1 #LyX 2.4 created this file. For more info see https://www.lyx.org/
5 \save_transient_properties true
6 \origin /systemlyxdir/doc/
9 % DO NOT ALTER THIS PREAMBLE!!!
11 % This preamble is designed to ensure that the file prints
12 % out as advertised. If you mess with this preamble,
13 % parts of this document may not print out as expected. If you
14 % have problems LaTeXing this file, please contact
15 % the documentation team
16 % email: lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org
18 % solves the following problem:
19 % If the dection number consits of too many numerals the section heading
20 % will be printed in the TOC without a space between it and the section number.
21 % As solution more space between the number and the heading is inserted:
22 \renewcommand{\l@subsection}{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.8em}}
23 \renewcommand{\l@subsubsection}{\@dottedtocline{3}{4.3em}{3.6em}}
25 % increase link area for cross-references and autoname them,
26 \AtBeginDocument{\renewcommand{\ref}[1]{\mbox{\autoref{#1}}}}
27 \@ifundefined{extrasenglish}{\usepackage[english]{babel}}{}
28 \@ifpackageloaded{babel}{
29 \addto\extrasenglish{%
30 \renewcommand*{\equationautorefname}[1]{}%
31 \renewcommand{\sectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}%
32 \renewcommand{\subsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}%
33 \renewcommand{\subsubsectionautorefname}{sec.\negthinspace}%
37 % don't load packages twice
38 % see first footnote in sec. 9.3
39 \@ifundefined{textcolor}{\usepackage{color}}{}
41 % the pages of the TOC are numbered roman
42 % and a PDF-bookmark for the TOC is added
44 \let\myTOC\tableofcontents
45 \renewcommand{\tableofcontents}{%
47 \pdfbookmark[1]{\contentsname}{}
50 \pagenumbering{arabic}}
52 % add 0.5 mm vertical space for table rows
53 \@ifundefined{extrarowheight} {\usepackage{array}}{}
54 \setlength{\extrarowheight}{0.5mm}
56 % insert additional vertical space of 1.5 mm between footnotes,
58 \renewcommand{\footnote}[1]{\myFoot{#1\vspace{1.5mm}}}
60 % makes caption labels bold
61 \setkomafont{captionlabel}{\bfseries}
63 % enables calculation of values
66 % for multiple columns used in sec. 24.7
72 % for the Fourier transformation symbol
75 % define a color, used in sec.9.3
76 \definecolor{darkgreen}{cmyk}{0.5, 0, 1, 0.5}
78 % declare operators (see sec. 10.4 and sec. 15.2)
79 \DeclareMathOperator*{\Lozenge}{\blacklozenge}
80 \DeclareMathOperator{\sgn}{sgn}
82 % example definitions for sec. 20.1
83 \newcommand{\gr}{\Longrightarrow}
84 \newcommand{\us}[1]{\underline{#1}}
85 \newcommand{\fb}[3]{\framebox#1#2{$#3$}}
86 \newcommand{\cb}[3][white]{\fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}}
87 \newcommand{\fracS}[3][]{\genfrac{}{}{#1}{}{#2}{#3}}
89 % example macro from sec. 19.4
91 %\def\tagform@#1{\maketag@@@{|#1|}}
94 % ------------------------------------
95 % used to check for needed LaTeX packages
98 % check for package undertilde
99 % used for the command \utilde
100 \newboolean{undertilde}
101 \IfFileExists{undertilde.sty}
102 {\usepackage{undertilde}
103 \setboolean{undertilde}{true}}
104 {\setboolean{undertilde}{false}}
106 % check for package eurosym
107 % used for the Euro symbol
109 \IfFileExists{eurosym.sty}
110 {\usepackage[gennarrow]{eurosym}
111 \setboolean{eurosym}{true}}
112 {\setboolean{eurosym}{false}}
114 % check for package braket
115 % used for physical vectors
117 \IfFileExists{braket.sty}
119 \setboolean{braket}{true}}
120 {\setboolean{braket}{false}}
122 % check for package cancel
124 \IfFileExists{cancel.sty}
126 \setboolean{cancel}{true}}
127 {\setboolean{cancel}{false}}
129 % check for package upgreek
131 \IfFileExists{upgreek.sty}
132 {\usepackage{upgreek}
133 \setboolean{upgreek}{true}}
134 {\setboolean{upgreek}{false}}
136 \options bibliography=totoc,index=totoc,BCOR7.5mm,titlepage,captions=tableheading
137 \use_default_options false
142 \maintain_unincluded_children no
144 \language_package default
147 \font_roman "lmodern" "default"
148 \font_sans "lmss" "default"
149 \font_typewriter "lmtt" "default"
150 \font_math "auto" "auto"
151 \font_default_family default
152 \use_non_tex_fonts false
154 \font_roman_osf false
156 \font_typewriter_osf false
157 \font_sf_scale 100 100
158 \font_tt_scale 100 100
160 \use_dash_ligatures false
162 \default_output_format pdf2
164 \bibtex_command default
165 \index_command makeindex
166 \float_placement class
167 \float_alignment class
171 \pdf_title "LyX's Math Manual"
172 \pdf_author "LyX Team, Uwe Stöhr"
173 \pdf_subject "LyX-documentation about math"
174 \pdf_keywords "LyX, Mathed"
176 \pdf_bookmarksnumbered true
177 \pdf_bookmarksopen true
178 \pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 1
179 \pdf_breaklinks false
183 \pdf_pdfusetitle false
184 \pdf_quoted_options "linkcolor=black, citecolor=black, urlcolor=blue, filecolor=blue, pdfpagelayout=OneColumn, pdfnewwindow=true, pdfstartview=XYZ, plainpages=false"
187 \use_package amsmath 2
188 \use_package amssymb 2
189 \use_package cancel 1
191 \use_package mathdots 1
192 \use_package mathtools 2
193 \use_package mhchem 1
194 \use_package stackrel 1
195 \use_package stmaryrd 1
196 \use_package undertilde 0
198 \cite_engine_type default
202 \paperorientation portrait
209 \notefontcolor #0000ff
216 \paragraph_separation skip
219 \math_numbering_side default
220 \quotes_style english
224 \paperpagestyle plain
229 \tracking_changes false
230 \output_changes false
232 \postpone_fragile_content false
235 \html_be_strict false
236 \docbook_table_output 0
237 \docbook_mathml_prefix 1
244 's Detailed Math Manual
248 by the \SpecialChar LyX
253 \begin_layout Plain Layout
255 If you have comments or error corrections,
256 please send them to the \SpecialChar LyX
257 Documentation mailing list:
261 \begin_inset CommandInset href
263 name "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org"
264 target "lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org?subject=LyX's Math manual"
276 \begin_inset Note Note
279 \begin_layout Plain Layout
287 \begin_inset Newline newline
291 \begin_inset Newline newline
299 \begin_layout Standard
300 \begin_inset CommandInset toc
301 LatexCommand tableofcontents
308 \begin_layout Standard
309 \begin_inset Note Note
312 \begin_layout Plain Layout
313 To export this document to PDF,
314 PS or DVI the \SpecialChar LaTeX
330 If they are not installed the document can be exported anyway but the sections where the packages are required will not appear in the output.
336 if it is not installed,
337 this file cannot be exported.
340 \begin_layout Plain Layout
341 The latest PDF-version of this document can be found here:
342 \begin_inset Newline newline
347 https://wiki.lyx.org/LyX/Manuals#Math
355 \begin_layout Standard
356 \begin_inset Newpage newpage
362 \begin_layout Section
366 \begin_layout Standard
367 This document details \SpecialChar LyX
368 's math features and the \SpecialChar LaTeX
369 -commands used for mathematical characters and constructs.
370 It is oriented toward the use of commands.
371 The user should read the
379 section of the User's Guide before proceeding.
382 \begin_layout Standard
383 Most of the characters and many constructs explained in this manual are also accessible via the menu
387 \SpecialChar menuseparator
403 But everybody who has to write lots of formulas will notice that it is much faster to use commands instead of the math toolbar.
404 Therefore this manual is focused on commands but also mentions the corresponding toolbar buttons when available.
407 \begin_layout Standard
408 Unless specially mentioned,
409 math commands are only available within formulas.
410 To be able to use all of the commands explained in this document,
415 must be checked in the document settings (menu
417 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
418 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
429 \begin_layout Plain Layout
432 Use AMS math package automatically
438 \begin_layout Plain Layout
447 -math when math constructs are found that are supported by \SpecialChar LyX
456 \begin_layout Standard
457 This document doesn't list all
461 \begin_layout Plain Layout
474 \begin_layout Plain Layout
475 A list containing all
479 \begin_layout Plain Layout
488 -math commands is in the file
491 \begin_inset CommandInset href
494 target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/amstex/doc/amsguide.pdf"
502 which is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
503 standard installation.
508 for lucidity reasons.
511 \begin_layout Section
515 \begin_layout Standard
516 To create an inline formula
517 \begin_inset Index idx
522 \begin_layout Plain Layout
524 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
527 \begin_layout Plain Layout
538 that is embedded in a text line,
539 use one of the shortcuts
545 or the toolbar button
552 \begin_inset Newline newline
555 To create a display style formula
556 \begin_inset Index idx
561 \begin_layout Plain Layout
563 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
566 \begin_layout Plain Layout
577 which will appear bigger,
578 has a different format,
579 and will be in a separate paragraph,
580 use one of these shortcuts:
590 \begin_layout Standard
591 To change a display style formula to an inline formula,
592 place the cursor inside the formula and use the shortcut
595 arg "math-mutate simple"
600 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
601 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
605 Similarly you can use the shortcut
608 arg "math-mutate equation"
611 to change from an inline to a display style formula.
615 \begin_layout Standard
616 To display parts of an inline formula in the size of a display style formula,
624 \begin_inset Index idx
629 \begin_layout Plain Layout
631 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
634 \begin_layout Plain Layout
641 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
644 \begin_layout Plain Layout
658 A new blue box will appear in which the desired formula part is inserted.
661 \begin_layout Standard
662 Only inline formulas are allowed inside tables.
665 \begin_layout Standard
670 visibility is controlled in the menu
672 View\SpecialChar menuseparator
673 Toolbars\SpecialChar menuseparator
677 Three options will be presented,
681 Selecting On will cause the toolbar to be shown permanently at the bottom of the screen.
682 Selecting Off will disable the toolbar.
683 Selecting Automatic will cause the toolbar to automatically appear when the cursor is located within a formula.
684 The active state of the toolbar is indicated by a checkmark next to the current menu selection.
685 \begin_inset Note Note
688 \begin_layout Plain Layout
689 The menu functionality appears to have changed,
690 I rewrote the paragraph for the current functionality
698 \begin_layout Standard
701 \begin_inset Index idx
706 \begin_layout Plain Layout
707 \begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
710 \begin_layout Plain Layout
722 is invoked by pressing the toolbar button
730 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
742 \begin_layout Standard
743 To change the \SpecialChar LaTeX
745 \begin_inset Index idx
750 \begin_layout Plain Layout
751 \begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
754 \begin_layout Plain Layout
769 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
770 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
780 \begin_layout Standard
782 case differentiations and multiline formulas,
785 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
790 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
792 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
796 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
807 When lines and columns are swapped via the menu,
808 the column or line where the cursor is in is exchanged with the column to the right or the line below,
810 If the cursor is in the last column or row,
811 the exchange is done with the column to the left or the line above.
814 \begin_layout Standard
815 To write text in formulas
819 \begin_layout Plain Layout
820 For multiline formulas the command
828 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
830 reference "subsec:Text-in-multiline"
845 \begin_inset Index idx
850 \begin_layout Plain Layout
852 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
855 \begin_layout Plain Layout
867 \begin_inset Index idx
872 \begin_layout Plain Layout
879 This mode is invoked with the shortcut
885 or by the insertion of the command
892 \begin_inset Index idx
897 \begin_layout Plain Layout
899 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
902 \begin_layout Plain Layout
909 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
912 \begin_layout Plain Layout
926 The text appears black in \SpecialChar LyX
927 and can therefore be distinguished from the other formula parts which appear blue.
929 mathematical text is set upright contrary to other formula parts.
932 \begin_layout Subsection*
936 \begin_layout Standard
937 Most \SpecialChar LaTeX
938 -commands for math constructs have the following syntax:
941 \begin_layout Standard
957 \begin_layout Standard
958 A command always starts with a backslash
959 \begin_inset Quotes gld
969 \begin_inset Quotes grd
982 also omit the associated brackets.
983 The braces around the
991 are referred to in this document as \SpecialChar TeX
993 \begin_inset Index idx
998 \begin_layout Plain Layout
999 \begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
1002 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1015 If you append a left brace to a command name inside a formula,
1017 automatically creates a right \SpecialChar TeX
1019 In all other cases standalone \SpecialChar TeX
1020 braces are created in formulas with the command
1027 Normal braces are created by typing
1033 braces appear red in \SpecialChar LyX
1035 normal braces appear blue.
1037 mode a command is not needed to get \SpecialChar TeX
1040 braces don't appear in the output while normal braces do.
1043 \begin_layout Standard
1044 When commands without arguments,
1045 like commands for symbols,
1046 are entered in \SpecialChar TeX
1048 a space character must
1052 be behind the command to end it.
1053 This space doesn't appear in the output.
1054 When the space should appear in the output,
1055 the space must be followed by a non-breaking space in normal text.
1058 \begin_layout Standard
1059 A non-breaking space is inserted with
1062 arg "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
1065 or with the menu selection
1067 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
1068 Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
1069 Non-Breaking Normal Space
1078 \begin_layout Subsection*
1079 \begin_inset Newpage newpage
1082 Explanation of Syntax Used in this Manual
1085 \begin_layout Itemize
1087 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
1090 denotes a space character to be input by the user.
1093 \begin_layout Itemize
1095 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
1098 denotes the usage of the corresponding arrow key on the keyboard.
1103 key can often be used instead of
1104 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
1108 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
1117 \begin_inset Formula $\leftarrow$
1121 \begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
1127 \begin_layout Subsection*
1131 \begin_layout Standard
1133 \begin_inset Float table
1140 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1142 \begin_inset Caption Standard
1144 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1145 \begin_inset CommandInset label
1147 name "tab:Available-units"
1159 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1161 \begin_inset Tabular
1162 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
1163 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
1164 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
1165 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
1167 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
1170 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1176 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
1179 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1187 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1190 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1196 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1199 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1207 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1210 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1216 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1219 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1227 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1230 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1236 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1239 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1241 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1245 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1255 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1258 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1264 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1267 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1269 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1273 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1283 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1286 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1292 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1295 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1297 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1301 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1311 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1314 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1320 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1323 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1325 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1329 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1339 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1342 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1348 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1351 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1353 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1357 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1367 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1370 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1376 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1379 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1381 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1385 \begin_inset Formula $\approx$
1389 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1399 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1402 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1408 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1411 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1413 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1417 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1427 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1430 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1436 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1439 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1443 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1449 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1459 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1462 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1468 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1471 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1473 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1481 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1491 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1494 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1500 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1503 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1505 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1509 \begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{1}{18}$
1513 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
1534 \begin_layout Section
1538 \begin_layout Subsection
1540 \begin_inset Index idx
1545 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1552 \begin_inset Index idx
1557 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1564 \begin_inset Index idx
1569 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1571 \begin_inset IndexMacro see
1574 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1586 \begin_inset Index idx
1591 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1593 \begin_inset IndexMacro see
1596 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1610 \begin_layout Standard
1611 Indices are created with an underscore
1612 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1616 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1619 or via the math toolbar button
1622 arg "math-subscript"
1626 exponents with a caret
1627 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1631 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1634 or via the math toolbar button
1637 arg "math-superscript"
1643 \begin_layout Standard
1645 \begin_inset Tabular
1646 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
1647 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
1648 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
1649 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
1651 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
1654 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1660 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
1663 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1671 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
1674 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1680 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
1683 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1684 \begin_inset Formula $B_{V}$
1693 <row topspace="1.5mm">
1694 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
1697 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1703 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
1706 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1707 \begin_inset Formula $B^{V}$
1716 <row topspace="1.5mm">
1717 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
1720 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1722 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
1730 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
1733 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1734 \begin_inset Formula $B^{A}$
1750 \begin_layout Standard
1751 As the caret is in some languages an accent,
1752 vowels will be accentuated in this case and not set as exponents
1756 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1757 Depending on the keyboard settings used this can also happen for characters other than vowels.
1763 To get exponents in this case,
1768 after the caret as in the last example.
1771 \begin_layout Subsection
1773 \begin_inset CommandInset label
1775 name "subsec:Fractions"
1780 \begin_inset Index idx
1785 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1794 \begin_layout Standard
1795 Fractions are generated with the command
1802 \begin_inset Index idx
1807 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1809 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
1812 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1819 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
1822 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1835 or via the math toolbar button
1838 arg "math-insert \\frac"
1842 The font size is adjusted automatically,
1843 depending on whether the fraction is in an inline or display style formula.
1844 With the math toolbar button
1847 arg "math-insert \\frac-square"
1850 you can select different fraction types.
1853 \begin_layout Standard
1861 \begin_inset Index idx
1866 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1868 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
1871 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1878 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
1881 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1894 a fraction can be created that always has the size of a display style formula.
1902 \begin_inset Index idx
1907 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1909 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
1912 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1919 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
1922 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1935 the fraction appears always with the size of an inline formula.
1939 \begin_layout Standard
1940 A line with the fraction
1941 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{1}{2}$
1944 that was created with the command
1953 \begin_layout Standard
1954 A line with the fraction
1955 \begin_inset Formula $\dfrac{1}{2}$
1958 that was created with the command
1967 \begin_layout Standard
1969 \begin_inset Tabular
1970 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
1971 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
1972 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
1973 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
1975 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
1978 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1984 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
1987 \begin_layout Plain Layout
1994 <row topspace="1.5mm">
1995 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
1998 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2002 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
2006 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
2014 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
2017 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2018 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{A}{B}$
2027 <row topspace="2mm">
2028 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
2031 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2035 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
2039 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
2047 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
2050 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2051 \begin_inset Formula $\dfrac{A}{B}$
2060 <row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="1mm">
2061 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
2064 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2068 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
2074 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
2078 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
2082 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow\downarrow$
2090 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
2093 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2094 \begin_inset Formula $\dfrac{e^{\frac{1}{2}}}{3}$
2110 \begin_layout Standard
2111 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
2115 \begin_inset Newpage newpage
2118 For nested fractions the command
2125 \begin_inset Index idx
2130 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2132 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
2135 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2142 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
2145 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2160 \begin_inset VSpace -3mm
2166 \begin_layout Standard
2167 \begin_inset Formula
2169 \textrm{created with \textbf{\textbackslash frac}} & & \textrm{created with \textbf{\textbackslash cfrac}}\\
2170 \frac{A}{B+\frac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}} & & \cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\cfrac{E}{F}}{D}}
2178 \begin_layout Standard
2179 The command for the example above is:
2182 \begin_layout Standard
2188 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
2192 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
2198 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
2204 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
2208 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
2212 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
2218 \begin_layout Standard
2219 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
2225 \begin_layout Standard
2232 always sets the fraction size to that of a displayed formula,
2233 even when it is part of another fraction.
2236 \begin_layout Standard
2237 It is possible to specify the alignment of the numerator.
2244 is used to left align it,
2258 centers the numerator.
2259 These fractions demonstrate the different alignments:
2262 \begin_layout Standard
2265 \begin_inset Formula
2267 \cfrac[l]{A}{B+C}\,,\,\cfrac{A}{B+C}\,,\,\cfrac[r]{A}{B+C}
2275 \begin_layout Standard
2276 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
2279 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2297 are not real \SpecialChar LaTeX
2298 commands but represent the command
2302 cfrac[alignment]{numerator}{denominator}
2305 Therefore you cannot use them in \SpecialChar TeX
2314 \begin_layout Standard
2315 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
2318 It is often advantageous to combine
2331 \begin_inset Formula
2333 \cfrac{A}{B+\cfrac{C+\frac{E}{F}}{D}}
2341 \begin_layout Standard
2342 For inline fractions with a sloped fraction stroke you can use the command
2349 \begin_inset Index idx
2354 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2356 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
2359 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2366 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
2369 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2384 \begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{5}{31}$
2394 \begin_inset Index idx
2399 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2401 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
2404 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2411 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
2414 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2429 \begin_inset Formula $\unitfrac{5}{31}$
2432 There is also the command
2438 which allows you to write a fraction in combination with a number:
2440 \begin_inset Formula $\unitfrac[2]{1}{3}$
2446 \begin_layout Standard
2447 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
2450 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2462 is not a real \SpecialChar LaTeX
2463 command but the command
2464 \begin_inset Newline newline
2471 unitfrac[number]{numerator}{denominator}
2474 Therefore you cannot use it in \SpecialChar TeX
2483 \begin_layout Standard
2484 How to define your own fractions where the fraction stroke can be changed is explained in
2485 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
2487 reference "subsec:Self-defined-Fractions"
2495 \begin_layout Standard
2496 Multiline fractions are explained in
2497 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
2499 reference "subsec:Multiline-Fractions"
2507 \begin_layout Subsection
2509 \begin_inset Index idx
2514 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2523 \begin_layout Standard
2524 Square roots are created with
2531 \begin_inset Index idx
2536 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2538 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
2541 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2548 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
2551 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2564 or the math toolbar button
2567 arg "math-insert \\sqrt"
2571 all other roots with the command
2578 \begin_inset Index idx
2583 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2585 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
2588 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2595 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
2598 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2611 or with the math toolbar button
2614 arg "math-insert \\root"
2620 \begin_layout Standard
2622 \begin_inset Tabular
2623 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
2624 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
2625 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
2626 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
2628 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
2631 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2637 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
2640 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2647 <row topspace="1mm">
2648 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
2651 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2655 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
2663 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
2666 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2667 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{A-B}$
2676 <row topspace="1mm">
2677 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
2680 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2684 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
2688 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
2696 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
2699 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2700 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[3]{A-B}$
2716 \begin_layout Standard
2717 A square root can also be created with
2723 when the root index field is left empty.
2726 \begin_layout Standard
2727 With certain indices the distance to the root is too small,
2728 like in this formula:
2730 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[\beta]{B}$
2734 \begin_inset Newline newline
2738 \begin_inset Formula $\beta$
2750 \begin_inset Index idx
2755 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2757 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
2760 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2767 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
2770 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2790 \begin_inset Index idx
2795 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2797 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
2800 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2807 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
2810 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2823 are used with the following scheme:
2826 \begin_layout Standard
2840 \begin_layout Standard
2841 Distance is the number of Big Points (unit bp;
2843 \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{72\,bp=1\,inch}$
2847 that the index should be moved to the left or up,
2849 The commands are written to the index.
2850 This way the command
2851 \begin_inset Newline newline
2861 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
2867 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
2873 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
2877 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
2881 \begin_inset Newline newline
2886 produces a correct typeset formula:
2888 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[\leftroot{-1}\uproot{2}\beta]{B}$
2894 \begin_layout Subsection
2895 Binomial Coefficients
2896 \begin_inset Index idx
2901 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2902 Binomial coefficients
2910 \begin_layout Standard
2911 Binomial coefficients are inserted with the command
2918 \begin_inset Index idx
2923 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2925 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
2928 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2935 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
2938 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2951 or with the submenu of the math toolbar button
2954 arg "math-insert \\frac-square"
2970 there are the commands
2977 \begin_inset Index idx
2982 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2984 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
2987 \begin_layout Plain Layout
2994 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
2997 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3017 \begin_inset Index idx
3022 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3024 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
3027 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3034 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
3037 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3051 For other brackets around binomial coefficients there are the commands
3058 \begin_inset Index idx
3063 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3065 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
3068 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3075 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
3078 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3098 \begin_inset Index idx
3103 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3105 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
3108 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3115 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
3118 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3134 \begin_layout Standard
3136 \begin_inset Tabular
3137 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
3138 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
3139 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
3140 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
3142 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
3145 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3151 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
3154 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3161 <row topspace="1mm">
3162 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
3165 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3169 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
3173 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
3181 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
3184 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3185 \begin_inset Formula $\binom{A}{B}$
3194 <row topspace="2mm">
3195 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
3198 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3202 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
3206 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
3214 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
3217 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3218 \begin_inset Formula $\dbinom{A}{B}$
3227 <row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
3228 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
3231 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3235 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
3239 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
3247 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
3250 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3251 \begin_inset Formula $\tbinom{A}{B}$
3260 <row topspace="1mm">
3261 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
3264 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3268 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
3272 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
3280 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" usebox="none">
3283 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3284 \begin_inset Formula ${A \brack B}$
3293 <row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
3294 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
3297 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3301 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
3305 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
3313 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
3316 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3317 \begin_inset Formula ${A \brace B}$
3333 \begin_layout Subsection
3334 Case Differentiations
3335 \begin_inset Index idx
3340 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3341 Case differentiations
3349 \begin_layout Standard
3351 \begin_inset Tabular
3352 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
3353 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
3354 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
3355 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
3357 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
3360 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3366 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
3369 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3377 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
3380 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3384 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
3388 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
3392 \begin_inset Index idx
3397 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3399 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
3402 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3409 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
3412 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3430 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
3433 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3434 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{cases}
3444 <row topspace="1.5mm">
3445 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
3448 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3452 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
3458 arg "newline-insert newline"
3466 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
3469 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3470 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{cases}
3471 A & \textrm{for }x>0\\
3472 B & \textrm{for }x=0
3489 \begin_layout Standard
3496 or pressing the math toolbar button
3499 arg "math-insert \\cases"
3502 you can create new lines with the shortcut
3505 arg "newline-insert newline"
3508 or the table toolbar button
3511 arg "tabular-feature append-row"
3517 \begin_layout Standard
3524 is also available via the menu
3526 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
3527 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
3533 \begin_layout Subsection
3535 \begin_inset Index idx
3540 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3549 \begin_layout Standard
3557 \begin_inset Index idx
3562 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3564 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
3567 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3574 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
3577 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3590 every character can be displayed canceled.
3591 The characters are quasi accentuated by a slash.
3594 \begin_layout Standard
3596 \begin_inset Tabular
3597 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
3598 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
3599 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
3600 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
3602 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
3605 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3611 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
3614 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3622 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
3625 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3633 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
3636 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3637 \begin_inset Formula $\not=$
3647 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
3650 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3660 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
3663 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3664 \begin_inset Formula $\not\le$
3674 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
3677 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3687 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
3690 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3691 \begin_inset Formula $\not\parallel$
3707 \begin_layout Standard
3708 The last example shows that not all negations look good.
3709 Therefore there are special commands for some negations (see
3710 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
3712 reference "subsec:Mathematical-Symbols"
3718 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
3720 reference "sec:Relations"
3728 \begin_layout Subsection
3730 \begin_inset CommandInset label
3732 name "subsec:Placeholders"
3737 \begin_inset Index idx
3742 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3749 \begin_inset Index idx
3754 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3756 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
3759 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3771 \begin_inset Index idx
3776 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3778 \begin_inset IndexMacro see
3781 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3795 \begin_layout Standard
3797 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3801 \begin_inset space \space{}
3808 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3809 Typesetting isotopes and chemical symbols is described in
3810 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
3812 reference "subsec:Chemical-Symbols-and"
3822 the following problem occurs:
3825 \begin_layout Standard
3827 \begin_inset Tabular
3828 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
3829 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
3830 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
3831 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
3833 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
3836 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3837 Indices created with sub- and superscripts:
3842 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
3845 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3846 \begin_inset Formula $_{9}^{19}\mathrm{F}$
3855 <row topspace="1.5mm">
3856 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
3859 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3865 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
3868 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3869 \begin_inset Formula $_{\phantom{1}9}^{19}\mathrm{F}$
3885 \begin_layout Standard
3886 The shorter index is placed by default below or above the first character of the longer index.
3887 This is corrected using the command
3894 \begin_inset Index idx
3899 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3901 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
3904 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3911 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
3914 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3927 or the math toolbar button
3928 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
3935 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3936 Found in the submenu of the toolbar button
3939 arg "math-insert \\space"
3953 to create one or more phantom characters.
3954 When inserting phantom characters a small blue box appears that is superposed with two red arrows.
3955 The arrows indicate the width and height of the box to be created as a placeholder.
3956 Phantom characters are placeholders with the same character size.
3959 \begin_layout Standard
3961 \begin_inset Tabular
3962 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
3963 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
3964 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
3965 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
3967 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
3970 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3976 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
3979 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3986 <row topspace="1.5mm">
3987 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
3990 \begin_layout Plain Layout
3992 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
3998 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4002 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
4006 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4012 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4020 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
4023 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4024 \begin_inset Formula $_{\phantom{1}9}^{19}\mathrm{F}$
4033 <row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
4034 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
4037 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4039 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4045 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4049 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
4053 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4059 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4067 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
4070 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4071 \begin_inset Formula $_{\phantom{23}9}^{235}\mathrm{F}$
4080 <row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
4081 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
4084 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4088 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4094 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4098 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
4102 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4110 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
4113 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4114 \begin_inset Formula $\Lambda_{MMt}^{\phantom{ii}t}$
4130 \begin_layout Standard
4131 Furthermore there are the commands
4138 \begin_inset Index idx
4143 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4145 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
4148 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4155 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
4158 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4184 \begin_inset Index idx
4189 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4191 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
4194 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4201 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
4204 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4230 creates only space for the maximal height of the characters in the box but not for its width.
4237 creates only space for the width of the box content.
4238 Therefore the boxes of both commands have only one red arrow.
4241 \begin_layout Standard
4242 For example the command
4247 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4254 creates space for the height of the integral sign,
4258 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4265 creates an integral sign,
4267 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4269 reference "subsec:Big-Operators"
4279 because this is the larger character.
