1 #LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
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8 {\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}}
11 \inputencoding default
14 \paperfontsize default
21 \use_numerical_citations 0
22 \paperorientation portrait
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27 \quotes_language english
31 \paperpagestyle headings
35 Customizing LyX: Features for the Advanced User
44 Principal maintainer of this file is
49 If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX
50 Documentation mailing list, <lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org>.
57 \begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{}
67 This manual covers the customization features present in LyX.
68 In it, we discuss issues like keyboard shortcuts, screen previewing options,
69 printer options, sending commands to LyX via the LyX Server, internationalizati
70 on, installing new LaTeX classes and LyX layouts, etc.
71 We can't possibly hope to touch on everything you can change---our developers
72 add new features faster than we can document them---but we will explain
73 the most common customizations and hopefully point you in the right direction
74 for some of the more obscure ones.
77 LyX configuration files
81 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:config}
85 This chapter aims to help you to find your way through the LyX configuration
87 Before continuing to read this chapter, you should find out where your
88 LyX library directory is by using
93 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
101 This directory is the place where LyX places its system-wide configuration
102 files, and we will simply name it
106 in the remainder of this document.
121 and its sub-directories contain a number of files and that can be used
122 to customise LyX's behaviour.
123 You can change many of these files from within LyX itself through the
128 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
136 Most customization that you might want to do to LyX is possible through
138 However, many other inner aspects of LyX can be customized by modifying
144 They fall in different categories, described in the following subsections.
147 Automatically generated files
150 These files are generated when you configure LyX.
151 They contain various default values that are guessed by inspection.
152 In general, it is not a good idea to modify them, since they might be overwritt
155 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
163 contains defaults for various commands.
165 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
173 contains the list of packages that have been recognized by LyX.
174 It is currently unused by the LyX program itself, but the information extracted
175 , and more, is made available with
180 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
190 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
198 is the list of text classes that have been found in your
202 directory, along with the associated LaTeX document class and their description.
204 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
210 is automatically generated during configuration from the file
219 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
227 this directory contains files with the extension
231 that define the keybindings used in LyX (see section\SpecialChar ~
233 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bindings}
238 If there exists an internationalized version of the bindfile named
242 , that will be used first.
243 See Chapter\SpecialChar ~
245 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:i18n}
250 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bindings}
256 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
264 contains graphics files that can be included in documents.
267 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
275 contains LyX documentation files (including the one you are currently reading).
280 deserves special attention, as noted above.
281 If there exists an internationalized version of the help-document with
286 prepended to the name, that will be used first.
287 See Chapter\SpecialChar ~
289 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:i18n}
295 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
303 contains example files that explain how to use some features.
304 In the file browser, press the
310 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
316 contains image files that are used by the
321 In addition, it also contains the individual icons used in the toolbar
322 and the banners that can be shown when LyX is launched.
324 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
332 contains keyboard keymapping files.
333 See Chapter\SpecialChar ~
335 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:keymap}
341 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
349 contains the text class files described in Chapter\SpecialChar ~
351 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:textclass}
357 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
363 contains lots of files that together make up reLyX, the translator of
364 \begin_inset Quotes eld
368 \begin_inset Quotes erd
373 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
379 contains some files that demonstrate the capabilities of the
381 External\SpecialChar ~
386 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
392 contains the standard LyX template files described in Chapter\SpecialChar ~
394 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:templates}
400 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
406 contains some LaTeX cls files distributed with LyX.
408 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
414 contains files with the extension
418 that define the user interface to LyX.
419 That is, the files define which items appear in which menus and the items
420 appearing on the toolbar.
421 See Chapter\SpecialChar ~
423 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ui}
430 Files you don't want to modify
433 These files are used internally by LyX and you generally do not need to
434 modify them unless you are a developer.
436 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
444 this file contains the list of LyX developers.
445 The contents are displayed with the menu entry
450 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
456 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
464 this is a LaTeX script used during the configuration process.
467 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
475 this is the script that is used to re-configure LyX.
476 It creates configuration files in the directory it was run from.
479 Other files needing a line or two...
481 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
487 this contains tables describing how different character encodings can be
490 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
496 this file contains the templates available to the new
498 External\SpecialChar ~
503 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
509 this file contains a list of all the languages currently supported by LyX.
511 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
517 Deprecated and definitely obfuscated.
518 This is the old style preferences file.
519 It will probably disappear in the near future.
522 Your local configuration directory
525 Even if you are using LyX as an unprivileged user, you might want to change
526 LyX configuration for your own use.
531 directory contains all your personal configuration files.
532 This is the directory described as
533 \begin_inset Quotes eld
537 \begin_inset Quotes erd
545 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
550 This directory is used as a mirror of
554 , which means that every file in
558 is a replacement for the corresponding file in
563 Any configuration file described in the above sections can be placed either
564 in the system-wide directory, in which case it will affect all users, or
565 in your local directory for your own use.
