1 #LyX 2.0 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
7 % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
9 %This preamble is designed to ensure that the document prints
10 % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble,
11 % parts of the document may not print out as expected. If you
12 % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact
13 % the documentation team
14 % email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
16 \usepackage{ifpdf} % part of the hyperref bundle
17 \ifpdf % if pdflatex is used
19 % set fonts for nicer pdf view
20 \IfFileExists{lmodern.sty}{\usepackage{lmodern}}{}
22 \fi % end if pdflatex is used
24 % the pages of the TOC is numbered roman
25 % and a pdf-bookmark for the TOC is added
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60 \pdf_title "The LyX Tutorial"
61 \pdf_author "LyX Team"
62 \pdf_subject "LyX-documentation Tutorial"
63 \pdf_keywords "LyX, documentation"
65 \pdf_bookmarksnumbered true
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94 \quotes_language english
97 \paperpagestyle headings
98 \tracking_changes false
102 \html_be_strict false
116 \begin_layout Plain Layout
117 If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX Documenta
121 \begin_inset CommandInset href
123 target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
138 \begin_layout Standard
139 \begin_inset CommandInset toc
140 LatexCommand tableofcontents
147 \begin_layout Chapter
151 \begin_layout Section
155 \begin_layout Standard
156 This file is designed for all of you who have never heard of LaTeX, or do
157 not know it very well.
158 Now, do not panic - you will not need to learn LaTeX to use LyX.
159 That is, after all, the whole point of LyX: to provide an almost-WYSIWYG
161 There are some things you will need to learn, however, in order to use
165 \begin_layout Standard
166 Some of you probably found your way to this document because you tried to
167 put two spaces after a
168 \begin_inset Quotes eld
172 \begin_inset Quotes erd
175 or tried to put three blank lines between paragraphs.
176 You found out you could not and in fact, you will find out that most of
177 the little tricks you are accustomed to use in other word processors will
179 That is because most word processors you have used before allow you to
180 manually enter all spacings, font changes, and so on.
181 So you end up not only writing a document but typesetting it, too.
182 LyX does the typesetting for you, in a consistent fashion, letting you
183 focus on the important things, like the content of your writing.
186 \begin_layout Standard
187 So read on to learn more about LyX.
188 Reading this tutorial is definitely worth the time.
191 \begin_layout Section
201 \begin_layout Standard
202 Before we get started with this section, we want to make a quick note of
208 uses the notation outlined in the
213 If you came to this manual first, please read the
217 before you continue with the
224 \begin_layout Standard
225 Now that you know which fonts mean what, we want to talk a bit about what
233 \begin_layout Subsection
234 Getting the most out of the Tutorial
237 \begin_layout Standard
238 This tutorial consists of examples and exercises.
239 To get the most out of this document, you should read through the document,
240 typing all the little things we are telling you to type and trying out
241 all of the exercises to see if you get them right.
242 For convenience, you might want to print out the PDF version of this document.
245 \begin_layout Standard
246 If you are familiar with LaTeX, you will probably be able to read the
250 somewhat faster, since many LyX ideas are just LaTeX ideas in disguise.
251 However, LyX has features you will want to learn about.
252 Even if you do not feel like reading the rest of the
256 , you should definitely check out Section
261 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
263 reference "sec:latexusers"
267 , which is specifically written for experienced LaTeX users.
270 \begin_layout Subsection
278 \begin_layout Itemize
279 Detailed explanations of all of LyX's features.
283 \begin_layout Standard
292 \begin_layout Itemize
293 Detailed explanations of LaTeX.
297 \begin_layout Standard
299 If you want to learn some of the neat tricks you can do with LaTeX in LyX,
300 you can have a look at the
312 \begin_layout Standard
313 It is time to move onwards, time for your first document \SpecialChar \ldots{}
317 \begin_layout Chapter
318 Getting started with LyX
321 \begin_layout Section
322 Your first LyX document
325 \begin_layout Standard
327 You are ready to start writing.
328 Before you do, there are a few things we need to mention, which will hopefully
329 make the Tutorial more instructive and useful.
333 \begin_layout Standard
334 Because there is information we cannot give you in the Tutorial, the
340 thing that you need to do is find the
347 Start up LyX, Choose the
356 You may want to load the
360 as well (if you are not reading it within LyX already).
361 This way, you can read them while you are writing your own file.
365 \begin_layout Plain Layout
366 They can also serve as good examples of how to use the many features of
372 Note that once you have got more than one document open, you can use the
377 menu or the document tabs to switch between them.
380 \begin_layout Standard
381 In this Tutorial, we are going to assume that you have a fully working version
382 of LyX, as well as a LaTeX-distribution and a PDF-viewer.
383 This should be the case on all major Linux- and BSD-distributions, as well
384 as on Windows, where this is setup by the LyX installers.
387 \begin_layout Standard
388 Finally, we have written a file called
392 to let you practice your LyX skills.
393 Imagine that it was typed by someone who did not know about any of LyX's
395 As you learn new LyX functions, we will suggest that you fix those parts
401 It also contains `subtle' hints about how to fix things.
405 \begin_layout Plain Layout
406 The hints are located in yellow
407 \begin_inset Quotes eld
411 \begin_inset Quotes erd
415 Access the text in a note by clicking on it.
420 If you want to cheat, or check what you have done, there is also a file
425 which contains the same text written and typeset by a LyX master.
428 \begin_layout Standard
429 The example files can be found in the
433 directory of LyX's installation folder.
434 Open the raw document, and use
436 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
443 to save a copy in your own directory for you to work on.
444 As you fix parts of the raw document, check to see how those changes affect
448 \begin_layout Standard
453 directory contains lots of other examples files.
454 They will show you how to do various fancy things with LyX.
455 After you have read the Tutorial, or when you are confused about how to
456 do something fancy in LyX, take a look at these files.
459 \begin_layout Subsection
460 Typing, Viewing, and Exporting
463 \begin_layout Itemize
466 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
470 \begin_layout Itemize
471 Type a sentence like:
473 This is my first LyX document!
476 \begin_layout Itemize
477 Save your document with
479 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
488 \begin_layout Itemize
489 Run LaTeX to create a DVI file, with
491 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
494 or the toolbar button
495 \begin_inset Graphics
496 filename ../images/buffer-view_dvi.png
502 LyX will open a DVI-viewer program displaying your document as it will
507 \begin_layout Plain Layout
508 You can save time by leaving the DVI-viewer running in the background.
511 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
512 Update\SpecialChar \menuseparator
515 or the toolbar button
516 \begin_inset Graphics
517 filename ../images/buffer-update_dvi.png
522 and just click on the DVI-viewer window (or unminimize it) after LaTeX
531 \begin_layout Itemize
532 Export the ready to print document with
534 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
542 \begin_layout Standard
543 Congratulations! You have written your first LyX document.
544 All of the rest is just details, which are covered in the other manuals.
547 \begin_layout Subsection
551 \begin_layout Standard
552 LyX can of course do most of the things you are used to do with a word processor.
553 It will word-wrap and indent paragraphs automatically.
554 Here is a quick description of how to do some simple actions.
557 \begin_layout Description
558 Undo LyX has multiple levels of undo, which means you can undo everything
559 you have done since your current editing session started, by selecting
562 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
566 \begin_inset Graphics
567 filename ../images/undo.png
572 ) over and over again.
