1 #LyX 2.4 created this file. For more info see https://www.lyx.org/
5 \save_transient_properties true
6 \origin /systemlyxdir/doc/
8 \use_default_options false
12 \maintain_unincluded_children no
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32 \default_output_format pdf2
34 \bibtex_command default
35 \index_command default
39 \pdf_title "The LyX Tutorial"
40 \pdf_author "LyX Team"
41 \pdf_subject "LyX-documentation Tutorial"
42 \pdf_keywords "LyX, documentation"
44 \pdf_bookmarksnumbered true
45 \pdf_bookmarksopen true
46 \pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1
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55 \use_package amsmath 1
56 \use_package amssymb 1
59 \use_package mathdots 1
60 \use_package mathtools 1
62 \use_package stackrel 1
63 \use_package stmaryrd 1
64 \use_package undertilde 1
66 \cite_engine_type default
70 \paperorientation portrait
82 \paragraph_separation indent
83 \paragraph_indentation default
85 \math_numbering_side default
90 \paperpagestyle headings
92 \tracking_changes true
95 \postpone_fragile_content false
99 \docbook_table_output 0
100 \docbook_mathml_prefix 1
101 \author -712698321 "Jürgen Spitzmüller"
102 \author -131811572 "Yuriy Skalko"
114 by the \SpecialChar LyX
119 \begin_layout Plain Layout
121 If you have comments on or corrections to this documentation,
122 please send them to the \SpecialChar LyX
123 Documentation mailing list:
125 \begin_inset CommandInset href
127 target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
141 \begin_layout Standard
142 \begin_inset CommandInset toc
143 LatexCommand tableofcontents
150 \begin_layout Chapter
154 \begin_layout Section
155 Welcome to \SpecialChar LyX
159 \begin_layout Standard
160 This manual is designed for all of you who have never heard of \SpecialChar LaTeX
162 or do not know it very well.
164 do not panic – you will not need to learn \SpecialChar LaTeX
165 to use \SpecialChar LyX
169 the whole point of \SpecialChar LyX
171 to provide an almost-WYSIWYG interface to \SpecialChar LaTeX
173 There are some things you will need to learn,
175 in order to use \SpecialChar LyX
179 \begin_layout Standard
180 Some of you probably found your way to this document because you tried to put two spaces after a
181 \begin_inset Quotes eld
185 \begin_inset Quotes erd
188 or tried to put three blank lines between paragraphs.
189 You found out you could not and,
191 you will find out that most of the little tricks you are accustomed to use in word processors will not work in \SpecialChar LyX
193 That is because most word processors you have used before allow you manually to enter all spacings,
196 So you end up not only writing a document but typesetting it,
199 does the typesetting for you,
200 in a consistent fashion,
201 letting you focus on the important things,
202 like the content of your writing.
205 \begin_layout Standard
206 So read on to learn more about \SpecialChar LyX
208 Reading this tutorial is definitely worth the time.
211 \begin_layout Section
221 \begin_layout Standard
222 Before we get started with this section,
223 you need to know that this
227 uses the notation outlined in the
232 If you came to this manual first,
237 before you continue with the
244 \begin_layout Standard
245 Now that you know which fonts mean what in the documentation,
246 we want to talk a bit about what this
253 \begin_layout Subsection
254 Getting the most out of the Tutorial
257 \begin_layout Standard
258 This tutorial consists of examples and exercises.
259 To get the most out of this document,
260 you should read through it,
261 typing all the little things we are telling you to type and trying out all of the exercises to see if you get them right.
263 you might want to print out the PDF version of this document.
266 \begin_layout Standard
267 If you are familiar with \SpecialChar LaTeX
269 you will probably be able to read the
274 since many \SpecialChar LyX
275 ideas are just \SpecialChar LaTeX
279 has features you will want to learn about.
280 Even if you do not feel like reading the rest of the
285 you should definitely check out Section
290 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
292 reference "sec:latexusers"
298 which is specifically written for experienced \SpecialChar LaTeX
302 \begin_layout Subsection
310 \begin_layout Itemize
311 Detailed explanations of all of \SpecialChar LyX
316 \begin_layout Standard
325 \begin_layout Itemize
326 Detailed explanations of \SpecialChar LaTeX
331 \begin_layout Standard
333 If you want to learn some of the neat tricks you can do with \SpecialChar LaTeX
336 you can have a look at the
348 \begin_layout Standard
349 It is time to move on,
350 time for your first document \SpecialChar ldots
354 \begin_layout Chapter
355 Getting started with \SpecialChar LyX
359 \begin_layout Section
360 Your first \SpecialChar LyX
364 \begin_layout Standard
365 OK\SpecialChar endofsentence
366 You are ready to start writing.
368 there are a few things we need to mention,
369 which will hopefully make the Tutorial more instructive and useful.
373 \begin_layout Standard
374 Because there is information we cannot give you in the Tutorial,
381 thing that you need to do is find the
389 Start up \SpecialChar LyX
400 You may want to load the
404 as well (if you are not reading it within \SpecialChar LyX
407 you can read them while you are writing your own file.
411 \begin_layout Plain Layout
412 They can also serve as good examples of how to use the many features of \SpecialChar LyX
418 Note that once you have got more than one document open,
423 menu or the document tabs to switch between them.
426 \begin_layout Standard
428 we are going to assume that you have a fully working version of \SpecialChar LyX
430 as well as a \SpecialChar LaTeX
431 -distribution and a PDF-viewer.
432 This should be the case on all major Linux- and BSD-distributions,
433 as well as on Windows,
434 where this is setup by the \SpecialChar LyX
438 \begin_layout Standard
440 we have written a file called
441 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351112
445 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351120
453 to let you practice your \SpecialChar LyX
455 Imagine that it was typed by someone who did not know about any of \SpecialChar LyX
457 As you learn new \SpecialChar LyX
459 we will suggest that you fix those parts of
460 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351165
464 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351165
474 \begin_inset Quotes els
478 \begin_inset Quotes ers
481 hints about how to fix things.
485 \begin_layout Plain Layout
486 The hints are located in yellow
487 \begin_inset Quotes eld
491 \begin_inset Quotes erd
495 Access the text in a note by clicking on it.
500 If you want to cheat,
501 or check what you have done,
502 there is also a file called
503 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351273
507 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351278
515 which contains the same text written and typeset by a \SpecialChar LyX
519 \begin_layout Standard
520 The example files can be found in
521 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351405
523 \begin_inset Quotes eld
527 \begin_inset Quotes erd
532 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
533 Open Example\SpecialChar ldots
535 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351425
542 directory of \SpecialChar LyX
543 's installation folder
547 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351441
551 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351441
561 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
568 to save a copy in your own directory for you to work on.
569 As you fix parts of the raw document,
570 check to see how those changes affect the output.
573 \begin_layout Standard
576 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351473
582 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351473
585 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
586 Open Example\SpecialChar ldots
591 contains lots of other examples files.
592 They will show you how to do various fancy things with \SpecialChar LyX
594 After you have read the Tutorial,
595 or when you are confused about how to do something fancy in \SpecialChar LyX
597 take a look at these files.
600 \begin_layout Subsection
606 \begin_layout Itemize
609 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
613 \begin_layout Itemize
614 Type a sentence like:
617 This is my first \SpecialChar LyX
621 \begin_layout Itemize
622 Save your document with
624 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
629 As\SpecialChar endofsentence
633 \begin_layout Itemize
637 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
640 or the toolbar button
648 will open a PDF-viewer program displaying your document as it will look when printed.