4280 An example application is in
4281 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4283 reference "subsec:Multiline-Brackets"
4291 \begin_layout Standard
4292 Placeholders can also be used for text when they are inserted via the menu
4294 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
4295 Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
4301 \begin_layout Standard
4303 \begin_inset Newline newline
4307 \begin_inset Phantom Phantom
4310 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4319 \begin_layout Subsection
4321 \begin_inset Index idx
4326 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4333 \begin_inset Index idx
4338 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4340 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
4343 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4357 \begin_layout Standard
4359 \begin_inset Tabular
4360 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
4361 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
4362 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
4363 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
4365 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
4368 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4374 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
4377 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4384 <row topspace="2mm">
4385 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
4388 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4392 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4396 \begin_inset Index idx
4401 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4403 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
4406 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4413 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
4416 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4434 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
4437 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4438 \begin_inset Formula $\overline{A+B}$
4447 <row bottomspace="1mm">
4448 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
4451 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4455 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4459 \begin_inset Index idx
4464 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4466 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
4469 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4476 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
4479 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4497 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
4500 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4501 \begin_inset Formula $\underline{A+B}$
4510 <row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="1mm">
4511 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
4514 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4518 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4524 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4532 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
4535 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4536 \begin_inset Formula $\overline{\underline{A+B}}$
4552 \begin_layout Standard
4553 In the last example it doesn't matter if
4568 \begin_layout Standard
4569 To double underline use
4575 twice (or as many times you want).
4578 \begin_layout Standard
4579 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
4582 Custom lines can be created using the command
4589 \begin_inset Index idx
4594 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4596 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
4599 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4606 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
4609 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4622 which has the following scheme:
4625 \begin_layout Standard
4630 rule[vertical offset]{length}{thickness}
4633 \begin_layout Standard
4634 The optional vertical offset shifts the line upwards (or downwards,
4635 when the value is negative).
4637 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
4639 reference "tab:Available-units"
4644 can be used for the values.
4645 Here are two example lines created with the commands
4646 \begin_inset Newline newline
4653 rule[-2ex]{3cm}{2pt}
4664 \begin_layout Standard
4666 \begin_inset Formula $\rule[-2ex]{3cm}{2pt}\rule{2cm}{1pt}$
4672 \begin_layout Standard
4679 can also be used for text when a line is inserted via the menu
4681 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
4682 Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
4684 \begin_inset space ~
4692 \begin_layout Standard
4694 \begin_inset CommandInset line
4705 \begin_layout Subsection
4707 \begin_inset CommandInset label
4709 name "subsec:Ellipses"
4714 \begin_inset Index idx
4719 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4728 \begin_layout Standard
4729 There are different types of ellipses available.
4733 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4734 In the math toolbar in the submenu of the button
4737 arg "math-insert \\ldots"
4746 dots at the baseline are used (
4753 \begin_inset Index idx
4758 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4760 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
4763 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4770 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
4773 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4787 while for operations,
4788 dots are needed that are on the same height as the operators (
4795 \begin_inset Index idx
4800 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4802 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
4805 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4812 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
4815 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4829 When using the command
4836 \begin_inset Index idx
4841 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4843 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
4846 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4853 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
4856 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4871 decides on the basis of the next character what type is used.
4874 \begin_layout Standard
4876 \begin_inset Tabular
4877 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
4878 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
4879 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
4880 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
4882 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
4885 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4891 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
4894 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4902 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
4905 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4907 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4913 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4921 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
4924 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4925 \begin_inset Formula $A_{1},\dots,A_{n}$
4935 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
4938 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4940 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4946 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4954 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
4957 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4958 \begin_inset Formula $A_{1}+\dots+A_{n}$
4968 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
4971 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4973 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4979 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
4987 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
4990 \begin_layout Plain Layout
4991 \begin_inset Formula $A_{1},\ldots,A_{n}$
5001 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
5004 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5006 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
5012 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
5020 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
5023 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5024 \begin_inset Formula $A_{1}+\cdots+A_{n}$
5034 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
5037 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5045 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
5048 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5049 \begin_inset Formula $\vdots$
5059 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
5062 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5070 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
5073 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5074 \begin_inset Formula $\ddots$
5084 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
5087 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5095 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
5098 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5099 \begin_inset Formula $\iddots$
5109 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
5112 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5114 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
5117 matrix with the different dots
5122 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
5125 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5126 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc}
5127 A_{11} & \cdots & A_{1m}\\
5128 \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\
5129 A_{n1} & \cdots & A_{nm}
5146 \begin_layout Standard
5147 The ellipses available in menu
5149 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
5151 \begin_inset space ~
5165 \begin_layout Standard
5166 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
5178 Use mathdots package (automatically)
5180 must be set in the document settings under
5183 \begin_inset space ~
5189 \begin_inset Newline newline
5194 Use mathdots package
5196 will improve the appearance of all dots in the documents if their font style or size is not the default.
5199 \begin_layout Standard
5200 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
5203 Specially for matrices there are ellipses that span over several columns.
5204 They are created with the command
5211 \begin_inset Index idx
5216 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5218 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
5221 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5228 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
5231 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5244 and have the following scheme (
5255 \begin_inset space ~
5263 \begin_layout Standard
5268 hdotsfor[distance]{number of columns}
5271 \begin_layout Standard
5272 The number of columns specifies how many columns should be spanned.
5273 Distance is a factor for the distance between the dots.
5276 \begin_layout Standard
5277 In the following matrix the command
5283 was inserted in the first box of the second line to get an ellipsis with a dot distance twice as long as with the command
5290 \begin_inset Formula
5292 \left(\begin{array}{cccc}
5301 Note that the matrix fields that should be spanned must be empty,
5302 otherwise you get \SpecialChar LaTeX
5306 \begin_layout Standard
5307 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
5310 Furthermore you can fill with the command
5317 \begin_inset Index idx
5322 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5324 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
5327 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5334 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
5337 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5350 the rest of a line with dots.
5351 The effect of these commands is the same as with
5359 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5361 reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
5369 \begin_layout Standard
5370 For example the command
5375 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
5383 \begin_layout Standard
5384 \begin_inset Formula $A\dotfill B$
5390 \begin_layout Standard
5397 there is for a line the command
5404 \begin_inset Index idx
5409 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5411 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
5414 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5421 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
5424 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5440 \begin_layout Standard
5441 \begin_inset Formula $A\hrulefill B$
5447 \begin_layout Standard
5448 To use the commands for text,
5449 they have to be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
5453 \begin_layout Section
5455 \begin_inset CommandInset label
5462 \begin_inset Index idx
5467 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5476 \begin_layout Standard
5477 Matrices can be inserted via the math toolbar button
5480 arg "dialog-show mathmatrix"
5485 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
5486 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
5490 In the matrix dialog you can specify the number of columns and rows,
5491 the alignment and the decoration.
5492 The vertical alignment is only of importance for matrices in inline formulas:
5495 \begin_layout Standard
5496 The first matrix is top
5497 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[t]{cccc}
5506 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{cccc}
5513 and the third bottom
5514 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}[b]{cccc}
5524 \begin_layout Standard
5525 The horizontal alignment specifies how the column entries should be aligned.
5526 It is set by entering a letter for every column.
5531 denotes left aligned,
5541 To create for example a 4
5546 \begin_inset space ~
5549 matrix where the first column is left aligned,
5550 the second and third are centered and the last one is right aligned,
5551 one enters for the horizontal alignment
5556 Normally in a matrix all columns are centered,
5557 therefore the default for every column is a
5564 \begin_layout Standard
5565 Horizontal alignment:
5568 \begin_layout Standard
5575 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{lll}
5589 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc}
5603 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{rrr}
5613 \begin_layout Standard
5614 To subsequently add or delete rows and columns,
5615 the math toolbar buttons
5618 arg "tabular-feature append-row"
5625 arg "tabular-feature delete-row"
5630 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
5636 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
5640 New rows can also be created with
5643 arg "newline-insert newline"
5649 \begin_layout Standard
5650 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
5657 can be used to add parentheses in the selected style around the matrix or to select the
5662 suitable for an inline matrix like this one
5663 \begin_inset Formula $\bigl(\begin{smallmatrix}0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
5665 \end{smallmatrix}\bigr)$
5669 Here the parentheses have been added manually using commands
5682 \begin_layout Standard
5684 parentheses can be created with the commands
5691 \begin_inset Index idx
5696 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5698 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
5701 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5708 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
5711 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5731 \begin_inset Index idx
5736 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5738 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
5741 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5748 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
5751 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5767 \begin_inset space ~
5774 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
5776 reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
5782 or by using the following commands:
5783 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
5789 \begin_layout Standard
5790 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
5794 \begin_inset Tabular
5795 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
5796 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
5797 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
5798 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
5800 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
5803 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5809 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
5812 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5819 <row topspace="1.5mm">
5820 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
5823 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5827 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
5835 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
5843 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
5846 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5847 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
5848 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
5850 \end{array}\end{bmatrix}$
5859 <row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
5860 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
5863 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5867 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
5875 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
5883 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
5886 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5887 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{Bmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
5888 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
5890 \end{array}\end{Bmatrix}$
5900 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
5903 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5907 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
5915 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
5923 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
5926 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5927 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{pmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
5928 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
5930 \end{array}\end{pmatrix}$
5944 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
5948 \begin_inset Tabular
5949 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
5950 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
5951 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
5952 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
5954 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
5957 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5963 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
5966 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5973 <row topspace="1.5mm">
5974 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
5977 \begin_layout Plain Layout
5981 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
5989 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
5997 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6000 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6001 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
6002 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
6004 \end{array}\end{vmatrix}$
6013 <row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
6014 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6017 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6021 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
6029 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
6037 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6040 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6041 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{Vmatrix}\begin{array}{cc}
6042 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
6044 \end{array}\end{Vmatrix}$
6054 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
6057 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6061 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
6069 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
6077 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
6080 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6081 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{matrix}\begin{array}{cc}
6082 0 & \textrm{-}\mathrm{i}\\
6084 \end{array}\end{matrix}$
6098 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
6104 \begin_layout Standard
6105 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
6109 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
6113 \begin_inset space \space{}
6123 a blue box appears between two vertical lines where the matrix is inserted.
6124 \begin_inset Newline newline
6127 Note that decorated matrices ignore the vertical alignment.
6130 \begin_layout Standard
6131 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
6134 As all multiline formulas are matrices,
6142 \begin_inset Index idx
6147 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6149 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
6152 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6159 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
6162 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6175 that is described in
6176 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
6178 reference "subsec:Column-Separation"
6183 can also be used to change the column separation of matrices.
6186 \begin_layout Standard
6187 To change the row separation,
6195 \begin_inset Index idx
6200 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6202 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
6205 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6212 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
6215 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6231 \begin_layout Standard
6238 arraystretch}{stretch factor}
6239 \begin_inset Index idx
6244 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6246 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
6249 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6256 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
6259 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6275 \begin_layout Standard
6282 assigns the stretch factor to the predefined command
6289 For example to double the row separation,
6290 use a stretch factor of 2.
6291 This is then used for all following matrices.
6292 To restore the original separation,
6293 assign a stretch factor of 1 to
6302 \begin_layout Standard
6303 Small inline matrices can also be obtained using the command
6310 \begin_inset Index idx
6315 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6317 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
6320 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6327 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
6330 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6344 When it is inserted in a line a blue box with two dashed lines appears.
6345 Adjust the matrix rows and columns as desired.
6348 \begin_layout Standard
6350 \begin_inset Formula $\left(\begin{smallmatrix}A & B\\
6352 \end{smallmatrix}\right)$
6355 in a text line with automatic delimiters around it.
6358 \begin_layout Section
6359 Brackets and Delimiters
6360 \begin_inset Index idx
6365 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6372 \begin_inset Index idx
6377 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6386 \begin_layout Subsection
6387 Vertical Brackets and Delimiters
6388 \begin_inset Index idx
6393 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6395 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
6398 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6412 \begin_layout Standard
6413 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
6417 \begin_inset Tabular
6418 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
6419 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
6420 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
6421 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
6423 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
6426 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6432 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
6435 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6443 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6446 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6452 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6455 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6456 \begin_inset Formula $($
6466 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6469 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6475 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6478 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6479 \begin_inset Formula $\{$
6489 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6492 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6498 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6501 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6502 \begin_inset Formula $[$
6512 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6515 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6523 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6526 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6527 \begin_inset Formula $\langle$
6537 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6540 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6548 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6551 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6552 \begin_inset Formula $\lceil$
6562 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6565 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6573 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6576 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6577 \begin_inset Formula $\lfloor$
6587 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6590 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6596 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6599 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6600 \begin_inset Formula $/$
6610 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
6613 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6619 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
6622 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6623 \begin_inset Formula $|$
6637 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
6641 \begin_inset Tabular
6642 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
6643 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
6644 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
6645 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
6647 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
6650 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6656 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
6659 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6667 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6670 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6676 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6679 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6680 \begin_inset Formula $)$
6690 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6693 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6699 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6702 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6703 \begin_inset Formula $\}$
6713 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6716 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6722 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6725 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6726 \begin_inset Formula $]$
6736 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6739 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6747 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6750 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6751 \begin_inset Formula $\rangle$
6761 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6764 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6772 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6775 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6776 \begin_inset Formula $\rceil$
6786 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6789 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6797 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6800 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6801 \begin_inset Formula $\rfloor$
6811 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6814 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6824 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
6827 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6828 \begin_inset Formula $\backslash$
6838 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
6841 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6849 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
6852 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6853 \begin_inset Formula $\|$
6867 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
6873 \begin_layout Standard
6876 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
6879 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6893 \begin_inset Index idx
6898 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6900 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
6903 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6910 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
6913 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6926 must be used for the backslash,
6935 produces a line break there.
6943 \begin_layout Standard
6944 For all characters listed above the size can be adjusted with the commands described in the following two subsections.
6945 When using these commands,
6946 the characters < and > can directly be used instead of the commands
6961 \begin_layout Subsubsection
6963 \begin_inset CommandInset label
6965 name "subsec:Manual-Bracket-Size"
6970 \begin_inset Index idx
6975 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6977 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
6980 \begin_layout Plain Layout
6994 \begin_layout Standard
6995 The bracket size can be specified manually by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
7003 \begin_inset Index idx
7008 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7010 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
7013 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7020 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
7023 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7063 denotes the smallest and
7069 the largest bracket size.
7072 \begin_layout Standard
7073 These commands are used to emphasize levels of brackets:
7076 \begin_layout Standard
7078 \begin_inset Tabular
7079 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
7080 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
7081 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
7082 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
7084 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
7087 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7088 All brackets in the same size:
7093 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
7096 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7097 \begin_inset Formula $((A+B)(A-B))^{C}$
7106 <row topspace="2mm">
7107 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
7110 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7116 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
7119 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7120 \begin_inset Formula $\Big((A+B)(A-B)\Big)^{C}$
7136 \begin_layout Standard
7137 For the second formula the command
7144 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
7152 \begin_layout Standard
7153 Here is an example containing all bracket sizes:
7156 \begin_layout Standard
7173 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
7181 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
7185 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
7195 \begin_layout Standard
7197 \begin_inset Formula $\Bigg(\exp\bigg<\Big[\big\{\ln(3x)\big\}^{2}\sin(x)\Big]^{A}\bigg>\Bigg)^{0,5}$
7203 \begin_layout Standard
7210 -commands there is a variant,
7218 \begin_inset Index idx
7223 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7225 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
7228 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7235 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
7238 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7252 that adds a bit more space between the bracket and its content.
7266 \begin_inset Index idx
7271 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7273 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
7276 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7283 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
7286 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7302 don't add additional space.
7307 at the end of the command
7313 is for a left bracket;
7314 for a right bracket this is replaced by an
7319 A left or right bracket can each be an opening or closing bracket.
7322 \begin_layout Standard
7323 The following table contains comparisons of the variants:
7326 \begin_layout Standard
7328 \begin_inset Tabular
7329 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
7330 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
7331 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
7332 <column alignment="center" valignment="middle">
7334 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
7337 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7343 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
7346 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7353 <row topspace="2mm">
7354 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
7357 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7367 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
7377 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
7380 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7381 \begin_inset Formula $\Bigm(\bigm(\ln(3x)\bigm)^{2}\Bigm)$
7390 <row topspace="2mm">
7391 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
7394 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7404 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
7414 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
7417 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7418 \begin_inset Formula $\Big(\big(\ln(3x)\big)^{2}\Big)$
7427 <row topspace="2mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
7428 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
7431 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7441 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
7451 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
7454 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7455 \begin_inset Formula $\Bigl(\bigl(\ln(3x)\bigr)^{2}\Bigr)$
7464 <row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="0.5mm">
7465 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
7468 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7480 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
7483 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7484 \begin_inset Formula $\bigl)\ln(3x)\bigr($
7500 \begin_layout Subsubsection
7501 Automatic Bracket Size
7502 \begin_inset CommandInset label
7504 name "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
7509 \begin_inset Index idx
7514 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7516 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
7519 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7533 \begin_layout Standard
7534 Variably sized brackets can be inserted with the commands
7541 \begin_inset Index idx
7546 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7548 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
7551 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7558 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
7561 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7581 \begin_inset Index idx
7586 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7588 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
7591 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7598 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
7601 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7614 or via the math toolbar button
7617 arg "dialog-show mathdelimiter"
7621 The desired bracket must be inserted directly behind the
7634 The bracket size will then automatically be calculated for the output.
7637 \begin_layout Standard
7647 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
7651 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
7655 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
7661 \begin_inset Formula
7671 \begin_layout Standard
7683 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
7687 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
7691 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
7699 \begin_inset Formula
7701 \ln\left(\frac{A}{C}\right)
7709 \begin_layout Standard
7725 \begin_inset space ~
7731 This has the advantage that you can see in \SpecialChar LyX
7732 immediately the real bracket size and that the matching right bracket will be created too.
7733 \begin_inset Newline newline
7736 The command for the last example would then be:
7748 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
7752 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
7758 \begin_layout Standard
7759 To omit a left or right bracket,
7760 a dot is inserted for the omitted bracket.
7761 For example the command
7768 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
7772 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
7776 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
7786 \begin_inset Formula
7788 \left.\frac{A}{B}\right\}
7807 will be converted by \SpecialChar LyX
7808 to brackets with the correct size when the document is reloaded and an omitted bracket will appear as dashed line.
7811 \begin_layout Standard
7812 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
7815 Because all popular \SpecialChar LaTeX
7816 distributions use e\SpecialChar TeX
7818 an extension to \SpecialChar LaTeX
7827 \begin_inset Index idx
7832 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7834 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
7837 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7844 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
7847 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7860 is available for all brackets and limits.
7861 With this command the height of the following character is adapted to the one of the surrounding brackets,
7862 for example in the case of physical vectors:
7863 \begin_inset Formula
7865 \left\langle \phi\:\middle|\:J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\,M_{J}\right\rangle
7870 For physical vectors there is a special \SpecialChar LaTeX
7873 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
7875 reference "subsec:Physical-Vectors"
7883 \begin_layout Subsection
7885 \begin_inset Index idx
7890 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7892 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
7895 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7909 \begin_layout Standard
7911 \begin_inset Tabular
7912 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
7913 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
7914 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
7915 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
7917 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
7920 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7926 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
7929 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7937 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
7940 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7944 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
7948 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
7952 \begin_inset Index idx
7957 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7959 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
7962 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7969 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
7972 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7990 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
7993 \begin_layout Plain Layout
7994 \begin_inset Formula $\overbrace{A+B}^{3}$
8003 <row topspace="2mm">
8004 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
8007 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8011 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
8015 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
8019 \begin_inset Index idx
8024 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8026 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
8029 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8036 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
8039 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8057 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
8060 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8061 \begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{A+B}_{5}$
8071 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
8074 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8078 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
8084 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
8088 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
8092 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
8096 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
8100 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
8104 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
8112 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
8115 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8116 \begin_inset Formula $\overbrace{\underbrace{A+B_{w}}_{7}}^{C}$
8132 \begin_layout Standard
8133 In the last example it doesn't matter if
8148 \begin_layout Standard
8149 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
8155 \begin_layout Standard
8156 If in document settings under
8159 \begin_inset space ~
8164 the option for the package
8169 \begin_inset Index idx
8174 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8176 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
8179 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8193 \begin_inset space ~
8199 you will also have access to square brackets:
8202 \begin_layout Standard
8204 \begin_inset Tabular
8205 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
8206 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
8207 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
8208 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
8210 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
8213 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8219 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
8222 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8230 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
8233 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8261 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
8265 \begin_inset Index idx
8270 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8272 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
8275 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8282 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
8285 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8303 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
8306 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8307 \begin_inset Formula $\overbracket{A+B}^{3}$
8316 <row topspace="2mm">
8317 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
8320 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8348 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
8352 \begin_inset Index idx
8357 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8359 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
8362 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8369 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
8372 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8402 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
8405 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8406 \begin_inset Formula $\underbracket{A+B}_{5}$
8416 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
8419 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8425 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
8429 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
8433 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
8437 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
8445 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
8448 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8449 \begin_inset Formula $\overbracket{\underbracket{A+B_{w}}_{7}}^{C}$
8465 \begin_layout Standard
8478 you can change the thickness of the bracket's stroke by specifying the desired thickness in square brackets behind the command:
8481 \begin_layout Standard
8483 \begin_inset Tabular
8484 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
8485 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
8486 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
8487 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
8489 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
8492 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8498 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
8501 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8509 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
8512 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8542 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
8550 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
8553 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8554 \begin_inset Formula $\overbracket[3pt]{A+B}^{3}$
8563 <row topspace="2mm">
8564 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
8567 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8597 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
8605 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
8608 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8609 \begin_inset Formula $\underbracket[1pt]{A+B}_{5}$
8625 \begin_layout Standard
8626 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
8629 When brackets overlap each other,
8630 multiline formulas as described in
8631 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
8633 reference "sec:Multiline-Formulas"
8639 \begin_inset Formula
8641 A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\:dddd\\
8642 & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\underbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}_{s}
8648 the formula is inserted together with the first brace.
8649 It is important that the space command
8653 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8654 Space commands are explained in
8655 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
8657 reference "subsec:Predefined-Space"
8674 is inserted before the first
8675 \begin_inset Formula $d$
8678 because the brace that ends behind the
8679 \begin_inset Formula $q$
8682 prevents the following
8683 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8687 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8690 from being surrounded by spaces.
8694 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8695 Because a bracket is not handled as a character,
8697 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
8699 reference "subsec:Binary-Operators"
8709 The second brace is inserted in the second row.
8710 As it should begin before the
8711 \begin_inset Formula $b$
8727 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8735 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
8737 reference "subsec:Placeholders"
8747 This space is needed because the
8748 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8752 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8755 is surrounded by spaces in the formula.
8756 The brace is placed under the command
8765 \begin_layout Standard
8766 It gets more complicated when brackets overlap each other above and under the formula as in the following example:
8770 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8782 \begin_inset Formula
8784 & & \hphantom{gggg+\:}\overbrace{\hphantom{bbqq+dddd}}^{s}\\
8785 A & = & \underbrace{gggg+bbqq}_{r}+\:dddd
8794 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8805 The first formula row is the same as the second row of the previous example,
8806 with the difference that the brace is above.
8807 The second row contains the formula together with the second brace.
8808 To avoid the space between the upper brace in the first row and the formula,
8809 the row spacing needs to be reduced.
8810 This is not easily done due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX
8815 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8816 \begin_inset CommandInset href
8818 name "LyX-bug #1505"
8819 target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505"
8829 As a solution for the problem,
8830 the global formula row separation
8837 \begin_inset Index idx
8842 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8844 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
8847 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8854 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
8857 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8870 must be changed to -6
8871 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
8874 pt before the formula with the command
8890 is set back after the formula to the standard value of 3
8891 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
8894 pt using the same command.
8895 More about the row separation in formulas is explained in
8896 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
8898 reference "subsec:Line-Separation"
8906 \begin_layout Section
8908 \begin_inset Index idx
8913 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8922 \begin_layout Standard
8923 Arrows can be inserted via the math toolbar button
8926 arg "math-insert \\leftarrow"
8929 or the commands listed in the following subsections.
8932 \begin_layout Subsection
8934 \begin_inset Index idx
8939 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8941 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
8944 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8958 \begin_layout Standard
8959 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
8963 \begin_inset Tabular
8964 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
8965 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
8966 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
8967 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
8969 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
8972 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8978 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
8981 \begin_layout Plain Layout
8989 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
8992 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9000 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9003 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9004 \begin_inset Formula $\gets$
9014 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9017 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9025 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9028 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9029 \begin_inset Formula $\Leftarrow$
9039 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9042 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9050 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9053 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9054 \begin_inset Formula $\longleftarrow$
9064 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9067 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9075 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9078 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9079 \begin_inset Formula $\Longleftarrow$
9089 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9092 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9100 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9103 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9104 \begin_inset Formula $\leftharpoonup$
9114 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9117 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9125 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9128 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9129 \begin_inset Formula $\leftharpoondown$
9139 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9142 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9150 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9153 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9154 \begin_inset Formula $\hookleftarrow$
9168 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
9172 \begin_inset Tabular
9173 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
9174 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
9175 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
9176 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
9178 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9181 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9187 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9190 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9198 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9201 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9209 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9212 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9213 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
9223 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9226 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9234 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9237 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9238 \begin_inset Formula $\Rightarrow$
9248 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9251 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9259 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9262 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9263 \begin_inset Formula $\longrightarrow$
9273 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9276 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9284 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9287 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9288 \begin_inset Formula $\Longrightarrow$
9298 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9301 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9309 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9312 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9313 \begin_inset Formula $\rightharpoonup$
9323 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9326 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9334 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9337 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9338 \begin_inset Formula $\rightharpoondown$
9348 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9351 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9359 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9362 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9363 \begin_inset Formula $\hookrightarrow$
9377 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
9383 \begin_layout Standard
9384 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
9388 \begin_inset Tabular
9389 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
9390 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
9391 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
9392 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
9394 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9397 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9403 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9406 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9414 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9417 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9425 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9428 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9429 \begin_inset Formula $\leftrightarrow$
9439 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9442 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9450 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9453 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9454 \begin_inset Formula $\Leftrightarrow$
9464 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9467 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9475 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9478 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9479 \begin_inset Formula $\longleftrightarrow$
9489 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9492 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9500 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9503 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9504 \begin_inset Formula $\Longleftrightarrow$
9514 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9517 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9525 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9528 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9529 \begin_inset Formula $\rightleftharpoons$
9543 \begin_inset space \hspace{}
9548 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
9552 \begin_inset Tabular
9553 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
9554 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
9555 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
9556 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
9558 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9561 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9567 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9570 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9578 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9581 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9589 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9592 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9593 \begin_inset Formula $\mapsto$
9603 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9606 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9614 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9617 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9618 \begin_inset Formula $\longmapsto$
9628 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9631 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9639 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9642 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9643 \begin_inset Formula $\leadsto$
9653 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9656 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9664 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9667 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9668 \begin_inset Formula $\dasharrow$
9682 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
9688 \begin_layout Standard
9689 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
9692 Arrows used as accents such as vector arrows are listed in
9693 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
9695 reference "sec:Accents"
9703 \begin_layout Standard
9704 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
9708 \begin_inset Index idx
9713 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9715 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
9718 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9729 are also available using the commands
9736 \begin_inset Index idx
9741 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9743 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
9746 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9753 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
9756 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9776 \begin_inset Index idx
9781 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9783 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
9786 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9793 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
9796 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9810 When inserting one of these commands in a formula,
9811 an arrow with two blue boxes appears indicating where the labels can be inserted.
9812 The length of the arrow adapts to the label width.
9815 \begin_layout Standard
9817 \begin_inset Tabular
9818 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
9819 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
9820 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
9821 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
9823 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9826 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9832 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9835 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9843 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9846 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9850 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
9854 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
9858 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
9866 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
9869 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9870 \begin_inset Formula $F(a)\xleftarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(x)$
9879 <row topspace="2mm">
9880 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9883 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9887 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
9891 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
9895 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
9903 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9906 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9907 \begin_inset Formula $F(x)\xrightarrow[x>0]{x=a}F(a)$
9923 \begin_layout Standard
9924 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
9930 \begin_layout Standard
9931 If in the document settings under
9934 \begin_inset space ~
9944 \begin_inset Index idx
9949 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9951 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
9954 \begin_layout Plain Layout
9968 \begin_inset space ~
9974 you will have access to the following labeled arrows:
9977 \begin_layout Standard
9978 \begin_inset Newpage newpage
9984 \begin_layout Standard
9986 \begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
9990 \begin_inset Tabular
9991 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
9992 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
9993 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
9994 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
9996 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
9999 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10005 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10008 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10016 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10019 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10039 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10042 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10043 \begin_inset Formula $\xleftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
10052 <row topspace="2mm">
10053 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10056 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10076 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10079 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10080 \begin_inset Formula $\xLeftarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
10089 <row topspace="2mm">
10090 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10093 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10113 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10116 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10117 \begin_inset Formula $\xRightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
10126 <row topspace="2mm">
10127 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10130 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10150 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10153 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10154 \begin_inset Formula $\xLeftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
10163 <row topspace="2mm">
10164 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10167 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10187 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10190 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10191 \begin_inset Formula $\xhookleftarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
10200 <row topspace="2mm">
10201 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10204 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10224 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10227 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10228 \begin_inset Formula $\xhookrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}$
10242 \begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
10246 \begin_inset Tabular
10247 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
10248 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
10249 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
10250 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
10252 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10255 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10261 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10264 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10272 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10275 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10295 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10298 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10299 \begin_inset Formula $\xleftharpoondown[x=a]{x>0}$
10308 <row topspace="2mm">
10309 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10312 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10332 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10335 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10336 \begin_inset Formula $\xleftharpoonup[x=a]{x>0}$
10345 <row topspace="2mm">
10346 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10349 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10369 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10372 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10373 \begin_inset Formula $\xrightharpoondown[x=a]{x>0}$
10382 <row topspace="2mm">
10383 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10386 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10406 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10409 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10410 \begin_inset Formula $\xrightharpoonup[x=a]{x>0}$
10419 <row topspace="2mm">
10420 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10423 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10443 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10446 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10447 \begin_inset Formula $\xleftrightharpoons[x=a]{x>0}$
10456 <row topspace="2mm">
10457 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10460 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10480 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10483 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10484 \begin_inset Formula $\xrightleftharpoons[x=a]{x>0}$
10498 \begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
10504 \begin_layout Standard
10505 The command scheme for all of these arrows is:
10508 \begin_layout Standard
10510 \begin_inset Tabular
10511 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
10512 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
10513 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
10514 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
10516 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10519 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10525 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10528 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10535 <row bottomspace="0.5mm">
10536 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10539 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10542 xleftrightarrow[x=a]
10545 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
10553 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10556 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10557 \begin_inset Formula $F(a)\xleftrightarrow[x=a]{x>0}F(x)$
10573 \begin_layout Subsection
10574 Vertical and Diagonal Arrows
10575 \begin_inset Index idx
10580 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10582 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
10585 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10597 \begin_inset Index idx
10602 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10604 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
10607 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10621 \begin_layout Standard
10622 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
10626 \begin_inset Tabular
10627 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
10628 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
10629 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
10630 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
10632 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10635 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10641 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10644 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10652 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10655 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10663 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10666 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10667 \begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
10677 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10680 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10688 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10691 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10692 \begin_inset Formula $\Uparrow$
10702 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10705 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10713 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10716 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10717 \begin_inset Formula $\updownarrow$
10727 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10730 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10738 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10741 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10742 \begin_inset Formula $\Updownarrow$
10752 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10755 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10763 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10766 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10767 \begin_inset Formula $\Downarrow$
10777 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10780 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10788 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10791 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10792 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
10806 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
10810 \begin_inset Tabular
10811 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
10812 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
10813 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
10814 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
10816 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10819 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10825 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10828 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10836 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10839 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10847 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10850 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10851 \begin_inset Formula $\nearrow$
10861 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10864 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10872 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10875 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10876 \begin_inset Formula $\searrow$
10886 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10889 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10897 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
10900 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10901 \begin_inset Formula $\swarrow$
10911 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10914 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10922 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
10925 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10926 \begin_inset Formula $\nwarrow$
10940 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
10946 \begin_layout Standard
10947 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
10950 Vertical arrows can also be used as delimiters together with the commands described in
10951 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
10953 reference "subsec:Manual-Bracket-Size"
10959 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
10961 reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
10969 \begin_layout Section
10971 \begin_inset CommandInset label
10978 \begin_inset Index idx
10983 \begin_layout Plain Layout
10992 \begin_layout Standard
10993 Accents can be inserted via the math toolbar button
10996 arg "math-insert \\hat"
10999 or the commands listed in the following subsections.