573 If you undo too much, just select
575 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
579 \begin_inset Graphics
580 filename ../images/redo.png
590 \begin_layout Standard
591 Currently, undo is limited to 100 steps.
595 \begin_layout Description
598 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
602 \begin_inset Graphics
603 filename ../images/cut.png
610 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
614 \begin_inset Graphics
615 filename ../images/copy.png
622 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
626 \begin_inset Graphics
627 filename ../images/paste.png
632 ) to cut, copy, and paste.
633 Or automatically paste selected text (including selections from other programs)
641 \begin_layout Description
644 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
656 \begin_inset Graphics
657 filename ../images/dialog-show_findreplace.png
663 In the dialog, search with the
675 button to replace a word you have found.
679 \begin_layout Plain Layout
680 Close the window when you are done or leave it open if you find it more
682 Most dialog boxes in LyX can operate like this.
683 Just be sure you have the right window focus when you are trying to type
684 in the main LyX window or a LyX dialog.
689 If you like, you can specify whether to make the search case-sensitive,
690 or to search for only complete words; you can also search backwards through
694 \begin_layout Description
703 text (which will by default print characters in italics), set it in
711 (usually small caps, used for people's names), or use your own formatting
714 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
721 dialog (toolbar button
722 \begin_inset Graphics
723 filename ../images/dialog-show_character.png
731 \begin_layout Description
732 Toolbar There are buttons on the toolbar (just below the menus) which allow
733 you to do some of the more popular functions, such as
744 \begin_layout Standard
745 Of course, you have not yet written enough to make most of these functions
747 As you write more, though, try undoing, pasting, etc.
750 \begin_layout Subsection
751 WYSIWYM: Whitespace in LyX
754 \begin_layout Standard
755 One of the hardest things for new users to get used to is the way that LyX
757 As many times as you hit
761 , you will only get one blank line.
762 As many times as you hit
766 , you will only get one space.
767 On a blank line, LyX will not let you type even one space.
772 key will not move you forward one tab stop; in fact there
776 no tab stops! There is no ruler at the top of the page to let you set tabs
780 \begin_layout Standard
781 Many word processors are based on the WYSIWYG principle:
782 \begin_inset Quotes eld
785 What You See Is What You Get.
786 \begin_inset Quotes erd
789 LyX, on the other hand, is based on the principle that
790 \begin_inset Quotes eld
793 What You See Is What You
798 \begin_inset Quotes erd
801 You type what you mean, and LyX will take care of typesetting it for you,
802 so that the output looks nice.
807 grammatically separates paragraphs, and a
811 grammatically separates words, so there is no reason to have several of
816 has no grammatical function at all, so LyX does not support it.
817 Using LyX, you will spend more of your time worrying about the
821 of your document, and less time worrying about the
830 for more information on the WYSIWYM concept.
833 \begin_layout Standard
834 LyX does have (many) ways to fine-tune the formatting of your document.
835 After all, LyX might not typeset
844 has information about all that.
845 It includes horizontal fills and vertical space — which are more powerful
846 and versatile than multiple spaces or blank lines — and ways to change
847 font sizes, character styles, and paragraph alignments by hand.
848 The idea, though, is that you can write your whole document, focusing on
849 content, and just worry about that fine-tuning at the end.
850 With standard word processors, you will be distracted by document formatting
851 throughout the writing process.
854 \begin_layout Section
858 \begin_layout Standard
859 Different parts of a document have different purposes; we call these parts
865 Most of a document is made up of regular text.
866 Section titles (chapter, subsection, etc.) let the reader know that a new
867 topic or subtopic will be discussed.
868 Certain types of documents have special environments.
869 A journal article will have an abstract and a title.
870 A letter will have neither of these, but will probably have an environment
871 that gives the writer's address.
874 \begin_layout Standard
875 Environments are a major part of the
876 \begin_inset Quotes eld
879 What You See Is What You Mean
880 \begin_inset Quotes erd
884 A given environment may require a certain font style, font size, indenting,
885 line spacing, and more.
886 This problem is aggravated, because the exact formatting for a given environmen
887 t may change: one journal may use boldface, 18 point, centered type for
888 section titles while another uses italicized, 15 point, left justified
889 type; different languages may have different standards for indenting; and
890 bibliography formats can vary widely.
891 LyX lets you avoid learning all the different formatting styles.
894 \begin_layout Standard
899 choice box is located on the left end of the toolbar and looks like this:
901 \begin_inset Graphics
902 filename clipart/ToolbarEnvBox.png
909 It indicates in which environment you are currently writing.
910 While you were writing your first document, it said
911 \begin_inset Quotes eld
915 \begin_inset Quotes erd
918 which is the default environment for text.
919 Now you will put a number of environments in your new document so that
920 you can see how they work.
923 \begin_layout Subsection
924 Sections and Subsections
927 \begin_layout Standard
932 on the first line of your LyX file, and select
944 \begin_layout Plain Layout
950 If nothing is selected, LyX changes the paragraph you are currently in
951 to the selected environment.
952 Alternatively, you can change several paragraphs to a different environment
953 by selecting them before picking an environment.
970 , which will be covered below.
971 LyX numbers the section
972 \begin_inset Quotes eld
976 \begin_inset Quotes erd
979 and typesets the section heading (title) in a larger font.
990 \begin_inset Quotes eld
994 \begin_inset Quotes erd
998 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1002 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1006 Section headings, like most environments, are assumed to end when you type
1012 Type the document introduction:
1015 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1016 This is an introduction to my first LyX document.
1019 \begin_layout Standard
1034 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1038 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1041 and waits for you to type a title.
1043 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1049 \begin_inset space ~
1055 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1058 , and you will see that LyX again sets it as a section title.
1061 \begin_layout Standard
1063 Go to the end of Section
1064 \begin_inset space ~
1068 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1071 my first LyX document
1072 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1089 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1093 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1096 and waits for you to type a title.
1103 \begin_inset space ~
1107 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1111 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1115 \begin_inset space ~
1118 2, has been automatically renumbered to Section
1119 \begin_inset space ~
1122 3! In true WYSIWYM fashion, you just need to identify the text that makes
1123 up the section titles, and LyX takes care of numbering the sections and
1127 \begin_layout Standard
1136 environment, and type the following five lines:
1139 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1140 Sections and subsections are described below.
1143 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1147 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1148 Sections are bigger than subsections.
1151 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1152 Subsection description
1155 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1156 Subsections are smaller than sections.
1159 \begin_layout Standard
1160 Click on the second line and select
1169 LyX numbers the subsection
1170 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1174 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1177 , and typesets it in a font which is bigger than regular text but smaller
1178 than the section title.
1179 Change the fourth line to the
1183 environment as well.
1184 As you probably expected, LyX automatically numbered the section
1185 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1189 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1193 If you put yet another section before Section
1194 \begin_inset space ~
1198 \begin_inset space ~
1201 2 will be renumbered as Section 3, and the subsections will be renumbered
1203 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1207 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1211 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1215 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1222 \begin_layout Standard
1223 Further levels of sectioning include
1236 We will let you play with these on your own.
1237 You may notice that paragraph and subparagraph headings are not numbered
1238 by default, and that subparagraphs are indented; see the
1242 for an explanation and how to change this.
1247 headings are actually the highest level of sectioning, above
1251 s, but you are only allowed to use them in certain types (text classes)
1252 of LyX documents (see Section
1253 \begin_inset space ~
1257 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
1259 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
1267 \begin_layout Standard
1268 Finally, you may want to have sections or subsections that are not numbered.
1269 There are environments for this as well.
1270 If you change one of your section headings to the
1274 environment (you may have to scroll down in the
1278 box to find it), LyX will use the same font size for the heading as it
1279 uses for a regular section, but it will not number that section.