651 \begin_layout Itemize
652 Export the ready to print document with
654 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
662 \begin_layout Standard
664 You have written your first \SpecialChar LyX
666 All of the rest is just details.
667 \begin_inset Newline newline
673 \begin_layout Standard
679 You can save time by leaving the PDF viewer running in the background.
680 Under MacOS and Linux you can use
682 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
685 or the toolbar button
691 and just click on the PDF viewer window afterwards.
692 Under Windows still use
694 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
706 \begin_layout Standard
712 In case you are using a high-resolution display,
713 the LyX toolbar icons are quite small.
714 To change their size,
715 right-click into a toolbar.
718 \begin_layout Subsection
722 \begin_layout Standard
724 can of course do most of the things you are used to doing with a word processor.
725 It will word-wrap and indent paragraphs automatically.
726 Here is a quick description of how to do some simple actions.
729 \begin_layout Description
730 Undo \SpecialChar LyX
731 has multiple levels of undo,
732 which means you can undo everything you have done since your current editing session started,
735 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
744 ) over and over again.
745 If you undo too much,
748 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
761 \begin_layout Standard
763 undo is limited to 100 steps.
767 \begin_layout Description
770 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
782 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
794 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
806 Or automatically paste selected text (including selections from other programs) with the
813 \begin_layout Description
816 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
830 arg "dialog-show findreplace"
848 button to replace a word you have found.
852 \begin_layout Plain Layout
853 Close the window when you are done or leave it open if you find it more convenient.
854 Most dialog boxes in \SpecialChar LyX
855 can operate like this.
856 Just be sure you have the right window in focus when you are trying to type in the main \SpecialChar LyX
857 window or a \SpecialChar LyX
864 you can specify whether to make the search case-sensitive,
865 or to search for only complete words;
866 you can also search backwards through the document.
869 \begin_layout Description
885 which will by default print characters in italics),
898 used for people's names),
899 or use your own formatting by using the
901 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
906 Style\SpecialChar menuseparator
909 dialog (toolbar button
912 arg "dialog-show character"
918 \begin_layout Description
919 Toolbar Other buttons on the toolbar allow you to do some of the more popular functions,
948 \begin_layout Standard
950 you have not yet written enough to make most of these functions useful.
958 \begin_layout Subsection
960 Whitespace in \SpecialChar LyX
964 \begin_layout Standard
965 One of the hardest things for new users to get used to is the way that \SpecialChar LyX
967 As many times as you hit
972 you will only get one blank line.
973 As many times as you hit
978 you will only get one space.
981 will not let you type even one space.
986 key will not move you forward one tab stop;
992 There is no ruler at the top of the page to let you set tabs or margins,
996 \begin_layout Standard
997 Many word processors are based on the WYSIWYG principle:
999 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1002 What You See Is What You Get.
1003 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1009 is based on the principle that
1010 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1013 What You See Is What You
1018 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1021 You type what you mean and \SpecialChar LyX
1022 will take care of typesetting it for you so that the output looks nice.
1027 grammatically separates paragraphs and a
1031 grammatically separates words;
1032 so there is no reason to have several of them in a row;
1037 has no grammatical function at all – so \SpecialChar LyX
1038 does not support it.
1039 Using \SpecialChar LyX
1041 you will spend more of your time worrying about the
1045 of your document and less time worrying about the
1054 for more information on the WYSIWYM concept.
1057 \begin_layout Standard
1059 does have (many) ways to fine-tune the formatting of your document.
1071 has information about all that.
1072 It includes horizontal fills and vertical space —
1073 which are more powerful and versatile than multiple spaces or blank lines —
1074 and ways to change font sizes,
1076 and paragraph alignments by hand.
1079 is that you can write your whole document,
1080 focusing on content,
1081 and just worry about that fine-tuning at the end.
1082 With standard word processors,
1083 you will be distracted by document formatting throughout the writing process.
1086 \begin_layout Section
1090 \begin_layout Standard
1091 Different parts of a document have different purposes;
1097 Most of a document is made up of regular text.
1098 Section titles (chapter,
1100 etc.) let the reader know that a new topic or subtopic will be discussed.
1101 Certain types of documents have special environments.
1102 A journal article will have an abstract and a title.
1103 A letter will have neither of these,
1104 but will probably have an environment that gives the writer's address.
1107 \begin_layout Standard
1108 Environments are a major part of the
1109 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1112 What You See Is What You Mean
1113 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1116 philosophy of \SpecialChar LyX
1118 A given environment may require a certain font style,
1123 This problem is aggravated,
1124 because the exact formatting for a given environment may change:
1125 one journal may use boldface,
1127 centered type for section titles while another uses italicized,
1129 left justified type;
1130 different languages may have different standards for indenting;
1131 and bibliography formats can vary widely.
1133 lets you avoid learning all the different formatting styles.
1136 \begin_layout Standard
1141 choice box is located on the left end of the toolbar and looks like this:
1143 \begin_inset Graphics
1144 filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
1151 It indicates in which environment you are currently writing.
1152 While you were writing your first document,
1154 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1158 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1161 which is the default environment for text.
1162 Now you will put a number of environments in your new document so that you can see how they work.
1165 \begin_layout Subsection
1166 Sections and Subsections
1169 \begin_layout Standard
1174 on the first line of your new \SpecialChar LyX
1188 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1194 If nothing is selected,
1196 changes the paragraph you are currently in to the selected environment.
1198 you can change several paragraphs to a different environment by selecting them before picking an environment.
1216 which will be covered below.
1219 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1223 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1226 and typesets the section heading (title) in a larger font.
1231 \SpecialChar endofsentence
1237 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1241 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1245 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1249 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1254 like most environments,
1255 are assumed to end when you type
1259 \SpecialChar endofsentence
1260 Type the document introduction:
1264 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1265 This is an introduction to my first \SpecialChar LyX
1269 \begin_layout Standard
1286 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1290 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1293 and waits for you to type a title.
1295 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1301 \begin_inset space ~
1307 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1311 and you will see that \SpecialChar LyX
1312 again sets it as a section title.
1315 \begin_layout Standard
1317 Go to the end of Section
1318 \begin_inset space ~
1322 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1325 my first \SpecialChar LyX
1327 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1347 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1351 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1354 and waits for you to type a title.
1361 \begin_inset space ~
1365 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1369 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1374 \begin_inset space ~
1378 has been automatically renumbered to Section
1379 \begin_inset space ~
1383 In true WYSIWYM fashion,
1384 you just need to identify the text that makes up the section titles,
1385 and \SpecialChar LyX
1386 takes care of numbering the sections and typesetting them.
1389 \begin_layout Standard
1399 and type the following five lines:
1402 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1403 Sections and subsections are described below.
1406 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1410 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1411 Sections are bigger than subsections.
1414 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1415 Subsection description
1418 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1419 Subsections are smaller than sections.
1422 \begin_layout Standard
1423 Click on the second line and select
1433 numbers the subsection
1434 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1438 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1442 and typesets it in a font which is bigger than regular text but smaller than the section title.
1443 Change the fourth line to the
1447 environment as well.
1448 As you probably expected,
1450 automatically numbered the section
1451 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1455 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1459 If you put yet another section before Section
1460 \begin_inset space ~
1465 \begin_inset space ~
1468 2 will be renumbered as Section 3,
1469 and the subsections will be renumbered to
1470 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1474 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1478 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1482 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1488 \begin_layout Standard
1489 Further levels of sectioning include
1504 We will let you play with these on your own.
1505 You may notice that paragraph and subparagraph headings are not numbered by default,
1506 and that subparagraphs are indented;
1511 for an explanation and how to change this.
1516 headings are actually the highest level of sectioning,
1522 but you are only allowed to use them in certain types (text classes) of \SpecialChar LyX
1523 documents (see Section
1524 \begin_inset space ~
1528 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1530 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
1538 \begin_layout Standard
1540 you may want to have sections or subsections that are not numbered.
