin_layout Itemize
4093 These are very powerful, because you just define them once at the top of
4094 the document, and then you can use them throughout the document.
4097 \begin_layout Itemize
4098 Do lots of other things that we have no space for in this Tutorial.
4101 \begin_layout Chapter
4105 \begin_layout Section
4106 Other major LyX Features
4109 \begin_layout Standard
4110 We have not gone through all the possible commands in LyX, and we are not
4119 \begin_inset space ~
4124 manual for more information.
4125 We will just mention a couple more major things LyX can do:
4128 \begin_layout Itemize
4129 LyX has WYSIWYM support for tables.
4132 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4136 \begin_inset Graphics
4137 filename ../images/tabular-insert.png
4144 Click on the table with the
4151 \begin_inset space ~
4156 dialog box which allows extensive table editing.
4159 \begin_layout Itemize
4160 LyX also supports including pictures in any format within documents.
4163 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4167 \begin_inset Graphics
4168 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_graphics.png
4175 Then browse for the figure file, rotate or scale it, etc.) Tables and figures
4176 can have captions, and LyX will automatically generate lists of figures
4180 \begin_layout Itemize
4181 LyX is heavily configurable.
4182 Everything from how the LyX window looks to how the output comes out can
4183 be configured in a number of ways.
4184 Much configuration is done through
4186 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4190 For more information on this, check out
4192 Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4193 Customization\SpecialChar \@.
4197 \begin_layout Itemize
4198 LyX is being developed by a team of programmers on five continents.
4199 Therefore, LyX has better support for non-English languages (such as Dutch,
4200 German, French, Greek, Czech, Turkish, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
4201 ) than many word processors.
4202 Even the right-to-left languages Arabic, Farsi, and Hebrew and the Asian
4203 languages Chinese Japanese, and Korean are supported.
4204 You can write documents in other languages and you can also configure LyX
4205 to show its menus and error messages in other languages.
4209 \begin_layout Itemize
4210 The LyX menus feature keybindings.
4211 This means that you can do
4213 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4224 or by using the binding which is shown next to it in the menu (Ctrl+O by
4226 Keybindings are also configurable.
4227 For information on this, check out
4229 Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4230 Customization\SpecialChar \@.
4234 \begin_layout Itemize
4235 LyX can read LaTeX documents.
4237 \begin_inset space ~
4241 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4243 reference "sec:tex2lyx"
4250 \begin_layout Itemize
4251 Spell-checking, thesaurus, and word count facilities are available.
4254 \begin_layout Itemize
4255 Generation of indexes and nomenclatures/glossaries is supported.
4258 \begin_layout Section
4260 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4262 name "sec:latexusers"
4269 \begin_layout Standard
4270 If you do not know anything about LaTeX, you do not have to read this section.
4271 Actually, you might want to
4275 about LaTeX, and then read this chapter.
4276 However, some who begin to use LyX will be familiar with LaTeX.
4277 If you are such a person, you may be wondering if LyX can really do everything
4279 The short answer is that LyX can do pretty much everything LaTeX can do
4280 in one form or another, and it definitely simplifies most parts of writing
4284 \begin_layout Standard
4285 Because this is just a tutorial, we are only going to mention things that
4286 new LyX users will most likely be interested in.
4287 In the interests of keeping the Tutorial short, we will give only minimal
4292 \begin_inset space ~
4300 \begin_inset space ~
4305 manual have a great deal of information on differences between LyX and
4306 LaTeX, and how to do various LaTeX tricks in LyX.
4309 \begin_layout Subsection
4313 \begin_layout Standard
4314 Anything that you enter in TeX mode will be passed straight to LaTeX, and
4315 will be displayed in red on the screen.
4316 You can use TeX commands in LyX by choosing
4318 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4320 \begin_inset space ~
4326 \begin_inset Graphics
4327 filename ../images/ert-insert.png
4334 This creates a box where everything within it is passed straight to LaTeX.
4337 \begin_layout Standard
4338 In a math formula, TeX mode is handled a bit differently.
4339 TeX mode is there entered by typing a backslash.
4340 The backslash is not written out, but anything you type afterwards will
4342 You exit TeX mode by typing
4346 or some other non-alphabetic character, like a number, underscore, caret,
4348 Once you exit TeX mode, if LyX knows the TeX command you have typed in,
4349 it will convert it to WYSIWYM\SpecialChar \@.
4351 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4361 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4364 in a formula and then press
4368 , LyX will change the red
4369 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4373 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4377 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4381 \begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
4385 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4389 This will work for almost all, non-complicated math macros.