1280 There are corresponding
1281 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1285 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1288 heading environments for
1297 Try changing some of your sections or subsections to the starred environments,
1298 and note how the other section numbers are updated.
1301 \begin_layout Standard
1306 : Fix the section and subsection headings in
1314 \begin_layout Subsection
1318 \begin_layout Standard
1319 LyX has several different environments for typesetting lists.
1320 The various list environments free you from hitting
1324 a million times when writing an outline, or from renumbering a whole list
1325 when you want to add a point in the middle of the list.
1326 Different types of documents logically require different list environments:
1329 \begin_layout Itemize
1330 A slide presentation might use the
1334 environment's bulleted lists to describe different points.
1338 \begin_layout Itemize
1339 An outline would use the
1343 environment's numbered lists (and lettered sublists).
1347 \begin_layout Itemize
1348 A document describing several software packages could use the
1352 environment, where each item in the list begins with a bold-faced word.
1356 \begin_layout Itemize
1361 environment is a variation on the
1368 \begin_layout Standard
1369 Let us write a list of reasons why LyX is better than other word processors.
1370 Somewhere in your document, type:
1373 \begin_layout Standard
1376 LyX is better than other word processors because:
1379 \begin_layout Standard
1395 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1399 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1403 Type in your reasons:
1406 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1407 Typesetting is done for you.
1410 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1414 \begin_layout LyX-Code
1415 Lists are very easy to create!
1418 \begin_layout Standard
1419 List environments, unlike headings, do not end when you type
1424 Instead, LyX assumes you are going on to the next item in the list.
1425 The above will therefore result in a three-item list.
1426 If you want more than one paragraph within one list
1430 , one way is to use the
1433 \begin_inset space ~
1438 , which you get by typing
1443 In order to get out of the list, you need to reselect the
1447 environment (or just use the key binding,
1450 \begin_inset space ~
1458 \begin_layout Standard
1459 You have got a beautiful itemized list.
1460 You might want to run LaTeX to see how the list looks when printed out.
1461 But what if you wanted to number the reasons? Well, just select the whole
1466 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1467 LyX will not let you select the first bullet unless you also select the
1472 the list, which you probably do not want to do.
1473 Similarly, you cannot select the actual number in a numbered section title.
1474 This is on purpose because the bullet or number depends on the document
1475 settings or text position, respectively.
1489 Pow! As we mentioned, if you add or delete a list item, LyX will fix the
1493 \begin_layout Standard
1494 While the list is still selected, you can change to the other two list environme
1503 , in order to see what they look like.
1504 For those two environments, each list item is made up of a term, which
1505 is the item's first word, followed by a definition, which is the rest of
1506 the paragraph (until you hit
1510 .) The term is either typeset in boldface (
1515 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1519 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1526 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1527 But a typesetter's tab, which will change to fit the size of the largest
1528 term, not a pathetic, rigid, unchangeable typewriter
1541 ) from the rest of the paragraph.
1542 If you want to have more than one word in the definition, then separate
1546 \begin_inset space ~
1554 \begin_layout Standard
1559 : Typeset the list in
1564 \begin_layout Standard
1565 You can nest lists within each other in all sorts of interesting ways.
1566 An obvious example would be writing outlines.
1567 Numbered and bulleted lists will have different numbering and bulleting
1568 schemes for sublists.
1573 for details on the different sorts of lists and for examples of nestings.
1576 \begin_layout Subsection
1577 Other environments: Verses, Quotations, and more
1580 \begin_layout Standard
1581 There are two environments for setting quotations apart from surrounding
1586 for short quotes and
1599 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1600 used in this Tutorial for the long typing examples
1609 font; this environment is the only place in LyX where you are allowed to
1610 use multiple spaces to allow code indenting.
1611 You can even write poetry using the
1619 to separate stanzas, and
1623 to separate lines within a stanza.
1628 for more complete descriptions of all of the available LyX environments.
1631 \begin_layout Standard
1636 : Correctly typeset the
1645 \begin_inset Newline newline
1653 \begin_layout Chapter
1657 \begin_layout Standard
1658 The previous chapter hopefully allowed you to get used to writing in LyX.
1659 It introduced you to the basic editing operations in LyX, as well as the
1660 powerful method of writing with environments.
1661 Most people who use LyX, though, will want to write documents: papers,
1662 articles, books, manuals, or letters.
1663 This chapter is meant to take you from simply writing text with LyX to
1664 writing a complete document.
1665 It will introduce you to text classes, which allow you to write different
1667 It will then describe many of the additions that turn text into a document,
1668 such as titles, footnotes, cross references, bibliographies, and tables
1672 \begin_layout Section
1674 \begin_inset CommandInset label
1676 name "sec:Document-Classes"
1683 \begin_layout Standard
1684 Different sorts of documents should be typeset differently.
1685 For example, books are generally printed double-sided, while articles are
1687 In addition, many documents contain special environments: letters contain
1688 some environments — such as the sender's address and the signature — which
1689 do not make sense in a book or article.
1698 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1699 for LaTeX users: this is equivalent to the LaTeX document class
1704 takes care of these large scale differences between different sorts of
1706 This Tutorial, for example, was written in the
1711 Document classes are another major part of the WYSIWYM philosophy; they
1712 tell LyX how to typeset the document, so you do not need to know how.
1715 \begin_layout Standard
1716 Your document is probably being written in the
1724 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1725 That is usually the default document class
1730 Try changing to other document classes (using the
1732 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1735 dialog) to see how they are typeset differently.
1736 If you change your document to the
1740 document class and look at the
1744 box, you will see that most of the allowed environments are the same.
1745 However, you can now use the
1750 If you are ever unsure about which environments you can use in a given
1751 document class, just consult the
1758 \begin_layout Standard
1759 Font sizes, one- or two-column printing, and page headings are just some
1760 of the ways journals' typesettings differ from one another.
1761 As the Computer Age continues to mature, journals have begun accepting
1762 electronic submissions, creating LaTeX
1763 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1767 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1770 so that authors can submit correctly typeset articles.
1771 LyX is set up to support this as well.
1772 For example, LyX supports typesetting (and extra environments) for the
1773 American Mathematics Society journals using the
1776 \begin_inset space ~
1784 \begin_layout Standard
1785 Here is a very quick reference to some of the document classes.
1788 Special Document Classes
1794 manual for many more details.
1797 \begin_layout Standard
1799 \begin_inset Tabular
1800 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
1801 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
1802 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
1803 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
1805 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1808 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1814 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1817 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1825 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1828 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1834 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1837 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1838 one-sided, no chapters
1845 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1848 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1854 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1857 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1858 layout & environments for American Math Society
1865 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1868 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1874 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1877 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1878 longer than article, two-sided
1885 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1888 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1894 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1897 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1898 report + front and back matter
1905 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1908 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1914 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1917 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1925 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1928 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1934 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1937 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1938 lots of extra environments for address, signature\SpecialChar \ldots{}
1952 \begin_layout Section
1953 Templates: Writing a Letter
1956 \begin_layout Standard
1957 One way to write a letter would be to open a new file, and choose a
1963 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1967 While this is the most obvious way to write a letter, it seems like extra
1969 Every time you write a business letter, you want to have your address,
1970 the address to which you are sending it, a body, a signature, etc.