11002 \begin_layout Subsection
11003 Accents for One Character
11007 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11020 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11021 For accents in text see
11022 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
11024 reference "subsec:Accents-in-Text"
11038 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11046 \begin_inset Note Note
11049 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11056 is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
11059 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11067 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
11069 reference "subsec:Formulas-in-Section"
11080 \begin_inset CommandInset label
11082 name "subsec:Accents-for-one"
11087 \begin_inset Index idx
11092 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11094 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
11097 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11111 \begin_layout Standard
11112 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
11116 \begin_inset Tabular
11117 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
11118 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
11119 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
11120 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
11122 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
11125 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11131 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
11134 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11141 <row topspace="1.5mm">
11142 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11145 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11149 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
11157 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11160 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11161 \begin_inset Formula $\dot{A}$
11170 <row topspace="1.5mm">
11171 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11174 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11178 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
11186 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11189 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11190 \begin_inset Formula $\ddot{A}$
11199 <row topspace="1.5mm">
11200 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11203 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11207 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
11215 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11218 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11219 \begin_inset Formula $\dddot{A}$
11228 <row topspace="1.5mm">
11229 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11232 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11236 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
11244 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11247 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11248 \begin_inset Formula $\ddddot{A}$
11257 <row topspace="1.5mm">
11258 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11261 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11265 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
11269 \begin_inset Index idx
11274 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11285 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11288 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11289 \begin_inset Formula $\vec{A}$
11298 <row topspace="1.5mm">
11299 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11302 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11306 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
11314 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11317 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11318 \begin_inset Formula $\bar{A}$
11327 <row topspace="1.5mm">
11328 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
11331 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11335 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
11343 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
11346 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11347 \begin_inset Formula $\mathring{A}$
11361 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
11365 \begin_inset Tabular
11366 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
11367 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
11368 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
11369 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
11371 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
11374 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11380 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
11383 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11390 <row topspace="1.5mm">
11391 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11394 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11398 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
11406 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11409 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11410 \begin_inset Formula $\tilde{A}$
11419 <row topspace="1.5mm">
11420 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11423 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11427 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
11435 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11438 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11439 \begin_inset Formula $\hat{A}$
11448 <row topspace="1.5mm">
11449 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11452 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11456 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
11464 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11467 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11468 \begin_inset Formula $\check{A}$
11477 <row topspace="1.5mm">
11478 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11481 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11485 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
11493 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11496 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11497 \begin_inset Formula $\acute{A}$
11506 <row topspace="1.5mm">
11507 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11510 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11514 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
11522 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11525 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11526 \begin_inset Formula $\grave{A}$
11535 <row topspace="1.5mm">
11536 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
11539 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11543 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
11551 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
11554 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11555 \begin_inset Formula $\breve{A}$
11569 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
11575 \begin_layout Standard
11576 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
11582 \begin_layout Standard
11583 You can directly insert accents such as é in formulas.
11585 will transform them to the corresponding accent command.
11587 \begin_inset Index idx
11592 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11598 however it is better to insert a quotation mark before the vowel.
11599 These two characters are then treated by \SpecialChar LaTeX
11604 character when the formula part with the umlaut is marked as German.
11613 \begin_inset Quotes eld
11617 \begin_inset Quotes erd
11620 umlauts are created as demonstrated in the following example:
11623 \begin_layout Standard
11624 \begin_inset VSpace -2mm
11630 \begin_layout Standard
11632 \begin_inset Tabular
11633 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
11634 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
11635 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
11636 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
11638 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
11641 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11647 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
11650 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11658 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11661 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11662 \begin_inset Quotes grd
11670 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
11673 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11674 \begin_inset space \hspace{}
11681 \begin_inset Formula $"i$
11690 <row topspace="1.5mm">
11691 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
11694 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11698 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
11706 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
11709 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11710 \begin_inset Formula $\ddot{i}$
11726 \begin_layout Standard
11733 is that umlauts can be directly converted to mathematical text because the accent commands above are
11739 in mathematical text
11742 To convert an accented character to mathematical text,
11743 only the character under the accent may be converted.
11744 This applies for all conversions,
11746 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
11750 \begin_inset space \space{}
11756 \begin_layout Standard
11757 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
11763 \begin_layout Standard
11765 also supports a tilde under the character if the \SpecialChar LaTeX
11771 \begin_inset Index idx
11776 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11778 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
11781 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11792 is installed on your system:
11795 \begin_layout Standard
11799 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11809 \begin_inset Note Note
11812 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11813 The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
11826 \begin_layout Standard
11829 \begin_inset Tabular
11830 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
11831 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
11832 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
11833 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
11835 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
11838 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11844 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
11847 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11855 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
11858 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11862 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
11870 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
11873 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11874 \begin_inset Formula $\utilde{A}$
11890 \begin_layout Standard
11894 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11904 \begin_inset Note Note
11907 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11908 The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
11921 \begin_layout Standard
11922 You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
11927 to see the rest of this subsection in the output.
11930 \begin_layout Standard
11934 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11946 \begin_layout Subsection
11947 Accents for Several Characters
11948 \begin_inset Index idx
11953 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11955 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
11958 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11959 for several characters
11972 \begin_layout Standard
11973 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
11977 \begin_inset Tabular
11978 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
11979 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
11980 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
11981 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
11983 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
11986 \begin_layout Plain Layout
11992 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
11995 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12002 <row topspace="1.5mm">
12003 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
12006 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12010 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
12018 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12021 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12022 \begin_inset Formula $\overleftarrow{A=B}$
12031 <row topspace="1.5mm">
12032 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
12035 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12039 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
12047 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12050 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12051 \begin_inset Formula $\underleftarrow{A=B}$
12060 <row topspace="1.5mm">
12061 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
12064 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12068 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
12076 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12079 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12080 \begin_inset Formula $\overleftrightarrow{A=B}$
12089 <row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
12090 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
12093 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12096 underleftrightarrow
12097 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
12105 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12108 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12109 \begin_inset Formula $\underleftrightarrow{A=B}$
12123 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
12127 \begin_inset Tabular
12128 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
12129 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
12130 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
12131 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
12133 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12136 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12142 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12145 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12152 <row topspace="1.5mm">
12153 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
12156 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12160 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
12168 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12171 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12172 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{A=B}$
12181 <row topspace="1.5mm">
12182 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
12185 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12189 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
12197 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12200 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12201 \begin_inset Formula $\underrightarrow{A=B}$
12210 <row topspace="1.5mm">
12211 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
12214 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12218 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
12226 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12229 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12230 \begin_inset Formula $\widetilde{A=B}$
12239 <row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
12240 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
12243 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12247 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
12255 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12258 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12259 \begin_inset Formula $\widehat{A=B}$
12273 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
12279 \begin_layout Standard
12280 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
12283 Using these commands you can accent as many characters as you like.
12296 will only be set in the output with a length of three characters,
12297 as shown in the following example:
12298 \begin_inset Formula
12300 \widetilde{A+B=C-D}
12308 \begin_layout Standard
12309 It is also possible to accent several characters using the commands
12316 \begin_inset Index idx
12321 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12323 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
12326 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12333 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
12336 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12356 \begin_inset Index idx
12361 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12363 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
12366 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12373 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
12376 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12389 described in the previous subsection.
12395 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
12399 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
12405 \begin_inset Formula
12407 \underset{***}{A=B}
12415 \begin_layout Section
12417 \begin_inset CommandInset label
12419 name "subsec:Space"
12424 \begin_inset Index idx
12429 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12431 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
12434 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12448 \begin_layout Subsection
12450 \begin_inset CommandInset label
12452 name "subsec:Predefined-Space"
12457 \begin_inset Index idx
12462 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12464 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
12467 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12474 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
12477 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12491 \begin_layout Standard
12492 Sometimes it is necessary to insert horizontal space into a formula.
12493 This is done by inserting a non-breaking space (shortcut
12496 arg "command-alternatives math-space ; space-insert protected"
12501 \begin_inset Quotes eld
12507 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
12513 \begin_inset Quotes erd
12516 appears and by pressing
12520 several times one can select one of eight different space sizes.
12521 The spaces can also be inserted using the math toolbar button
12524 arg "math-insert \\space"
12527 or special commands.
12528 The size can be adjusted at any time by positioning the cursor on the
12531 arg "math-insert \\space"
12538 until the desired size is achieved.
12541 \begin_layout Standard
12544 \begin_inset Tabular
12545 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
12546 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
12547 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
12548 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="15col%">
12549 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
12551 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12554 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12560 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12563 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12573 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12576 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12584 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12587 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12595 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12598 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12604 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12607 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12608 \begin_inset Formula $A\,B$
12618 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12621 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12629 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12632 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12638 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12641 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12642 \begin_inset Formula $A\:B$
12652 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12655 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12663 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12666 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12672 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12675 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12676 \begin_inset Formula $A\;B$
12686 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12689 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12697 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12700 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12706 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12709 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12710 \begin_inset Formula $A\quad B$
12720 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12723 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12731 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12734 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12740 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12743 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12744 \begin_inset Formula $A\qquad B$
12758 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
12762 \begin_inset Tabular
12763 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
12764 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
12765 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
12766 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="15col%">
12767 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
12769 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12772 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12778 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12781 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12791 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12794 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12802 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12805 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12813 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12816 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12822 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12825 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12826 \begin_inset Formula $A\hfill B$
12836 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12839 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12847 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12850 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12856 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12859 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12860 \begin_inset Formula $A\hspace*{1em}B$
12870 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12873 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12881 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12884 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12890 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12893 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12894 \begin_inset Formula $A\hspace{1em}B$
12904 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12907 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12911 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
12919 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12922 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12928 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12931 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12932 \begin_inset Formula $A\ B$
12942 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12945 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12953 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
12956 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12962 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
12965 \begin_layout Plain Layout
12966 \begin_inset Formula $A\!B$
12982 \begin_layout Standard
12984 \begin_inset space ~
12988 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
12992 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
12995 7 are variable spaces which are explained in
12996 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
12998 reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
13005 \begin_inset space ~
13008 9 appears to produce no space.
13009 It is displayed red in \SpecialChar LyX
13010 contrary to the other sizes,
13011 because it is a negative space.
13012 There are two more negative spaces:
13015 \begin_layout Standard
13017 \begin_inset Tabular
13018 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="3">
13019 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
13020 <column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="6.8cm">
13021 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
13022 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
13024 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13027 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13033 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13036 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13044 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13047 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13057 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13060 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13065 keystrokes after inserting the non-breaking space
13070 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13073 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13079 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13082 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13090 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13093 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13099 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13102 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13103 \begin_inset Formula $A\negmedspace B$
13111 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13114 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13115 \begin_inset Formula $A\negthickspace B$
13131 \begin_layout Standard
13132 Negative spaces can lead to characters overlapping each other.
13133 Thus they can be used to enforce ligatures,
13134 which are useful for things such as summation operators:
13137 \begin_layout Standard
13139 \begin_inset Tabular
13140 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
13141 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
13142 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
13143 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
13145 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13148 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13154 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13157 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13165 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13168 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13174 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
13182 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13185 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13186 \begin_inset Formula $\sum\sum f_{kl}$
13196 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13199 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13207 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
13215 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13218 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13219 \begin_inset Formula $\sum\negmedspace\sum f_{kl}$
13235 \begin_layout Standard
13237 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
13243 \begin_layout Standard
13245 Relational operators,
13246 for example equal or less than signs,
13247 are always surrounded by space.
13249 the operator is placed into a \SpecialChar TeX
13251 The following example demonstrates this:
13254 \begin_layout Standard
13256 \begin_inset Tabular
13257 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
13258 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
13259 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
13260 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
13262 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13265 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13271 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13274 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13275 \begin_inset Formula $A=B$
13285 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13288 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13289 Equation without space
13294 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13297 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13298 \begin_inset Formula $A{=}B$
13314 \begin_layout Standard
13316 The command for the last formula is:
13322 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
13328 \begin_layout Standard
13329 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
13335 \begin_layout Standard
13336 Another example of controlled spaces is physical units.
13337 The space between a value and its unit is smaller than a normal space,
13338 typically a thin space is used.
13340 the smaller space is inserted via the menu
13342 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
13343 Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
13345 \begin_inset space ~
13353 arg "space-insert thin"
13359 \begin_layout Standard
13360 An example to visualize the difference:
13363 \begin_layout Standard
13364 \begin_inset Tabular
13365 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
13366 <features tabularvalignment="middle">
13367 <column alignment="left" valignment="top">
13368 <column alignment="left" valignment="top">
13370 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13373 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13375 \begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
13383 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13386 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13387 Space between value and unit
13394 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13397 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13399 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
13403 \begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
13411 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
13414 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13415 Thin space between value and unit
13428 \begin_layout Subsection
13433 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13446 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13447 For vertical space in formulas see
13448 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
13450 reference "subsec:Line-Separation"
13464 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13472 \begin_inset Note Note
13475 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13478 texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
13481 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13484 texorpdfstring is in section
13485 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
13487 reference "subsec:Formulas-in-Section"
13498 \begin_inset CommandInset label
13500 name "subsec:Variable-Space"
13505 \begin_inset Index idx
13510 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13512 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
13515 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13522 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
13525 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13539 \begin_layout Standard
13540 Space with a defined length can be inserted with the command
13547 \begin_inset Index idx
13552 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13554 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
13557 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13564 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
13567 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13582 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13588 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
13594 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13598 the length of which can be specified by left-clicking on the
13599 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13605 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
13611 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13615 The length may also be negative.
13616 If the space is the first character in a line,
13617 it will ordinarily be omitted.
13618 To force its output use the command
13630 or left-click on the
13631 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13637 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
13643 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13646 and check the option
13651 \begin_inset Newline newline
13654 To insert as much space as is available,
13662 \begin_inset Index idx
13667 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13669 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
13672 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13679 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
13682 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13698 \begin_layout Standard
13700 \begin_inset Tabular
13701 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
13702 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
13703 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
13704 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
13706 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13709 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13717 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13720 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13728 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13731 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13735 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
13741 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
13749 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13752 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13753 \begin_inset Formula $A=B\hspace{3cm}A\not=C$
13763 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13766 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13770 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
13776 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
13784 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13787 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13788 \begin_inset Formula $A\hspace{-1mm}A\not=A$
13798 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
13801 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13805 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
13813 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
13816 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13817 \begin_inset Formula $A=A\hfill B=B$
13833 \begin_layout Standard
13834 In the last example the available space is given by the longest column entry of the table.
13835 In an inline formula the space depends on the length of the line in which
13843 when the line uses the full width,
13844 no space will be created.
13851 only has an effect on displayed formulas when the formula style
13856 (Formula styles are explained in
13857 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
13859 reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
13867 \begin_layout Standard
13875 there are also commands,
13889 that fill the space with a pattern.
13891 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
13893 reference "subsec:Ellipses"
13901 \begin_layout Standard
13903 variable space can be inserted via the menu
13905 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
13906 Formatting\SpecialChar menuseparator
13908 \begin_inset space ~
13916 \begin_layout Standard
13917 This is a line with
13918 \begin_inset space \hspace{}
13923 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
13929 \begin_layout Standard
13930 This is a line with
13931 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
13937 \begin_layout Subsection
13938 Space Besides Inline Formulas
13939 \begin_inset Index idx
13944 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13946 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
13949 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13950 besides inline formulas
13963 \begin_layout Standard
13964 The space that surrounds inline formulas can be adjusted with the length
13971 \begin_inset Index idx
13976 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13978 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
13981 \begin_layout Plain Layout
13988 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
13991 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14005 The value of a length is set with the command
14012 \begin_inset Index idx
14017 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14019 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
14022 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14029 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
14032 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14045 which has the following scheme:
14048 \begin_layout Standard
14053 setlength{length name}{value}
14056 \begin_layout Standard
14064 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
14071 \begin_layout Standard
14081 \begin_layout Standard
14082 is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
14085 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
14088 mm space will now be set around all inline formulas:
14092 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14106 \begin_layout Standard
14107 This is a line with an inline formula
14108 \begin_inset Formula $A=B$
14112 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
14115 mm surrounding space.
14119 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14133 \begin_layout Standard
14134 To return to the predefined value,
14141 is set to the value 0
14142 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
14148 \begin_layout Section
14150 \begin_inset Index idx
14155 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14162 \begin_inset Index idx
14167 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14169 \begin_inset IndexMacro see
14172 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14186 \begin_layout Standard
14187 Boxes for text are described in chapter
14194 \begin_inset space ~
14202 \begin_layout Subsection
14204 \begin_inset CommandInset label
14206 name "subsec:Boxes-with-Frame"
14211 \begin_inset Index idx
14216 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14218 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
14221 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14235 \begin_layout Standard
14236 It is possible to frame a formula or part of one with the commands
14243 \begin_inset Index idx
14248 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14250 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
14253 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14260 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
14263 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14283 \begin_inset Index idx
14288 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14290 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
14293 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14300 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
14303 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14319 \begin_layout Standard
14320 When one of these commands is inserted in a formula,
14321 a blue box appears within a frame to enter formula parts.
14328 an additional formula has to be created by
14333 because the box content will otherwise be treated as mathematical text.
14341 a new formula is automatically created inside the frame.
14344 \begin_layout Standard
14351 is not suitable to frame displayed formulas because the formula will always be set in the size of the documents text.
14358 is not suitable to frame inline formulas because the formula will always be set in the size of a displayed formula.
14361 \begin_layout Standard
14375 \begin_inset Index idx
14380 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14382 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
14385 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14392 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
14395 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14408 with which the frame width and the alignment can be specified.
14415 is used in the following scheme:
14418 \begin_layout Standard
14423 framebox[frame width][position]{box content}
14426 \begin_layout Standard
14427 The position can either be
14444 right aligns the formula in the box.
14445 If no position is given the formula will be centered.
14446 \begin_inset Newline newline
14449 If width is not given then position can not be given.
14450 In this case the frame width is adjusted to the box content like for
14459 \begin_layout Standard
14467 a box appears containing three blue boxes.
14468 The first two boxes are surrounded by brackets and denote the two optional arguments.
14469 The third box is for formula parts like for
14478 \begin_layout Standard
14480 \begin_inset Tabular
14481 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
14482 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
14483 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
14484 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
14486 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
14489 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14495 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14498 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14505 <row topspace="1.5mm">
14506 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14509 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14513 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
14523 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
14531 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14534 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14535 \begin_inset Formula $\fbox{\ensuremath{\int A=B}}$
14544 <row topspace="1.5mm">
14545 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14548 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14552 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
14558 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
14566 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14569 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14570 \begin_inset Formula $\boxed{\int A=B}$
14579 <row topspace="1.5mm">
14580 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
14583 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14587 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
14595 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14598 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14599 \begin_inset Formula $A+\fbox{B}$
14608 <row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
14609 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
14612 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14616 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
14620 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
14624 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
14634 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
14638 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
14646 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
14649 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14650 \begin_inset Formula $\framebox[20mm][]{\ensuremath{\frac{A}{B}}}$
14666 \begin_layout Standard
14667 To adjust the frame thickness the following commands are inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
14668 mode before the formula:
14671 \begin_layout Standard
14681 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14685 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14699 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14703 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14709 \begin_layout Standard
14710 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14714 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14717 specifies the minimum distance between the frame and the first character in the box.
14718 An example of this is given in the following framed formula:
14722 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14734 \begin_inset Formula
14741 Before this formula the commands
14744 \begin_layout Standard
14766 \begin_layout Standard
14767 were inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
14769 These values are then used for all following boxes.
14772 \begin_layout Standard
14773 To return to the standard frame size,
14777 \begin_layout Standard
14802 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14816 \begin_layout Standard
14817 is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
14818 mode before the next formula.
14821 \begin_layout Subsection
14822 Boxes Without Frame
14823 \begin_inset CommandInset label
14825 name "subsec:Boxes-without-Frame"
14830 \begin_inset Index idx
14835 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14837 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
14840 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14854 \begin_layout Standard
14855 For boxes without a frame the following box commands:
14863 \begin_inset Index idx
14868 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14870 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
14873 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14880 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
14883 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14904 \begin_inset Index idx
14909 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14911 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
14914 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14921 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
14924 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14944 \begin_inset Index idx
14949 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14951 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
14954 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14961 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
14964 \begin_layout Plain Layout
14980 \begin_layout Standard
14987 a box can be super- or subscripted.
14988 But in contrary to normal super- and subscripting,
14989 the characters in the box keep their font size.
14996 is used in the following scheme:
14999 \begin_layout Standard
15004 raisebox{height}{box content}
15007 \begin_layout Standard
15008 When the box contains a formula,
15009 an extra formula is needed like for
15018 \begin_layout Standard
15021 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
15024 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15036 this extra formula is created by pressing
15040 twice instead of once because \SpecialChar LyX
15041 doesn't yet support
15055 \begin_layout Standard
15057 \begin_inset Tabular
15058 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
15059 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
15060 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
15061 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
15063 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15066 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15072 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15075 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15083 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15086 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15090 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
15096 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
15104 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15107 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15108 \begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{2mm}{al}lo$
15118 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15121 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15125 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
15131 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
15139 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15142 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15143 \begin_inset Formula $H\raisebox{-2mm}{al}lo$
15153 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15156 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15160 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
15176 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
15184 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15187 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15188 \begin_inset Formula $A=\raisebox{-2mm}{\mbox{\ensuremath{\sqrt{B}}}}$
15204 \begin_layout Standard
15230 except that there is no frame.
15233 \begin_layout Subsection
15235 \begin_inset CommandInset label
15237 name "subsec:Colored-Boxes"
15242 \begin_inset Index idx
15247 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15249 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
15252 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15266 \begin_layout Standard
15267 To be able to use all commands explained in this section,
15268 the \SpecialChar LaTeX
15277 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15278 The \SpecialChar LaTeX
15283 is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
15284 standard installation.
15290 \begin_inset Index idx
15295 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15297 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
15300 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15311 must be loaded in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
15312 -preamble with the line
15316 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15317 When text is colored somewhere in the document with a predefined color,
15319 loads the \SpecialChar LaTeX
15325 Thus it is possible that the package is loaded twice,
15326 but this does not cause problems.
15332 \begin_inset Note Note
15335 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15336 To avoid that the package is loaded twice,
15337 a macro was inserted to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
15346 \begin_layout Standard
15354 \begin_layout Standard
15355 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
15358 To create color boxes,
15366 \begin_inset Index idx
15371 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15373 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
15376 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15383 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
15386 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15399 is used in the following scheme:
15402 \begin_layout Standard
15407 colorbox{color}{box content}
15410 \begin_layout Standard
15411 The box content can also be a box and a
15417 can also be part of another box (see the 2nd and 3rd example).
15418 When the box should contain a formula,
15419 an extra formula has to be created,
15420 the same way as for
15430 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15431 This also applies for the command
15445 \begin_layout Standard
15446 One of the following predefined colors can be chosen:
15449 \begin_layout Standard
15487 \begin_inset VSpace smallskip
15493 \begin_layout Standard
15495 \begin_inset Tabular
15496 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
15497 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
15498 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
15499 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
15501 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15504 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15510 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15513 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15521 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
15524 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15528 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
15538 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15541 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15542 \begin_inset Formula $\colorbox{yellow}{A=B}$
15551 <row topspace="1.5mm">
15552 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
15555 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15559 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
15567 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
15571 \begin_inset Formula $\gets\gets$
15579 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15582 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15583 \begin_inset Formula $\colorbox{green}{\fbox{A=B}}$
15592 <row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
15593 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
15596 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15600 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
15604 \begin_inset Formula $\gets\gets$
15610 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
15626 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
15634 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
15637 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15638 \begin_inset Formula $\fbox{\colorbox{green}{\mbox{\ensuremath{\int C=D}}}}$
15652 \begin_inset VSpace smallskip
15658 \begin_layout Standard
15665 only colors the box background,
15666 not the characters in the box.
15667 To color all characters,
15668 the whole formula is highlighted and the desired color is chosen in the
15671 \begin_inset space ~
15677 The dialog can be called with the toolbar button
15680 arg "dialog-show character"
15685 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
15687 \begin_inset space ~
15690 Properties\SpecialChar menuseparator
15694 The formula number will have the same color as the formula.
15695 If a different color for the formula number is desired,
15696 the color must be changed within the formula.
15699 \begin_layout Standard
15703 \begin_layout Standard
15706 \begin_inset Formula
15708 \int A=B\label{eq:red}
15716 \begin_inset Formula
15718 \textcolor{red}{\int A=B}\label{eq:redgreen}
15726 \begin_layout Standard
15728 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
15735 is completely colored red.
15736 \begin_inset Newline newline
15740 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
15742 reference "eq:redgreen"
15747 was first completely colored green to set the color for the formula number.
15748 Subsequently the formula characters were colored red.
15751 \begin_layout Standard
15752 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
15755 To color the frame different than the rest of the box,
15763 \begin_inset Index idx
15768 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15770 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
15773 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15780 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
15783 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15796 is used in the following scheme:
15799 \begin_layout Standard
15804 fcolorbox{frame color}{color}{box content}
15807 \begin_layout Standard
15814 is an extension of the command
15821 The frame width is set,
15846 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15858 \begin_inset Formula
15860 \fcolorbox{cyan}{magenta}{A=B}
15869 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15883 \begin_layout Standard
15884 This formula was created with the command
15885 \begin_inset Newline newline
15893 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
15899 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
15909 \begin_layout Standard
15910 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
15913 To use colors other than predefined ones,
15914 they must be defined first.
15917 \begin_layout Standard
15918 One can for example define the color
15919 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15927 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15930 with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
15934 \begin_layout Standard
15939 definecolor{darkgreen}{cmyk}{0.5,
15957 \begin_inset Index idx
15962 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15964 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
15967 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15974 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
15977 \begin_layout Plain Layout
15993 \begin_layout Standard
15998 is the color space denoting the colors
16017 The four comma separated numbers are the portion factors for the corresponding colors of the color space.
16018 The factors can be in the range of 0
16019 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
16023 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
16036 can also be used for definitions.
16055 so there are three portion factors for the corresponding colors.
16056 Furthermore there is the color space
16060 with one portion factor for the gray value.
16063 \begin_layout Standard
16064 As an example here is a framed box with the newly defined color
16068 where the characters have been colored
16073 \begin_inset Formula
16075 \colorbox{darkgreen}{\color{yellow}\boxed{\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}}
16083 \begin_layout Standard
16084 Self-defined colors can also be used for text with the help of the command
16091 \begin_inset Index idx
16096 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16098 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
16101 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16115 \begin_layout Standard
16119 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16123 textcolor{darkgreen}{
16129 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16133 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16140 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16150 \begin_layout Standard
16158 \begin_inset Index idx
16163 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16165 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
16168 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16175 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
16178 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16191 is used in the scheme
16195 textcolor{color}{characters to color}
16200 \begin_layout Subsection
16202 \begin_inset CommandInset label
16204 name "subsec:Paragraph-Boxes"
16209 \begin_inset Index idx
16214 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16216 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
16219 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16233 \begin_layout Standard
16234 A box that can contain several lines and paragraphs,
16235 a so-called paragraph box (parbox),
16236 can be created with the menu
16238 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
16241 or the toolbar button
16250 \begin_layout Standard
16251 The following example shows a framed parbox in a line:
16254 \begin_layout Standard
16255 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
16259 \begin_inset Box Boxed
16269 height_special "totalheight"
16274 backgroundcolor "none"
16277 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16278 This is a paragraph box.