1541 There are environments for this as well.
1542 If you change one of your section headings to the
1546 environment (you may have to scroll down in the
1552 will use the same font size for the heading as it uses for a regular section,
1553 but it will not number that section.
1554 There are corresponding
1555 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1559 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1562 heading environments for
1571 Try changing some of your sections or subsections to the starred environments,
1572 and note how the other section numbers are updated.
1575 \begin_layout Labeling
1576 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1582 Fix the section and subsection headings in
1583 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351516
1587 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351522
1591 \begin_inset Newline newline
1604 \begin_layout Subsection
1608 \begin_layout Standard
1610 has several different environments for typesetting lists.
1611 The various list environments free you from hitting
1615 a million times when writing an outline,
1616 or from renumbering a whole list when you want to add a point in the middle of the list.
1617 Different types of documents logically require different list environments:
1620 \begin_layout Itemize
1621 A slide presentation might use the
1625 environment's bulleted lists to describe different points.
1628 \begin_layout Itemize
1629 An outline would use the
1633 environment's numbered lists (and lettered sublists).
1636 \begin_layout Itemize
1637 A document describing several software packages could use the
1642 where each item in the list begins with a bold-faced word.
1645 \begin_layout Itemize
1654 ) environment is a variation on the
1661 \begin_layout Standard
1662 Let us write a list of reasons why \SpecialChar LyX
1663 is better than other word processors.
1664 Somewhere in your document,
1668 \begin_layout Standard
1672 is better than other word processors because:
1675 \begin_layout Standard
1692 arg "layout-toggle Itemize"
1698 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1702 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1706 Type in your reasons:
1709 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1710 Typesetting is done for you.
1713 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1717 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1718 Lists are very easy to create!
1721 \begin_layout Standard
1724 do not end when you type
1731 assumes you are going on to the next item in the list.
1732 The above will therefore result in a three-item list.
1733 If you want more than one paragraph within one list
1738 one way is to use the
1739 \change_deleted 177693 1654668928
1743 \change_inserted 177693 1654668930
1745 \change_deleted 177693 1654668945
1747 \begin_inset space ~
1751 \change_inserted 177693 1654668949
1753 \begin_inset space ~
1761 which you get by typing
1766 In order to get out of the list,
1767 you need to reselect the
1771 environment (or just use the key binding
1774 arg "layout Standard"
1780 \begin_layout Standard
1781 You now have a beautiful itemized list.
1782 You might want to run \SpecialChar LaTeX
1783 to see how the list looks when printed out.
1784 But what if you wanted to number the reasons?
1786 just select the whole list
1790 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1792 will not let you select the first bullet (or the actual number in a numbered section title) unless you also select the paragraph
1797 which you probably do not want to do.
1798 This is on purpose because the bullet or number depends on the document settings or text position,
1815 arg "layout-toggle Enumerate"
1821 if you add or delete a list item,
1823 will fix the numbering.
1826 \begin_layout Standard
1827 While the list is still selected,
1828 you can change to the other two list environments,
1836 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1842 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1852 arg "layout-toggle Description"
1858 arg "layout-toggle List"
1862 in order to see what they look like.
1863 For those two environments,
1864 each list item is made up of a term,
1865 which is the item's first word,
1866 followed by a definition,
1867 which is the rest of the paragraph (until you hit
1872 The term is either typeset in boldface (
1877 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1881 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1888 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1889 But a typesetter's tab,
1890 which will change to fit the size of the largest term,
1893 unchangeable typewriter
1906 ) from the rest of the paragraph.
1907 If you want to have more than one word in the definition,
1908 then separate the words with
1909 \change_deleted 177693 1654668936
1913 \change_inserted 177693 1654668939
1917 \begin_inset space ~
1921 \change_inserted 177693 1654668953
1923 \begin_inset space ~
1933 \begin_layout Labeling
1934 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
1941 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351539
1945 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351539
1954 \begin_layout Standard
1955 You can nest lists within each other in all sorts of interesting ways.
1956 An obvious example would be writing outlines.
1957 Numbered and bulleted lists will have different numbering and bulleting schemes for sublists.
1962 for details on the different sorts of lists and for examples of nestings.
1965 \begin_layout Subsection
1972 \begin_layout Standard
1973 There are two environments for setting quotations apart from surrounding text:
1978 for short quotes and
1992 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1993 used in this Tutorial for the long typing examples
2003 this environment is the only place in \SpecialChar LyX
2004 where you are allowed to use multiple spaces to allow code indenting.
2005 You can even write poetry using the
2014 to separate stanzas,
2019 to separate lines within a stanza.
2024 for more complete descriptions of all of the available \SpecialChar LyX
2028 \begin_layout Labeling
2029 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
2035 Correctly typeset the
2047 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351552
2051 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351554
2055 \begin_inset Newline newline
2065 \begin_layout Chapter
2069 \begin_layout Standard
2070 The previous chapter hopefully allowed you to get used to writing in \SpecialChar LyX
2072 It introduced you to the basic editing operations in \SpecialChar LyX
2074 as well as the powerful method of writing with environments.
2075 Most people who use \SpecialChar LyX
2078 will want to write documents:
2084 This chapter is meant to take you from simply writing text with \SpecialChar LyX
2085 to writing a complete document.
2086 It will introduce you to text classes,
2087 which allow you to write different sorts of documents.
2088 It will then describe many of the additions that turn text into a document,
2093 and tables of contents.
2096 \begin_layout Section
2098 \begin_inset CommandInset label
2100 name "sec:Document-Classes"
2107 \begin_layout Standard
2108 Different sorts of documents should be typeset differently.
2110 books are generally printed double-sided,
2111 while articles are single-sided.
2113 many documents contain special environments:
2114 letters contain some environments —
2115 such as the sender's address and the signature —
2116 which do not make sense in a book or article.
2117 The \SpecialChar LyX
2126 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2127 for \SpecialChar LaTeX
2129 this is equivalent to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
2135 takes care of these large scale differences between different sorts of documents.
2143 Document classes are another major part of the WYSIWYM philosophy;
2144 they tell \SpecialChar LyX
2145 how to typeset the document,
2146 so you do not need to know how.
2149 \begin_layout Standard
2150 Your document is probably being written in the
2158 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2159 That is usually the default document class
2164 Try changing to other document classes (using the
2166 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
2169 dialog) to see how they are typeset differently.
2170 If you change your document to the
2174 document class and look at the
2179 you will see that most of the allowed environments are the same.
2186 If you are ever unsure about which environments you can use in a given document class,
2194 \begin_layout Standard
2196 one- or two-column printing,
2197 and page headings are just some of the ways journals' typesettings differ from one another.
2198 As the Computer Age continues to mature,
2199 journals have begun accepting electronic submissions,
2200 creating \SpecialChar LaTeX
2202 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2206 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2209 so that authors can submit correctly typeset articles.
2211 is set up to support this as well.
2214 supports typesetting (and extra environments) for the American Mathematics Society journals using the
2217 \begin_inset space ~
2225 \begin_layout Standard
2226 Here is a very quick reference to some of the document classes.
2229 Special Document Classes
2235 manual for many more details.
2238 \begin_layout Standard
2240 \begin_inset Tabular
2241 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
2242 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
2243 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
2244 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
2246 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2249 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2255 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2258 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2266 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2269 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2275 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2278 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2287 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2290 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2296 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2299 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2300 layout & environments for American Math Society
2307 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2310 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2316 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2319 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2320 longer than article,
2328 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2331 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2337 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2340 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2341 report + front and back matter
2348 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2351 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2357 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2360 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2368 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2371 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2377 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2380 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2381 lots of extra environments for address,
2382 signature\SpecialChar ldots
2396 \begin_layout Section
2401 \begin_layout Standard
2402 One way to write a letter would be to open a new file,
2409 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
2413 While this is the most obvious way to write a letter,
2414 it seems like extra work.