1975 for letters, which contains a sample letter; once you have a template,
1976 you can just replace a couple of parts of the letter with your text each
1977 time you write a letter.
1980 \begin_layout Standard
1981 Open a new file with
1983 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1985 \begin_inset space ~
1989 \begin_inset space ~
2000 Save and print the file to see how the various environments are typeset.
2003 \begin_layout Standard
2004 When you look at the
2008 box, you will see several environments, like the
2011 \begin_inset space ~
2016 environment, which do not even exist in most other document classes.
2022 You can play around for a while to figure out how the various environments
2024 You will notice for example that the
2028 environment has the word
2029 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2033 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2036 in red before the actual text of the signature.
2037 This word does not show up in the actual letter, as you will see if you
2038 view/export the file.
2039 It is just there to let you know where the signature goes.
2040 Also, note that it does not matter where in the file the
2045 Remember, LyX is WYSIWYM; you can put the
2049 environment anywhere you want, but LyX knows that in the printout, the
2050 signature should be at the end.
2053 \begin_layout Standard
2054 A template is just a regular LyX file.
2055 This means you can fill in your address and signature and save the file
2057 From now on, any time you want to write a letter, you can use the new template
2059 We do not have to suggest an actual
2060 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2064 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2067 here; just write a letter to someone!
2071 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2072 One warning, if you are writing from a template.
2073 If you erase all of the text in an environment — for example, if you erase
2077 \begin_inset space ~
2082 field so that you can replace it with your own — and then you move the
2083 cursor without writing any text, the environment may disappear.
2084 This is because most environments cannot exist without any text in them.
2085 Just reselect the environment from the
2097 \begin_layout Standard
2098 Templates can be a huge time-saver, and we urge you to use them whenever
2100 In addition, they can help a person learn how to use some of the fancier
2102 Finally, they may be useful for a person who is configuring LyX for a bunch
2103 of less computer-aware users.
2104 When they are first learning LyX, it will be much less intimidating if
2105 they have a letter template customized for their company, for example.
2108 \begin_layout Section
2112 \begin_layout Standard
2113 LyX (like LaTeX) considers the title — which may contain the actual title,
2114 the author, the date, and even an abstract of a paper — to be a separate
2115 part of the document.
2118 \begin_layout Standard
2119 Go back to your LyX document and make sure it is using the
2127 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2128 You should not be using the letter any more, since the
2132 document class does not allow titles.
2137 Type a title on the first line, and change the line to the
2142 On the next line, type your name and change it to the
2147 On the next line, write the date in the
2152 Type a paragraph or two summarizing your document using the
2157 Notice how the title is presented when it is printed out.
2158 If you change the document format to Book, you will get a separate title
2159 page, like the first page of this tutorial.
2162 \begin_layout Standard
2167 : Fix the title, date, and author in
2172 \begin_layout Section
2173 Labels and Cross-References
2176 \begin_layout Standard
2177 You can label section headings, list items, formulas, footnotes, and floats
2181 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2182 Floats are explained in the
2196 Once you do so, you can refer to this section in other parts of the document,
2197 using cross-references.
2198 You can refer either to the section's number, or to the page that the section
2200 As with section numbering, LyX also takes care about cross-reference numbering
2202 Automatic labels and cross-references are among the most significant advantages
2203 of LyX (and LaTeX) over conventional word processors.
2207 \begin_layout Subsection
2211 \begin_layout Standard
2212 Go to our second section, whose title is
2213 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2217 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2221 Click at the end of the section title line, and select
2223 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2226 or the toolbar button
2227 \begin_inset Graphics
2228 filename ../images/label-insert.png
2235 A dialog asks you for a label name, and gives you a suggestion.
2240 , the label name will be placed in a box next to the section title.
2243 \begin_layout Standard
2244 So far you have not done anything — the DVI output will look exactly the
2245 same, since labels do not show up in the printed document.
2246 However, now that you have added a label, you can refer to that label with
2248 We will do that next.
2251 \begin_layout Subsection
2252 Your first cross-reference
2255 \begin_layout Standard
2256 Place the cursor somewhere in Section
2257 \begin_inset space ~
2264 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2265 If you want to know more about this document, then see
2266 \begin_inset Newline newline
2269 Section, which can be found on page.
2272 \begin_layout Standard
2273 Now — with the cursor after the word
2274 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2278 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2283 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2285 \begin_inset space ~
2290 or the toolbar button
2291 \begin_inset Graphics
2292 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_ref.png
2299 The Cross-reference dialog pops up.
2300 It shows a list of the possible labels you can reference.
2301 At the moment, there should be only one,
2302 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2305 sec:About-This-Document
2306 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2310 First, select the drop-down menu labeled Format and select
2311 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2314 <reference> on page <page>
2315 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2320 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2323 sec:About-This-Document
2324 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2327 (it may be selected by default), and a reference marker will appear containing
2329 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2332 Ref+Text: sec:About-This-Document
2333 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2336 (To be really correct, you should put a
2339 \begin_inset space ~
2345 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2349 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2353 Alternatively to that method, you can right-click on a label and use in
2354 the appearing context menu
2359 The cross-reference to this label is now in the clipboard and can be copied
2360 to the actual cursor position via the menu
2362 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2370 In the printed document, this reference marker will be replaced with the
2371 section number and then the page number.
2372 View your document as DVI, and you will see that LaTeX has been even cleverer
2375 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2379 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2382 and depending how much text you have between the start of Section
2383 \begin_inset space ~
2386 2 and this cross-reference you may see
2387 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2391 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2395 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2398 on the previous page
2399 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2403 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2407 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2414 is the page number).
2417 \begin_layout Standard
2418 Conveniently, a cross-reference acts as a hyperlink when you are editing
2419 a document in LyX; clicking on it will pop up the
2426 \begin_inset space ~
2430 \begin_inset space ~
2435 will move the cursor to the referenced label.
2438 \begin_layout Subsection
2439 More fun with labels
2442 \begin_layout Standard
2443 We told you that LyX takes care about numbering cross-references; now you
2445 Add a new section before Section
2446 \begin_inset space ~
2450 Update the DVI view, and — voilà ! — the section cross reference changed
2452 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2456 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2459 ! Change the section
2460 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2464 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2467 to a subsection, and the cross-reference will reference Subsection
2468 \begin_inset space ~
2471 2.1 instead of Section
2472 \begin_inset space ~
2476 The page reference will not change unless you add a whole page of text
2477 before the label, of course.
2481 \begin_layout Standard
2482 If you want some more practice with labels, then try putting a new label
2483 where your first cross-reference was, and refer to that label from elsewhere
2485 If you will be inserting cross-references often, it may be convenient to
2493 \begin_layout Standard
2494 If you want to make sure that the cross-referencing gets the pages right
2495 even for larger documents,
2499 a couple pages of text from the
2503 to the clipboard, and
2507 the stolen text into your document.