16280 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
16283 cm long and can also contain formulas:
16285 \begin_inset Formula $\int A\,\mathrm{d}s=C$
16296 \begin_layout Standard
16297 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
16303 \begin_layout Standard
16304 Such a box is created by right-clicking on the gray box inset.
16305 A dialog pops up showing the box properties.
16325 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
16331 Vertical Box Alignment
16337 \begin_layout Standard
16338 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
16341 In \SpecialChar LaTeX
16342 a parbox is created with the command
16349 \begin_inset Index idx
16354 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16356 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
16359 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16366 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
16369 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16382 which has the following scheme:
16385 \begin_layout Standard
16390 parbox[position]{width}{box content}
16393 \begin_layout Standard
16408 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16412 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16415 means that the box is aligned within the surrounding text with its last line.
16421 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16425 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16428 this is done with the first line.
16429 When no position is given,
16430 the box will be vertically centered,
16438 \begin_inset space ~
16443 manual for examples.
16446 \begin_layout Standard
16447 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
16450 To frame formulas completely,
16451 including the formula number,
16452 the formula must be set into a parbox.
16468 is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
16469 mode before the formula.
16477 \begin_inset Index idx
16482 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16484 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
16487 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16494 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
16497 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16510 is the line width set for the document.
16511 Because the frame is outside the parbox,
16512 two times the frame separation and the frame thickness must be subtracted from the line width.
16513 To be able to multiply and subtract in arguments,
16514 the \SpecialChar LaTeX
16523 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16528 is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
16529 standard installation.
16535 \begin_inset Index idx
16540 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16542 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
16545 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16556 must be loaded in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
16557 -preamble with the line
16560 \begin_layout Standard
16568 \begin_layout Standard
16569 Behind the formula both boxes are closed by entering
16573 in \SpecialChar TeX
16575 Here is an example:
16579 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16593 \begin_layout Standard
16597 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16615 \begin_inset Formula
16617 \int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}
16626 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16637 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16651 \begin_layout Standard
16652 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
16655 As a parbox is used as the argument of
16662 there is in this case no difference between
16677 \begin_layout Standard
16678 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
16681 Paragraph boxes are very useful to comment formulas directly.
16689 is used in combination with the command
16703 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
16705 reference "subsec:User-defined-Numbering"
16713 \begin_layout Standard
16714 An example of a formula commented with
16723 \begin_layout Standard
16727 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16740 This is a description.
16741 It is distinctly separated from the formula and multiline.
16745 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16757 \begin_layout Standard
16758 Such a formula must be inserted completely in \SpecialChar TeX
16759 mode because \SpecialChar LyX
16760 does not yet support the command
16767 The formula is created with the following command sequence:
16770 \begin_layout Standard
16783 is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
16788 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16789 When the formula style
16802 can also be replaced by
16809 (formula styles see
16810 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
16812 reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
16822 Then the description follows as normal text and finally
16828 is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
16842 create a displayed formula.
16845 \begin_layout Standard
16852 can be seen in this example that was
16853 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16857 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16860 using the mathematical textmode:
16861 \begin_inset Formula
16863 5x-7b=3b\textrm{This is a description. It is not separated from the formula ...}
16871 \begin_layout Section
16873 \begin_inset Index idx
16878 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16887 \begin_layout Subsection
16889 \begin_inset CommandInset label
16891 name "subsec:Big-Operators"
16896 \begin_inset Index idx
16901 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16903 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
16906 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16918 \begin_inset Index idx
16923 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16930 \begin_inset Index idx
16935 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16944 \begin_layout Standard
16945 To be able to use all of the integral operators listed here,
16954 must be set in the document settings under
16957 \begin_inset space ~
16965 \begin_layout Standard
16966 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
16970 \begin_inset Tabular
16971 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
16972 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
16973 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
16974 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
16976 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16979 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16985 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
16988 \begin_layout Plain Layout
16996 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
16999 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17003 \begin_inset Index idx
17008 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17010 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
17013 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17020 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
17023 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17041 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17044 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17045 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
17055 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17058 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17066 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17069 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17070 \begin_inset Formula $\oint$
17080 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17083 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17091 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17094 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17095 \begin_inset Formula $\ointctrclockwise$
17105 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17108 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17116 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17119 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17120 \begin_inset Formula $\ointclockwise$
17130 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17133 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17141 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17144 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17145 \begin_inset Formula $\sqint$
17155 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17158 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17166 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17169 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17171 \begin_inset Formula $\fint$
17181 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17184 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17192 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17195 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17197 \begin_inset Formula $\landupint$
17207 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17210 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17218 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17221 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17223 \begin_inset Formula $\landdownint$
17233 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17236 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17244 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17247 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17248 \begin_inset Formula $\bigcap$
17258 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17261 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17269 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17272 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17273 \begin_inset Formula $\bigcup$
17287 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
17291 \begin_inset Tabular
17292 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
17293 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
17294 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
17295 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
17297 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17300 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17306 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17309 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17317 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17320 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17324 \begin_inset Index idx
17329 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17331 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
17334 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17341 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
17344 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17362 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17365 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17366 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
17376 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17379 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17383 \begin_inset Index idx
17388 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17390 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
17393 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17400 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
17403 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17421 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17424 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17425 \begin_inset Formula $\prod$
17435 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17438 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17446 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17449 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17450 \begin_inset Formula $\coprod$
17460 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17463 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17471 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17474 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17475 \begin_inset Formula $\bigodot$
17485 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17488 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17496 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17499 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17500 \begin_inset Formula $\bigotimes$
17510 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17513 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17521 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17524 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17525 \begin_inset Formula $\bigoplus$
17535 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17538 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17546 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17549 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17550 \begin_inset Formula $\bigwedge$
17560 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17563 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17571 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17574 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17575 \begin_inset Formula $\bigvee$
17585 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17588 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17596 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17599 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17600 \begin_inset Formula $\bigsqcup$
17610 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17613 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17621 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17624 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17625 \begin_inset Formula $\biguplus$
17639 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
17645 \begin_layout Standard
17646 All big operators can also be inserted via the math toolbar button
17649 arg "math-insert \\intop"
17655 \begin_layout Standard
17656 The operators are called big because they are bigger than the sometimes equal looking binary operators.
17657 All big operators can have limits as described in the next subsection.
17660 \begin_layout Standard
17661 For all integral operators there is a second version available,
17681 These operators differ in the style the operator limits are displayed,
17683 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
17685 reference "subsec:Operator-Limits"
17693 \begin_layout Subsubsection*
17694 Advice for Integrals
17697 \begin_layout Standard
17702 in an integral is an operator that has to be set upright.
17703 This is done by highlighting the
17707 and using the keyboard shortcut
17717 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17723 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
17725 reference "subsec:Font-Styles"
17736 Also the smallest space is inserted before the
17741 as this is usual for operators.
17745 \begin_layout Standard
17748 \begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)dx$
17752 \begin_inset Newline newline
17756 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
17759 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17767 \begin_inset Formula $\int A(x)\,\mathrm{d}x$
17773 \begin_layout Standard
17774 The following commands exist for multiple integrals:
17775 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
17781 \begin_layout Standard
17782 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
17786 \begin_inset Tabular
17787 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
17788 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
17789 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
17790 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
17792 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17795 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17801 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17804 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17811 <row bottomspace="1mm">
17812 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
17815 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17823 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
17826 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17827 \begin_inset Formula $\iint$
17836 <row bottomspace="1mm">
17837 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
17840 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17848 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
17851 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17852 \begin_inset Formula $\oiint$
17861 <row bottomspace="1mm">
17862 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17865 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17873 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17876 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17877 \begin_inset Formula $\sqiint$
17891 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
17895 \begin_inset Tabular
17896 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
17897 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
17898 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
17899 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
17901 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
17904 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17910 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
17913 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17920 <row bottomspace="1mm">
17921 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
17924 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17932 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
17935 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17936 \begin_inset Formula $\iiint$
17945 <row bottomspace="1mm">
17946 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
17949 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17957 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
17960 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17961 \begin_inset Formula $\iiiint$
17970 <row bottomspace="1mm">
17971 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17974 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17982 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
17985 \begin_layout Plain Layout
17986 \begin_inset Formula $\dotsint$
18000 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
18006 \begin_layout Subsection
18008 \begin_inset CommandInset label
18010 name "subsec:Operator-Limits"
18015 \begin_inset Index idx
18020 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18022 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
18025 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18039 \begin_layout Standard
18040 Limits are created by super- and subscripts:
18043 \begin_layout Standard
18045 \begin_inset Tabular
18046 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
18047 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
18048 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
18049 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
18051 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
18054 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18060 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
18063 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18071 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18074 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18080 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
18084 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
18088 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
18096 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
18099 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18100 \begin_inset Formula $\prod_{0}^{\infty}A(x)$
18116 \begin_layout Standard
18117 Limits of inline formulas are set on the right side of the operator.
18118 Limits in displayed formulas are set above or below the operator,
18119 except for integral limits.
18122 \begin_layout Standard
18123 To force the limits to be set beside the operator,
18124 the cursor is placed directly behind the operator and the limits type is changed with the menu
18126 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
18127 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
18146 \begin_layout Standard
18147 The default displayed formulas limits type is this:
18148 \begin_inset Formula
18150 \sum_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}
18155 This is how it looks when the limits type is changed to
18162 \begin_inset Formula
18164 \sum\nolimits_{x=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^{2}}
18170 except those ending with
18188 the limits by default are set beside the operator.
18189 But for multiple integrals the limits are often set below the operator.
18190 In the following example the limits type was set to
18194 and so set below the integrals:
18195 \begin_inset Formula
18197 \iiint\limits_{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V=U\label{eq:VolInt}
18205 \begin_layout Standard
18206 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
18209 To specify conditions for limits,
18217 \begin_inset Index idx
18222 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18224 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
18227 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18234 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
18237 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18257 \begin_inset Index idx
18262 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18264 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
18267 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18274 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
18277 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18291 To create this expression
18292 \begin_inset Formula
18294 \sum_{\begin{subarray}{c}
18296 \\k\,\in\,\mathbb{N}
18297 \end{subarray}}^{n}k^{-2}\label{eq:substack}
18305 \begin_layout Standard
18306 the following must be done:
18307 \begin_inset Newline newline
18319 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
18325 The cursor is now in a blue box under the summation operator.
18331 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
18337 The blue box is now within a purple box and now multiple limit lines can be written.
18338 A new line is created by inserting a line break (
18341 arg "newline-insert newline"
18346 \begin_inset Newline newline
18351 0<k<1000 Ctrl+Return
18352 \begin_inset Newline newline
18358 a new box appears below for the new limit line.
18361 \begin_layout Standard
18362 The alignment of the lines can be changed to left aligned with the
18372 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
18376 To get right alignment,
18382 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
18387 is inserted at the beginning of the line.
18390 \begin_layout Standard
18403 with the difference that the lines are always centered.
18406 \begin_layout Standard
18407 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
18411 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
18413 reference "eq:substack"
18418 there can be too much space beside an operator.
18419 This occurs because the characters following the operator are set beside the limits.
18420 To avoid this the command
18427 \begin_inset Index idx
18432 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18434 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
18437 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18444 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
18447 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18467 \begin_inset Index idx
18472 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18474 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
18477 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18488 in the document settings under
18491 \begin_inset space ~
18499 \begin_inset space ~
18511 sets the space besides the operator to 0
18512 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
18516 \begin_inset Newline newline
18520 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
18522 reference "eq:substack"
18528 one uses the command
18531 \begin_layout Standard
18539 \begin_layout Standard
18540 and inserts the operator with its limits into the braces.
18541 Behind the brace one continues the formula:
18542 \begin_inset Formula
18544 \smashoperator{\sum_{\begin{subarray}{c}
18546 \\k\,\in\,\mathbb{N}
18547 \end{subarray}}^{n}}k^{-2}
18555 \begin_layout Standard
18556 It is possible to set the space of only one side of the operator to 0
18557 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
18561 To do this write either
18580 stands for the left and
18584 for the right side of the operator.
18585 Here is an example of the possible
18594 \begin_layout Standard
18595 \begin_inset Formula
18597 Y\smashoperator{\sum_{1\le i\le j\le n}^{n=3456}}X_{ij}=Y\smashoperator[l]{\sum_{1\le i\le j\le n}^{n=3456}}X_{ij}=Y\smashoperator[r]{\sum_{1\le i\le j\le n}^{n=3456}}X_{ij}
18605 \begin_layout Standard
18606 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
18612 \begin_layout Standard
18613 When several consecutive operators have limits the typesetting of the limits looks often imperfect in the output,
18615 \begin_inset Formula
18617 \text{a)}\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}\quad\text{b)}\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p^{2}\ge n}\quad\text{c)}\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup_{p^{2}\ge nK}\quad\text{d)}\limsup_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}
18622 To improve the typesetting,
18623 in the document settings under
18626 \begin_inset space ~
18636 \begin_inset Index idx
18641 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18643 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
18646 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18661 \begin_inset space ~
18667 Then insert the command
18674 \begin_inset Index idx
18679 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18681 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
18684 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18691 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
18694 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18707 directly before the first operator.
18708 The example will then look like this:
18709 \begin_inset Formula
18711 \text{a)}\adjustlimits\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}\quad\text{b)}\adjustlimits\lim_{n\to\infty}\max_{p^{2}\ge n}\quad\text{c)}\adjustlimits\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup_{p^{2}\ge nK}\quad\text{d)}\adjustlimits\limsup_{n\to\infty}\max_{p\ge n}
18719 \begin_layout Standard
18720 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
18723 How to use one limit for several operators is described in
18724 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
18726 reference "subsec:Self-defined-Operators"
18734 \begin_layout Subsection
18735 Decoration for Operators
18736 \begin_inset Index idx
18741 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18743 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
18746 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18760 \begin_layout Standard
18768 \begin_inset Index idx
18773 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18775 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
18778 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18785 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
18788 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18808 \begin_inset Index idx
18813 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18815 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
18818 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18825 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
18828 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18841 characters can be placed above or below an operator respectively.
18849 \begin_inset Index idx
18854 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18856 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
18859 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18866 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
18869 \begin_layout Plain Layout
18882 characters can be set before and behind a big operator.
18885 \begin_layout Standard
18887 \begin_inset space ~
18899 \begin_layout Itemize
18906 is used to set characters at the corners of the operator
18909 \begin_layout Itemize
18916 is used to set characters before and/or behind the operator (this variant represents \SpecialChar LaTeX
18926 \begin_layout Itemize
18933 is used to set characters at the left corners and/or behind the operator
18936 \begin_layout Itemize
18943 is used to set characters at the right corners and/or before the operator
18946 \begin_layout Standard
18947 For example the command
18952 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
18958 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
18962 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
18966 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
18970 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
18980 \begin_inset Formula
18982 \sideset{}{'}\sum_{k=1}^{n}
18990 \begin_layout Standard
18991 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
18994 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19002 can only be used to decorate big operators,
19003 binary operators are not allowed.
19011 \begin_layout Standard
19024 can also be used to decorate symbols and characters.
19031 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
19037 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
19043 \begin_inset Formula $\uparrow$
19051 \begin_inset Formula
19053 \overset{a}{\maltese}
19061 \begin_layout Subsection
19063 \begin_inset CommandInset label
19065 name "subsec:Binary-Operators"
19070 \begin_inset Index idx
19075 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19077 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
19080 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19094 \begin_layout Standard
19095 Binary operators are surrounded by space when there is a character before and after them.
19096 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
19102 \begin_layout Standard
19103 \begin_inset Tabular
19104 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
19105 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
19106 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
19107 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
19109 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19112 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19114 \begin_inset Note Note
19117 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19124 is only used as spacer.
19134 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19137 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19145 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19148 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19154 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19157 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19158 \begin_inset Formula $+$
19168 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19171 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19177 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19180 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19181 \begin_inset Formula $-$
19191 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19194 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19202 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19205 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19206 \begin_inset Formula $\pm$
19216 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19219 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19227 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19230 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19231 \begin_inset Formula $\mp$
19241 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19244 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19252 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19255 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19256 \begin_inset Formula $\cdot$
19266 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19269 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19277 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19280 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19281 \begin_inset Formula $\times$
19291 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19294 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19302 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19305 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19306 \begin_inset Formula $\div$
19316 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19319 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19323 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19336 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19348 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19351 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19352 \begin_inset Formula $*$
19362 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19365 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19373 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19376 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19377 \begin_inset Formula $\star$
19387 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19390 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19398 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19401 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19402 \begin_inset Formula $\circ$
19412 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19415 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19423 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19426 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19427 \begin_inset Formula $\diamond$
19437 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19440 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19448 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19451 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19452 \begin_inset Formula $\bullet$
19466 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
19470 \begin_inset Tabular
19471 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
19472 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
19473 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
19474 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
19476 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19479 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19485 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19488 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19496 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19499 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19507 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19510 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19511 \begin_inset Formula $\nabla$
19521 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19524 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19532 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19535 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19536 \begin_inset Formula $\bigtriangledown$
19546 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19549 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19557 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19560 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19561 \begin_inset Formula $\bigtriangleup$
19571 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19574 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19582 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19585 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19586 \begin_inset Formula $\Box$
19596 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19599 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19607 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19610 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19611 \begin_inset Formula $\cap$
19621 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19624 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19632 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19635 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19636 \begin_inset Formula $\cup$
19646 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19649 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19657 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19660 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19661 \begin_inset Formula $\dagger$
19671 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19674 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19682 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19685 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19686 \begin_inset Formula $\ddagger$
19696 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19699 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19707 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19710 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19711 \begin_inset Formula $\wr$
19721 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19724 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19732 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19735 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19736 \begin_inset Formula $\bigcirc$
19746 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19749 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19757 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19760 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19761 \begin_inset Formula $\wedge$
19771 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19774 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19782 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19785 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19786 \begin_inset Formula $\vee$
19800 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
19804 \begin_inset Tabular
19805 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="13" columns="2">
19806 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
19807 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
19808 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
19810 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19813 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19819 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19822 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19830 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19833 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19841 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19844 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19845 \begin_inset Formula $\oplus$
19855 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19858 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19866 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19869 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19870 \begin_inset Formula $\ominus$
19880 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19883 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19891 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19894 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19895 \begin_inset Formula $\otimes$
19905 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19908 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19916 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19919 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19920 \begin_inset Formula $\oslash$
19930 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19933 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19941 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19944 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19945 \begin_inset Formula $\odot$
19955 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19958 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19966 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19969 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19970 \begin_inset Formula $\amalg$
19980 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
19983 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19991 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
19994 \begin_layout Plain Layout
19995 \begin_inset Formula $\uplus$
20005 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20008 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20016 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20019 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20020 \begin_inset Formula $\setminus$
20030 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20033 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20041 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20044 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20045 \begin_inset Formula $\sqcap$
20055 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20058 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20066 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20069 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20070 \begin_inset Formula $\sqcup$
20080 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20083 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20091 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20094 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20095 \begin_inset Formula $\triangleleft$
20105 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20108 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20116 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20119 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20120 \begin_inset Formula $\triangleright$
20136 \begin_layout Standard
20137 All binary operators can also be inserted via the math toolbar button
20140 arg "math-insert \\pm"
20146 \begin_layout Standard
20147 To typeset the Laplace operator,
20165 \begin_inset Formula $\nabla^{2}$
20168 ) can also be used instead of
20177 \begin_layout Standard
20184 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
20196 \begin_layout Subsection
20197 Self-defined Operators
20198 \begin_inset CommandInset label
20200 name "subsec:Self-defined-Operators"
20205 \begin_inset Index idx
20210 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20212 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
20215 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20229 \begin_layout Standard
20230 With the help of the command
20234 DeclareMathOperator
20237 \begin_inset Index idx
20242 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20244 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
20247 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20254 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
20257 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20258 \begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
20261 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20271 DeclareMathOperator
20282 custom operators can be defined in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
20284 Its command scheme is:
20287 \begin_layout Standard
20292 DeclareMathOperator{new command}{display}
20295 \begin_layout Standard
20296 Display can be characters or symbols that define how the operator looks in the output.
20297 To define a big operator a * is set behind the command.
20298 All self-defined big operators can have limits as described in
20299 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
20301 reference "subsec:Operator-Limits"
20309 \begin_layout Standard
20310 For example the \SpecialChar LaTeX
20314 \begin_layout Standard
20319 DeclareMathOperator*{
20326 \begin_layout Standard
20327 defines the command
20334 that inserts a big operator consisting of the black lozenge symbol from
20335 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
20337 reference "subsec:Miscellaneous-Symbols"
20343 \begin_inset Formula
20345 \Lozenge_{n=1}^{\infty}
20350 The command for this formula is:
20362 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
20368 \begin_layout Standard
20369 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
20372 When self-defined operators are not used several times in the document,
20373 they can also be defined with the commands
20380 \begin_inset Index idx
20385 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20387 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
20390 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20397 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
20400 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20420 \begin_inset Index idx
20425 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20427 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
20430 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20437 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
20440 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20454 which have the following scheme:
20457 \begin_layout Standard
20471 \begin_layout Standard
20478 defines big operators,
20488 \begin_layout Standard
20495 can be used to use one limit for several operators:
20498 \begin_layout Standard
20499 \begin_inset Formula
20501 \mathop{\sum\negmedspace\sum}_{i,j=1}^{N}
20509 \begin_layout Standard
20510 The command for the formula above is:
20511 \begin_inset Newline newline
20527 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
20533 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
20539 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
20547 \begin_layout Section
20549 \begin_inset Index idx
20554 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20563 \begin_layout Subsection
20565 \begin_inset CommandInset label
20567 name "subsec:Font-Styles"
20572 \begin_inset Index idx
20577 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20579 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
20582 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20596 \begin_layout Standard
20597 Latin letters in formulas can be set in one of the following font styles:
20600 \begin_layout Standard
20602 \begin_inset Tabular
20603 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
20604 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
20605 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
20606 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
20607 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
20609 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20612 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20618 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20621 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20627 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
20630 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20638 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20641 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20647 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
20657 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20660 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20661 \begin_inset Formula $\mathbb{ABC}$
20669 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
20672 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20680 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20683 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20689 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
20699 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20702 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20703 \begin_inset Formula $\mathbf{AbC}$
20711 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
20714 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20727 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20730 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20736 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
20746 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20749 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20750 \begin_inset Formula $\boldsymbol{AbC}$
20758 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
20761 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20764 arg "font-boldsymbol"
20774 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20777 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20783 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
20793 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20796 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20797 \begin_inset Formula $\mathcal{ABC}$
20805 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
20808 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20816 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20819 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20825 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
20835 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20838 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20839 \begin_inset Formula $\mathfrak{AbC}$
20847 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
20850 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20864 \begin_layout Standard
20866 \begin_inset Tabular
20867 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="3">
20868 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
20869 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
20870 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
20871 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
20873 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20876 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20882 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20885 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20891 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
20894 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20902 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20905 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20911 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
20921 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20924 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20925 \begin_inset Formula $\mathit{AbC}$
20933 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
20936 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20944 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20947 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20953 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
20963 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
20966 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20967 \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{AbC}$
20975 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
20978 \begin_layout Plain Layout
20991 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
20994 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21000 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
21010 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21013 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21014 \begin_inset Formula $\mathsf{AbC}$
21022 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
21025 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21038 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21041 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21047 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
21057 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21060 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21061 \begin_inset Formula $\mathtt{AbC}$
21069 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
21072 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21075 arg "font-typewriter"
21085 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21088 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21094 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
21104 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21107 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21108 \begin_inset Formula $\mathscr{ABC}$
21116 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
21119 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21133 \begin_layout Standard
21134 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
21137 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21162 can only be used for big letters.
21170 \begin_layout Standard
21180 \begin_layout Standard
21181 The style commands also work for letters in mathematical constructs:
21182 \begin_inset Formula
21184 \mathfrak{A=\frac{b}{C}}
21192 \begin_layout Standard
21193 Characters in mathematical text don't appear in a math font style but in the text font style
21200 Note that their style can't be set correctly via the text style dialog.
21201 This is a known bug in \SpecialChar LyX
21206 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21207 \begin_inset CommandInset href
21209 name "LyX-bug #4629"
21210 target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/4629"
21223 \begin_layout Standard
21224 Instead of the style commands,
21227 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
21228 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
21232 or the toolbar button,
21236 arg "math-insert \\font"
21242 \begin_layout Subsection
21244 \begin_inset CommandInset label
21246 name "subsec:Bold-Formulas"
21251 \begin_inset Index idx
21256 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21258 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
21261 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21275 \begin_layout Standard
21276 To make a complete formula bold,
21283 from the previous subsection cannot be used because it doesn't work for small Greek letters.
21284 Additionally it always prints Latin letters upright,
21285 as in the following equation:
21288 \begin_layout Standard
21289 \begin_inset Formula
21291 \mathbf{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma}\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash mathbf}
21299 \begin_layout Standard
21300 To display the formula correctly,
21308 \begin_inset Formula
21310 \boldsymbol{\int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation with \textbackslash boldsymbol}}
21315 It is also possible to set the formula in a
21317 boldmath environment
21320 This environment is created by inserting the command
21327 \begin_inset Index idx
21332 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21334 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
21337 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21344 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
21347 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21360 in \SpecialChar TeX
21362 To end the environment,
21370 \begin_inset Index idx
21375 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21377 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
21380 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21387 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
21390 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21403 is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
21408 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21418 \begin_inset Formula
21420 \int_{n}^{2}f(\theta)=\Gamma\qquad\textrm{equation in a boldmath environment}
21429 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21441 \begin_layout Subsection
21443 \begin_inset Index idx
21448 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21450 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
21453 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21467 \begin_layout Standard
21468 Formulas can be colored like normal text:
21469 Highlight a formula or a formula part and use the
21474 Here is a formula in magenta:
21475 \begin_inset Formula
21477 {\color{magenta}\int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{\sqrt[5]{B}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}}
21485 \begin_layout Standard
21486 You can also define your own colors as described in
21487 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
21489 reference "subsec:Colored-Boxes"
21495 They can be used with the \SpecialChar TeX
21503 \begin_inset Index idx
21508 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21510 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
21513 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21520 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
21523 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21539 \begin_layout Standard
21544 textcolor{color}{characters or formula}
21547 \begin_layout Standard
21548 The following example was colored completely dark green and partly red:
21551 \begin_layout Standard
21555 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21559 textcolor{darkgreen}{
21565 \begin_inset Formula
21567 \int A\,\mathrm{d}x=\frac{{\color{red}\sqrt[5]{B}}}{\ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}
21576 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21586 \begin_layout Standard
21587 Due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX
21588 only complete formulas can be colored with self-defined colors.
21592 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21593 \begin_inset CommandInset href
21595 name "LyX-bug #5269"
21596 target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/5269"
21609 \begin_layout Subsection
21611 \begin_inset CommandInset label
21613 name "subsec:Font-Sizes"
21618 \begin_inset Index idx
21623 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21625 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
21628 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21642 \begin_layout Standard
21643 As with characters in text,
21644 the following size commands are available for formula characters:
21647 \begin_layout Standard
21697 \begin_inset Newline newline
21720 \begin_layout Standard
21721 The font size produced by the commands depends on the document's original font size,
21722 which corresponds to the command
21729 The other commands produce character sizes smaller or larger than
21736 There are however limits to how small or large the font size can be changed.
21737 If for example the document font size is 12
21738 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
21748 switches to the same size as
21757 \begin_layout Standard
21758 A size command is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
21759 mode before a formula and sets the size for all of the following formulas and text characters.
21760 To switch back to the initial size,
21767 is inserted behind the formula,
21768 again in \SpecialChar TeX
21772 \begin_layout Standard
21773 Size can also be changed within a formula using the following size commands or the toolbar button
21776 arg "math-insert \\style"
21782 \begin_layout Standard
21785 \begin_inset Tabular
21786 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
21787 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
21788 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
21789 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
21791 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21794 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21800 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21803 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21811 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21814 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21818 \begin_inset Index idx
21823 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21825 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
21828 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21835 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
21838 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21856 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21859 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21860 \begin_inset Formula ${\displaystyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$
21869 <row topspace="1mm">
21870 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
21873 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21881 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21884 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21885 \begin_inset Formula ${\textstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$
21895 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21898 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21906 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21909 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21910 \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$
21920 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
21923 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21931 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
21934 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21935 \begin_inset Formula ${\scriptscriptstyle E_{\mathrm{pot_{1}}}=\frac{K}{l+\frac{m}{n_{2}}}}$
21951 \begin_layout Standard
21952 After entering these commands,
21953 a blue box appears in which the formula parts are inserted.
21956 \begin_layout Standard
21957 There is another method for changing the font size,
21958 although it only works for symbols or letters in mathematical text.
21960 one of the above text size commands is inserted into mathematical text.
21961 All characters until the end of the mathematical text or until another size command will have the selected size.
21963 \begin_inset VSpace -2mm
21969 \begin_layout Standard
21973 \begin_layout Plain Layout
21983 \begin_inset Formula
21985 A=\frac{B}{c}\cdot\maltese
21991 \begin_inset Formula
21993 \maltese A\textrm{{\Large \maltese\textit{A}}}\textrm{{\tiny \maltese\textit{A}}}
22002 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22012 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
22015 Before the first formula the command
22022 The command for the second formula is:
22023 \begin_inset Newline newline
22031 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
22037 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
22043 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
22049 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
22053 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
22057 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
22061 \begin_inset Newline newline
22065 \begin_inset space \hspace*{}
22076 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
22082 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
22088 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
22094 \begin_layout Standard
22095 If a symbol cannot be displayed in different sizes,
22096 it will always be displayed in the default size.
22099 \begin_layout Section
22101 \begin_inset Index idx
22106 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22115 \begin_layout Standard
22116 Greek letters can be inserted via the toolbar button
22119 arg "math-insert \\alpha"
22122 as well as by command.
22123 All international typesetting norms purport that Greek letters in math have to be typeset italic/slanted.
22125 like French or Russian,
22126 they are nevertheless sometimes typeset upright.