2415 Every time you write a business letter,
2416 you want to have your address,
2417 the address to which you are sending it,
2427 which contains a sample letter;
2428 once you have a template,
2429 you can just replace a couple of parts of the letter with your text each time you write a letter.
2432 \begin_layout Standard
2433 Open a new file with
2435 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
2437 \begin_inset space ~
2441 \begin_inset space ~
2445 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351676
2453 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351662
2457 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351666
2461 Letter (Standard Class)
2466 Save and print the file to see how the various environments are typeset.
2469 \begin_layout Standard
2470 When you look at the
2475 you will see several environments,
2479 \begin_inset space ~
2485 that do not exist in most other document classes.
2493 You can play around for a while to figure out how the various environments work.
2494 You will notice for example that the
2498 environment has the word
2499 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2503 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2506 in red before the actual text of the signature.
2507 This word does not show up in the actual letter,
2508 as you will see if you view/export the file.
2509 It is just there to let you know where the signature goes.
2511 note that it does not matter where in the file the
2523 environment anywhere you want,
2524 but \SpecialChar LyX
2525 knows that in the printout,
2526 the signature should be at the end.
2529 \begin_layout Standard
2530 A template is just a regular \SpecialChar LyX
2532 This means you can fill in your address and signature and save the file as a new template.
2534 any time you want to write a letter,
2535 you can use the new template to save time.
2536 We do not have to suggest an actual
2537 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2541 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2545 just write a letter to someone!
2549 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2551 if you are writing from a template.
2552 If you erase all of the text in an environment —
2554 if you erase the whole
2557 \begin_inset space ~
2562 field so that you can replace it with your own —
2563 and then you move the cursor without writing any text,
2564 the environment may disappear.
2565 This is because most environments cannot exist without any text in them.
2566 Just reselect the environment from the
2578 \begin_layout Standard
2579 Templates can be a huge time-saver,
2580 and we urge you to use them whenever possible.
2582 they can help a person learn how to use some of the fancier document classes.
2584 they may be useful for a person who is configuring \SpecialChar LyX
2585 for a bunch of less computer-aware users.
2586 When they are first learning \SpecialChar LyX
2588 it will be less intimidating if they have a letter template customized for their company,
2592 \begin_layout Standard
2593 \begin_inset Newpage newpage
2599 \begin_layout Section
2603 \begin_layout Standard
2605 (like \SpecialChar LaTeX
2606 ) considers the title —
2607 which may contain the actual title,
2610 and even an abstract of a paper —
2611 to be a separate part of the document.
2614 \begin_layout Standard
2615 Go back to your first \SpecialChar LyX
2616 document and make sure it is using the
2624 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2625 You should not be using the letter any more,
2630 document class does not allow titles.
2635 Type a title on the first line,
2636 and change the line to the
2642 type your name and change it to the
2648 write the date in the
2653 Type a paragraph or two summarizing your document using the
2658 Notice how the title is presented when it is printed out.
2659 If you change the document format to Book,
2660 you will get a separate title page,
2661 like the first page of this tutorial.
2664 \begin_layout Labeling
2665 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
2674 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351568
2678 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351568
2687 \begin_layout Section
2688 Labels and Cross-References
2691 \begin_layout Standard
2692 You can label section headings,
2700 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2701 Floats are explained in the
2716 you can refer to the element in other parts of the document,
2717 using cross-references.
2718 You can refer to a section's number,
2719 to the page on which the section begins or to both.
2720 As with section numbering,
2722 also takes care of cross-reference numbering for you.
2723 Automatic management of labels and cross-references is among the most significant advantages of \SpecialChar LyX
2724 (and \SpecialChar LaTeX
2725 ) over conventional word processors.
2728 \begin_layout Subsection
2732 \begin_layout Standard
2733 Go to our second section,
2735 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2739 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2743 Click at the end of the section title line,
2746 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2749 or the toolbar button
2756 A dialog asks you for a label name,
2757 and gives you a suggestion.
2763 the label name will be placed in a box next to the section title.
2766 \begin_layout Standard
2767 So far you have not done anything —
2768 the output will look exactly the same,
2769 since labels do not show up in the printed document.
2771 now that you have added a label,
2772 you can refer to that label with cross-references.
2773 We will do that next.
2776 \begin_layout Subsection
2777 Your first cross-reference
2780 \begin_layout Standard
2781 Place the cursor somewhere in Section
2782 \begin_inset space ~
2789 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2790 If you want to know more about this document,
2791 \begin_inset Newline newline
2797 \begin_layout Standard
2799 with the cursor before the final period,
2802 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
2804 \begin_inset space ~
2809 or the toolbar button
2812 arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
2816 The Cross-reference dialog pops up.
2817 It shows a list of the possible labels you can reference.
2819 there should be only one,
2821 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2824 sec:About-This-Document
2825 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2830 select the drop-down menu labeled
2831 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2835 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2839 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2843 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2848 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2851 sec:About-This-Document
2852 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2855 (it may be selected by default),
2856 and a reference marker will appear containing
2857 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2861 sec:About-This-Document
2862 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2865 (To be really correct,
2869 \begin_inset space ~
2877 arg "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
2880 ) in between the word
2881 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2885 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2888 and the reference.) An alternative way to reference a label is to right-click the label and select
2892 in the pop-up context menu.
2893 The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be copied to the actual cursor position via the menu
2895 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
2905 In the printed document,
2906 this reference marker will be replaced with the section number.
2907 Preview your document and you will see that \SpecialChar LaTeX
2908 has been even cleverer than that.
2910 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2914 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2920 \begin_layout Standard
2922 a cross-reference acts as a hyperlink when you are editing a document in \SpecialChar LyX
2924 clicking on it will pop up the
2932 \begin_inset space ~
2936 \begin_inset space ~
2941 will move the cursor to the referenced label.
2944 \begin_layout Subsection
2945 More fun with labels
2948 \begin_layout Standard
2949 We told you that \SpecialChar LyX
2950 takes care of numbering cross-references;
2951 now you can test this claim.
2952 Add a new section before Section
2953 \begin_inset space ~
2961 the section cross-reference changed to
2962 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2966 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2971 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2975 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2979 and the cross-reference will reference Subsection
2980 \begin_inset space ~
2983 2.1 instead of Section
2984 \begin_inset space ~
2988 The page reference will not change unless you add a whole page of text before the label,
2993 \begin_layout Standard
2994 If you want some more practice with labels,
2995 then try putting a new label where your first cross-reference was,
2996 and refer to that label from elsewhere in the document.
2997 If you will be inserting cross-references often,
2998 it may be convenient to leave the
3005 \begin_layout Standard
3006 If you want to confirm that the cross-referencing gets the pages right even for larger documents,
3011 a couple pages of text from the
3020 them into your document.
3024 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3026 copying a chapter title may cause an error,
3027 because chapters are not allowed in the article class,
3029 \begin_inset space ~
3033 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
3035 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
3042 just delete the chapter title.
3050 \begin_layout Labeling
3051 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3057 Fix the references in
3058 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351573
3062 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351573
3071 \begin_layout Section
3072 Footnotes and Margin Notes
3075 \begin_layout Standard
3076 Footnotes can be added using the toolbar button
3079 arg "footnote-insert"
3084 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3088 Click at the end of the word
3089 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3094 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3097 somewhere in your document and insert a footnote.