2511 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2512 By the way, copying a chapter title may cause an error, because chapters
2513 are not allowed in the article class, see Section
2514 \begin_inset space ~
2518 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
2520 reference "sec:Document-Classes"
2525 If this happens, just delete the chapter title.
2533 \begin_layout Standard
2538 : Fix the references in
2543 \begin_layout Section
2544 Footnotes and Margin Notes
2547 \begin_layout Standard
2548 Footnotes can be added using the toolbar button
2549 \begin_inset Graphics
2550 filename ../images/footnote-insert.png
2558 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2562 Click at the end of the word
2563 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2567 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2570 somewhere in your document and click the
2571 \begin_inset Graphics
2572 filename ../images/footnote-insert.png
2579 A footnote box appears where you can enter the text of the footnote.
2580 LyX should place the cursor at the beginning of the footnote box.
2584 \begin_layout LyX-Code
2585 LyX is a typesetting word processor.
2588 \begin_layout Standard
2589 Now click on the button labeled
2590 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2594 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2598 The footnote box is closed, leaving the button showing where the footnote
2599 marker will be in the printed text; this is called
2600 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2604 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2608 You can unfold the footnote at any time and re-edit its text by clicking
2610 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2614 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2620 \begin_layout Standard
2621 A footnote can be cut and pasted like normal text.
2622 Go ahead; try it! All you need to do is select the footnote button
2626 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2627 It may be easier to select it using the keyboard.
2628 You might accidentally open the footnote if you are trying to select the
2629 marker itself with the mouse.
2643 In addition, you can change regular text to a footnote, by selecting it
2645 \begin_inset Graphics
2646 filename ../images/footnote-insert.png
2652 button; change a footnote to regular text by hitting the
2656 key when the cursor is in the first position of a footnote, or by hitting
2661 key when the cursor is in the very last position of the footnote, respectively.
2664 \begin_layout Standard
2665 Margin notes can be added using the menu
2667 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2669 \begin_inset space ~
2674 or the toolbar button
2675 \begin_inset Graphics
2676 filename ../images/marginalnote-insert.png
2683 Margin notes are like footnotes, except that:
2686 \begin_layout Itemize
2687 the on-screen boxes say
2688 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2692 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2696 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2700 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2706 \begin_layout Itemize
2707 the notes will be placed in the margin, instead of below the text
2710 \begin_layout Itemize
2711 margin notes are not numbered
2714 \begin_layout Standard
2715 Change your LyX footnote back to text, then select and change it to a margin
2717 Run LaTeX again to see what the margin note looks like.
2720 \begin_layout Standard
2725 : Fix the footnote in
2730 \begin_layout Section
2732 \begin_inset CommandInset label
2734 name "sec:bibliographies"
2741 \begin_layout Standard
2742 Bibliographies (at least in the exact sciences) are similar to cross references.
2743 The bibliography contains a list of references at the end of the document,
2744 and they can be referenced from within the document.
2745 Like section titles, LyX and LaTeX make your job easier by automatically
2746 numbering the bibliography items and changing citations when the item numbers
2750 \begin_layout Standard
2751 Go to the end of the document and switch to the
2756 Now, each paragraph you type will be a reference.
2758 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2763 The Lyx Tutorial, by the LyX Documentation Team
2766 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2769 as your first reference.
2770 Note that LyX automatically puts a number in a box before each reference.
2771 Click on the boxed reference number, and the
2774 \begin_inset space ~
2784 is to refer to this reference within the LyX document, the
2793 is set (default), you will see the number of the bibliography in the output.
2799 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2803 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2806 to make it easy to remember.
2809 \begin_layout Standard
2810 Now pick somewhere in your document that you would like to insert a reference.
2813 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2816 or the toolbar button
2817 \begin_inset Graphics
2818 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_citation.png
2830 The right panel in this dialog lists all the bibliography entries, and
2831 this field allows you to choose which bibliography item you want to cite.
2833 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2837 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2840 (right now, that is the only item in the bibliography), then use the
2844 button in the center to insert it.
2845 (You can have multiple citations in the same place by transferring a number
2846 of keys this way.) Now view your file as DVI, and you will see that the
2847 citation appears in brackets in the text, referring to the bibliography
2848 at the end of the document.
2851 \begin_layout Standard
2855 \begin_inset space ~
2864 dialog will put a remark (such as a reference to a page or chapter within
2865 the referenced book or article) in the brackets after the reference.
2866 If you want the references to have labels instead of numbers in the printed
2867 output (for example, some journals would use
2868 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2872 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2875 to refer to a paper written by Smith in 1995), use the
2882 \begin_inset space ~
2895 \begin_layout Standard
2900 Fix the bibliography and citation in
2905 \begin_layout Section
2909 \begin_layout Standard
2910 You may want to put a table of contents at the beginning of your document.
2911 LyX makes this very easy to do.
2916 after your document title and before your first section title and choose
2919 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2921 \begin_inset space ~
2925 \begin_inset space ~
2928 TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2930 \begin_inset space ~
2934 \begin_inset space ~
2941 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2945 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2948 will appear in a button on the first line of the document.
2952 \begin_layout Standard
2953 This may not appear to be very useful.
2954 However, if you look at your DVI file, you will see that a table of contents
2955 has been generated, listing the various sections and subsections in your
2957 As usual, if you reorder sections or create new ones, you will see those
2958 changes in the DVI file when you update it.
2962 \begin_layout Standard
2963 The table of contents is not printed in the on-screen version of the document.
2964 But you can display the table of contents in a separate window by clicking
2965 on the table of contents button, or by using
2967 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
2970 or the toolbar button
2971 \begin_inset Graphics
2972 filename ../images/dialog-toggle_toc.png
2979 This menu will work even if you do not have a table of contents inset in
2981 This is a very useful tool for moving around your document parts.
2982 Clicking on a (sub)section title in the
2986 window will highlight that line and move the display (in the LyX editing
2987 window) to that place in the document.
2988 You can also use the arrow keys to move up and down in the table of contents.
2989 You may therefore find it convenient to leave this window open throughout
2991 You can get similar functionality from the
2995 menu, though, where the table of contents appears automatically.
2998 \begin_layout Standard
2999 To get rid of the Table of Contents, you can delete the table of contents
3000 button just like any other text.
3003 \begin_layout Standard
3008 : Fix the table of contents in
3013 \begin_layout Chapter
3017 \begin_layout Standard
3018 LaTeX is used by many scientists because it outputs great looking equations,
3019 avoiding the control characters used by word processors and their equation
3021 Many of these scientists are frustrated, however, because writing equations
3022 in LaTeX is more like programming than writing.
3023 Happily, LyX has WYSIWYM support for equations.
3024 If you are used to LaTeX, you will find that all of the usual LaTeX math
3025 commands can be typed in normally, but they will show up in a WYSIWYM fashion.
3026 If, on the other hand, you have never written in LaTeX, then the
3029 \begin_inset space ~
3034 will allow you to write professional-looking math quickly and easily.
3037 \begin_layout Section
3041 \begin_layout Standard
3042 Somewhere in your LyX document, type:
3045 \begin_layout LyX-Code
3046 I like what Einstein said, E=mc^2, because it is so simple.
3050 \begin_layout Standard
3051 Now, that equation does not look very good in LyX and in the output; there
3052 is no space between the letters and the equals sign, and you would like
3053 to write an actual superscript for the
3054 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3058 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3062 That bad typesetting happened because we did not tell LyX that we were
3063 writing a mathematical expression, so it typeset the equation like regular
3067 \begin_layout Standard
3068 Instead, we create a formula that will get typeset properly.
3069 In order to create a formula, just click the toolbar button
3070 \begin_inset Graphics
3071 filename ../images/math-mode.png
3079 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3080 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3082 \begin_inset space ~
3088 LyX will insert a little blue square, which is an empty math formula.
3094 The expression is typed in blue, and the blue square disappears as soon
3095 as the formula is not empty.