22129 \begin_layout Subsection
22131 \begin_inset Index idx
22136 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22138 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
22141 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22155 \begin_layout Standard
22156 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
22160 \begin_inset Tabular
22161 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
22162 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
22163 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
22164 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
22166 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22169 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22175 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22178 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22186 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22189 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22197 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22200 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22201 \begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
22211 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22214 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22222 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22225 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22226 \begin_inset Formula $\beta$
22236 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22239 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22247 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22250 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22251 \begin_inset Formula $\gamma$
22261 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22264 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22272 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22275 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22276 \begin_inset Formula $\delta$
22286 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22289 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22297 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22300 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22301 \begin_inset Formula $\epsilon$
22311 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22314 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22322 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22325 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22326 \begin_inset Formula $\varepsilon$
22336 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22339 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22347 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22350 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22351 \begin_inset Formula $\zeta$
22361 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22364 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22372 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22375 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22376 \begin_inset Formula $\eta$
22386 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22389 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22397 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22400 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22401 \begin_inset Formula $\theta$
22411 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22414 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22422 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22425 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22426 \begin_inset Formula $\vartheta$
22440 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
22444 \begin_inset Tabular
22445 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2">
22446 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
22447 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
22448 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
22450 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22453 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22459 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22462 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22470 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22473 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22481 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22484 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22485 \begin_inset Formula $\iota$
22495 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22498 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22506 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22509 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22510 \begin_inset Formula $\kappa$
22520 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22523 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22531 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22534 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22535 \begin_inset Formula $\varkappa$
22545 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22548 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22556 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22559 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22560 \begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
22570 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22573 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22581 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22584 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22585 \begin_inset Formula $\mu$
22595 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22598 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22606 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22609 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22610 \begin_inset Formula $\nu$
22620 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22623 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22631 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22634 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22635 \begin_inset Formula $\xi$
22645 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22648 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22654 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22657 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22658 \begin_inset Formula $o$
22668 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22671 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22679 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22682 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22683 \begin_inset Formula $\pi$
22693 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22696 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22704 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22707 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22708 \begin_inset Formula $\varpi$
22718 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22721 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22729 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22732 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22733 \begin_inset Formula $\rho$
22747 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
22751 \begin_inset Tabular
22752 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="11" columns="2">
22753 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
22754 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
22755 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
22757 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22760 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22766 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22769 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22777 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22780 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22788 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22791 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22792 \begin_inset Formula $\varrho$
22802 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22805 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22813 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22816 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22817 \begin_inset Formula $\sigma$
22827 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22830 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22838 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22841 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22842 \begin_inset Formula $\varsigma$
22852 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22855 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22863 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22866 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22867 \begin_inset Formula $\tau$
22877 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22880 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22888 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22891 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22892 \begin_inset Formula $\upsilon$
22902 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22905 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22913 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22916 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22917 \begin_inset Formula $\phi$
22927 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22930 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22938 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22941 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22942 \begin_inset Formula $\varphi$
22952 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22955 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22963 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22966 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22967 \begin_inset Formula $\chi$
22977 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
22980 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22988 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
22991 \begin_layout Plain Layout
22992 \begin_inset Formula $\psi$
23002 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23005 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23013 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23016 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23017 \begin_inset Formula $\omega$
23031 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
23037 \begin_layout Standard
23038 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
23044 \begin_layout Standard
23045 Creating upright Greek letters is explained in
23046 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
23048 reference "subsec:Upright-small-Greek"
23056 \begin_layout Subsection
23058 \begin_inset Index idx
23063 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23065 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
23068 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23082 \begin_layout Standard
23083 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
23087 \begin_inset Tabular
23088 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="2">
23089 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
23090 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
23091 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
23093 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23096 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23102 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23105 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23113 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23116 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23124 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23127 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23128 \begin_inset Formula $\Gamma$
23138 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23141 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23149 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23152 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23153 \begin_inset Formula $\Delta$
23163 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23166 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23174 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23177 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23178 \begin_inset Formula $\Theta$
23188 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23191 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23199 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23202 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23203 \begin_inset Formula $\Lambda$
23213 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23216 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23224 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23227 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23228 \begin_inset Formula $\Xi$
23238 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23241 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23249 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23252 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23253 \begin_inset Formula $\Pi$
23267 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
23271 \begin_inset Tabular
23272 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
23273 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
23274 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
23275 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
23277 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23280 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23286 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23289 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23297 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23300 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23308 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23311 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23312 \begin_inset Formula $\Sigma$
23322 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23325 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23333 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23336 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23337 \begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon$
23347 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23350 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23358 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23361 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23362 \begin_inset Formula $\Phi$
23372 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23375 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23383 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23386 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23387 \begin_inset Formula $\Psi$
23397 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23400 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23408 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23411 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23412 \begin_inset Formula $\Omega$
23426 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
23432 \begin_layout Standard
23433 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
23436 The big Greek letters appearing upright is caused by a design bug in \SpecialChar TeX
23438 To create correct italic big letters,
23439 begin every command with
23444 For example the command
23451 \begin_inset Formula $\varGamma$
23455 Another way is to load the package
23463 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23468 is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
23474 \begin_inset Index idx
23479 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23481 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
23484 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23501 \begin_inset Index idx
23506 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23508 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
23511 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23522 with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
23526 \begin_layout Standard
23531 usepackage{fixmath}
23534 \begin_layout Standard
23535 Then all big Greek letters in a document will automatically be typeset italic.
23538 \begin_layout Subsection
23540 \begin_inset Index idx
23545 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23547 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
23550 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23564 \begin_layout Standard
23565 Greek letters cannot be set with different font styles like Latin letters.
23566 They can only be made bold with the command
23573 \begin_inset Index idx
23578 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23580 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
23583 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23590 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
23593 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23609 \begin_layout Standard
23611 \begin_inset Tabular
23612 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
23613 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
23614 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
23615 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
23617 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23620 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23626 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23629 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23637 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23640 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23652 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23655 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23656 \begin_inset Formula $\Upsilon\boldsymbol{\Upsilon}$
23666 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23669 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23681 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23684 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23685 \begin_inset Formula $\theta\boldsymbol{\theta}$
23701 \begin_layout Section
23706 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23719 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23720 A list with all symbols of most of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
23721 -packages can be found in
23722 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
23738 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23746 \begin_inset Note Note
23749 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23752 texorpdfstring is used to avoid that the footnote appears in the PDF-bookmark.
23755 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23758 texorpdfstring is in section
23759 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
23761 reference "subsec:Formulas-in-Section"
23772 \begin_inset Index idx
23777 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23786 \begin_layout Standard
23787 Many of the symbols listed in this section can also be inserted via the toolbar buttons
23790 arg "math-insert \\nabla"
23796 arg "math-insert \\digamma"
23802 \begin_layout Subsection
23803 Mathematical Symbols
23804 \begin_inset CommandInset label
23806 name "subsec:Mathematical-Symbols"
23811 \begin_inset Index idx
23816 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23818 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
23821 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23835 \begin_layout Standard
23836 \begin_inset Tabular
23837 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
23838 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
23839 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
23840 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
23842 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23845 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23851 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23854 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23862 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23865 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23873 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23876 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23877 \begin_inset Formula $\neg$
23887 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23890 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23898 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23901 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23902 \begin_inset Formula $\Im$
23912 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23915 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23923 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23926 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23927 \begin_inset Formula $\Re$
23937 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23940 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23948 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23951 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23952 \begin_inset Formula $\aleph$
23962 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23965 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23973 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
23976 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23977 \begin_inset Formula $\partial$
23987 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
23990 \begin_layout Plain Layout
23998 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24001 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24002 \begin_inset Formula $\infty$
24012 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24015 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24023 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24026 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24027 \begin_inset Formula $\wp$
24037 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24040 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24048 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24051 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24052 \begin_inset Formula $\imath$
24062 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24065 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24073 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24076 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24077 \begin_inset Formula $\jmath$
24091 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
24095 \begin_inset Tabular
24096 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
24097 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
24098 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
24099 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
24101 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24104 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24110 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24113 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24115 \begin_inset Note Note
24118 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24125 is only used as spacer.
24137 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24140 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24148 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24151 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24152 \begin_inset Formula $\forall$
24162 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24165 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24173 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24176 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24177 \begin_inset Formula $\exists$
24187 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24190 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24198 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24201 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24202 \begin_inset Formula $\nexists$
24212 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24215 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24223 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24226 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24227 \begin_inset Formula $\emptyset$
24237 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24240 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24248 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24251 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24252 \begin_inset Formula $\varnothing$
24262 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24265 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24273 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24276 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24277 \begin_inset Formula $\dag$
24287 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24290 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24298 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24301 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24302 \begin_inset Formula $\ddag$
24312 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24315 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24323 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24326 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24330 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24340 \begin_inset Formula $\complement$
24347 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24361 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24364 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24372 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24375 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24376 \begin_inset Formula $\Bbbk$
24390 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
24394 \begin_inset Tabular
24395 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
24396 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
24397 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
24398 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
24400 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24403 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24409 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24412 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24420 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24423 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24431 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24434 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24435 \begin_inset Formula $\prime$
24445 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24448 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24456 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24459 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24460 \begin_inset Formula $\backprime$
24470 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24473 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24481 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24484 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24485 \begin_inset Formula $\mho$
24495 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24498 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24506 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24509 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24510 \begin_inset Formula $\triangle$
24520 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24523 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24531 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24534 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24535 \begin_inset Formula $\angle$
24545 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24548 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24556 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24559 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24560 \begin_inset Formula $\measuredangle$
24570 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24573 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24581 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24584 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24585 \begin_inset Formula $\sphericalangle$
24595 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24598 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24606 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24609 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24610 \begin_inset Formula $\top$
24620 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24623 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24631 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24634 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24635 \begin_inset Formula $\bot$
24651 \begin_layout Subsection
24652 Miscellaneous Symbols
24653 \begin_inset CommandInset label
24655 name "subsec:Miscellaneous-Symbols"
24660 \begin_inset Index idx
24665 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24667 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
24670 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24684 \begin_layout Standard
24687 \begin_inset Tabular
24688 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
24689 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
24690 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
24691 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
24693 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24696 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24702 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24705 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24713 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24716 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24724 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24727 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24728 \begin_inset Formula $\flat$
24738 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24741 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24749 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24752 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24753 \begin_inset Formula $\natural$
24763 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24766 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24774 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24777 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24778 \begin_inset Formula $\sharp$
24788 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24791 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24799 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24802 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24803 \begin_inset Formula $\surd$
24813 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24816 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24824 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24827 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24828 \begin_inset Formula $\checkmark$
24838 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24841 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24849 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24852 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24853 \begin_inset Formula $\yen$
24863 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24866 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24874 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24877 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24878 \begin_inset Formula $\pounds$
24888 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24891 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24897 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24900 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24901 \begin_inset Formula $\$$
24911 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24914 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24920 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24923 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24924 \begin_inset Formula $§$
24938 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
24942 \begin_inset Tabular
24943 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
24944 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
24945 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
24946 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
24948 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24951 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24957 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24960 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24968 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24971 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24979 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
24982 \begin_layout Plain Layout
24983 \begin_inset Formula $\hbar$
24993 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
24996 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25004 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25007 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25008 \begin_inset Formula $\hslash$
25018 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25021 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25029 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25032 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25033 \begin_inset Formula $\clubsuit$
25043 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25046 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25054 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25057 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25058 \begin_inset Formula $\spadesuit$
25068 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25071 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25079 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25082 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25083 \begin_inset Formula $\bigstar$
25093 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25096 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25104 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25107 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25108 \begin_inset Formula $\blacklozenge$
25118 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25121 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25129 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25132 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25133 \begin_inset Formula $\blacktriangle$
25143 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25146 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25154 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25157 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25158 \begin_inset Formula $\blacktriangledown$
25168 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25171 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25179 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25182 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25183 \begin_inset Formula $\bullet$
25197 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
25201 \begin_inset Tabular
25202 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
25203 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
25204 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
25205 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
25207 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25210 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25216 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25219 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25227 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25230 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25238 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25241 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25242 \begin_inset Formula $\diamondsuit$
25252 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25255 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25263 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25266 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25267 \begin_inset Formula $\Diamond$
25277 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25280 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25288 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25291 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25292 \begin_inset Formula $\heartsuit$
25302 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25305 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25313 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25316 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25317 \begin_inset Formula $\P$
25327 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25330 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25338 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25341 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25342 \begin_inset Formula $\copyright$
25352 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25355 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25363 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25366 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25367 \begin_inset Formula $\circledR$
25377 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25380 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25388 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25391 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25392 \begin_inset Formula $\maltese$
25402 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25405 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25413 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25416 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25417 \begin_inset Formula $\diagup$
25427 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25430 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25438 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25441 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25442 \begin_inset Formula $\diagdown$
25458 \begin_layout Standard
25459 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
25465 \begin_layout Standard
25466 Some symbols can be displayed in different sizes,
25468 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
25470 reference "subsec:Font-Sizes"
25478 \begin_layout Subsection
25480 \begin_inset Index idx
25485 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25487 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
25490 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25502 \begin_inset Index idx
25507 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25508 \begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
25511 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25523 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25540 \begin_layout Standard
25541 To use the Euro symbol in formulas,
25542 the \SpecialChar LaTeX
25548 \begin_inset Index idx
25553 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25555 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
25558 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25569 must be installed and loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
25573 \begin_layout Standard
25578 usepackage[gennarrow]{eurosym}
25581 \begin_layout Standard
25582 The Euro symbol can now be inserted with the command
25589 \begin_inset Index idx
25594 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25596 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
25599 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25606 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
25609 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25625 \begin_layout Standard
25626 The Euro symbol can directly be inserted with the € key in mathematical text,
25643 can also be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
25645 The official currency symbol can then be inserted with the command
25652 \begin_inset Index idx
25657 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25659 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
25662 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25669 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
25672 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25686 which is also only available in \SpecialChar TeX
25690 \begin_layout Standard
25694 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25704 \begin_inset Note Note
25707 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25708 The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
25721 \begin_layout Standard
25722 An overview about the different Euro symbols:
25725 \begin_layout Standard
25727 \begin_inset Tabular
25728 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
25729 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
25730 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
25731 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
25732 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
25734 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
25737 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25741 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25745 cmidrule[0.08em]{2-3}
25755 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25758 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25764 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25767 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25775 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25778 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25784 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25787 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25795 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25798 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25799 \begin_inset Formula $\euro$
25809 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25812 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25818 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25821 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25827 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25830 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25831 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{€}$
25841 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25844 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25851 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
25854 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25862 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
25865 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25869 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25889 \begin_inset Note Note
25892 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25899 is used here only for table borders.
25909 manual for details.
25917 \begin_layout Standard
25921 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25931 \begin_inset Note Note
25934 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25935 The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
25948 \begin_layout Standard
25949 You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
25954 to see the rest of this subsection in the output.
25957 \begin_layout Standard
25961 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25973 \begin_layout Section
25975 \begin_inset CommandInset label
25977 name "sec:Relations"
25982 \begin_inset Index idx
25987 \begin_layout Plain Layout
25994 \begin_inset Index idx
25999 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26001 \begin_inset IndexMacro see
26004 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26018 \begin_layout Standard
26019 All of the following relations can also be inserted via the toolbar button
26022 arg "math-insert \\leq"
26028 \begin_layout Standard
26029 \begin_inset Tabular
26030 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
26031 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
26032 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
26033 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
26035 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26038 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26044 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26047 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26055 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26058 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26064 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26067 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26068 \begin_inset Formula $<$
26078 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26081 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26089 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26092 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26093 \begin_inset Formula $\le$
26103 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26106 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26114 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26117 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26118 \begin_inset Formula $\ll$
26128 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26131 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26139 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26142 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26143 \begin_inset Formula $\prec$
26153 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26156 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26164 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26167 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26168 \begin_inset Formula $\preceq$
26178 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26181 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26189 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26192 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26193 \begin_inset Formula $\subset$
26203 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26206 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26214 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26217 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26218 \begin_inset Formula $\subseteq$
26228 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26231 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26239 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26242 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26243 \begin_inset Formula $\sqsubseteq$
26253 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26256 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26264 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26267 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26268 \begin_inset Formula $\in$
26278 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26281 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26289 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26292 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26293 \begin_inset Formula $\vdash$
26303 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26306 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26314 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26317 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26318 \begin_inset Formula $\smile$
26328 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26331 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26339 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26342 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26343 \begin_inset Formula $\lhd$
26353 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26356 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26364 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26367 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26368 \begin_inset Formula $\unlhd$
26378 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26381 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26389 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26392 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26393 \begin_inset Formula $\gtrless$
26403 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26406 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26414 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26417 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26418 \begin_inset Formula $\mid$
26428 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26431 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26439 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26442 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26443 \begin_inset Formula $\nmid$
26457 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
26461 \begin_inset Tabular
26462 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
26463 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
26464 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
26465 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
26467 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26470 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26476 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26479 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26487 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26490 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26496 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26499 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26500 \begin_inset Formula $=$
26510 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26513 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26521 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26524 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26525 \begin_inset Formula $\not=$
26535 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26538 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26546 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26549 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26550 \begin_inset Formula $\equiv$
26560 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26563 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26571 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26574 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26575 \begin_inset Formula $\sim$
26585 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26588 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26596 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26599 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26600 \begin_inset Formula $\simeq$
26610 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26613 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26621 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26624 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26625 \begin_inset Formula $\approx$
26635 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26638 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26646 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26649 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26650 \begin_inset Formula $\cong$
26660 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26663 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26671 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26674 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26675 \begin_inset Formula $\bowtie$
26685 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26688 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26696 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26699 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26700 \begin_inset Formula $\notin$
26710 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26713 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26721 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26724 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26725 \begin_inset Formula $\perp$
26735 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26738 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26746 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26749 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26750 \begin_inset Formula $\propto$
26760 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26763 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26771 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26774 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26775 \begin_inset Formula $\asymp$
26785 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26788 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26796 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26799 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26800 \begin_inset Formula $\doteq$
26810 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26813 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26821 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26824 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26825 \begin_inset Formula $\circeq$
26835 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26838 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26846 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26849 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26850 \begin_inset Formula $\models$
26860 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26863 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26871 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26874 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26875 \begin_inset Formula $\widehat{=}$
26889 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
26893 \begin_inset Tabular
26894 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="17" columns="2">
26895 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
26896 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
26897 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
26899 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26902 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26908 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26911 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26919 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26922 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26928 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26931 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26932 \begin_inset Formula $>$
26942 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26945 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26953 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26956 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26957 \begin_inset Formula $\ge$
26967 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26970 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26978 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
26981 \begin_layout Plain Layout
26982 \begin_inset Formula $\gg$
26992 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
26995 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27003 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27006 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27007 \begin_inset Formula $\succ$
27017 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27020 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27028 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27031 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27032 \begin_inset Formula $\succeq$
27042 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27045 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27053 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27056 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27057 \begin_inset Formula $\supset$
27067 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27070 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27078 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27081 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27082 \begin_inset Formula $\supseteq$
27092 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27095 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27103 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27106 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27107 \begin_inset Formula $\sqsupseteq$
27117 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27120 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27128 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27131 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27132 \begin_inset Formula $\ni$
27142 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27145 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27153 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27156 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27157 \begin_inset Formula $\dashv$
27167 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27170 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27178 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27181 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27182 \begin_inset Formula $\frown$
27192 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27195 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27203 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27206 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27207 \begin_inset Formula $\rhd$
27217 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27220 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27228 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27231 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27232 \begin_inset Formula $\unrhd$
27242 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27245 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27253 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27256 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27257 \begin_inset Formula $\lessgtr$
27267 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27270 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27278 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27281 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27282 \begin_inset Formula $\parallel$
27292 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27295 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27303 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27306 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27307 \begin_inset Formula $\nparallel$
27323 \begin_layout Standard
27324 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
27339 are bigger than the equal looking operators
27355 \begin_layout Standard
27357 supports also many special relations.
27358 Use the toolbar button
27361 arg "math-insert \\leqq"
27364 to see a list of these relations.
27367 \begin_layout Standard
27368 Contrary to symbols,
27369 relations are always surrounded by space.
27372 \begin_layout Standard
27373 Relations with labels can be created with the command
27380 \begin_inset Index idx
27385 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27387 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
27390 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27397 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
27400 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27416 \begin_layout Standard
27418 \begin_inset Tabular
27419 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
27420 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
27421 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
27422 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
27424 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27427 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27433 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27436 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27443 <row topspace="1.5mm">
27444 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
27447 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27451 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
27459 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
27463 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
27469 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
27473 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
27481 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27484 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27485 \begin_inset Formula $A(r)\stackrel{r\to\infty}{\approx}B$
27501 \begin_layout Section
27505 \begin_layout Subsection
27506 Predefined Functions
27507 \begin_inset CommandInset label
27509 name "subsec:Predefined-Functions"
27514 \begin_inset Index idx
27519 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27521 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
27524 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27538 \begin_layout Standard
27544 in mathematical expressions,
27545 but not function names,
27547 \begin_inset Formula $sin$
27550 could be misunderstood as
27551 \begin_inset Formula $s\cdot i\cdot n$
27555 Also predefined functions are separated a bit from the character in front of them.
27556 They are inserted as commands starting with a backslash before their name.
27559 \begin_layout Standard
27561 \begin_inset Tabular
27562 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
27563 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
27564 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
27565 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
27567 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
27570 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27576 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27579 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27587 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
27590 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27596 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27599 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27600 \begin_inset Formula $Asin(x)+B$
27614 \begin_inset space \quad{}
27618 \begin_inset Tabular
27619 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
27620 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
27621 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
27622 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
27624 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
27627 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27633 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
27636 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27644 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
27647 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27655 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
27658 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27659 \begin_inset Formula $A\sin(x)+B$
27675 \begin_layout Standard
27676 The following functions are predefined:
27679 \begin_layout Standard
27680 \begin_inset VSpace -2mm
27686 \begin_layout Standard
27688 \begin_inset Tabular
27689 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="4">
27690 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
27691 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
27692 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
27693 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
27694 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
27696 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27699 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27705 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27708 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27714 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27717 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27723 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27726 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27734 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27737 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27745 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27748 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27756 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27759 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27767 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27770 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27780 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27783 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27791 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27794 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27802 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27805 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27813 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27816 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27826 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27829 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27837 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27840 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27848 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27851 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27859 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27862 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27872 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27875 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27883 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27886 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27894 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27897 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27905 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27908 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27918 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27921 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27929 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27932 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27940 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27943 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27951 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
27954 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27964 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27967 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27975 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27978 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27986 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
27989 \begin_layout Plain Layout
27997 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
28000 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28010 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
28013 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28021 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
28024 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28032 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
28035 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28043 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
28046 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28056 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
28059 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28067 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
28070 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28078 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
28081 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28089 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
28092 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28108 \begin_layout Standard
28109 They can also be inserted with the math toolbar button
28112 arg "math-insert \\functions"
28118 \begin_layout Subsection
28119 Self-defined Functions
28120 \begin_inset Index idx
28125 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28127 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
28130 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28144 \begin_layout Standard
28145 To use a function that is not predefined,
28146 for instance the sign function sgn(x),
28147 there are two possibilities:
28150 \begin_layout Itemize
28151 Define the function by inserting the following line in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
28156 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28161 DeclareMathOperator
28164 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
28166 reference "subsec:Self-defined-Operators"
28177 \begin_inset Newline newline
28181 \begin_inset VSpace -3mm
28185 \begin_inset Newline newline
28192 DeclareMathOperator{
28197 \begin_inset Index idx
28202 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28204 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
28207 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28214 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
28217 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28218 \begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
28221 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28231 DeclareMathOperator
28242 \begin_inset Newline newline
28246 \begin_inset VSpace -2mm
28250 \begin_inset Newline newline
28253 Now the newly defined function can be called with the command
28262 \begin_layout Itemize
28263 Write the formula as usual,
28264 mark the formula name,
28265 in our example the letters
28270 and change it to mathematical text.
28272 insert a space between the prefactor and function.
28275 \begin_layout Standard
28276 The result is the same with both methods as with a predefined function
28280 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28281 In \SpecialChar LyX
28282 self-defined functions are displayed red,
28283 predefined ones black.
28291 \begin_layout Standard
28293 \begin_inset Tabular
28294 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
28295 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
28296 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
28297 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
28299 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
28302 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28308 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
28311 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28319 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
28322 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28330 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
28333 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28334 \begin_inset Formula $A\sgn(x)+B$
28344 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
28347 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28351 \begin_inset Formula $\underbrace{\textrm{sgn}}_{\textrm{Alt+M}\,\textrm{M}}$
28359 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
28362 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28363 \begin_inset Formula $A\,\textrm{sgn}(x)+B$
28379 \begin_layout Standard
28380 The first method is more suitable when the self-defined function will be used several times.
28383 \begin_layout Subsection
28385 \begin_inset Index idx
28390 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28399 \begin_layout Standard
28401 in addition to the commands
28408 \begin_inset Index idx
28413 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28415 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
28418 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28425 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
28428 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28454 the following functions are defined:
28457 \begin_layout Standard
28459 \begin_inset Tabular
28460 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
28461 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
28462 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
28463 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
28465 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
28468 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28474 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
28477 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28485 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
28488 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28496 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
28499 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28500 \begin_inset Formula $\varliminf$
28509 <row topspace="1.5mm">
28510 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
28513 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28521 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
28524 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28525 \begin_inset Formula $\varlimsup$
28534 <row topspace="1.5mm">
28535 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
28538 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28546 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
28549 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28550 \begin_inset Formula $\varprojlim$
28559 <row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
28560 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
28563 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28571 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
28574 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28575 \begin_inset Formula $\varinjlim$
28591 \begin_layout Standard
28592 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
28595 The limit is created by inserting a subscript.
28596 It is set right beside the function in an inline formula:
28599 \begin_layout Standard
28601 \begin_inset Tabular
28602 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
28603 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
28604 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
28605 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
28607 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
28610 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28616 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
28619 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28627 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
28630 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28636 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
28640 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
28648 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
28651 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28652 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\to A}x=B$
28668 \begin_layout Standard
28669 In a displayed formula the limit is set below the formula,
28671 \begin_inset Formula
28681 \begin_layout Standard
28682 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
28688 \begin_layout Standard
28689 How to adjust the typesetting of the limits see
28690 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
28692 reference "subsec:Operator-Limits"
28700 \begin_layout Subsection
28702 \begin_inset Index idx
28707 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28709 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
28712 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28726 \begin_layout Standard
28727 The modulo-function is special,
28728 because it exists in four variants.
28729 The variants in an inline formula are:
28732 \begin_layout Standard
28735 \begin_inset Tabular
28736 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
28737 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
28738 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
28739 <column alignment="block" valignment="top">
28741 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
28744 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28750 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
28753 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28761 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
28764 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28768 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
28776 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
28779 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28780 \begin_inset Formula $a\mod b$
28790 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
28793 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28797 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
28801 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
28809 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
28812 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28813 \begin_inset Formula $a\pmod b$
28823 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
28826 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28830 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
28834 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
28842 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
28845 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28846 \begin_inset Formula $a\bmod b$
28856 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
28859 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28863 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
28867 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
28875 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
28878 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28879 \begin_inset Formula $a\pod b$
28895 \begin_layout Standard
28896 In a display formula,
28897 more space is set before the function names for all variants but
28904 This later version is also the only one that does not take the
28908 as argument but acts as a binary operator.
28912 \begin_layout Section
28914 \begin_inset Index idx
28919 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28928 \begin_layout Standard
28929 The characters ^ and _ would normally create a superscript and subscript,
28931 To get these characters you have to insert them with a leading
28936 \begin_layout Standard
28939 \begin_inset Tabular
28940 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
28941 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
28942 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
28943 <column alignment="block" valignment="top">
28945 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
28948 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28954 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
28957 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28965 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
28968 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28972 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
28980 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
28983 \begin_layout Plain Layout
28984 \begin_inset Formula $\mathcircumflex$
28994 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
28997 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29005 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29008 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29009 \begin_inset Formula $\_$
29025 \begin_layout Subsection
29026 Special Characters in Mathematical Text
29029 \begin_layout Standard
29030 The following commands can only be used in mathematical text or in \SpecialChar TeX
29034 \begin_layout Standard
29035 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
29039 \begin_inset Tabular
29040 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
29041 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
29042 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29043 <column alignment="block" valignment="top">
29045 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29048 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29054 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29057 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29065 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29068 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29076 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29079 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29080 \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{œ}$
29090 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29093 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29101 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29104 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29105 \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Œ}$
29115 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29118 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29126 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29129 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29130 \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{æ}$
29140 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29143 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29151 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29154 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29155 \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Æ}$
29165 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29168 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29176 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29179 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29180 \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{å}$
29190 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29193 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29201 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29204 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29205 \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Å}$
29215 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29218 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29226 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29229 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29230 \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ı}$
29244 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
29248 \begin_inset Tabular
29249 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
29250 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
29251 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29252 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
29254 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29257 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29259 \begin_inset Note Note
29262 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29264 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
29267 mm is used for separation,
29268 because otherwise the output will be ¡ and ¿ respectively.
29278 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29281 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29289 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29292 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29300 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29303 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29304 \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ø}$
29314 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29317 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29325 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29328 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29329 \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Ø}$
29339 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29342 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29350 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29353 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29354 \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ł}$
29364 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29367 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29375 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29378 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29379 \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Ł}$
29389 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29392 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29394 \begin_inset space \hspace{}
29399 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
29407 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29410 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29411 \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{!`}$
29421 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29424 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29426 \begin_inset space \hspace{}
29431 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
29439 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29442 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29443 \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{?`}$
29453 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29456 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29464 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29467 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29468 \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{ȷ}$
29482 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
29488 \begin_layout Standard
29490 \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Å}$
29494 \begin_inset Formula $\textrm{Ø}$
29497 can also be inserted via the math toolbar button
29500 arg "math-insert \\digamma"
29506 \begin_layout Standard
29510 \begin_inset space \hspace{}
29519 \begin_inset space \hspace{}
29525 are exceptions because they can be inserted in \SpecialChar LyX
29529 \begin_layout Subsection
29531 \begin_inset CommandInset label
29533 name "subsec:Accents-in-Text"
29538 \begin_inset Index idx
29543 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29545 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
29548 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29562 \begin_layout Standard
29563 Any letter can be accented with the following commands.
29564 The commands must be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
29568 \begin_layout Standard
29569 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
29573 \begin_inset Tabular
29574 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
29575 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
29576 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29577 <column alignment="block" valignment="top">
29579 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29582 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29588 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29591 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29599 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29602 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29606 \begin_inset Quotes grd
29614 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29617 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29621 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29637 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29640 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29648 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29651 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29655 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29671 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29674 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29678 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
29686 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29689 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29693 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29709 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29712 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29720 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29723 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29727 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29743 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29746 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29750 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
29758 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29761 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29765 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29781 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29784 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29788 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
29796 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29799 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29803 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29819 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29822 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29826 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
29834 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29837 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29841 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29861 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
29865 \begin_inset Tabular
29866 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="8" columns="2">
29867 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
29868 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="0pt">
29869 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
29871 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29874 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29880 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29883 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29891 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29894 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29898 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
29906 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29909 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29913 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29929 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29932 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29940 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29943 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29947 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29963 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
29966 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29970 \begin_inset Index idx
29975 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29986 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
29989 \begin_layout Plain Layout
29993 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30009 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30012 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30020 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
30023 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30027 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30043 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30046 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30050 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
30058 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
30061 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30065 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30081 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30084 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30088 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
30096 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
30099 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30103 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30119 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30122 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30126 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
30134 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
30137 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30141 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30161 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
30167 \begin_layout Standard
30168 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
30177 also two different characters can be accented.