3098 A footnote box appears where you can enter the text of the footnote.
3100 should place the cursor at the beginning of the footnote box.
3104 \begin_layout LyX-Code
3106 is a typesetting word processor.
3109 \begin_layout Standard
3110 Now click on the button labeled
3111 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3115 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3119 The footnote box is closed,
3120 leaving the button showing where the footnote marker will be in the printed text;
3122 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3126 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3130 You can unfold the footnote at any time and re-edit its text by clicking again on the
3131 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3135 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3141 \begin_layout Standard
3142 A footnote can be cut and pasted like normal text.
3145 All you need to do is select the footnote button
3149 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3150 It may be easier to select it using the keyboard.
3151 You might accidentally open the footnote if you are trying to select the marker itself with the mouse.
3166 you can change regular text to a footnote,
3167 by selecting it and hitting the
3170 arg "footnote-insert"
3174 change a footnote to regular text by hitting the
3178 key when the cursor is in the first position of a footnote,
3183 key when the cursor is in the very last position of the footnote.
3186 \begin_layout Standard
3187 Margin notes can be added using the menu
3189 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3191 \begin_inset space ~
3196 or the toolbar button
3199 arg "marginalnote-insert"
3202 \SpecialChar endofsentence
3203 Margin notes are like footnotes,
3208 \begin_layout Itemize
3209 the on-screen boxes say
3210 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3214 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3218 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3222 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3228 \begin_layout Itemize
3229 the notes will be placed in the margin,
3230 instead of below the text
3233 \begin_layout Itemize
3234 margin notes are not numbered
3237 \begin_layout Standard
3238 Change your \SpecialChar LyX
3239 footnote back to text,
3240 then select and change it to a margin note.
3241 Run \SpecialChar LaTeX
3242 again to see what the margin note looks like.
3245 \begin_layout Labeling
3246 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3253 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351579
3257 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351579
3266 \begin_layout Section
3268 \begin_inset CommandInset label
3270 name "sec:bibliographies"
3277 \begin_layout Standard
3278 Bibliographies are similar to cross-references.
3279 The bibliography contains a list of references at the end of the document,
3280 and they can be referenced from within the document.
3281 Like section titles,
3283 and \SpecialChar LaTeX
3284 make your job easier by automatically numbering the bibliography items and changing citations when the item numbers change.
3287 \begin_layout Standard
3288 Go to the end of the document and switch to the
3294 each paragraph you type will be a reference.
3296 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3302 by the \SpecialChar LyX
3306 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3309 as your first reference.
3310 Note that \SpecialChar LyX
3311 automatically puts a number in a box before each reference.
3312 Click on the boxed reference number,
3316 \begin_inset space ~
3326 is to refer to this reference within the \SpecialChar LyX
3338 you will see the number of the bibliography in the output.
3344 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3348 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3351 to make it easy to remember.
3354 \begin_layout Standard
3355 Now pick somewhere in your document that you would like to insert a reference.
3358 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3361 or the toolbar button
3364 arg "dialog-show-new-inset citation"
3373 The left panel in this dialog lists all the bibliography entries,
3374 and this field allows you to choose which bibliography item you want to cite.
3376 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3380 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3384 that is the only item in the bibliography),
3389 button in the center to insert it.
3390 (You can have multiple citations in the same place by transferring a number of keys this way.)
3394 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3395 If one uses label names for references that are easy to remember it is easier to find the entry in the list of references.
3405 Now preview your file and you will see that the citation appears in brackets in the text,
3406 referring to the bibliography at the end of the document.
3409 \begin_layout Standard
3413 \begin_inset space ~
3422 dialog will put a remark (such as a reference to a page or chapter within the referenced book or article) in the brackets after the reference.
3423 If you want the references to have labels instead of numbers in the printed output (for example,
3424 some journals would use
3425 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3429 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3432 to refer to a paper written by Smith in 1995),
3440 \begin_inset space ~
3453 \begin_layout Labeling
3454 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3460 Fix the bibliography and citation in
3461 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351585
3465 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351585
3474 \begin_layout Section
3478 \begin_layout Standard
3479 You may want to put a table of contents at the beginning of your document.
3481 makes this easy to do.
3486 after your document title and before your first section title and select
3488 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3490 \begin_inset space ~
3494 \begin_inset space ~
3498 \change_inserted -712698321 1590305779
3500 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3504 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3509 \SpecialChar menuseparator
3511 \begin_inset space ~
3515 \begin_inset space ~
3522 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3526 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3529 will appear in a button on the first line of the document.
3533 \begin_layout Standard
3534 This may not appear to be very useful.
3536 if you look at your preview,
3537 you will see that a table of contents has been generated,
3538 listing the various sections and subsections in your document.
3540 if you reorder sections or create new ones,
3541 you will see those changes in the preview when you update it.
3545 \begin_layout Standard
3546 The table of contents is not printed in the on-screen version of the document.
3547 But you can display the table of contents in a separate window by clicking on the table of contents button,
3550 View\SpecialChar menuseparator
3552 \begin_inset space ~
3557 or the toolbar button
3560 arg "dialog-toggle toc"
3564 This menu will work even if you do not have a table of contents inset in your document.
3565 This is a very useful tool for rearranging your document parts.
3566 Clicking on a (sub)section title in the
3570 window will highlight that line and move the display (in the \SpecialChar LyX
3571 editing window) to that place in the document.
3572 You can also use the arrow keys to move up and down in the table of contents.
3573 You may therefore find it convenient to leave this window open throughout editing sessions.
3574 You can get similar functionality from the
3580 where the table of contents appears automatically.
3583 \begin_layout Standard
3584 To get rid of the Table of Contents,
3585 you can delete the table of contents button just like any other text.
3588 \begin_layout Labeling
3589 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3595 Fix the table of contents in
3596 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351589
3600 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351589
3609 \begin_layout Chapter
3613 \begin_layout Standard
3615 is used by many scientists because it outputs great looking equations,
3616 avoiding the control characters used by word processors and their equation editors.
3617 Many of these scientists are frustrated,
3619 because writing equations in \SpecialChar LaTeX
3620 is more like programming than writing.
3623 has WYSIWYM support for equations.
3624 If you are used to \SpecialChar LaTeX
3626 you will find that all of the usual \SpecialChar LaTeX
3627 math commands can be typed in normally,
3628 but they will show up in a WYSIWYM fashion.
3631 you have never written in \SpecialChar LaTeX
3637 toolbar will allow you to write professional-looking math quickly and easily.
3640 \begin_layout Section
3644 \begin_layout Standard
3645 Somewhere in your \SpecialChar LyX
3651 \begin_layout LyX-Code
3652 I like what Einstein said,
3655 \begin_inset Newline linebreak
3661 \begin_layout Standard
3663 that equation does not look very good in \SpecialChar LyX
3665 there is no space between the letters and the equals sign,
3666 and you would like to write an actual superscript for the
3667 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3671 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3675 That bad typesetting happened because we did not tell \SpecialChar LyX
3676 that we were writing a mathematical expression,
3677 so it typeset the equation like regular old text.
3680 \begin_layout Standard
3681 But we can create a formula that will be typeset properly.
3682 Highlight the equation and click the toolbar button
3690 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3691 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
3693 \begin_inset space ~
3699 If nothing is highlighted \SpecialChar LyX
3700 inserts a little blue square,
3701 which is an empty math formula.
3702 The expression appears in blue and the blue square disappears as soon as the formula is not empty.
3707 to leave the equation.
3708 The purple markers disappear,
3709 leaving the cursor to the right of the expression.
3711 if you type something,
3712 it will be regular text.
3715 \begin_layout Standard
3716 Looking at the output you will notice that the expression was typeset nicely,
3717 with spaces between the letters and the equals sign,
3719 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3723 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3727 Letters in math mode are assumed to be variables,
3728 and come out in italics.