3100 to leave the equation The purple markers disappear, leaving the cursor
3101 to the right of the expression, and now if you type something, it will
3105 \begin_layout Standard
3106 Looking at the output you will notice that the expression was typeset nicely,
3107 with spaces between the letters and the equals sign, and a superscript
3109 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3113 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3117 Letters in math mode are assumed to be variables, and come out in italics.
3118 Numbers are just numbers.
3121 \begin_layout Standard
3122 This math editor is another example of the WYSIWYM philosophy.
3123 In LaTeX, you write a mathematical expression using text and commands like
3130 ; this can be frustrating, because you cannot see what an expression looks
3131 like until you run the file under LaTeX and you may have to spend time
3133 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3137 \begin_inset space \space{}
3141 LyX does not attempt to get the expression to look perfect (WYSIWYG), but
3142 it gives you an extremely good idea of what the expression will look like.
3143 LaTeX then takes care of the professional typesetting.
3146 \begin_layout Section
3147 Navigating an Equation
3150 \begin_layout Standard
3152 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
3156 \begin_inset Formula $E=1+mc^{2}$
3160 Use the arrow keys to move the cursor into the expression.
3161 Note that when you enter the expression, the purple markers appear to let
3162 you know you are editing math.
3171 to move the cursor past the equals sign, and just type
3172 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3176 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3180 Again, you can use the arrow keys or
3184 to leave the formula\SpecialChar \@.
3188 \begin_layout Standard
3189 Other than the special keys described below, typing in math mode is like
3190 editing regular text.
3200 Select text either with the arrow keys or with the mouse.
3203 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3206 works in math mode as well as cut and paste.
3207 One thing to be careful of: if you are left or right outside a formula
3216 respectively, you delete the whole formula.
3217 Luckily, you can just use
3224 \begin_layout Standard
3225 What if you want to change
3226 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2}$
3230 \begin_inset Formula $E=mc^{2.5}+1$
3233 ? Again, you can use the mouse to click in the right place.
3234 However, you can also use the arrow keys.
3235 If the cursor is just after the
3236 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3240 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3244 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3248 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3255 and the cursor is moved to the level of the superscript, just before the
3257 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3261 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3266 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3270 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3278 will move the cursor back to the regular level.
3287 , the cursor will be placed
3291 the superscript (so that you can then type the
3292 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3296 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3302 \begin_layout Section
3303 Exponents and Indices
3306 \begin_layout Standard
3307 An exponent can be entered from the
3310 \begin_inset space ~
3315 (see below), but it is actually simpler just to type the caret key,
3316 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3320 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3324 LyX will place another blue rectangle in the superscript, so that whatever
3325 you write next will be superscripted, and in a smaller font size.
3326 Everything you type until you hit a
3334 to exit the formula entirely) will be in the superscript.
3337 \begin_layout Standard
3338 Writing a subscript (index) is just easy; start one by typing the underscore
3340 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3344 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3348 You can subscript and superscript both subscripts and superscripts like
3350 \begin_inset Formula $A_{a_{0}+b^{2}}+C^{a_{0}+b^{2}}$
3357 \begin_layout Standard
3369 \begin_layout Section
3373 \begin_layout Standard
3377 \begin_inset space ~
3382 is a convenient way to enter symbols or to perform complicated formula
3384 Many of these operations can be accomplished from the keyboard or the
3386 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3391 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3395 However, we are going to concentrate on using the
3398 \begin_inset space ~
3403 , just to let you know what is out there; you can learn keyboard shortcuts
3404 and commands later from the
3411 \begin_layout Standard
3415 \begin_inset space ~
3420 is shown when the cursor is in a formula and can also be turned on manually
3423 View\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3427 When you click there on
3428 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3432 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3435 the toolbar will be shown permanently at the bottom; this state is visualized
3440 menu with a checkmark.
3441 When you click in this state again on
3442 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3446 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3457 is only shown when the cursor is within a formula; this state is visualized
3458 by the renaming of the menu entry from
3459 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3463 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3467 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3471 \begin_inset space ~
3475 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3481 \begin_layout Subsection
3485 \begin_layout Standard
3489 \begin_inset space ~
3494 allows you to choose from a large array of symbols used in math: operators,
3495 arrows, relationships, delimiters, special characters, sums and integrals.
3496 Note that subscripting and superscripting allow you to put lower and upper
3497 limits on sums and integrals.
3501 \begin_layout Subsection
3502 Square roots, accents, and delimiters
3505 \begin_layout Standard
3506 To type a square root, just click on the button
3507 \begin_inset Graphics
3508 filename ../images/math/sqrt.png
3515 The square root appears, and the cursor is in a new insertion point inside
3517 You can type variables, numbers, other square roots, fractions, whatever
3519 LyX will automatically resize the square root to fit what is inside.
3522 \begin_layout Standard
3523 Accenting a character (
3524 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{v}$
3527 ) or group of characters (
3528 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{a+b}$
3531 ) is done the same way.
3532 Decorations are available from the toolbar via the button
3533 \begin_inset Graphics
3534 filename ../images/math/hat.png
3541 Click on a decoration, and LyX will insert that decoration with an insertion
3542 point under (or over) it.
3543 Just type what you want in the insertion point.
3544 There are two sets of decorations: those that resize with the text you
3545 type, and those that have a fixed size, and are most appropriate for a
3550 \begin_layout Standard
3551 Delimiters such as parentheses, brackets, and braces work similarly, but
3552 are a bit more complicated.
3553 Hit the delimiter button
3554 \begin_inset Graphics
3555 filename ../images/dialog-show_mathdelimiter.png
3566 Your current selection of delimiters is displayed in a box.
3567 It is a pair of parentheses by default, but you can choose a pair of braces,
3568 a brace and a parenthesis, or choose the empty square to have something
3570 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3574 \begin_inset Formula $a=\left\langle 7\right.$
3578 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3581 (the empty delimiter is displayed as a broken line in LyX, but will not
3582 show up in the output).
3585 \begin_layout Standard
3586 If you are lazy, you can type actual parentheses in math mode, rather than
3592 However, those parentheses will be the same size as regular text, which
3593 will look bad if you have a big fraction or matrix inside the parentheses.
3594 So it is better in this case to use one of the three delimiter buttons
3595 that insert directly e.
3596 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3600 \begin_inset space \space{}
3604 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3610 \begin_layout Standard
3611 You can also put delimiters or a square root sign or a decoration on already
3612 existing formula parts.
3613 Select the portion of the formula that you want to adjust, and then click
3614 on the button you want from the
3617 \begin_inset space ~
3623 Try using this to change Newton's second law from scalar to vector form
3625 \begin_inset Formula $f=ma$
3629 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{f}=m\overrightarrow{a}$
3633 Once you have learned about matrices, this is how you will put parentheses
3634 or brackets around them.
3637 \begin_layout Subsection
3641 \begin_layout Standard
3642 To create a fraction, click on the fraction button
3643 \begin_inset Graphics
3644 filename ../images/math/frac.png
3654 \begin_inset space ~
3660 LyX writes two insertion points in a fraction.
3661 As you would expect, you can use arrow keys or the mouse to move around
3663 Click on the top square and type
3664 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3668 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3677 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3681 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3685 You have made a fraction! Of course you can type anything within each of
3686 the two boxes: variables with exponents, square roots, other fractions,
3691 \begin_layout Standard
3703 \begin_layout Subsection
3704 Functions: lim, log, sin and others
3707 \begin_layout Standard
3708 Because letters in math mode are considered to be variables, if you type
3710 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3714 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3717 in math mode, LyX thinks you are typing the product of the three variables
3719 \begin_inset Formula $s$
3723 \begin_inset Formula $i$
3727 \begin_inset Formula $n$
3731 The three letters will be typeset in italics, when what you really wanted
3733 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3737 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3741 In addition, LyX will not put a space between the word
3742 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3746 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3750 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3754 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3761 will exit the formula).