4390 This may be faster than using the
4393 \begin_inset space ~
4398 , and will be especially convenient for experienced LaTeX users.
4401 \begin_layout Standard
4402 As a special case, if you type
4403 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4413 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4416 in a formula, the beginning
4420 ending braces will be inserted in red while the cursor is placed between
4422 This makes it more convenient to type those commands which take an argument.
4425 \begin_layout Standard
4426 LyX cannot do absolutely everything that LaTeX can do.
4427 Some fancy functions are not supported at all, while some work but are
4429 TeX mode allows users to get the full flexibility of LaTeX, while having
4430 all the convenient features of LyX, like WYSIWYM math, tables, and editing.
4431 LyX could never support every LaTeX package.
4438 in the preamble (see section
4439 \begin_inset space ~
4443 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4445 reference "sec:preamble"
4449 ), you can use any package you want — although you will not have WYSIWYM
4450 support for that package's features.
4453 \begin_layout Subsection
4454 Importing LaTeX Documents —
4459 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4468 \begin_layout Standard
4469 You can import a LaTeX file into LyX by using the
4471 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4472 Import\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4474 \begin_inset space ~
4480 This will call the program
4484 which will create a file foo.lyx from the file foo.tex.
4485 LyX will then open that file.
4486 If the translation does not work, you can try calling
4490 from the command line, possibly using fancier options.
4493 \begin_layout Standard
4494 Even when the translation does work,
4498 may not translate everything, though it does handle most legal LaTeX.
4499 It will leave things it does not understand in TeX mode; so, after translating
4504 , you can look for the red text and manually edit it to get it right.
4507 \begin_layout Standard
4512 has its own documentation (manpage), which Unix/Linux users can access
4513 via the console command
4516 \begin_inset space ~
4522 The manpage describes which LaTeX commands and environments are not supported,
4523 what bugs you might run into (and how to get around them), and how to use
4524 the various options.
4527 \begin_layout Standard
4528 It is important to understand that
4532 can only translate files whose document class is
4533 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4537 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4540 to LyX, that is, for which there is a corresponding LyX
4545 If there is no layout file, then you will get an error saying that the
4546 conversion could not be performed.
4547 So, unless you have a layout for the document class of your LaTeX file,
4552 simply will not know how to translate the LaTeX that it finds there into
4553 things LyX understands.
4554 More about layout files and how they are created is explained in detail
4562 \begin_layout Subsection
4563 Converting LyX Documents to LaTeX
4566 \begin_layout Standard
4567 You might wish to convert a LyX Document to a LaTeX file.
4568 For example, a co-worker or co-author who does not have LyX might want
4572 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4573 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4577 This will create a file
4585 file you are editing.
4586 LyX always creates temporary LaTeX files when viewing or printing files.
4589 \begin_layout Subsection
4593 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4597 \begin_layout Standard
4600 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4603 dialog takes care of the document-wide options.
4604 You can change there the document class, default font size and paper size.
4605 Document class options but also options for LaTeX packages can be entered
4609 \begin_inset space ~
4617 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4618 Other Preamble Matter
4619 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4628 \begin_layout Standard
4629 If you have special commands to put in the preamble of a LaTeX file, you
4630 can use them in a LyX document as well.
4633 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4634 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4636 \begin_inset space ~
4641 and type in the dialog window (or from the document settings dialog, depending
4643 Anything you type will (as with TeX mode) be sent directly to LaTeX.
4646 \begin_layout Subsection
4650 \begin_layout Standard
4651 LyX has support for BibTeX, which allows you to build databases of bibliographic
4652 al references to be used in multiple documents.
4655 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4657 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4661 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4664 TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4666 \begin_inset space ~
4680 field you load BibTeX files, in the
4684 field you can load BibTeX style files.
4687 \begin_layout Standard
4688 After you have done this, you can use citations from any bibliographies
4689 you are including with
4691 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4695 \begin_inset space ~
4699 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4701 reference "sec:bibliographies"
4706 LyX will take care of running BibTeX.
4711 dialog will show a list of all the references in your
4718 \begin_layout Section
4722 \begin_layout Standard
4723 Sometimes when you try to view a document, there will be errors, things
4724 that LyX or LaTeX cannot understand.
4725 When this happens, LyX will open a
4728 \begin_inset space ~
4734 Clicking on individual errors in this dialog will take you to the place
4735 in the LyX document where the error occurs and also display the detailed
4736 LaTeX error message.