3729 Numbers are just numbers.
3732 \begin_layout Standard
3733 This math editor is another example of the WYSIWYM philosophy.
3734 In \SpecialChar LaTeX
3736 you write a mathematical expression using text and commands like
3743 this can be frustrating,
3744 because you cannot see what an expression looks like until you run the file under \SpecialChar LaTeX
3745 and you may have to spend time,
3747 finding missing brackets.
3749 does not attempt to get the expression to look perfect (WYSIWYG),
3750 but it gives you an extremely good idea of what the expression will look like.
3752 then takes care of the professional typesetting.
3755 \begin_layout Section
3756 Navigating an Equation
3759 \begin_layout Standard
3761 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
3765 \begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$
3769 Use the arrow keys to move the cursor into the expression.
3770 Note that when you enter the expression,
3771 the purple markers appear to let you know you are editing math.
3780 to move the cursor past the equals sign,
3782 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3786 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3791 you can use the arrow keys or
3795 to leave the formula\SpecialChar endofsentence
3799 \begin_layout Standard
3800 Other than the special keys described below,
3801 typing in math mode is like editing regular text.
3811 Select text either with the arrow keys or with the mouse.
3814 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
3817 works in math mode as well as cut and paste.
3818 One thing to be careful of:
3819 if you are left or right outside a formula and you press
3828 you delete the whole formula.
3837 \begin_layout Standard
3838 What if you want to change
3839 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
3843 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$
3848 you can use the mouse to click in the right place.
3850 you can also use the arrow keys.
3851 If the cursor is just after the
3852 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3856 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3860 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3864 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3872 and the cursor is moved to the level of the superscript,
3874 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3878 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3883 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3887 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3896 will move the cursor back to the regular level.
3906 the cursor will be placed
3910 the superscript (so that you can then type the
3911 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3915 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3921 \begin_layout Section
3922 Exponents and Indices
3925 \begin_layout Standard
3926 An exponent can be entered from the
3930 toolbar (see below),
3931 but it is actually simpler just to type the caret key,
3933 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3937 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3942 will place another blue rectangle in the superscript,
3943 so that whatever you write next will be superscripted,
3944 and in a smaller font size.
3945 Everything you type until you hit a
3953 to exit the formula entirely) will be in the superscript.
3956 \begin_layout Standard
3957 Writing a subscript (index) is just as easy;
3958 start one by typing the underscore key
3959 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3963 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3967 You can subscript and superscript both subscripts and superscripts like this:
3969 \begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$
3976 \begin_layout Labeling
3977 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3984 \begin_inset space ~
3988 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351597
3992 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351597
4003 \begin_layout Section
4007 \begin_layout Standard
4012 toolbar is a convenient way to enter symbols and/or to perform complicated formula operations.
4013 Many of these operations can be accomplished from the keyboard or the
4015 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
4020 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
4023 menus (the latter only appears when you are in Math mode).
4025 we are going to concentrate on using the
4030 just to let you know what is out there;
4031 you can learn keyboard shortcuts and commands later from the
4038 \begin_layout Standard
4043 toolbar is shown when the cursor is in a formula and can also be turned on manually in the menu
4045 View\SpecialChar menuseparator
4049 When you click there on
4050 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4054 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4060 arg "toolbar-toggle math"
4063 ) the toolbar will be shown permanently at the bottom;
4064 this state is visualized in the
4068 menu with a checkmark.
4069 When you click in this state again on
4070 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4074 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4086 toolbar is only shown when the cursor is within a formula;
4087 this state is visualized by the renaming of the menu entry from
4088 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4092 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4096 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4100 \begin_inset space ~
4104 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4110 \begin_layout Subsection
4114 \begin_layout Standard
4119 toolbar allows you to choose from a large array of symbols used in math:
4126 Note that subscripting and superscripting allow you to put lower and upper limits on sums and integrals.
4129 \begin_layout Subsection
4135 \begin_layout Standard
4136 To type a square root,
4137 just click on the button
4140 arg "math-insert \\sqrt"
4144 The square root appears,
4145 and the cursor is in a new insertion point inside the square root.
4146 You can type variables,
4152 will automatically resize the square root to fit what is inside.
4155 \begin_layout Standard
4157 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4161 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4165 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a}$
4168 ) or group of characters (
4169 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$
4172 ) is done similarly.
4173 Decorations are available from the toolbar via the button
4176 arg "math-insert \\hat"
4180 Click on a decoration,
4181 and \SpecialChar LyX
4182 will insert that decoration with an insertion point under (or over) it.
4183 Just type what you want in the insertion point.
4184 There are two sets of decorations:
4185 those that resize with the text you type,
4186 and those that have a fixed size,
4187 and are most appropriate for a single letter.
4191 \begin_layout Standard
4192 Delimiters such as parentheses,
4194 and braces work similarly,
4195 but are a bit more complicated.
4196 Hit the delimiter button
4199 arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter"
4205 \begin_inset space ~
4211 Your current selection of delimiters is displayed in a box.
4212 It is a pair of parentheses by default,
4213 but you can choose a pair of braces,
4214 a brace and a parenthesis,
4215 or choose the empty square to have something like
4216 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4220 \begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$
4224 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4227 (the empty delimiter is displayed as a broken line in \SpecialChar LyX
4229 but will not show up in the output).
4232 \begin_layout Standard
4234 you can type actual parentheses in math mode,
4235 rather than using the
4238 \begin_inset space ~
4245 those parentheses will be the same size as regular text,
4246 which will look bad if you have a big fraction or matrix inside the parentheses.
4247 So it is better to use one of the three delimiter buttons that insert them directly,
4251 arg "math-delim ( )"
4257 \begin_layout Standard
4258 You can also put delimiters or a square root sign or a decoration on already existing formula parts.
4259 Select the portion of the formula that you want to adjust,
4260 and then click on the button you want from the
4265 Try using this to change Newton's second law from scalar to vector form (
4266 \begin_inset Formula $f=ma$
4270 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$
4274 Once you have learned about matrices,
4275 this is how you will put parentheses or brackets around them.
4278 \begin_layout Subsection
4282 \begin_layout Standard
4283 To create a fraction,
4284 click on the fraction button
4285 \change_deleted -131811572 1566935165
4289 arg "math-insert \\frac-square"
4293 \change_inserted -131811572 1566935147
4297 arg "math-insert \\frac"
4308 writes two insertion points in a fraction.
4309 As you would expect,
4310 you can use arrow keys or the mouse to move around a fraction.
4311 Click on the top square and type
4312 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4316 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4325 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4329 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4333 You have made a fraction!
4334 Of course you can type anything within each of the two boxes:
4335 variables with exponents,
4341 \begin_layout Labeling
4342 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
4349 \begin_inset space ~
4353 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351607
4357 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351607
4368 \begin_layout Subsection
4375 \begin_layout Standard
4376 Because letters in math mode are considered to be variables,
4378 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4382 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4387 thinks you are typing the product of the three variables
4388 \begin_inset Formula $s$
4393 \begin_inset Formula $i$
4398 \begin_inset Formula $n$
4402 The three letters will be typeset in italics,
4403 when what you really wanted was the word
4404 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4408 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4414 will not put a space between the word
4415 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4419 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4423 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4427 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4434 will exit the formula).
4436 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4440 \begin_inset Formula $\sin(x)$
4444 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4448 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4452 \begin_inset Formula $sin(x)$
4456 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4462 \begin_layout Standard
4470 arg "math-insert \\functions"
4474 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4478 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4481 in the pop-up function list.
4483 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4487 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4490 is displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
4492 and set in upright roman type.