3763 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3767 \begin_inset Formula $\sin(x)$
3771 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3775 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3779 \begin_inset Formula $sin(x)$
3783 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3789 \begin_layout Standard
3793 \begin_inset space ~
3799 \begin_inset Graphics
3800 filename ../images/math/functions.png
3807 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3811 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3814 in the appearing function list.
3816 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3820 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3823 is displayed in LyX in black, and set in upright roman type.
3824 The whole word is treated as one symbol, so if you type
3828 , it will delete the whole word.
3830 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3834 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3837 , which will be written in blue italics, like you expect in a formula.
3838 In the output, the expression will be correctly typeset.
3842 \begin_layout Standard
3843 The function list includes other trigonometric functions and their inverses,
3844 hyperbolic functions, logarithms, limits, and quite a few others.
3845 These functions can take subscripts and superscripts, important for typing
3847 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3851 \begin_inset Formula $\cos^{2}\theta$
3855 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3859 \begin_inset Quotes eld
3863 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}$
3867 \begin_inset Quotes erd
3873 \begin_layout Standard
3885 \begin_layout Subsection
3889 \begin_layout Standard
3890 Click on the matrix button
3891 \begin_inset Graphics
3892 filename ../images/dialog-show_mathmatrix.png
3901 \begin_inset space ~
3907 The appearing dialog allows you to choose how many rows and columns you
3908 want in your matrix.
3909 Choose 2 rows and 3 columns and hit
3914 LyX prints 6 insertion points in a
3915 \begin_inset Formula $2\times3$
3919 As usual, you can put any sort of formula expression (a square root, another
3920 matrix, etc.) in each insertion point.
3921 You can also leave some of the insertion points empty if you want.
3924 \begin_layout Standard
3929 can be used to move horizontally between the columns of a matrix.
3930 Alternatively, you can use the arrow keys to move around - hitting
3934 at the end of one box will move to the next box,
3938 will move to the next row, etc.
3941 \begin_layout Standard
3942 If you need to change the number of rows and columns, use the menu
3944 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3946 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3950 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3955 or the math toolbar buttons
3956 \begin_inset Graphics
3957 filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-row.png
3964 \begin_inset Graphics
3965 filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-row.png
3972 \begin_inset Graphics
3973 filename ../images/tabular-feature_append-column.png
3980 \begin_inset Graphics
3981 filename ../images/tabular-feature_delete-column.png
3990 \begin_layout Standard
3995 for information on how to change the horizontal alignment of each column,
3996 and how to change the vertical position of the whole matrix.
3997 Note that if you want to write a table containing text, you should use
3998 LyX's wonderful table support, rather than trying to write text in a matrix.
4001 \begin_layout Subsection
4005 \begin_layout Standard
4006 All of the expressions we have written so far have been on the same line
4007 as the text that came before and after them, otherwise known as inline
4009 This is fine for short, simple expressions, but if you want to write larger
4010 ones, or if you want your expressions to stand out from the text, you need
4011 to write them in display mode.
4012 In addition, only displayed expressions can be labeled and numbered (see
4017 ), and multi-line equations must be in display mode.
4020 \begin_layout Standard
4021 While being in a formula, click on the display button
4022 \begin_inset Graphics
4023 filename ../images/math-display.png
4032 \begin_inset space ~
4038 This centers the formula and adds a blank line before and after it.
4039 Now type in an expression and compile your file to see how it looks.
4040 The display button is actually a toggle; use it now to change a couple
4041 of your expressions to display mode and back.
4045 \begin_layout Standard
4046 Display mode has a couple differences from inline mode:
4049 \begin_layout Itemize
4050 The default font is larger for a few symbols, like
4051 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
4055 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
4061 \begin_layout Itemize
4062 Subscripts and superscripts for limits and sums (but not integrals) are
4063 written under and over rather than next to the symbols
4066 \begin_layout Itemize
4070 \begin_layout Standard
4071 Other than these differences, though, displayed expressions and inline expressio
4072 ns are very similar.
4075 \begin_layout Standard
4076 One final note about the way displayed formulas are typeset: Be careful
4077 about whether you are putting your equation into a new paragraph or not.
4078 If your formula is in the middle of a sentence or paragraph, then do not
4084 Doing so will cause the text
4088 the formula to start a new paragraph.
4089 That text will be indented or follow a blank line, depending on your document
4090 paragraph settings, which is probably not what you want.
4093 \begin_layout Standard
4098 : Put the various equations in
4102 into display mode, and see how they are typeset differently.
4105 \begin_layout Standard
4110 : Using various tools you have learned in this section, you should be able
4111 to write an equation like:
4115 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4116 After you have done it the hard way, give
4118 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4119 Math\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4121 \begin_inset space ~
4132 \begin_inset Formula
4134 f(x)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc}
4137 \sum_{i=1}^{5}\alpha_{i}+\sqrt{-\frac{1}{x}} & x<0
4146 \begin_layout Section
4150 \begin_layout Standard
4151 LyX's math editor can do a lot more.
4152 Now you are familiar with the basics, you can refer to the
4159 \begin_layout Itemize
4160 Label and number expressions
4163 \begin_layout Itemize
4164 Create multi-line equations
4167 \begin_layout Itemize
4168 Change typefaces, e.
4169 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4173 \begin_inset space \space{}
4176 to write bold-face text in an expression.
4179 \begin_layout Itemize
4180 Fine-tune font sizes and spacing within an expression.
4181 (Do not worry about this until your final draft!)
4184 \begin_layout Itemize
4186 These are very powerful, because you just define them once at the top of
4187 the document, and then you can use them throughout the document.
4190 \begin_layout Itemize
4191 Do lots of other things that we have no space for in this Tutorial.
4194 \begin_layout Chapter
4198 \begin_layout Section
4199 Other major LyX Features
4202 \begin_layout Standard
4203 We have not gone through all the possible commands in LyX, and we are not
4212 \begin_inset space ~
4217 manual for more information.
4218 We will just mention a couple more major things LyX can do:
4221 \begin_layout Itemize
4222 LyX has WYSIWYM support for tables.
4225 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4229 \begin_inset Graphics
4230 filename ../images/tabular-insert.png
4237 Click on the table with the
4244 \begin_inset space ~
4249 dialog box which allows extensive table editing.
4252 \begin_layout Itemize
4253 LyX also supports including pictures in any format within documents.
4256 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4260 \begin_inset Graphics
4261 filename ../images/dialog-show-new-inset_graphics.png
4268 Then browse for the figure file, rotate or scale it, etc.) Tables and figures
4269 can have captions, and LyX will automatically generate lists of figures
4273 \begin_layout Itemize
4274 LyX is heavily configurable.
4275 Everything from how the LyX window looks to how the output comes out can
4276 be configured in a number of ways.
4277 Much configuration is done through
4279 Tools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4283 For more information on this, check out
4285 Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4286 Customization\SpecialChar \@.
4290 \begin_layout Itemize
4291 LyX is being developed by a team of programmers on five continents.
4292 Therefore, LyX has better support for non-English languages (such as Dutch,
4293 German, French, Greek, Czech, Turkish, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
4294 ) than many word processors.