30183 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
30193 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30205 \begin_layout Standard
30219 can in combination with vowels be directly inserted with the keyboard without using \SpecialChar TeX
30221 The same applies for the tilde
30225 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30226 This only applies for keyboards where the tilde is defined as accent.
30235 in combination with
30252 \begin_layout Standard
30301 and accents that are inserted directly with the keyboard are also available in mathematical text.
30302 For the other accents there are special math commands used in formulas,
30304 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
30306 reference "subsec:Accents-for-one"
30314 \begin_layout Standard
30315 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
30325 \begin_inset Index idx
30330 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30332 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
30335 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30342 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
30345 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30358 any number or letter can be set into a circle,
30359 quasi accented with a circle,
30360 similar to the copyright symbol.
30363 \begin_layout Standard
30365 \begin_inset Tabular
30366 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
30367 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
30368 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
30369 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
30371 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30374 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30380 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
30383 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30391 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
30394 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30402 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
30405 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30409 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30424 <row topspace="1mm">
30425 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
30428 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30439 raisebox{-1.5pt}{W}}
30444 <cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
30447 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30451 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30481 \begin_layout Standard
30482 One has to take care that the character fits into the circle.
30493 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30495 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
30497 reference "subsec:Font-Sizes"
30507 specifies the size of the circle.
30518 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30520 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
30522 reference "subsec:Boxes-without-Frame"
30532 the character can be centered.
30535 \begin_layout Subsection
30537 \begin_inset Index idx
30542 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30551 \begin_layout Standard
30552 Old-style figures (also known as old-style numerals) are created with the command
30559 \begin_inset Index idx
30564 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30566 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
30569 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30576 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
30579 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30593 The command can be used in formulas and in \SpecialChar TeX
30595 The command scheme is:
30598 \begin_layout Standard
30603 oldstylenums{number}
30606 \begin_layout Standard
30611 oldstylenums{0123456789}
30615 \begin_inset Formula $\oldstylenums{0123456789}$
30621 \begin_layout Section
30623 \begin_inset CommandInset label
30625 name "sec:Formula-Styles"
30630 \begin_inset Index idx
30635 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30637 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
30640 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30654 \begin_layout Itemize
30655 There are two different alignment styles:
30659 \begin_layout Description
30660 Centered is the predefined standard.
30663 \begin_layout Description
30664 Indented can be set using the menu
30666 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
30672 \begin_inset space ~
30678 \begin_layout Standard
30684 the indentation can be adjusted.
30685 The default value depends on the document class.
30689 \begin_layout Itemize
30690 Two different numbering styles are available in the menu
30692 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
30698 \begin_inset space ~
30707 \begin_layout Description
30708 Right is in most cases the default.
30711 \begin_layout Description
30716 \begin_layout Standard
30717 The chosen styles are used for all displayed formulas of the document.
30719 centered and indented formulas should be created in a document,
30725 The indented formulas are then set in a flalign environment,
30727 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
30729 reference "subsec:Flalign-Environment"
30737 \begin_layout Section
30739 \begin_inset CommandInset label
30741 name "sec:Multiline-Formulas"
30746 \begin_inset Index idx
30751 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30753 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
30756 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30770 \begin_layout Subsection
30774 \begin_layout Standard
30775 In \SpecialChar LyX
30777 multiline formulas are created by pressing
30780 arg "newline-insert newline"
30784 This creates either an
30788 that is described in
30789 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
30791 reference "subsec:Standard-align-Environment"
30797 when automatically loading of the package
30801 is disabled in the document settings,
30804 eqnarray environment
30806 that is described in
30807 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
30809 reference "subsec:Eqnarray-Environment"
30815 The align environment is recommended as it provides a typographically correct output in all cases.
30818 \begin_layout Standard
30819 There are other multiline formula environments that can be created via the menu
30821 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
30825 These environments are described in the following sections.
30828 \begin_layout Standard
30829 In all multiline formula environments a new line is created by pressing
30832 arg "newline-insert newline"
30836 To add or delete lines,
30837 use the math toolbar buttons
30840 arg "tabular-feature append-row"
30846 arg "tabular-feature delete-row"
30852 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
30858 \begin_layout Subsubsection
30860 \begin_inset CommandInset label
30862 name "subsec:Line-Separation"
30867 \begin_inset Index idx
30872 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30874 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
30877 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30884 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
30887 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30901 \begin_layout Standard
30902 Sometimes there is not enough space in multiline formulas between the lines:
30903 \begin_inset Formula
30905 B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\
30906 4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0
30914 \begin_layout Standard
30915 In \SpecialChar LaTeX
30916 additional line space is specified as an optional argument of the new line command.
30917 This is not yet possible in \SpecialChar LyX
30922 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30924 \begin_inset CommandInset href
30926 name "LyX-bug #1505"
30927 target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1505"
30938 therefore the whole formula must be inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
30940 To add in our example space,
30949 is inserted at the end of the first line.
30955 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30962 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30964 B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = &
30966 textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}
30973 \begin_layout Plain Layout
30977 left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}
30985 left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}
30990 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31002 \begin_layout Standard
31003 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
31006 To set the line separation for all lines in a formula,
31014 \begin_inset Index idx
31019 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31021 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31024 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31031 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31034 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31050 \begin_inset Formula $\mbox{line separation}=\mathrm{6\,pt+\backslash jot}$
31061 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
31066 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
31069 mm of additional line separation as in the previous example,
31073 \begin_layout Standard
31083 \begin_layout Standard
31084 is inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
31085 mode before the formula.
31086 This requires that the \SpecialChar LaTeX
31095 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31100 is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
31101 standard installation.
31107 \begin_inset Index idx
31112 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31114 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31117 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31128 was loaded in \SpecialChar LaTeX
31129 -preamble with the line
31132 \begin_layout Standard
31140 \begin_layout Standard
31146 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31158 \begin_inset Formula
31160 B^{2}(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2})+4x_{0}^{2}x^{2}+4x_{0}xD & = & \textrm{-}4x^{2}B^{2}+4x_{0}xB^{2}\\
31161 4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right) & = & 0
31169 \begin_layout Standard
31173 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31190 to its original value,
31197 is set to the value 3
31198 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
31204 \begin_layout Subsubsection
31206 \begin_inset CommandInset label
31208 name "subsec:Column-Separation"
31213 \begin_inset Index idx
31218 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31220 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31223 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31230 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31233 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31247 \begin_layout Standard
31248 Multiline formulas form a matrix.
31249 A formula in the eqnarray environment for example is a matrix with three columns.
31250 By changing the column separation in this environment,
31251 the space beside the relation sign can be changed.
31254 \begin_layout Standard
31255 The column separation is specified with the length
31262 \begin_inset Index idx
31267 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31269 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31272 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31279 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31282 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31295 according to the formula:
31296 column separation = 2
31297 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
31307 \begin_inset Newline newline
31314 \begin_layout Standard
31324 \begin_layout Standard
31325 inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
31327 sets all following formula column separations to 2
31328 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
31332 To return to the predefined distance,
31340 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
31346 \begin_layout Standard
31348 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
31351 cm column separation:
31355 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31367 \begin_inset Formula
31375 A formula with the predefined column separation for matrices of 10
31376 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
31383 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31395 \begin_inset Formula
31406 \begin_layout Standard
31407 \begin_inset Newpage newpage
31413 \begin_layout Subsubsection
31415 \begin_inset Index idx
31420 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31422 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31425 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31439 \begin_layout Standard
31440 Long formulas can be typeset using these methods:
31443 \begin_layout Itemize
31444 If one side of an equation is much shorter than the line width,
31445 this is chosen for the left side and the right side is typeset over two lines:
31446 \begin_inset Formula
31448 H & = & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\nonumber \\
31449 & & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}\label{eq:shortlong}
31454 The minus sign at the beginning of the second line does normally not appear as an operator because it is the first character of the line.
31455 Thus it would not be surrounded by space and could not be distinguished from the fraction bar.
31458 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
31461 pt space was inserted behind the minus sign with the command
31471 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31479 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
31481 reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
31492 \begin_inset Index idx
31497 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31499 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31502 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31509 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31512 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31528 \begin_layout Itemize
31529 When both sides of the equation are long,
31537 \begin_inset Index idx
31542 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31544 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31547 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31554 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31557 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31571 It is inserted in the first column of the first line and causes all further insertions to overwrite the following columns:
31572 \begin_inset Formula
31574 \lefteqn{4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}}\nonumber \\
31575 & & -\hspace{3pt}B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\nonumber \\
31576 & & =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}\label{eq:lefteqn}
31581 After the insertion of
31588 the cursor is in a purple box that is shifted a bit to the left from the blue one.
31589 The formula is inserted there.
31590 \begin_inset Newline newline
31593 The content of additional lines is inserted in the second or another formula column.
31594 The greater the insertion column number ,
31595 the larger the indentation.
31596 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
31600 \begin_inset Newline newline
31604 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
31607 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31608 Note the following when using
31617 \begin_layout Itemize
31618 The formula doesn't use the full page width.
31620 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
31624 \begin_inset space \space{}
31628 \begin_inset Formula $-B^{2}$
31631 is added to the first line in the above example,
31632 it would have been outside the page margin.
31633 To better use the width,
31634 negative space can be inserted at the beginning of the first line.
31637 \begin_layout Itemize
31638 Due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX
31639 the cursor cannot be set with the mouse in the first line.
31643 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31644 \begin_inset CommandInset href
31646 name "LyX-bug #1429"
31647 target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/1429"
31657 One can only set the cursor at the beginning of the line and move it with the arrow keys.
31665 \begin_layout Itemize
31666 Other methods to set long formulas are offered by the environments described in
31667 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
31669 reference "subsec:Multline-Environment"
31675 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
31677 reference "subsec:Multiline-Formula-Parts"
31685 \begin_layout Subsubsection
31686 Multiline Fractions
31687 \begin_inset CommandInset label
31689 name "subsec:Multiline-Fractions"
31694 \begin_inset Index idx
31699 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31701 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31704 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31718 \begin_layout Standard
31719 There are cases where the denominator and/or the numerator of a fraction is so long that the fraction does not fit on one line.
31720 It is then necessary to add a line break within the fraction.
31721 This can be done using the command
31728 \begin_inset Index idx
31733 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31735 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31738 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31745 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31748 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31763 go to the document settings under
31766 \begin_inset space ~
31776 \begin_inset Index idx
31781 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31783 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31786 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31797 and set its option to
31800 \begin_inset space ~
31815 \begin_layout Standard
31820 splitfrac{first line}{second line}
31823 \begin_layout Standard
31824 and is used for either the denominator or numerator:
31827 \begin_layout Standard
31828 \begin_inset Formula
31830 a=\frac{\splitfrac{xy+xy+xy+xy+xy}{+wy+wy+wy+wy}}{z}\ne\frac{\splitdfrac{xy+\frac{xy}{z}+xy+xy+xy}{+xy+xy+xy+xy}}{z}
31835 The command for the first numerator above is:
31838 \begin_layout Standard
31843 splitfrac{xy+xy+xy+xy+xy
31844 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
31852 \begin_layout Subsubsection
31854 \begin_inset CommandInset label
31856 name "subsec:Multiline-Brackets"
31861 \begin_inset Index idx
31866 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31868 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31871 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31872 for multiline expressions
31885 \begin_layout Standard
31886 For brackets spanning multiple lines the following problem occurs:
31887 \begin_inset Formula
31889 A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\
31890 & & \left.\cdots+B-D\right]
31898 \begin_layout Standard
31899 The closing bracket is smaller than the opening bracket because brackets with variable size may not span multiple lines.
31902 \begin_layout Standard
31903 To set the bracket size for the second line correctly,
31904 the first line is ended with
31911 \begin_inset Index idx
31916 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31918 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31921 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31928 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31931 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31944 and the second line with
31952 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31966 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
31968 reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
31981 \begin_inset Index idx
31986 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31988 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
31991 \begin_layout Plain Layout
31998 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32001 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32029 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
32039 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
32049 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
32055 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
32061 \begin_inset Index idx
32066 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32068 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32071 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32078 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32081 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32095 because the multiplication operator with its limits is the largest symbol in the first line and this should be the size for the bracket in the second line.
32098 \begin_layout Standard
32099 The result is this:
32100 \begin_inset Formula
32102 A & = & \sin(x)\left[\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{R}+\cdots\right.\\
32103 & & \left.\vphantom{\prod_{R=1}^{\infty}}\cdots+B-D\right]
32111 \begin_layout Subsection
32115 \begin_layout Standard
32116 Align environments can be used for every kind of multiline formulas.
32117 They are especially useful to set several formulas side by side.
32120 \begin_layout Standard
32121 Align environments consist of columns.
32122 The odd columns are right aligned,
32123 the even ones left aligned.
32124 Every line in an Align environment can be numbered.
32127 \begin_layout Standard
32128 Align environments are created via the menu
32130 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
32136 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
32137 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
32138 Change Formula Type
32140 pre-existing formulas can be converted to Align environments.
32143 \begin_layout Standard
32144 To add or delete columns,
32145 use the math toolbar buttons
32148 arg "tabular-feature append-column"
32154 arg "tabular-feature delete-column"
32160 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
32166 \begin_layout Subsubsection
32167 Standard Align Environment
32168 \begin_inset CommandInset label
32170 name "subsec:Standard-align-Environment"
32175 \begin_inset Index idx
32180 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32182 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32185 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32192 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32195 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32209 \begin_layout Standard
32210 This align environment is created by pressing
32213 arg "newline-insert newline"
32216 in a formula or by the menu
32218 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
32219 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
32220 AMS align Environment
32225 \begin_layout Standard
32226 An example for two formulas set side by side,
32227 that are created with a four column align environment:
32228 \begin_inset Formula
32230 A & =\sin(B) & C & =D\\
32231 C & \ne A & B & \ne D
32237 the formulas in this environment are placed so as if there would be a
32245 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32253 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
32255 reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
32267 before the first and after every even column.
32268 When the formula style
32274 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32275 For formula styles see
32276 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
32278 reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
32291 the formula is set without the
32297 before the first column.
32300 \begin_layout Subsubsection
32301 Alignat Environment
32302 \begin_inset Index idx
32307 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32309 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32312 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32319 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32322 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32323 alignat environment
32336 \begin_layout Standard
32337 The alignat environment has no predefined column separation.
32338 It can be inserted manually with the spaces that are described in
32339 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
32341 reference "subsec:Space"
32349 \begin_layout Standard
32350 The above example is shown in the alignat environment where 1
32351 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
32354 cm space was inserted at the beginning of the second formula:
32355 \begin_inset Formula
32356 \begin{alignat*}{2}
32357 A & =\sin(B) & \hspace{1cm}C & =D\\
32358 C & \ne A & B & \ne D
32363 Because the column separation can be set separately for every column,
32364 this environment is especially suitable to set three or more formulas side by side.
32367 \begin_layout Subsubsection
32368 Flalign Environment
32369 \begin_inset CommandInset label
32371 name "subsec:Flalign-Environment"
32376 \begin_inset Index idx
32381 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32383 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32386 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32393 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32396 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32397 flalign environment
32410 \begin_layout Standard
32411 In this environment the first column is always set to the left as much as possible and the last one to the right.
32413 \begin_inset Formula
32415 A & =1 & B & =2 & C & =3\\
32416 X & =\textrm{-}1 & Y & =\textrm{-}2 & Z & =4
32424 \begin_layout Standard
32425 By creating a flalign environment with an odd number of columns where an empty \SpecialChar TeX
32426 brace is inserted in the last column,
32427 several formulas in a document can be set to the left,
32428 although the formula style
32433 As example the indented formula
32434 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
32436 reference "eq:VolInt"
32442 \begin_inset Formula
32444 \hspace{30pt}\iiint_{V}X\,\mathrm{d}V & =U & {}
32449 The first two columns contain the formula.
32450 To indent it as with the formula style
32456 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
32459 pt space was inserted at the beginning of the first column.
32462 \begin_layout Subsection
32463 Eqnarray Environment
32464 \begin_inset CommandInset label
32466 name "subsec:Eqnarray-Environment"
32471 \begin_inset Index idx
32476 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32478 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32481 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32488 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32491 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32492 eqnarray environment
32505 \begin_layout Standard
32506 When this environment is created,
32507 three blue boxes appear.
32508 The content of the first box is right aligned,
32509 the content of the last box left aligned.
32510 The content of the middle box appears centered and a bit smaller because it is intended for relational characters only.
32511 \begin_inset Formula
32513 \frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D} & \frac{ABC}{D}\\
32523 \begin_layout Subsection
32525 \begin_inset Index idx
32530 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32532 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32535 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32542 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32545 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32559 \begin_layout Standard
32560 This environment consists of one centered column.
32561 Every line can be numbered.
32562 \begin_inset Formula
32573 \begin_layout Subsection
32574 Multline Environment
32575 \begin_inset CommandInset label
32577 name "subsec:Multline-Environment"
32582 \begin_inset Index idx
32587 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32589 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32592 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32599 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32602 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32603 multline environment
32616 \begin_layout Standard
32617 The multline environment consists,
32618 like the gather environment,
32620 But the first line is left aligned,
32621 the last one right aligned.
32622 All other lines are centered.
32623 Therefore this environment is suitable for long formulas.
32624 Using example formula
32625 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
32627 reference "eq:lefteqn"
32632 in the multline environment:
32633 \begin_inset Formula
32635 4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\
32636 -B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}\\
32637 =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}
32645 \begin_layout Standard
32647 only the last line of a multline environment appears numbered when the document numbering is on the right .
32648 If the document numbering is on the left then only the first line will appear numbered.
32652 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32653 For numbering styles see
32654 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
32656 reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
32669 \begin_layout Standard
32677 \begin_inset Index idx
32682 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32684 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32687 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32694 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32697 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32717 \begin_inset Index idx
32722 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32724 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32727 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32734 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32737 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32750 a centered line can be right or left aligned,
32752 The commands are used as follows:
32755 \begin_layout Standard
32760 shoveright{line content}
32766 shoveleft{line content}
32769 \begin_layout Standard
32770 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
32780 \begin_inset Index idx
32785 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32787 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32790 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32797 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32800 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32813 specifies the distance of the first line from the left page margin.
32814 Predefined is the length 0
32815 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
32821 \begin_layout Standard
32822 As example the above formula where the command
32825 \begin_layout Standard
32835 \begin_layout Standard
32836 was inserted in \SpecialChar TeX
32841 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32853 \begin_inset Formula
32855 4x^{2}\left(B^{2}+x_{0}^{2}\right)+4x_{0}x\left(D-B^{2}\right)+B^{2}\left(B^{2}-2r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}^{2}-2r_{k}^{2}\right)+D^{2}\\
32856 \shoveleft{-B^{2}-2B\sqrt{r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}+r_{g}^{2}-x^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}}\\
32857 =B^{2}+2\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)+\frac{\left(r_{g}^{2}+2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}-r_{k}^{2}\right)^{2}}{B^{2}}
32866 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32877 The second line was left aligned using
32886 \begin_layout Subsection
32887 Multiline Formula Parts
32888 \begin_inset CommandInset label
32890 name "subsec:Multiline-Formula-Parts"
32895 \begin_inset Index idx
32900 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32902 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32905 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32912 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32915 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32929 \begin_layout Standard
32930 To display only parts of a formula with multiple lines,
32931 one of the following environments is used:
32951 They can be inserted via the menu
32953 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
32956 or by using the commands described in this section.
32959 \begin_layout Standard
32960 The first three have the same properties as the corresponding multiline formula environments,
32961 but it is possible to set additional formula parts beside them.
32963 \begin_inset Formula
32965 \left.\begin{aligned}\Delta x\Delta p & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}\\
32966 \Delta E\Delta t & \ge\frac{\hbar}{2}
32968 \right\} \textrm{Uncertainty relations}
32976 \begin_layout Standard
32977 To get this formula,
32978 a displayed formula is created where the command
32985 \begin_inset Index idx
32990 \begin_layout Plain Layout
32992 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
32995 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33002 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
33005 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33019 A purple box appears around the blue formula box where now columns and lines can be added.
33020 Outside the multiline environment other formula parts can be set,
33024 \begin_layout Standard
33025 The aligned environment is also suitable for long formulas whose lines are horizontally aligned.
33026 Using aligned in a displayed formula has the advantage that the formula number is vertically centered behind the lines.
33027 For example here is formula
33028 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
33030 reference "eq:shortlong"
33035 in the aligned environment:
33036 \begin_inset Formula
33038 \begin{aligned}H=\; & W_{SB}+W_{mv}+W_{D}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{0}}\Delta-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{1}}\Delta_{1}-\frac{\hbar^{2}}{2m_{2}}\Delta_{2}-\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{1}|}\\
33039 & -\hspace{3pt}\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}+\frac{e^{2}}{4\pi\varepsilon_{0}|\mathbf{R}_{1}-\mathbf{R}_{2}|}
33048 \begin_layout Standard
33049 To use the environments
33071 \begin_inset Index idx
33076 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33078 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
33081 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33088 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
33091 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33111 \begin_inset Index idx
33116 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33118 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
33121 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33128 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
33131 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33152 \begin_inset Index idx
33157 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33159 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
33162 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33169 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
33172 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33187 The split environment has the same properties as the aligned environment but it can only have two columns.
33190 \begin_layout Subsection
33191 Text in Multiline Formulas
33192 \begin_inset CommandInset label
33194 name "subsec:Text-in-multiline"
33199 \begin_inset Index idx
33204 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33206 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
33209 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33221 \begin_inset Index idx
33226 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33228 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
33231 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33238 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
33241 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33255 \begin_layout Standard
33256 In the align environments as well as the multline and gather environment,
33257 text can be inserted that will appear in a separate line and doesn't affect the column alignment.
33266 \begin_inset Index idx
33271 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33273 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
33276 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33283 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
33286 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33299 is used in the following scheme:
33302 \begin_layout Standard
33310 \begin_layout Standard
33311 The text should not be longer than a line because it cannot be hyphenated.
33312 As \SpecialChar LyX
33313 doesn't yet support
33320 the text is written as mathematical text.
33327 must be at the beginning of a line and will appear in the output above this line.
33328 An example where the text was inserted at the beginning of the second line:
33329 \begin_inset Formula
33331 I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\
33332 \intertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to \ensuremath{\phi=\pi}, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi
33340 \begin_layout Standard
33347 always creates some vertical space between the text and the formula lines.
33348 To avoid this space,
33349 in the document settings under
33352 \begin_inset space ~
33362 \begin_inset Index idx
33367 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33369 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
33372 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33386 \begin_inset space ~
33392 Then you can use the command
33399 \begin_inset Index idx
33404 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33406 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
33409 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33416 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
33419 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33441 \begin_layout Standard
33442 \begin_inset Formula
33444 I & =a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi\\
33445 \shortintertext{\text{integrand is symmetric to \ensuremath{\phi=\pi}, therefore}} & =2a\sqrt{2}\int_{0}^{\pi}\sqrt{1+\cos(\phi)}\;\mathrm{d}\phi
33453 \begin_layout Section
33455 \begin_inset Index idx
33460 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33467 \begin_inset Index idx
33472 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33474 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
33477 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33484 \begin_inset IndexMacro see
33487 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33501 \begin_layout Subsection
33505 \begin_layout Standard
33506 Numbered formulas can be created with the menu
33508 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
33509 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
33511 \begin_inset space ~
33519 arg "command-sequence math-display; math-number-toggle;"
33523 Existing formulas can be numbered with the menu
33525 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
33526 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
33528 \begin_inset space ~
33532 \begin_inset space ~
33540 arg "math-number-toggle"
33544 The formula number is displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
33545 behind the formula as a number in parentheses.
33549 \begin_layout Standard
33550 When numbering is turned on in multiline formulas,
33551 all formulas will be numbered.
33552 But the numbering can be controlled with the menu
33554 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
33555 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
33557 \begin_inset space ~
33561 \begin_inset space ~
33569 arg "math-number-line-toggle"
33572 ) for every formula.
33575 \begin_layout Standard
33576 Except for inline formulas,
33577 all formulas can be numbered with two different styles,
33579 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
33581 reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
33589 \begin_layout Subsection
33591 \begin_inset Index idx
33596 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33598 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
33601 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33615 \begin_layout Standard
33616 All labeled formulas can be cross-referenced.
33617 A label is added with the menu
33619 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
33622 or the toolbar button
33629 The cursor must be inside a displayed formula.
33630 Alternatively you can right-click on the formula and choose
33635 A dialog pops up displaying the prefix
33641 The label is inserted behind the prefix.
33642 The predefined prefix means
33643 \begin_inset Quotes eld
33647 \begin_inset Quotes erd
33650 and makes it easier to find labels in large documents because it marks it as a formula label to distinguish it from e.
33651 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
33655 \begin_inset space \space{}
33662 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
33665 is used again or you can right-click on a formula and then on
33672 \begin_layout Standard
33673 The name of the label is displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
33674 within parentheses behind the formula number.
33675 A formula with a label is always numbered.
33678 \begin_layout Standard
33679 Cross-references are inserted via the menu
33681 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
33684 or with the toolbar button
33687 arg "dialog-show-new-inset ref"
33691 A formula cross-reference appears in the output as formula number.
33692 When in the cross-reference dialog window the format
33697 the cross-reference appears in the output as formula number in parentheses.
33698 \begin_inset Newline newline
33701 By right-clicking on a cross-reference in \SpecialChar LyX
33703 one jumps to the formula that is referenced.
33706 \begin_layout Standard
33707 Here are as examples cross-references to formulas of the following subsections:
33708 \begin_inset Note Note
33711 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33712 Note the different cross-reference types.
33720 \begin_layout Standard
33722 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
33730 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
33739 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
33746 ) big Latin letters are used for the numbering in contrary to (
33747 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
33757 \begin_layout Standard
33758 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
33761 When the argument of
33769 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33777 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
33779 reference "subsec:User-defined-Numbering"
33791 contains a box like in
33792 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
33794 reference "subsec:Paragraph-Boxes"
33800 the formula cannot be referenced.
33803 \begin_layout Subsection
33805 \begin_inset Index idx
33810 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33812 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
33815 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33829 \begin_layout Standard
33830 Formulas can be numbered as subequations.
33831 To activate this feature,
33836 to the document in the menu
33838 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
33839 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
33843 To insert subequations use the menu
33845 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
33846 Custom Insets\SpecialChar menuseparator
33852 \begin_layout Standard
33853 The equations to be subnumbered are put into the
33859 \begin_inset Formula
33867 \begin_inset VSpace -5mm
33871 \begin_inset Flex Subequations
33874 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33875 \begin_inset Formula
33883 \begin_inset Formula
33898 \begin_layout Standard
33899 Every formula in the
33903 inset will be subnumbered with a,
33908 For multiline formulas every line will be subnumbered.
33911 \begin_layout Standard
33912 Referencing subequations works like normal equations:
33914 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
33923 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
33931 If you want to reference the subequations collectively,
33932 insert a label as first thing in the
33938 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
33940 reference "eq:Here-is-an"
33951 \begin_layout Standard
33952 When inserting subequations,
33953 vertical space is added before the equation.
33956 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
33959 mm vertical space right before the
33964 If the formula style
33970 \begin_layout Plain Layout
33971 For formula styles see
33972 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
33974 reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
33988 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
33994 \begin_layout Standard
33995 To get another subnumber instead of small Latin letters,
33996 insert this command as \SpecialChar TeX
33997 code before the equations in the
34004 \begin_layout Standard
34013 theparentequation -
34018 \begin_layout Standard
34025 creates the parent number and
34031 adds a small Roman number as subnumber.
34032 For more information about the customization of the numbering,
34034 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
34036 reference "subsec:Numbering-with-Roman"
34044 \begin_layout Standard
34045 Here is an example of a multiline formula where the numbering is customized and turned off for the second line:
34046 \begin_inset Flex Subequations
34049 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34050 \begin_inset CommandInset label
34052 name "eq:Here-is-an"
34060 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34068 theparentequation -
34076 \begin_inset Formula
34078 A & = & (B-Z)^{2}=(B-Z)(B-Z)\\
34079 & = & B^{2}-ZB-BZ+Z^{2}\nonumber \\
34080 & = & B^{2}-2BZ+Z^{2}
34093 \begin_layout Subsection
34094 Numbering with Roman Numbers and Letters
34095 \begin_inset CommandInset label
34097 name "subsec:Numbering-with-Roman"
34102 \begin_inset Index idx
34107 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34109 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
34112 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34124 \begin_inset Index idx
34129 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34131 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
34134 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34148 \begin_layout Standard
34149 Formulas can also be numbered with Roman numbers and Latin letters.
34150 To number with small Roman numbers,
34154 \begin_layout Standard
34166 \begin_layout Standard
34167 is inserted before the formula in \SpecialChar TeX
34176 \begin_inset Index idx
34181 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34183 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
34186 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34193 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
34196 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34209 redefines the predefined command
34225 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34232 has the same scheme as the command
34239 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
34241 reference "subsec:The-Command-newcommand"
34255 is the formula counter.