4493 The whole word is treated as one symbol,
4499 it will delete the whole word.
4501 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4505 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4509 which will be written in blue italics,
4510 like you expect in a formula.
4512 the expression will be correctly typeset.
4516 \begin_layout Standard
4517 The function list includes other trigonometric functions and their inverses,
4518 hyperbolic functions,
4521 and quite a few others.
4522 These functions can take subscripts and superscripts,
4523 important for typing
4524 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4528 \begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$
4532 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4536 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4540 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$
4544 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4550 \begin_layout Labeling
4551 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
4558 \begin_inset space ~
4562 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351612
4566 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351612
4577 \begin_layout Subsection
4581 \begin_layout Standard
4582 Click on the matrix button
4585 arg "dialog-show mathmatrix"
4591 \change_inserted -131811572 1566934540
4597 A pop-up dialog allows you to choose how many rows and columns you want in your matrix.
4598 Choose 2 rows and 3 columns and hit
4604 prints 6 insertion points in a
4605 \begin_inset Formula $2\times3$
4610 you can put any sort of formula expression (a square root,
4612 etc.) in each insertion point.
4613 You can also leave some of the insertion points empty if you want.
4616 \begin_layout Standard
4621 can be used to move horizontally between the columns of a matrix.
4623 you can use the arrow keys to move around - hitting
4627 at the end of one box will move to the next box,
4632 will move to the next row,
4636 \begin_layout Standard
4637 If you need to change the number of rows and columns,
4640 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
4642 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4646 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4651 or the math toolbar buttons
4654 arg "tabular-feature append-row"
4661 arg "tabular-feature delete-row"
4668 arg "tabular-feature append-column"
4675 arg "tabular-feature delete-column"
4681 \begin_layout Standard
4686 for information on how to change the horizontal alignment of each column,
4687 and how to change the vertical position of the whole matrix.
4688 Note that if you want to write a table containing text,
4689 you should use \SpecialChar LyX
4690 's wonderful table support,
4691 rather than trying to write text in a matrix.
4694 \begin_layout Subsection
4698 \begin_layout Standard
4699 All of the expressions we have written so far have been on the same line as the text that came before and after them,
4700 otherwise known as inline expressions.
4701 This is fine for short,
4703 but if you want to write larger ones,
4704 or if you want your expressions to stand out from the text,
4705 you need to write them in display mode.
4707 only displayed expressions can be labeled and numbered (see the
4712 and multi-line equations must be in display mode.
4715 \begin_layout Standard
4716 While being in a formula,
4717 click on the display button
4728 This centers the formula and adds a blank line before and after it.
4729 Now type in an expression and compile your file to see how it looks.
4730 The display button is actually a toggle;
4731 use it now to change a couple of your expressions to display mode and back.
4734 \begin_layout Standard
4735 Display mode has a couple differences from inline mode:
4738 \begin_layout Itemize
4739 The default font is larger for a few symbols,
4741 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
4745 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
4751 \begin_layout Itemize
4752 Subscripts and superscripts for limits and sums (but not integrals) are written under and over rather than next to the symbols
4755 \begin_layout Itemize
4759 \begin_layout Standard
4760 Other than these differences,
4762 displayed expressions and inline expressions are very similar.
4765 \begin_layout Standard
4766 One final note about the way displayed formulas are typeset:
4767 be careful about whether you are putting your equation into a new paragraph or not.
4768 If your formula is in the middle of a sentence or paragraph,
4774 Doing so will cause the text
4778 the formula to start a new paragraph.
4779 That text will be indented or follow a blank line,
4780 depending on your document paragraph settings,
4781 which is probably not what you want.
4784 \begin_layout Labeling
4785 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
4791 Put the various equations in
4792 \change_deleted -712698321 1553351617
4796 \change_inserted -712698321 1553351617
4805 and see how they are typeset differently.
4808 \begin_layout Labeling
4809 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
4815 Using various tools you have learned in this section,
4816 you should be able to write an equation like:
4820 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4821 After you have done it the hard way,
4824 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
4825 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
4827 \begin_inset space ~
4838 \begin_inset Formula
4840 f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc}
4843 \sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0
4852 \begin_layout Section
4856 \begin_layout Standard
4857 Now you are familiar with the basics.
4859 's math editor can do a lot more.
4860 You can refer to the
4864 manual for tips on how to:
4867 \begin_layout Itemize
4868 Label and number expressions.
4871 \begin_layout Itemize
4872 Create multi-line equations.
4875 \begin_layout Itemize
4878 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4882 \begin_inset space \space{}
4885 to write bold-face text in an expression.
4888 \begin_layout Itemize
4889 Fine-tune font sizes and spacing within an expression.
4890 (Do not worry about this until your final draft!)
4893 \begin_layout Itemize
4895 These are very powerful,
4896 because you just define them once at the top of the document,
4897 and then you can use them throughout the document.
4900 \begin_layout Itemize
4901 Do almost all you can do with math.
4904 \begin_layout Chapter
4908 \begin_layout Section
4909 Other major \SpecialChar LyX
4913 \begin_layout Standard
4914 We have not gone through all the possible commands in \SpecialChar LyX
4916 and we are not planning on it.
4925 \begin_inset space ~
4930 manual for more information.
4931 We will just mention a couple more major things \SpecialChar LyX
4935 \begin_layout Itemize
4937 has WYSIWYM support for tables.
4940 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
4946 arg "tabular-insert"
4950 Click on the table with the
4957 \begin_inset space ~
4962 dialog box which allows extensive table editing.
4966 arg "toolbar-toggle table"
4969 the table toolbar will appear permanently.
4972 \begin_layout Itemize
4974 also supports including pictures in any format within documents.
4978 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
4984 arg "dialog-show-new-inset graphics"
4988 Then browse for the figure file,
4990 etc.) Tables and figures can have captions,
4991 and \SpecialChar LyX
4992 will automatically generate lists of figures and/or tables.
4995 \begin_layout Itemize
4997 is heavily configurable.
4998 Everything from how the \SpecialChar LyX
4999 window looks to how the output comes out can be configured in a number of ways.
5000 Much configuration is done through
5002 Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
5006 For more information on this,
5009 Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
5010 Customization\SpecialChar endofsentence
5014 \begin_layout Itemize
5016 is being developed by a team of programmers on five continents.
5019 has better support for non-English languages (such as Dutch,
5026 ) than many word processors.
5027 Even the right-to-left languages Arabic,
5029 and Hebrew and the Asian languages Chinese Japanese,
5030 and Korean are supported.
5031 You can write documents in other languages and you can also configure \SpecialChar LyX
5032 to show its menus and error messages in other languages.
5036 \begin_layout Itemize
5037 The \SpecialChar LyX
5038 menus feature keybindings.
5039 This means that you can do
5041 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
5052 or by using the binding which is shown next to it in the menu (
5059 Keybindings are also configurable.
5060 For information on this,
5063 Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
5064 Customization\SpecialChar endofsentence
5068 \begin_layout Itemize
5070 can read \SpecialChar LaTeX
5073 \begin_inset space ~
5077 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5079 reference "sec:tex2lyx"
5087 \begin_layout Itemize
5090 and word count facilities are available.
5093 \begin_layout Itemize
5094 Generation of indexes and nomenclatures/glossaries is supported.
5097 \begin_layout Section
5099 for \SpecialChar LaTeX
5101 \begin_inset CommandInset label
5103 name "sec:latexusers"
5110 \begin_layout Standard
5111 If you do not know anything about \SpecialChar LaTeX
5113 you do not have to read this section.
5119 about \SpecialChar LaTeX
5121 and then read this chapter.