4295 Even the right-to-left languages Arabic, Farsi, and Hebrew and the Asian
4296 languages Chinese Japanese, and Korean are supported.
4297 You can write documents in other languages and you can also configure LyX
4298 to show its menus and error messages in other languages.
4302 \begin_layout Itemize
4303 The LyX menus feature keybindings.
4304 This means that you can do
4306 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4317 or by using the binding which is shown next to it in the menu (Ctrl+O by
4319 Keybindings are also configurable.
4320 For information on this, check out
4322 Help\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4323 Customization\SpecialChar \@.
4327 \begin_layout Itemize
4328 LyX can read LaTeX documents.
4330 \begin_inset space ~
4334 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4336 reference "sec:tex2lyx"
4343 \begin_layout Itemize
4344 Spell-checking, thesaurus, and word count facilities are available.
4347 \begin_layout Itemize
4348 Generation of indexes and nomenclatures/glossaries is supported.
4351 \begin_layout Section
4353 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4355 name "sec:latexusers"
4362 \begin_layout Standard
4363 If you do not know anything about LaTeX, you do not have to read this section.
4364 Actually, you might want to
4368 about LaTeX, and then read this chapter.
4369 However, some who begin to use LyX will be familiar with LaTeX.
4370 If you are such a person, you may be wondering if LyX can really do everything
4372 The short answer is that LyX can do pretty much everything LaTeX can do
4373 in one form or another, and it definitely simplifies most parts of writing
4377 \begin_layout Standard
4378 Because this is just a tutorial, we are only going to mention things that
4379 new LyX users will most likely be interested in.
4380 In the interests of keeping the Tutorial short, we will give only minimal
4385 \begin_inset space ~
4393 \begin_inset space ~
4398 manual have a great deal of information on differences between LyX and
4399 LaTeX, and how to do various LaTeX tricks in LyX.
4402 \begin_layout Subsection
4406 \begin_layout Standard
4407 Anything that you enter in TeX mode will be passed straight to LaTeX, and
4408 will be displayed in red on the screen.
4409 You can use TeX commands in LyX by choosing
4411 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4413 \begin_inset space ~
4419 \begin_inset Graphics
4420 filename ../images/ert-insert.png
4427 This creates a box where everything within it is passed straight to LaTeX.
4430 \begin_layout Standard
4431 In a math formula, TeX mode is handled a bit differently.
4432 TeX mode is there entered by typing a backslash.
4433 The backslash is not written out, but anything you type afterwards will
4435 You exit TeX mode by typing
4439 or some other non-alphabetic character, like a number, underscore, caret,
4441 Once you exit TeX mode, if LyX knows the TeX command you have typed in,
4442 it will convert it to WYSIWYM\SpecialChar \@.
4444 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4454 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4457 in a formula and then press
4461 , LyX will change the red
4462 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4466 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4470 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4474 \begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
4478 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4482 This will work for almost all, non-complicated math macros.
4483 This may be faster than using the
4486 \begin_inset space ~
4491 , and will be especially convenient for experienced LaTeX users.
4494 \begin_layout Standard
4495 As a special case, if you type
4496 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4506 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4509 in a formula, the beginning
4513 ending braces will be inserted in red while the cursor is placed between
4515 This makes it more convenient to type those commands which take an argument.
4518 \begin_layout Standard
4519 LyX cannot do absolutely everything that LaTeX can do.
4520 Some fancy functions are not supported at all, while some work but are
4522 TeX mode allows users to get the full flexibility of LaTeX, while having
4523 all the convenient features of LyX, like WYSIWYM math, tables, and editing.
4524 LyX could never support every LaTeX package.
4531 in the preamble (see Section
4532 \begin_inset space ~
4536 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4538 reference "sec:preamble"
4542 ), you can use any package you want — although you will not have WYSIWYM
4543 support for that package's features.
4546 \begin_layout Subsection
4547 Importing LaTeX Documents —
4552 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4561 \begin_layout Standard
4562 You can import a LaTeX file into LyX by using the
4564 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4565 Import\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4567 \begin_inset space ~
4573 This will call the program
4577 which will create a file foo.lyx from the file foo.tex.
4578 LyX will then open that file.
4579 If the translation does not work, you can try calling
4583 from the command line, possibly using fancier options.
4586 \begin_layout Standard
4587 Even when the translation does work,
4591 may not translate everything, though it does handle most legal LaTeX.
4592 It will leave things it does not understand in TeX mode; so, after translating
4597 , you can look for the red text and manually edit it to get it right.
4600 \begin_layout Standard
4605 has its own documentation (manpage), which Unix/Linux users can access
4606 via the console command
4609 \begin_inset space ~
4615 The manpage describes which LaTeX commands and environments are not supported,
4616 what bugs you might run into (and how to get around them), and how to use
4617 the various options.
4620 \begin_layout Standard
4621 It is important to understand that
4625 can only translate files whose document class is
4626 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4630 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4633 to LyX, that is, for which there is a corresponding LyX
4638 If there is no layout file, then you will get an error saying that the
4639 conversion could not be performed.
4640 So, unless you have a layout for the document class of your LaTeX file,
4645 simply will not know how to translate the LaTeX that it finds there into
4646 things LyX understands.
4647 More about layout files and how they are created is explained in detail
4655 \begin_layout Subsection
4656 Converting LyX Documents to LaTeX
4659 \begin_layout Standard
4660 You might wish to convert a LyX Document to a LaTeX file.
4661 For example, a co-worker or co-author who does not have LyX might want
4665 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4666 Export\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4670 This will create a file
4678 file you are editing.
4679 LyX always creates temporary LaTeX files when viewing or printing files.
4682 \begin_layout Subsection
4686 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4690 \begin_layout Standard
4693 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4696 dialog takes care of the document-wide options.
4697 You can change there the document class, default font size and paper size.
4698 Document class options but also options for LaTeX packages can be entered
4702 \begin_inset space ~
4710 \begin_layout Subsubsection
4711 Other Preamble Matter
4712 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4721 \begin_layout Standard
4722 If you have special commands to put in the preamble of a LaTeX file, you
4723 can use them in a LyX document as well.
4726 Document\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4727 Settings\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4729 \begin_inset space ~
4734 and type in the dialog window (or from the document settings dialog, depending
4736 Anything you type will (as with TeX mode) be sent directly to LaTeX.
4739 \begin_layout Subsection
4743 \begin_layout Standard
4744 LyX has support for BibTeX, which allows you to build databases of bibliographic
4745 al references to be used in multiple documents.
4748 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4750 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4754 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
4757 TOC\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4759 \begin_inset space ~
4773 field you load BibTeX files, in the
4777 field you can load BibTeX style files.
4780 \begin_layout Standard
4781 After you have done this, you can use citations from any bibliographies
4782 you are including with
4784 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4788 \begin_inset space ~
4792 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4794 reference "sec:bibliographies"
4799 LyX will take care of running BibTeX.
4804 dialog will show a list of all the references in your
4811 \begin_layout Section
4815 \begin_layout Standard
4816 Sometimes when you try to view a document, there will be errors, things
4817 that LyX or LaTeX cannot understand.
4818 When this happens, LyX will open a
4821 \begin_inset space ~
4827 Clicking on individual errors in this dialog will take you to the place
4828 in the LyX document where the error occurs and also display the detailed
4829 LaTeX error message.