34262 is used as prefix for a counter,
34263 the value of the counter is output as Arabic number.
34264 When a formula is numbered,
34266 sets internally the command
34272 behind the formula.
34278 \begin_inset Index idx
34283 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34285 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
34288 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34295 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
34298 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34313 outputs the counter as small Roman number.
34316 \begin_layout Standard
34317 All formulas behind the command
34327 are now numbered Roman.
34328 To switch to numbering with big Roman numbers,
34329 the command is inserted again,
34343 \begin_inset Index idx
34348 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34350 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
34353 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34360 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
34363 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34364 \begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
34367 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34389 \begin_inset Quotes eld
34393 \begin_inset Quotes erd
34396 with small Latin letters there is the command
34403 \begin_inset Index idx
34408 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34410 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
34413 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34420 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
34423 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34437 for big ones there is the command
34444 \begin_inset Index idx
34449 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34451 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
34454 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34461 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
34464 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34465 \begin_inset IndexMacro sortkey
34468 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34491 \begin_layout Standard
34492 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
34495 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34501 Only a maximum of 26
34502 \begin_inset space ~
34505 formulas can be numbered with Latin letters in one document.
34513 \begin_layout Standard
34517 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34533 \begin_layout Standard
34534 \begin_inset Formula
34536 A=\textrm{small roman}
34545 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34559 \begin_inset Formula
34561 B=\textrm{big Roman}\label{eq:Rom}
34570 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34584 \begin_inset Formula
34586 C=\textrm{small Latin}
34595 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34609 \begin_inset Formula
34611 D=\textrm{big Latin}\label{eq:Lat}
34619 \begin_layout Standard
34620 To switch back to the default numbering,
34621 insert the command:
34624 \begin_layout Standard
34634 \begin_inset Index idx
34639 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34641 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
34644 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34651 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
34654 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34670 \begin_layout Standard
34674 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34688 \begin_inset Formula
34698 \begin_layout Standard
34699 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
34703 formulas are numbered serially independent from the numbering style.
34704 When then numbering should start with
34705 \begin_inset Quotes eld
34709 \begin_inset Quotes erd
34712 when the style is changed,
34713 new equation counters have to be defined.
34714 A description of this can be found in the file
34715 \begin_inset CommandInset href
34717 name "Formula-numbering.lyx"
34718 target "run:Formula-numbering.lyx"
34727 \begin_layout Subsection
34728 User-defined Numbering
34729 \begin_inset CommandInset label
34731 name "subsec:User-defined-Numbering"
34736 \begin_inset Index idx
34741 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34743 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
34746 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34760 \begin_layout Standard
34761 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
34764 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34770 If the document language is a right-to-left language such as Arabic,
34771 you must add this to the to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
34772 -preamble to be able to use the commands described in this section:
34773 \begin_inset Newline newline
34781 \begin_inset Newline newline
34785 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
34788 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34791 \begin_inset space ~
34817 \begin_layout Standard
34818 \begin_inset Index idx
34823 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34825 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
34828 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34829 self-defined delimiters
34839 With standard numbering,
34840 parentheses are set around a formula number.
34841 To replace the parentheses for example with vertical bars,
34842 the following line is added to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
34846 \begin_layout Standard
34852 \begin_inset Newline newline
34856 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
34859 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34862 \begin_inset space ~
34876 maketag@@@{|#1|}} }
34879 \begin_inset Note Note
34882 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34883 This macro is already declared in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
34884 -preamble for testing.
34886 remove the percent signs at the beginning.
34894 \begin_layout Standard
34895 To use other characters,
34896 the vertical bars besides the
34900 are replaced by one or more characters.
34901 To display only the formula number the vertical bars are omitted.
34904 \begin_layout Standard
34905 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
34908 When there should be an expression of your choice instead of the consecutive formula number in parentheses behind the formula,
34916 \begin_inset Index idx
34921 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34923 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
34926 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34933 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
34936 \begin_layout Plain Layout
34950 \begin_inset Formula
34952 A+B=C\tag{something}\label{eq:tag}
34957 In this example the command
34962 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
34967 was inserted in the formula.
34970 \begin_layout Standard
34976 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
34981 is inserted instead,
34982 the parentheses are removed:
34983 \begin_inset Formula
34985 A+B=C\tag*{something}
34993 \begin_layout Standard
34994 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
34997 To restart the formula numbering with new document parts or sections,
34998 the following command is used:
35001 \begin_layout Standard
35006 @addtoreset{equation}{part}
35009 \begin_inset Index idx
35014 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35016 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
35019 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35023 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35036 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
35039 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35046 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35064 \begin_inset Newline newline
35068 \begin_inset Newline newline
35075 @addtoreset{equation}{section}
35078 \begin_layout Standard
35079 To be able to use these commands in \SpecialChar TeX
35082 \begin_inset Quotes eld
35086 \begin_inset Quotes erd
35089 character has to be made
35090 \begin_inset Quotes eld
35094 \begin_inset Quotes erd
35097 for \SpecialChar LaTeX
35112 So the command sequence in \SpecialChar TeX
35116 \begin_layout Standard
35122 \begin_inset Newline newline
35127 @addtoreset{equation}{section}
35128 \begin_inset Newline newline
35136 \begin_layout Standard
35137 In the \SpecialChar LaTeX
35150 can be omitted as they are automatically internally inserted by \SpecialChar LyX
35154 \begin_layout Standard
35170 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35175 is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
35181 \begin_inset Index idx
35186 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35188 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
35191 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35202 that is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
35203 standard installation.
35209 \begin_inset Index idx
35214 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35216 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
35219 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35230 has to be loaded in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
35231 -preamble with the line
35234 \begin_layout Standard
35239 usepackage{remreset}
35242 \begin_layout Standard
35250 \begin_inset Index idx
35255 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35257 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
35260 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35264 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35277 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
35280 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35287 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35304 can be used with the same scheme as
35313 \begin_layout Standard
35314 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
35317 Sometimes formulas should be numbered in the following form:
35320 \begin_layout Standard
35323 (section number.formula number)
35326 \begin_layout Standard
35327 The formula number should start with every section with
35328 \begin_inset Quotes eld
35332 \begin_inset Quotes erd
35338 \begin_layout Standard
35339 For this case there is the command
35346 \begin_inset Index idx
35351 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35353 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
35356 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35363 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
35366 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35380 which is used with the following scheme:
35383 \begin_layout Standard
35388 numberwithin{counter}{sectioning}
35391 \begin_layout Standard
35392 Counter denotes what kind of numbering is affected,
35393 sectioning denotes what the number before the dot is.
35396 \begin_layout Standard
35397 Thus in our case the following \SpecialChar LaTeX
35398 preamble or \SpecialChar TeX
35402 \begin_layout Standard
35407 numberwithin{equation}{section}
35410 \begin_layout Standard
35411 This is the result:
35415 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35419 numberwithin{equation}{section}
35425 \begin_inset Formula
35435 \begin_layout Standard
35437 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
35441 \begin_inset space \space{}
35444 tables so that the number of the part is the sectioning,
35445 \begin_inset Newline newline
35452 numberwithin{table}{part}
35457 \begin_layout Standard
35458 To go back to the standard numbering or to prevent this kind of numbering when it is defined by the document class,
35459 the following command is inserted as \SpecialChar TeX
35460 code or to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
35464 \begin_layout Standard
35474 \begin_inset Index idx
35479 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35481 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
35484 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35491 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
35494 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35513 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35529 \begin_inset Newline newline
35537 \begin_inset Newline newline
35549 \begin_layout Standard
35556 internally uses the command
35564 and would also need to be reverted.
35568 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35575 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35579 @removefromreset{equation}{section}
35582 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35594 \begin_layout Section
35595 Chemical Symbols and Equations
35596 \begin_inset CommandInset label
35598 name "subsec:Chemical-Symbols-and"
35603 \begin_inset Index idx
35608 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35609 Chemical characters
35610 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
35613 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35625 \begin_inset Index idx
35630 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35637 \begin_inset Index idx
35642 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35644 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
35647 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35661 \begin_layout Standard
35662 An example text from chemistry:
35665 \begin_layout Quote
35667 \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{SO_{4}^{2-}}$
35670 -ion reacts with two
35671 \begin_inset Formula $\mathrm{Na^{+}}$
35674 -ions to sodium sulfate
35675 \begin_inset Formula $\left(\mathrm{Na_{2}SO_{4}}\right)$
35679 The chemical equation for this is:
35680 \begin_inset Formula
35682 \mathrm{2\,Na^{+}+SO_{4}^{2-}\longrightarrow Na_{2}SO_{4}}\label{eq:chem-reaction}
35690 \begin_layout Standard
35691 Chemical equations can be created as formulas.
35692 To avoid the symbols appearing in italic,
35693 everything is highlighted and changed by the shortcut
35699 to the upright font style.
35703 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35709 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
35711 reference "subsec:Font-Styles"
35724 \begin_layout Standard
35725 A more convenient way to typeset chemical formulas is to use the command
35732 \begin_inset Index idx
35737 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35739 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
35742 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35749 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
35752 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35765 which is available when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
35771 \begin_inset Index idx
35776 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35778 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
35781 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35799 in a formula a new blue box appears where chemical formulas can be inserted in an intuitive way.
35802 \begin_layout Standard
35804 \begin_inset Tabular
35805 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="2">
35806 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
35807 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
35808 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
35810 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35813 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35819 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
35822 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35830 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
35833 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35837 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
35845 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
35848 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35849 \begin_inset Formula $\ce{H2CO3}$
35858 <row topspace="1.5mm">
35859 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
35862 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35866 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
35874 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
35877 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35878 \begin_inset Formula $\ce{SO4^{2-}}$
35887 <row topspace="1.5mm">
35888 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
35891 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35895 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
35903 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
35906 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35907 \begin_inset Formula $\ce{(NH4)2S}$
35916 <row topspace="1.5mm">
35917 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
35920 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35924 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
35932 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
35935 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35936 \begin_inset Formula $\ce{KCr(SO4)2.12H2O}$
35945 <row topspace="1.5mm">
35946 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
35949 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35953 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
35959 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
35965 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
35973 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
35976 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35977 \begin_inset Formula $\ce{A-B\dbond C\tbond D}$
35986 <row topspace="1.5mm">
35987 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
35990 \begin_layout Plain Layout
35994 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
35998 \begin_inset Formula $\downarrow$
36002 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
36010 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
36013 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36014 \begin_inset Formula $\ce{_{90}^{227}Th+}$
36024 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36027 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36031 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36037 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36043 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36051 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
36054 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36055 \begin_inset Formula $\ce{\ensuremath{\mu\hyphen}Cl}$
36065 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
36068 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36072 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36076 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36080 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36084 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36088 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36096 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
36099 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36100 \begin_inset Formula $\ce{CO2 + C <=> 2CO}$
36109 <row topspace="1.5mm">
36110 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
36113 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36117 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36121 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36125 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36129 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36137 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36145 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
36148 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36149 \begin_inset Formula $\ce{CO2 + C ->[\alpha][\beta] 2CO}$
36165 \begin_layout Standard
36166 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
36169 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36175 It is not possible in \SpecialChar LyX
36176 to use the character ^ to get an up-arrow as described in the
36181 One instead uses a negative thin space followed by the command
36189 \begin_inset Formula $\ce{Fe + 2H+ -> Fe^{2+} + H2\negthinspace\uparrow}$
36200 \begin_layout Standard
36207 the command for equation
36208 \begin_inset space ~
36212 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36214 reference "eq:chem-reaction"
36220 \begin_inset Newline newline
36228 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36232 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36236 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36240 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36244 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36248 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36254 \begin_layout Standard
36255 To create multiline chemical equations first a multiline formula is created as described in
36256 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36258 reference "sec:Multiline-Formulas"
36264 Afterwards the command
36270 is used in every small blue box of the formula.
36272 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36274 reference "eq:TEOS-reaction-1"
36280 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36282 reference "eq:TEOS-reaction-2"
36287 are an example of a multi-stage chemical reaction where every equation has its own number.
36288 \begin_inset Formula
36290 \ce{TEOS + 4O} & \ce{->} & \ce{Si(OH)4 + 4C2H4O}\label{eq:TEOS-reaction-1}\\
36291 \ce{Si(OH)4} & \ce{->} & \ce{SiO2 + 2H2O}\label{eq:TEOS-reaction-2}
36299 \begin_layout Standard
36310 package provides the command
36317 \begin_inset Index idx
36322 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36324 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
36327 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36334 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
36337 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36350 that is used for special cases.
36351 For more information about
36357 and more examples have a look at the documentation of
36363 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
36373 \begin_layout Section
36377 \begin_layout Standard
36379 supports two types of commutative diagrams:
36388 and are explained below.
36391 \begin_layout Subsection
36393 \begin_inset Index idx
36398 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36400 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
36403 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36417 \begin_layout Standard
36418 Diagrams of this type visualize relations by vertical and horizontal lines or arrows:
36419 \begin_inset Formula
36421 \begin{CD}A@>>>B@>>>C\\
36432 \begin_layout Standard
36439 \begin_inset Index idx
36444 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36446 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
36449 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36456 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
36459 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36474 is inserted to a formula.
36475 A blue box appears with two dashed lines where additional commands can be inserted.
36479 arg "newline-insert newline"
36482 a new line is created.
36483 Horizontal relations are inserted in odd formula lines,
36484 vertical in even formula lines.
36487 \begin_layout Standard
36488 To create the relations use the following commands:
36491 \begin_layout Itemize
36496 creates a left arrow,
36508 \begin_layout Itemize
36513 creates an up arrow,
36522 a vertical equal sign
36525 \begin_layout Itemize
36531 is a placeholder for non-existent relations
36534 \begin_layout Standard
36535 All arrows can be labeled as follows:
36538 \begin_layout Itemize
36539 If text inserted between the first and second < or >,
36541 it is placed above the arrow.
36542 When it is inserted between the second and third one,
36543 it appears under the arrow.
36546 \begin_layout Itemize
36547 When text for vertical arrows is inserted between the first and second A or V,
36549 it is placed left beside the arrow.
36550 When it is inserted between the second and third one,
36551 it appears right beside the arrow.
36552 If the text contains an A or V,
36553 these letters must be set into a \SpecialChar TeX
36557 \begin_layout Standard
36558 As example a diagram with all possible relations:
36561 \begin_layout Standard
36562 \begin_inset Formula
36564 \begin{CD}A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F\\
36575 \begin_layout Standard
36576 The command for this is:
36577 \begin_inset Newline newline
36585 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36588 A@>j>>B@>>k>C@=F Ctrl+Return
36589 \begin_inset Newline newline
36593 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
36596 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36602 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36615 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
36621 \begin_inset Newline newline
36625 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
36628 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36634 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
36645 \begin_layout Subsection
36647 \begin_inset Index idx
36652 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36654 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
36657 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36671 \begin_layout Standard
36672 To be able to use xymatrices,
36673 the \SpecialChar LaTeX
36679 A xymatrix is created by inserting the command
36686 Then you are able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices,
36688 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36690 reference "sec:Matrices"
36698 \begin_layout Standard
36699 Contrary to amscd diagrams,
36700 xymatrices support diagonal and curved arrows,
36702 The commands used to create commutative diagrams and decorations are explained in detail in the
36708 Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
36710 \begin_inset space ~
36718 \begin_layout Subsection
36724 \begin_inset Index idx
36729 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36731 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
36734 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36748 \begin_layout Standard
36754 the \SpecialChar LaTeX
36764 -diagram is created by inserting the command
36771 Then you will be able to add new matrix columns and rows like for normal matrices,
36773 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
36775 reference "sec:Matrices"
36783 \begin_layout Standard
36784 Examples of how to create
36788 diagrams in \SpecialChar LyX
36793 manual that you find in the menu
36795 Help\SpecialChar menuseparator
36797 \begin_inset space ~
36805 \begin_layout Section
36806 User-defined Commands
36807 \begin_inset Index idx
36812 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36813 User-defined commands
36821 \begin_layout Standard
36822 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
36825 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36831 The names of user-defined commands and macros may only consist of Latin letters.
36839 \begin_layout Subsection
36843 \begin_inset CommandInset label
36845 name "subsec:The-Command-newcommand"
36850 \begin_inset Index idx
36855 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36856 User-defined commands
36857 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
36860 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36874 \begin_inset Index idx
36879 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36881 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
36884 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36891 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
36894 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36910 \begin_layout Standard
36911 Many \SpecialChar LaTeX
36912 -commands are too long to be used frequently.
36913 But it is possible to define with the command
36919 new shorter commands.
36922 \begin_layout Standard
36923 The command scheme of
36932 \begin_layout Standard
36937 newcommand{new command name}[number of arguments][optional
36942 \begin_inset Newline newline
36946 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
36949 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36959 {command definition}
36962 \begin_layout Standard
36963 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
36966 \begin_layout Plain Layout
36972 Verify that the name of the new command is not already used in your document or by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
36973 -packages that you use.
36974 If you for example define the command
36987 you will get an error message because
36993 is already defined as command for
36994 \begin_inset Quotes eld
36998 \begin_inset Formula $\le$
37002 \begin_inset Quotes erd
37013 \begin_layout Standard
37014 The number of arguments is an integer in the range 0
37015 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
37019 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
37022 9 and specifies how many arguments the new command should have.
37023 With the optional value a value for an optional argument can be predefined.
37033 rgument of the new command is automatically an optional one.
37036 \begin_layout Standard
37037 Here are some examples:
37040 \begin_layout Itemize
37041 To define the command
37054 the \SpecialChar LaTeX
37056 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
37060 \begin_inset Newline newline
37074 \begin_layout Itemize
37075 To define the command
37088 the argument (that should be underlined) must be taken into account.
37089 For this the preamble line is:
37090 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
37094 \begin_inset Newline newline
37108 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
37112 \begin_inset Newline newline
37119 acts as argument placeholder,
37124 behind it denotes that it is the placeholder for the first argument.
37127 \begin_layout Itemize
37135 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
37139 \begin_inset space \space{}
37149 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
37153 \begin_inset Newline newline
37164 framebox#1#2{$#3$}}
37167 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
37171 \begin_inset Newline newline
37174 The two Dollar signs creates the extra formula needed for
37182 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37184 reference "subsec:Boxes-with-Frame"
37192 \begin_layout Itemize
37193 To create a new command for
37199 where the color for the box need not be specified,
37200 the argument for the color is defined optional:
37201 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
37205 \begin_inset Newline newline
37216 fcolorbox{#2}{#1}{$#3$}}
37219 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
37223 \begin_inset Newline newline
37226 When the color is not specified when using
37233 the predefined color
37240 \begin_layout Standard
37241 A test of the new defined commands:
37244 \begin_layout Standard
37246 \begin_inset Tabular
37247 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="6" columns="2">
37248 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
37249 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
37250 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
37252 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
37255 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37261 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
37264 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37272 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
37275 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37279 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
37287 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
37290 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37291 \begin_inset Formula $A\gr B$
37301 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
37304 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37312 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
37315 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37316 \begin_inset Formula $\us{ABcd}$
37325 <row topspace="1mm">
37326 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37329 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37333 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
37339 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
37347 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
37355 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
37358 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37359 \begin_inset Formula $\fb{[2cm]}{}{\int A=B}$
37368 <row topspace="1.5mm">
37369 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
37372 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37376 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
37384 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
37392 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
37395 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37396 \begin_inset Formula $\cb{red}{\int A=B}$
37405 <row topspace="1.5mm" bottomspace="1mm">
37406 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
37409 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37415 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
37423 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
37431 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
37434 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37435 \begin_inset Formula $\cb[green]{red}{\int A=B}$
37451 \begin_layout Standard
37453 commands defined in the preamble do not display `nicely' in LyX itself.
37454 Most such commands can be defined in LyX using `math macros',
37456 which we are about to explain,
37457 and these do display nicely.
37460 \begin_layout Subsection
37462 \begin_inset Index idx
37467 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37468 User-defined commands!
37475 \begin_inset Index idx
37480 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37489 \begin_layout Standard
37490 User-defined commands are especially convenient for complex expressions.
37491 For example if you are dealing with a document that has quadratic equations,
37492 the same solution type occurs several times.
37493 The general form of a quadratic equation is
37494 \begin_inset Formula
37496 0=\lambda^{2}+p\lambda+q
37501 The general form of the solution is
37502 \begin_inset Formula
37504 \lambda_{1,2}=-\frac{p}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{p²}{4}-q}
37512 \begin_layout Standard
37513 To define a command for the solution formula where only the three parameters
37514 \begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
37519 \begin_inset Formula $p$
37523 \begin_inset Formula $q$
37526 need to be specified and the index of
37527 \begin_inset Formula $\lambda$
37530 can be given optionally,
37531 the \SpecialChar LaTeX
37533 \begin_inset Newline newline
37549 \begin_inset Newline newline
37553 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
37556 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37570 frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}}
37573 \begin_layout Standard
37574 To create with this the solution formula,
37576 \begin_inset Newline newline
37586 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
37592 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
37599 is inserted to a formula
37604 \begin_layout Standard
37605 The definition of the new command is unintuitive because one has to know the schemes of all used \SpecialChar LaTeX
37608 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
37612 \begin_inset space \space{}
37615 that a fraction is inserted in \SpecialChar LaTeX
37620 frac{numerator}{denominator}
37623 Furthermore one can easily forget a brace in the definition and cannot see in \SpecialChar LyX
37624 what the new command is doing.
37625 To avoid these problems \SpecialChar LyX
37626 offers the possibility to use math macros instead of the command
37635 \begin_layout Standard
37636 A math macro is created by using the menu
37638 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
37639 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
37642 or the toolbar button
37645 arg "math-macro newmacroname_newcommand"
37649 The math macro toolbar appears together with the following box where the macro is defined:
37650 \begin_inset Newline newline
37654 \begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
37658 \begin_inset Graphics
37659 filename clipart/macrobox.png
37665 \begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
37669 \begin_inset Newline newline
37673 \begin_inset FormulaMacro
37674 \newcommand{\qG}[4][1,\,2]{#2_{#1}=-\frac{#3}{2}\pm\sqrt{\frac{#3^{2}}{4}-#4}}
37679 newmacroname is the default name of the macro that should be changed to something sensible.
37680 The wanted formula is inserted in the first blue box.
37681 An argument placeholder is inserted with the command
37689 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
37693 \begin_inset space \space{}
37702 or by using the macro toolbar button
37705 arg "math-macro-add-param"
37709 Argument placeholders are displayed red.
37711 \begin_inset space ~
37714 arguments are possible.
37715 Optional arguments are created with the toolbar button
37718 arg "math-macro-add-optional-param"
37722 The first non-optional argument can be transformed to an optional one with the toolbar button
37725 arg "math-macro-make-optional"
37729 In the second blue box the appearance of the macro in \SpecialChar LyX
37731 Normally you want to see it as it is defined,
37732 so the box is kept empty.
37733 But when you have created a macro that needs lot of space on the screen,
37734 you can insert in the box for example
37735 \begin_inset Newline newline
37769 \begin_inset Newline newline
37774 For the macro only the arguments with the macro name in front of them will then be displayed in \SpecialChar LyX
37776 leading to a better overview.
37777 The formula appears in the output as defined in the first box.
37778 \begin_inset Newline newline
37781 The appearance of macros in formulas can furthermore be changed for single macros by setting the cursor in the macro and using the menu
37783 View\SpecialChar menuseparator
37785 \begin_inset space ~
37789 \begin_inset space ~
37797 \begin_layout Standard
37799 the macro name is inserted as command to a formula,
37807 Our macro looks in \SpecialChar LyX
37809 \begin_inset Newline newline
37813 \begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
37817 \begin_inset Graphics
37818 filename clipart/macrouse.png
37824 \begin_inset space \hspace*{\fill}
37828 \begin_inset Newline newline
37831 Here is our macro example with the arguments
37832 \begin_inset Formula $x$
37837 \begin_inset Formula $\ln(x)$
37841 \begin_inset Formula $B$
37847 \begin_layout Standard
37848 \begin_inset Formula
37858 \begin_layout Standard
37862 Tools\SpecialChar menuseparator
37863 Preferences\SpecialChar menuseparator
37864 Editing\SpecialChar menuseparator
37867 different styles to edit macros.
37868 To find the style that suits you best,
37869 choose a style and set the cursor in a macro formula to see the difference.
37872 \begin_layout Standard
37873 A math macro is transformed internally to a
37879 command when exporting the document.
37886 command is not placed in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
37888 therefore macros can only be used in formulas that are in the document below the macro definition box.
37891 \begin_layout Standard
37892 Math macros can also be directly created from a
37899 When writing for example the command
37902 \begin_inset Newline newline
37911 xleftarrow[#2]{#1}}
37912 \begin_inset Newline newline
37917 in \SpecialChar LyX
37919 highlighting it completely and using the shortcut
37924 the command will be transformed to a math macro.
37925 Using this method you need to be careful that the
37931 command is typed correctly,
37932 otherwise you get a faulty macro leading to \SpecialChar LaTeX
37936 \begin_layout Standard
37937 Math macros currently have the problem that further formulas in macro definitions are handled wrong.
37938 Therefore the example
37945 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
37947 reference "subsec:The-Command-newcommand"
37952 cannot be created as macro.
37955 \begin_layout Standard
37956 When the cursor is in a macro definition box,
37957 you will see the macro toolbar in \SpecialChar LyX
37961 \begin_layout Standard
37962 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
37968 \begin_layout Standard
37969 \begin_inset Graphics
37970 filename clipart/MacroToolbar.png
37975 \begin_inset Index idx
37980 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37982 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
37985 \begin_layout Plain Layout
37999 \begin_layout Standard
38000 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
38006 \begin_layout Standard
38007 The macro toolbar contains from left to right the following buttons:
38010 \begin_layout Standard
38011 \begin_inset VSpace defskip
38017 \begin_layout Standard
38018 \begin_inset Tabular
38019 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="2">
38020 <features islongtable="true" longtabularalignment="center">
38021 <column alignment="left" valignment="top">
38022 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="85col%">
38023 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38024 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38027 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38030 arg "math-macro-remove-param"
38038 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38041 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38044 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
38045 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
38047 \begin_inset space ~
38050 Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
38051 Remove Last Argument
38057 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38058 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38061 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38064 arg "math-macro-add-param"
38072 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38075 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38078 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
38079 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
38081 \begin_inset space ~
38084 Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
38091 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38092 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38095 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38098 arg "math-macro-make-optional"
38106 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38109 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38112 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
38113 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
38115 \begin_inset space ~
38118 Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
38119 Transform First Non-Optional to
38120 \begin_inset Newline newline
38124 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
38127 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38130 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
38131 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
38133 \begin_inset space ~
38136 Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
38148 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38149 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38152 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38155 arg "math-macro-make-nonoptional"
38163 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38166 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38169 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
38170 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
38172 \begin_inset space ~
38175 Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
38176 Transform Last Optional to
38177 \begin_inset Newline newline
38181 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
38184 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38187 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
38188 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
38190 \begin_inset space ~
38193 Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
38199 Non-Optional Argument
38205 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38206 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38209 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38212 arg "math-macro-remove-optional-param"
38220 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38223 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38226 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
38227 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
38229 \begin_inset space ~
38232 Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
38233 Remove Optional Argument
38239 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38240 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38243 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38246 arg "math-macro-add-optional-param"
38254 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38257 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38260 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
38261 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
38263 \begin_inset space ~
38266 Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
38267 Insert Optional Argument
38273 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38274 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38277 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38280 arg "math-macro-remove-greedy-param"
38288 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38291 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38294 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
38295 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
38297 \begin_inset space ~
38300 Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
38301 Remove Last Argument
38302 \begin_inset Newline newline
38306 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
38309 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38312 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
38313 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
38315 \begin_inset space ~
38318 Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
38324 Spitting Out To The Right
38330 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38331 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38334 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38337 arg "math-macro-append-greedy-param"
38345 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38348 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38351 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
38352 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
38354 \begin_inset space ~
38357 Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
38359 \begin_inset Newline newline
38363 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
38366 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38369 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
38370 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
38372 \begin_inset space ~
38375 Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
38381 Eating From The Right
38387 <row interlinespace="2.5mm">
38388 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38391 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38394 arg "math-macro-add-greedy-optional-param"
38402 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
38405 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38408 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
38409 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
38411 \begin_inset space ~
38414 Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
38415 Append Optional Argument
38416 \begin_inset Newline newline
38420 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
38423 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38426 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
38427 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
38429 \begin_inset space ~
38432 Definition\SpecialChar menuseparator
38438 Eating From The Right
38451 \begin_layout Subsection
38452 Math Macros for External Commands
38455 \begin_layout Standard
38457 you may need to use a \SpecialChar LaTeX
38458 package which defines a math command that is not natively supported in \SpecialChar LyX
38460 This is easy enough to do:
38461 Just include the package in the preamble and type out the command in math.
38462 As with commands defined in the preamble,
38464 the display in \SpecialChar LyX
38466 \begin_inset Quotes els
38470 \begin_inset Quotes ers
38476 \begin_layout Standard
38477 As of \SpecialChar LyX
38479 this problem has been solved.
38480 Just define a math macro with empty \SpecialChar TeX
38482 The \SpecialChar LyX
38483 part will be used for display,
38484 but no corresponding \SpecialChar LaTeX
38492 \begin_inset Flex Code
38495 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38503 macro that puts a single argument into corner quotes.
38504 To get a nice \SpecialChar LyX
38505 display of this macro,
38509 \begin_layout Standard
38510 \begin_inset FormulaMacro
38511 \newcommand{\Godelnum}[1]{}
38512 {\ulcorner#1\urcorner}
38518 \begin_layout Standard
38521 can be used for commands defined in the preamble.
38524 \begin_layout Section
38525 Computer Algebra Systems
38528 \begin_layout Standard
38530 offers the exchange between mathematical expressions written in \SpecialChar LyX
38531 's math editor and external applications or user defined scripts.