5123 some of those who begin to use \SpecialChar LyX
5124 will be familiar with \SpecialChar LaTeX
5126 If you are such a person,
5127 you may be wondering if \SpecialChar LyX
5128 can really do everything \SpecialChar LaTeX
5130 The short answer is that \SpecialChar LyX
5131 can do pretty much everything \SpecialChar LaTeX
5132 can do in one form or another,
5133 and it definitely simplifies most parts of writing a \SpecialChar LaTeX
5137 \begin_layout Standard
5138 Because this is just a tutorial,
5139 we are only going to mention things that new \SpecialChar LyX
5140 users will most likely be interested in.
5141 In the interests of keeping the Tutorial short,
5142 we will give only minimal information here.
5146 \begin_inset space ~
5154 \begin_inset space ~
5159 manuals have a great deal of information on differences between \SpecialChar LyX
5160 and \SpecialChar LaTeX
5162 and how to do various \SpecialChar LaTeX
5163 tricks in \SpecialChar LyX
5167 \begin_layout Subsection
5172 \begin_layout Standard
5173 Anything that you enter in \SpecialChar TeX
5174 mode will be passed straight to \SpecialChar LaTeX
5176 and will be displayed in red on the screen.
5177 You can use \SpecialChar TeX
5178 commands in \SpecialChar LyX
5181 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
5183 \begin_inset space ~
5195 This creates a box where everything within it is passed straight to \SpecialChar LaTeX
5199 \begin_layout Standard
5202 mode is handled a bit differently.
5204 mode is entered there by typing a backslash.
5205 The backslash is not written out,
5206 but anything you type afterwards will be in red.
5207 You exit \SpecialChar TeX
5212 or some other non-alphabetic character,
5215 caret or parenthesis.
5216 Once you exit \SpecialChar TeX
5219 knows the \SpecialChar TeX
5220 command you have typed in,
5221 it will convert it to WYSIWYM\SpecialChar endofsentence
5223 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5233 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5236 in a formula and then press
5243 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5247 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5251 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5255 \begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
5259 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5263 This will work for almost all,
5264 non-complicated math macros.
5265 This may be faster than using the
5268 \begin_inset space ~
5274 and will be especially convenient for experienced \SpecialChar LaTeX
5278 \begin_layout Standard
5281 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5291 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5299 ending braces will be inserted in red while the cursor is placed between the braces.
5300 This makes it more convenient to type those commands that take an argument.
5303 \begin_layout Standard
5305 cannot do absolutely everything that \SpecialChar LaTeX
5307 Some fancy functions are not supported at all,
5308 while some work but are not WYSIWYM.
5310 mode allows users to get the full flexibility of \SpecialChar LaTeX
5312 while having all the convenient features of \SpecialChar LyX
5318 could never support every \SpecialChar LaTeX
5327 in the preamble (see Section
5328 \begin_inset space ~
5332 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5334 reference "sec:preamble"
5340 you can use any package you want —
5341 although you will not have WYSIWYM support for that package's features.
5344 \begin_layout Subsection
5345 Importing \SpecialChar LaTeX
5352 \begin_inset CommandInset label
5361 \begin_layout Standard
5362 You can import a \SpecialChar LaTeX
5363 file into \SpecialChar LyX
5366 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
5367 Import\SpecialChar menuseparator
5369 \begin_inset space ~
5374 menu in \SpecialChar LyX
5376 This will call the program
5380 which will create a file foo.lyx from the file foo.tex.
5382 will then open that file.
5383 If the translation does not work,
5388 from the command line,
5389 possibly using fancier options.
5392 \begin_layout Standard
5393 Even when the translation does work,
5398 may not translate everything,
5399 though it does handle most legal \SpecialChar LaTeX
5401 It will leave things it does not understand in \SpecialChar TeX
5404 after translating a file with
5409 you can look for the red text and manually edit it to get it right.
5412 \begin_layout Standard
5417 has its own documentation (manpage),
5418 which Unix/Linux users can access via the console command
5421 \begin_inset space ~
5427 The manpage describes which \SpecialChar LaTeX
5428 commands and environments are not supported,
5429 what bugs you might run into (and how to get around them),
5430 and how to use the various options.
5433 \begin_layout Standard
5434 It is important to understand that
5438 can only translate files whose document class is
5439 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5443 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5449 for which there is a corresponding \SpecialChar LyX
5455 If there is no layout file,
5456 then you will get an error saying that the conversion could not be performed.
5458 unless you have a layout for the document class of your \SpecialChar LaTeX
5464 simply will not know how to translate the \SpecialChar LaTeX
5465 that it finds there into things \SpecialChar LyX
5467 More about layout files and how they are created is explained in detail in Chapter 5 of the
5474 \begin_layout Subsection
5475 Converting \SpecialChar LyX
5476 Documents to \SpecialChar LaTeX
5480 \begin_layout Standard
5481 You might wish to convert a \SpecialChar LyX
5482 Document to a \SpecialChar LaTeX
5485 a co-worker or co-author who does not have \SpecialChar LyX
5486 might want to read it.
5489 File\SpecialChar menuseparator
5490 Export\SpecialChar menuseparator
5494 This will create a file
5502 file you are editing.
5505 \begin_layout Subsection
5510 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5514 \begin_layout Standard
5517 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
5520 dialog takes care of the document-wide options,
5521 such as changing the document class,
5522 default font size and paper size.
5523 Document class options and also options for \SpecialChar LaTeX
5524 packages can be entered there in the
5527 \begin_inset space ~
5535 \begin_layout Subsubsection
5536 Other Preamble Matter
5537 \begin_inset CommandInset label
5546 \begin_layout Standard
5547 If you have special commands to put in the preamble of a \SpecialChar LaTeX
5549 you can use them in a \SpecialChar LyX
5553 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
5554 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
5556 \begin_inset space ~
5561 and type in the dialog window (or from the document settings dialog,
5562 depending on the frontend).
5563 Anything you type will (as with \SpecialChar TeX
5564 mode) be sent directly to \SpecialChar LaTeX
5568 \begin_layout Subsection
5573 \begin_layout Standard
5575 has support for Bib\SpecialChar TeX
5577 \change_inserted -712698321 1590301994
5581 which allows you to build databases of bibliographical references to be used in multiple documents.
5584 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
5586 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
5590 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
5594 \change_inserted -712698321 1590301964
5596 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
5600 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
5605 \SpecialChar menuseparator
5607 \change_inserted -712698321 1590301973
5611 \begin_inset space ~
5625 \change_inserted -712698321 1590302046
5631 \change_deleted -712698321 1590302066
5633 \change_inserted -712698321 1590302067
5637 \change_deleted -712698321 1590302057
5639 \change_inserted -712698321 1590302058
5644 \change_inserted -712698321 1590302061
5653 \change_deleted -712698321 1590302077
5655 \change_inserted -712698321 1590302078
5660 \change_deleted -712698321 1590302081
5666 \begin_layout Standard
5667 After you have done this,
5668 you can use citations from any bibliographies you have included with
5670 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
5674 \begin_inset space ~
5678 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5680 reference "sec:bibliographies"
5690 dialog will show a list of all the references in your
5697 \change_inserted -712698321 1590302176
5698 If you want to use Biblatex rather than classic Bib\SpecialChar TeX
5700 please refer to the User Guide for instructions.
5705 \begin_layout Section
5709 \begin_layout Standard
5710 Sometimes when you try to view a document,
5711 there will be errors,
5712 things that \SpecialChar LyX
5713 or \SpecialChar LaTeX
5721 \begin_inset space ~
5727 Clicking on individual errors in this dialog will take you to the place in the \SpecialChar LyX
5728 document where the error occurs and also display the detailed \SpecialChar LaTeX