38532 Currently supported applications are
38551 Note that the set of supported mathematical constructs is limited only to very simple cases.
38554 \begin_layout Subsection
38558 \begin_layout Standard
38559 Write some expression in a formula,
38562 Edit\SpecialChar menuseparator
38563 Math\SpecialChar menuseparator
38564 Use Computer Algebra System
38566 menu and choose the application you have installed on the computer.
38567 After that the result of computation should show on the right side of the expression together with the
38568 \begin_inset Quotes eld
38572 \begin_inset Quotes erd
38578 \begin_layout Standard
38579 Here are few simple examples (with results from
38583 ) to show what kind of computations can be performed:
38586 \begin_layout Itemize
38587 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{37}{3}*2-\sum_{i=1}^{3}i^{i}=-\frac{22}{3}$
38593 \begin_layout Itemize
38594 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{37.0}{3}=12.33333333333333$
38600 \begin_layout Itemize
38601 \begin_inset Formula $\int_{1}^{2}\sin(x)dx=\cos1-\cos2$
38607 \begin_layout Itemize
38608 \begin_inset Formula $\int\left(\frac{1}{1+x^{3}}\right)dx=-\frac{\log\left(x^{2}-x+1\right)}{6}+\frac{\arctan\left(\frac{2\,x-1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)}{\sqrt{3}}+\frac{\log\left(x+1\right)}{3}$
38612 \begin_inset Newline newline
38616 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
38619 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38625 One needs to use proper delimiter insets
38626 \begin_inset Formula $\left(\right)$
38629 instead of simple '(' ')' characters.
38637 \begin_layout Itemize
38638 \begin_inset Formula $\det\left[\begin{array}{ccc}
38642 \end{array}\right]=-56$
38648 \begin_layout Itemize
38649 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}\left(\frac{\sin(x)}{x}\right)=1$
38655 \begin_layout Itemize
38656 \begin_inset Formula $powerseries\left(-\log\left(5-x\right),x,1\right)=\sum_{{\mathit{i}_{2}}=0}^{\infty}{\frac{4^{-{\mathit{i}_{2}}-1}\,\left(x-1\right)^{{\mathit{i}_{2}}+1}}{{\mathit{i}_{2}}+1}}-\log4$
38662 \begin_layout Itemize
38663 \begin_inset Formula $solve\left(x_{1}+y_{1}^{3}=y_{1}+x_{1}^{2},x_{1}\right)=\left[x_{1}=-\frac{\sqrt{4\,y_{1}^{3}-4\,y_{1}+1}-1}{2},x_{1}=\frac{\sqrt{4\,y_{1}^{3}-4\,y_{1}+1}+1}{2}\right]$
38669 \begin_layout Subsection
38673 \begin_layout Standard
38674 Currently there is no keyboard shortcut for calling the algebra applications.
38675 One can easily bind a shortcut to the
38689 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
38693 \begin_inset space \space{}
38700 key inside the math editor.
38705 one would use this shortcut definition command:
38708 \begin_layout Standard
38711 command-alternatives paragraph-break;math-extern maxima
38714 \begin_layout Section
38716 \begin_inset Index idx
38721 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38730 \begin_layout Subsection
38732 \begin_inset Index idx
38737 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38739 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
38742 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38756 \begin_layout Standard
38757 Negative numbers often look ugly in formulas because the minus sign before the number is set with the same length as the minus operator sign.
38758 When writing the negative number in normal text,
38759 the minus sign appears correctly.
38762 \begin_layout Standard
38764 the problem disappears when converting the minus sign to mathematical text.
38767 \begin_layout Standard
38768 An example to visualize the problem:
38771 \begin_layout Standard
38773 \begin_inset Tabular
38774 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="3" columns="2">
38775 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
38776 <column alignment="right" valignment="top" width="0pt">
38777 <column alignment="left" valignment="top">
38779 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
38782 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38788 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
38791 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38799 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" leftline="true" usebox="none">
38802 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38808 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" rightline="true" usebox="none">
38811 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38812 \begin_inset Formula $x=-2$
38822 <cell alignment="right" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
38825 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38831 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
38834 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38835 \begin_inset Formula $x=\textrm{-}2$
38851 \begin_layout Subsection
38852 Comma as decimal Separator
38853 \begin_inset Index idx
38858 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38867 \begin_layout Standard
38868 In \SpecialChar LaTeX
38869 a comma inside a formula is used,
38870 according to the English convention,
38871 as number group separator.
38872 So there will be space added behind all commas in formulas.
38875 \begin_layout Standard
38877 the comma is highlighted and changed to mathematical text (shortcut
38886 \begin_layout Standard
38887 To use all formula commas in the document as decimal separator,
38896 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38901 is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
38907 \begin_inset Index idx
38912 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38914 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
38917 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38934 \begin_inset Index idx
38939 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38941 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
38944 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38955 is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
38959 \begin_layout Standard
38967 \begin_layout Subsection
38969 \begin_inset CommandInset label
38971 name "subsec:Physical-Vectors"
38976 \begin_inset Index idx
38981 \begin_layout Plain Layout
38983 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
38986 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39000 \begin_layout Standard
39001 Predefined vectors are offered by the \SpecialChar LaTeX
39007 \begin_inset Index idx
39012 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39014 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
39017 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39028 that is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
39032 \begin_layout Standard
39040 \begin_layout Standard
39044 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39054 \begin_inset Note Note
39057 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39058 The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
39071 \begin_layout Standard
39072 The following commands are defined:
39075 \begin_layout Standard
39077 \begin_inset Tabular
39078 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="2">
39079 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
39080 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
39081 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
39083 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
39086 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39092 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
39095 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39103 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39106 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39116 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39119 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39120 \begin_inset Formula $\Bra{\psi}$
39130 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39133 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39143 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39146 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39147 \begin_inset Formula $\Ket{\psi}$
39157 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
39160 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39172 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
39175 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39176 \begin_inset Formula $\Braket{\psi|\phi}$
39192 \begin_layout Standard
39199 assures that all vertical bars are set in the size of the surrounding brackets:
39200 \begin_inset Formula
39202 \Braket{\phi|J=\frac{3}{2}\,,\,M_{J}}
39211 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39221 \begin_inset Note Note
39224 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39225 The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
39238 \begin_layout Standard
39239 You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
39244 to see the rest of this subsection in the output.
39247 \begin_layout Standard
39251 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39263 \begin_layout Standard
39270 can also be achieved using the command
39277 that is described in
39278 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39280 reference "subsec:Automatic-Bracket-Size"
39288 \begin_layout Subsection
39289 Self-defined Fractions
39290 \begin_inset CommandInset label
39292 name "subsec:Self-defined-Fractions"
39297 \begin_inset Index idx
39302 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39304 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
39307 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39321 \begin_layout Standard
39322 To define custom commands for fractions,
39330 \begin_inset Index idx
39335 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39337 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
39340 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39347 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
39350 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39363 is used in the following scheme:
39366 \begin_layout Standard
39379 bracket}{fraction bar thickness}{style}
39380 \begin_inset Newline newline
39384 \begin_inset Phantom HPhantom
39387 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39397 {numerator}{denominator}
39400 \begin_layout Standard
39401 The style is a number in the range of 0
39402 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
39406 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
39412 \begin_layout Standard
39414 \begin_inset Tabular
39415 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
39416 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
39417 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
39418 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
39420 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
39423 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39429 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
39432 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39440 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39443 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39449 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39452 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39453 display style formula
39460 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39463 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39469 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39472 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39480 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39483 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39489 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39492 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39500 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
39503 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39509 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
39512 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39526 \begin_layout Standard
39527 When no style is given,
39528 the size is adjusted to the surrounding environment like for the command
39537 \begin_layout Standard
39538 When no fraction bar thickness is given,
39539 the predefined value of 0.4
39540 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
39546 \begin_layout Standard
39547 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
39564 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
39566 reference "subsec:Fractions"
39571 are defined with the commands
39574 \begin_layout Standard
39583 genfrac{}{}{}{0}{#1}{#2}}
39586 \begin_layout Standard
39590 \begin_layout Standard
39599 genfrac{(}{)}{0pt}{1}{#1}{#2}}
39602 \begin_layout Standard
39603 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
39606 To define a fraction where the fraction bar thickness can be given as optional argument,
39607 the following line is inserted to the \SpecialChar LaTeX
39611 \begin_layout Standard
39620 genfrac{}{}{#1}{}{#2}{#3}}
39623 \begin_layout Standard
39625 \begin_inset Formula
39627 \text{Command} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[1mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B} & & \mathrm{\backslash fracS[5mm]\backslash\{A\to\backslash\{B}\\
39628 \text{Result} & & \fracS[1mm]{A}{B} & & \fracS[5mm]{A}{B}
39634 the distance of the numerator and the denominator to the fraction bar is round about three times the bar thickness.
39637 \begin_layout Subsection
39639 \begin_inset Index idx
39644 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39646 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
39649 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39663 \begin_layout Standard
39664 There are four ways to cancel formulas or parts of formulas:
39667 \begin_layout Standard
39671 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39681 \begin_inset Note Note
39684 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39685 The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
39698 \begin_layout Standard
39700 \begin_inset Tabular
39701 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
39702 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
39703 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
39704 <column alignment="center" valignment="top">
39706 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
39709 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39715 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
39718 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39726 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39729 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39733 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
39739 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
39747 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39750 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39751 \begin_inset Formula $\cancel{\int A=B}$
39760 <row topspace="1.5mm">
39761 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39764 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39768 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
39774 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
39782 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39785 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39786 \begin_inset Formula $\bcancel{\int A=B}$
39795 <row topspace="1.5mm">
39796 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39799 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39803 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
39809 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
39817 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
39820 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39821 \begin_inset Formula $\xcancel{\int A=B}$
39831 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
39834 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39838 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
39844 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
39848 \begin_inset Formula $\to$
39856 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
39859 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39860 \begin_inset Formula $\cancelto{1}{\int A=B}\hspace{3mm}$
39876 \begin_layout Standard
39883 is especially suitable to visualize the reduction of fractions within formulas:
39884 \begin_inset Formula
39886 \frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}}
39894 \begin_layout Standard
39895 To change the size of
39902 \begin_inset Quotes eld
39906 \begin_inset Quotes erd
39909 value one can add the \SpecialChar LaTeX
39913 \begin_layout Standard
39918 PassOptionsToPackage{option}{cancel}
39921 \begin_layout Standard
39930 which leads to the same size as for the canceled value,
39935 which makes is it a bit smaller than normal.
39938 \begin_layout Standard
39939 To color the cancellation bar one adds this command as \SpecialChar TeX
39943 \begin_layout Standard
39955 \begin_layout Standard
39960 can be replaced by a color of your choice.
39963 \begin_layout Standard
39967 \begin_layout Plain Layout
39983 \begin_layout Standard
39984 \begin_inset Formula
39986 \frac{\left(x_{0}+bB\right)^{2}}{\left(1+b^{2}\right)^{\cancelto{2}{3}}}=\frac{x_{0}^{2}+B^{2}-r_{g}^{2}}{\cancel{1+b^{2}}}
39994 \begin_layout Standard
39998 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40012 \begin_inset Note Note
40015 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40024 \begin_layout Standard
40025 For further customizations,
40026 see the documentation of the package
40032 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
40040 \begin_inset Index idx
40045 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40047 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
40050 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40064 \begin_layout Standard
40068 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40078 \begin_inset Note Note
40081 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40082 The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
40095 \begin_layout Standard
40096 You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
40101 to see the rest of this subsection in the output.
40104 \begin_layout Standard
40108 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40120 \begin_layout Subsection
40121 Formulas in Section Headings
40122 \begin_inset CommandInset label
40124 name "subsec:Formulas-in-Section"
40129 \begin_inset Index idx
40134 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40136 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
40139 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40140 in section headings
40153 \begin_layout Standard
40154 When formulas are used in section headings,
40155 the following has to be taken into account:
40158 \begin_layout Standard
40159 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
40162 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40168 \begin_inset Index idx
40173 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40175 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
40178 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40189 support is enabled in the document settings dialog under
40192 \begin_inset space ~
40198 PDF-bookmarks are created for every section heading in the table of contents.
40199 If a section heading contains formulas,
40200 they are incorrectly displayed in the bookmark text,
40201 because formulas in bookmarks infringe the PDF conventions.
40209 \begin_layout Standard
40210 Both problems can be solved by inserting at the end of the section heading a short title with the menu
40212 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
40214 \begin_inset space ~
40220 Short titles are used as alternative for multiline section headings to keep the table of contents clearly arranged.
40221 Only the short title appears in the table of contents and therefore also in the PDF-bookmark.
40224 \begin_layout Standard
40225 When formulas should be used in the table of contents but
40230 one can use the following command in \SpecialChar TeX
40234 \begin_layout Standard
40239 texorpdfstring{part}{alternative}
40240 \begin_inset Index idx
40245 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40247 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
40250 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40257 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
40260 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40276 \begin_layout Standard
40277 Part is the part of the heading that shouldn't appear in the PDF-bookmark.
40278 This can be characters,
40281 but also cross-references.
40282 The alternative is used instead of the part for the bookmark.
40285 \begin_layout Standard
40286 Here are two example headings:
40287 \begin_inset VSpace -3mm
40294 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40306 \begin_layout Subsubsection
40307 Heading without formula in table of contents
40308 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{-1}=\mathrm{i}$
40312 \begin_inset Argument 1
40315 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40316 Heading without formula in table of contents
40324 \begin_layout Subsubsection
40325 Heading with formula in table of contents
40329 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40339 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{-1}=\mathrm{i}$
40346 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40356 \begin_layout Standard
40360 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40369 In the first heading a short title was used,
40379 \begin_layout Standard
40380 To get the same formatting as for the other headings,
40381 the complete heading was set into a
40389 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40391 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40393 reference "subsec:Bold-Formulas"
40406 \begin_layout Subsection
40407 Formulas in multi-column Text
40408 \begin_inset Index idx
40413 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40415 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
40418 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40419 in multi-column text
40432 \begin_layout Standard
40433 Formulas in multi-column text are often too wide to fit into a column and thus need to be set over the whole page width.
40434 This is done by using the \SpecialChar LaTeX
40443 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40448 is part of every \SpecialChar LaTeX
40449 standard installation.
40455 \begin_inset Index idx
40460 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40462 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
40465 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40477 that is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
40481 \begin_layout Standard
40486 usepackage{multicol}
40489 \begin_layout Standard
40490 \begin_inset Note Greyedout
40493 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40494 Note that in this case the setting
40497 \begin_inset space ~
40504 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
40510 \begin_inset space ~
40530 \begin_layout Standard
40531 Before the multi-column text the command
40534 \begin_layout Standard
40539 begin{multicols}{column number}
40542 \begin_layout Standard
40543 is written in \SpecialChar TeX
40545 The column number is a number in the range of 2
40546 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
40550 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
40554 Before the formula the multi-column text is ended by inserting the command
40557 \begin_layout Standard
40565 \begin_layout Standard
40566 in \SpecialChar TeX
40570 \begin_layout Standard
40571 Due to the command some space is automatically added before the formula.
40574 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
40577 mm vertical space is inserted before the formula.
40578 When the formula style
40584 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40585 For formula styles see
40586 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40588 reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
40602 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
40605 mm space is inserted instead.
40608 \begin_layout Standard
40609 As example a multi-column text with a displayed formula:
40612 \begin_layout Standard
40618 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40622 begin{multicols}{2}
40627 Das Spektrum wird fouriertransformiert.
40628 Die Fouriertransformation wird verwendet,
40629 um die überlagerten Signale (Netzwerk,
40630 Lösungsmittel) zu trennen.
40631 Nachdem wir die Phasenverschiebung bestimmen konnten,
40632 interessiert uns nun das Aussehen des Ausgangssignals.
40633 Im Experiment haben wir es mit sehr vielen Teilchen zu tun,
40634 so dass man über alle Phasen integrieren muss.
40636 \begin_inset Formula $S$
40639 unser normiertes Ausgangssignal und
40640 \begin_inset Formula $P$
40643 die Phasenverteilungsfunktion,
40644 so ergibt sich die Beziehung
40648 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40658 \begin_inset VSpace -6mm
40662 \begin_inset Formula
40664 S(t)=S_{0}(t)\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\phi}\,\mathrm{d}\phi
40673 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40677 begin{multicols}{2}
40683 \begin_inset Formula $S_{0}$
40686 das Signal ohne Gradient ist und die Normierungsbedingung
40687 \begin_inset Formula $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}P(\phi,t)\,\mathrm{d}\phi=1$
40691 Nun dürfen wir aber nicht den Relaxationsprozess außer Acht lassen.
40693 \begin_inset Formula $\nicefrac{\pi}{2}$
40697 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
40700 -rf-Puls beginnt sich die Magnetisierung zu entfokussieren,
40701 wodurch sich das Signal zusätzlich abschwächt.
40702 Diese Abschwächung verläuft exponentiell in Abhängigkeit der so genannten
40703 \begin_inset Formula $T_{2}$
40709 \begin_layout Standard
40715 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40727 \begin_layout Subsection
40728 Formulas with Description of Variables
40729 \begin_inset Index idx
40734 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40736 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
40739 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40740 with description of variables
40753 \begin_layout Standard
40754 To describe variables within a formula,
40756 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40758 reference "eq:within"
40769 \begin_inset Formula $n$
40773 \begin_inset space ~
40776 matrix is used with left aligned columns for the
40777 \begin_inset Formula $n$
40784 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40786 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40788 reference "sec:Matrices"
40798 To set the description in a smaller size,
40799 before the matrix e.
40800 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
40804 \begin_inset space \space{}
40817 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40819 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40821 reference "subsec:Font-Sizes"
40834 \begin_layout Standard
40835 When the formula style
40841 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40842 For formula styles see
40843 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40845 reference "sec:Formula-Styles"
40868 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40875 only works in formulas with the style
40881 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40883 reference "subsec:Variable-Space"
40893 is inserted before and after the matrix to have the same separation of the matrix from the equation and the side margin.
40896 \begin_layout Standard
40897 When the formula style
40902 the method described in
40903 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40905 reference "subsec:Flalign-Environment"
40910 is used to indent formulas.
40912 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
40914 reference "eq:within"
40919 consists of five columns where in the first two columns contain the equation,
40920 the third the matrix and the last one an empty \SpecialChar TeX
40922 \begin_inset Formula
40924 \hspace{30pt}F_{A} & =\rho·V·g & {\footnotesize \begin{array}{ll}
40925 \rho & \textrm{density}\\
40926 V & \textrm{volume}\\
40927 g & \textrm{gravitational acceleration}
40928 \end{array}} & & {}\label{eq:within}
40936 \begin_layout Subsection
40937 Upright small Greek Letters
40938 \begin_inset CommandInset label
40940 name "subsec:Upright-small-Greek"
40945 \begin_inset Index idx
40950 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40952 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
40955 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40969 \begin_layout Standard
40970 Most of the math fonts only provide italic small Greek letters.
40971 But for symbols of elementary particles like pions and neutrinos,
40972 upright Greek letters are needed.
40981 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40986 is part of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
40992 \begin_inset Index idx
40997 \begin_layout Plain Layout
40999 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
41002 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41019 \begin_inset Index idx
41024 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41026 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
41029 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41040 that is loaded with the \SpecialChar LaTeX
41044 \begin_layout Standard
41049 usepackage{upgreek}
41052 \begin_layout Standard
41058 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41068 \begin_inset Note Note
41071 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41072 The following table will only be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
41082 They are created when the command for a small Greek letter is started with
41087 For example the command
41095 \begin_inset Formula $\uptau$
41101 \begin_layout Standard
41102 With these commands reactions of elementary particles can be typeset:
41103 \begin_inset Formula
41105 \uppi^{+}\to\upmu^{+}+\upnu_{\upmu}
41113 \begin_layout Standard
41114 The upright letters are more bold and wider than the italic ones.
41115 They should therefore not be used for units like
41116 \begin_inset Quotes eld
41120 \begin_inset Quotes erd
41126 \begin_layout Standard
41130 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41140 \begin_inset Note Note
41143 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41144 The following will be displayed when the \SpecialChar LaTeX
41157 \begin_layout Standard
41158 You need to install the \SpecialChar LaTeX
41163 to see the rest of this subsection in the output.
41166 \begin_layout Standard
41170 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41182 \begin_layout Subsection
41183 Text Characters in Formulas
41184 \begin_inset Index idx
41189 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41191 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
41194 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41208 \begin_layout Standard
41209 In some cases you might want to insert text characters directly into formulas.
41210 For example the centered dot · is often used in formulas like
41211 \begin_inset Formula $\nu=5·10^{5}\,\mathrm{Hz}$
41215 One would have to insert the command
41225 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41227 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
41229 reference "subsec:Binary-Operators"
41240 because this character is defined in all encodings as a text character.
41241 But the encoding can be changed by this \SpecialChar LaTeX
41245 \begin_layout Standard
41250 Declare Inputtext{183}{
41260 f\SpecialChar ligaturebreak
41264 \begin_layout Standard
41265 The character encoding (menu
41267 Document\SpecialChar menuseparator
41268 Settings\SpecialChar menuseparator
41271 ) specifies what character appears when a keyboard key is pressed.
41272 When the key for the character '·' is pressed,
41273 internally the command
41280 But this command is not available in a formula so that you would get \SpecialChar LaTeX
41282 With the changed encoding the correct command is chosen automatically,
41283 depending on if the character was inserted into a formula or not.
41286 \begin_layout Standard
41287 The encoding of several characters is saved in definition files.
41288 For example the encoding
41292 is defined in the file
41296 which is in the installation folder of \SpecialChar LaTeX
41298 Encodings should only be changed via the \SpecialChar LaTeX
41299 -preamble and not in the definition files.
41300 Otherwise documents could not be edited by other \SpecialChar LyX
41301 users working on other computers.
41304 \begin_layout Standard
41305 \begin_inset VSpace medskip
41308 Besides the centered dot,
41309 in this document the degree sign ° is defined with the following \SpecialChar LaTeX
41310 -preamble line so that it can be directly inserted into a formula:
41313 \begin_layout Standard
41318 DeclareInputtext{176}{
41328 f\SpecialChar ligaturebreak
41332 \begin_layout Subsection
41334 -comments in formulas
41335 \begin_inset Index idx
41340 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41350 \begin_layout Standard
41351 In text you can insert a comment that will only be visible in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
41352 source code of your file with the menu
41354 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
41355 Note\SpecialChar menuseparator
41359 This is not possible in a formula but you can insert \SpecialChar LaTeX
41360 -comments with the command
41363 \begin_layout Standard
41371 \begin_layout Standard
41372 This creates a box in which you can write your comment.
41373 Due to a bug in \SpecialChar LyX
41378 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41379 \begin_inset CommandInset href
41381 name "LyX-bug #9002"
41382 target "https://www.lyx.org/trac/ticket/9002"
41392 you cannot write normal text inside the comment,
41393 even when you use mathematical text,
41394 you will see its \SpecialChar LaTeX
41395 -commands in the \SpecialChar LaTeX
41397 \begin_inset Newline newline
41400 This a formula with a \SpecialChar LaTeX
41402 \begin_inset Formula
41404 A=B%\text{This is the comment}
41412 \begin_layout Standard
41413 \begin_inset Newpage newpage
41419 \begin_layout Section
41422 \begin_inset Index idx
41427 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41436 \begin_layout Standard
41437 This section is a summary of the most important typographic rules,
41438 listed in ISO norms.
41442 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41443 This collection was partly taken from the German semi-official dictionary called
41444 \begin_inset Quotes eld
41448 \begin_inset Quotes erd
41452 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
41459 that lists some of the ISO rules.
41460 More rules are listed in
41461 \begin_inset CommandInset citation
41476 \begin_layout Itemize
41485 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41486 Done with font styles,
41488 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
41490 reference "subsec:Font-Styles"
41501 no matter if they appear in italic text:
41503 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
41507 \begin_inset Newline newline
41510 Between the value and the unit is the smallest space,
41512 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
41514 reference "subsec:Predefined-Space"
41520 \begin_inset Newline newline
41523 This convention is automatically fulfilled when the command
41530 When it is entered in a formula,
41532 In the first one the value is inserted,
41533 in the second one the unit,
41534 and the result is as above:
41536 \begin_inset Formula $\unit[30]{km/h}$
41540 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
41550 is not a real \SpecialChar LaTeX
41551 command but the command
41558 therefore you cannot use it in \SpecialChar TeX
41562 \begin_layout Itemize
41563 Percent and perthousand signs are set like physical units:
41564 \begin_inset Newline newline
41568 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
41574 \begin_layout Itemize
41575 The degree sign follows the value directly:
41577 except when it is used in units:
41579 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
41585 \begin_layout Itemize
41586 In numbers with more than four digits the smallest space is inserted before every third digit to group them:
41597 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
41601 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
41607 \begin_layout Itemize
41608 For dimensions like 120×90×40
41609 \begin_inset space \thinspace{}
41612 cm the multiplication sign
41613 \begin_inset Quotes eld
41617 \begin_inset Quotes erd
41621 It is available either via the command
41629 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
41630 Special Character\SpecialChar menuseparator
41636 \begin_layout Itemize
41637 Functions with names consisting of several letters are set upright to avoid confusions,
41639 \begin_inset CommandInset ref
41641 reference "subsec:Predefined-Functions"
41649 \begin_layout Itemize
41650 Indices consisting of several letters,
41653 \begin_inset Formula $E_{\mathrm{kin}}$
41657 \begin_inset Newline newline
41660 Components of matrices are set italic:
41662 \begin_inset Formula $\hat{H}_{kl}$
41668 \begin_layout Itemize
41669 The differentiation/integration operator 'd',
41670 the Euler's number 'e' and the imaginary unit 'i' should be set upright,
41671 to avoid mixing them up with other variables.
41674 \begin_layout Itemize
41675 The character that denotes a
41679 transformation is inserted either by the command
41684 \begin_inset space \textvisiblespace{}
41691 Insert\SpecialChar menuseparator
41692 Special Character\SpecialChar menuseparator
41693 Symbols\SpecialChar menuseparator
41695 \begin_inset space ~
41702 \begin_inset Formula $\mathscr{F}$
41708 \begin_layout Standard
41709 \begin_inset Newpage newpage
41715 \begin_layout Section
41717 \begin_inset Index idx
41722 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41731 \begin_layout Standard
41732 Some characters and symbols can be created with several commands.
41733 Here is a list of the synonym commands:
41736 \begin_layout Standard
41737 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
41741 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
41745 \begin_inset Tabular
41746 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2">
41747 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
41748 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
41749 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
41751 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
41754 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41760 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
41763 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41771 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41774 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41782 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41785 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41793 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41796 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41804 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41807 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41817 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41820 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41828 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41831 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41841 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41844 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41852 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41855 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41863 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41866 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41874 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41877 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41885 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41888 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41896 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41899 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41909 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41912 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41920 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41923 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41933 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41936 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41944 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41947 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41957 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41960 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41968 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41971 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41981 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41984 \begin_layout Plain Layout
41992 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
41995 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42003 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
42006 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42014 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
42017 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42029 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
42033 \begin_inset Tabular
42034 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="12" columns="2">
42035 <features booktabs="true" tabularvalignment="middle">
42036 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
42037 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
42039 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
42042 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42048 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
42051 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42059 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42062 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42070 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42073 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42085 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42088 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42096 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42099 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42109 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42112 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42120 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42123 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42133 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42136 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42144 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42147 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42155 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42158 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42166 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42169 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42177 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42180 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42188 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42191 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42201 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42204 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42212 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42215 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42225 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42228 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42236 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42239 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42249 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42252 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42260 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42263 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42273 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42276 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42284 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" usebox="none">
42287 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42297 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
42300 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42308 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" bottomline="true" usebox="none">
42311 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42325 \begin_inset space \hfill{}
42329 \begin_inset CommandInset href
42332 target "https://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf"
42340 \begin_layout Standard
42341 \begin_inset Newpage newpage
42347 \begin_layout Bibliography
42348 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
42349 LatexCommand bibitem
42365 The \SpecialChar LaTeX
42373 \begin_layout Bibliography
42374 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
42375 LatexCommand bibitem
42382 \begin_inset CommandInset href
42385 target "http://mirrors.ctan.org/obsolete/info/math/voss/mathmode/Mathmode.pdf"
42390 of \SpecialChar LaTeX
42394 \begin_layout Bibliography
42395 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
42396 LatexCommand bibitem
42403 \begin_inset CommandInset href
42406 target "http://tug.ctan.org/info/amslatex/english/amsldoc.pdf"
42415 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42424 -\SpecialChar LaTeX
42428 \begin_layout Bibliography
42429 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
42430 LatexCommand bibitem
42437 \begin_inset CommandInset href
42440 target "http://tug.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf"
42445 of all symbols available with \SpecialChar LaTeX
42449 \begin_layout Bibliography
42450 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
42451 LatexCommand bibitem
42458 \begin_inset CommandInset href
42460 name "Documentation"
42461 target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/cancel/cancel.pdf"
42466 of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
42472 \begin_inset Index idx
42477 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42479 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
42482 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42496 \begin_layout Bibliography
42497 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
42498 LatexCommand bibitem
42505 \begin_inset CommandInset href
42507 name "Documentation"
42508 target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/doc/manual.pdf"
42513 of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
42519 \begin_inset Index idx
42524 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42526 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
42529 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42543 \begin_layout Bibliography
42544 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
42545 LatexCommand bibitem
42552 \begin_inset CommandInset href
42554 name "Documentation"
42555 target "https://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mhchem/mhchem.pdf"
42560 of the \SpecialChar LaTeX
42566 \begin_inset Index idx
42571 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42573 \begin_inset IndexMacro subentry
42576 \begin_layout Plain Layout
42590 \begin_layout Bibliography
42591 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
42592 LatexCommand bibitem
42601 \begin_inset space ~
42608 \begin_inset space ~
42616 \begin_layout Bibliography
42617 \begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
42618 LatexCommand bibitem
42625 \begin_inset CommandInset href
42628 target "https://www.nist.gov/physical-measurement-laboratory/special-publication-811"
42633 for reviewing manuscripts
42636 \begin_layout Standard
42637 \begin_inset CommandInset index_print
42638 LatexCommand printindex