568 To make things clearer, let's provide a few examples:
571 The preferences set in the
576 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
583 dialog are saved to a file
594 When you reconfigure using
599 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
610 and the resulting files are written in your local configuration directory
611 (see section\SpecialChar ~
613 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:autodetected}
617 to have a list of the
621 settings affected by this section).
622 This means that any additional text class file that you might have added
627 will be added to the list of classes in the
632 ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator
642 Similarly, if you have installed some LaTeX document classes in your home
643 directory, that LaTeX can find with your
647 path, they will show up in your list of text classes.
653 as long as LyX or yourself have a
657 file for it, of course.
663 If you get some updated documentation from LyX ftp site and cannot install
664 it because you do not have sysadmin rights on your system, you can just
679 Running LyX with multiple configurations
682 The configuration freedom of the local configuration directory may not suffice
683 if you want to have more than one configuration at your disposal.
684 For example, you may want to be use different key bindings or printer settings
686 You can achieve this by having several such directories.
687 You then specify which directory to use at run-time.
690 Invoking LyX with the command line switch
697 instructs the program to read the configuration from that directory, and
698 not from the default directory (you can determine the default directory
699 by running LyX without this switch as described above).
700 If this directory does not exist, LyX offers to create it for you, just
701 like it does for the default directory on the first time you run the program.
702 You can modify the configuration options in this additional
706 exactly as you would for the default directory.
707 These directories are completely independent (but read on).
708 Note that setting the environment variable
712 to some value has exactly the same effect
717 Having several configurations also requires more maintenance: if you want
718 to add a new layout to
722 which you want available from all your configurations, you must add it
723 to each directory separately.
724 You can avoid this with the following trick: after LyX creates the additional
725 directory, most of the subdirectories (see above) are empty.
726 If you want the new configuration to mirror an existing one, replace the
727 empty subdirectory with a symbolic link to the matching subdirectory in
728 the existing configuration.
735 subirectory, however, since it contains a file written by the configuration
736 script (also accessible through
741 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
747 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:autodetected}
753 which is configuration-specific.
766 Using the dialog for the first time
773 file will contain only changes that you have made to the default behaviour,
774 some of which is hard-coded into LyX and some of which is contained in
777 LyXDir/lyxrc.defaults
780 Note that in both files lines beginning with a
781 \begin_inset Quotes eld
789 \begin_inset Quotes erd
792 are just comments and not interpreted.
793 However, only system administrators should edit
804 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
811 dialog to create and modify their own
823 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
830 dialog will be largely self-explanatory.
831 Almost all the commands have an associated comment, so you shouldn't have
832 too much trouble modifying it to taste.
833 Before we highlight a few of the more important commands below, however,
838 ing some of your changes (e.g., screen fonts) will have an instant effect.
840 changing the bind file) will not.
841 If nothing appears to have changed, just
845 the changes and restart LyX.
851 The font used to display your documents on the LyX screen is very important,
852 since you'll be reading all your documents with this font.
853 Therefore it is important that the font is as readable and good-looking
855 The LyX team tried to provide the best possible default font for you, but
856 since practically all X11 systems are different, it's likely that the default
857 fonts will be sub-optimal on your system.
858 Fortunately, you can do something about this.
859 Before we explain how to do this, you should learn a bit more about fonts
860 so that you are better prepared for choosing your fonts, because it is
861 a trade-off that is specific to your preferences and the capabilities of
865 Notice that this section only deals with the fonts on the
869 inside the LyX window.
870 The fonts that appear on the
878 are independent from these fonts, and are determined by the document class.
883 to learn how to change the font of the printed version of your document.
886 Basically, screen fonts come in two different kinds: scalable outline fonts
887 and non-scalable bitmap fonts.
888 This distinction seems a bit arbitrary, since non-scalable fonts are actually
889 scalable in most modern font renderers.
890 The difference lies in the
894 of the scaling, and the
899 The most important decision is thus whether you should use non-scalable
900 bitmap fonts or scalable outline fonts.
903 The scalable fonts are built from
907 of the single glyphs (i.e.
908 characters) in the font.
909 This means that each glyph is defined using mathematical curves that are
910 well suited for scaling to any requested size.
911 This mathematical definition is interpreted by the font renderer and turned
912 into a small picture composed of pixels according to which size and glyph,
913 the programmer requests.
914 This means that scalable fonts will look pretty good in all sizes.
915 Well, almost all sizes.
916 Since scalable fonts are defined in an abstract way, it can be hard to
917 provide a good rendering at small sizes, where each pixel has to be very
918 carefully computed to provide a good image.
919 Technically it is possible to do this from the mathematical definition,
920 but in order to keep the rendering reasonably fast, tradeoffs have to be
921 made, and the result is that scalable fonts can be difficult to read at
925 Bitmap fonts on the other hand, are defined by bitmap graphics from the
926 start, so they will look good at all the sizes they are meant for.
927 However, they don't scale well, because in order to scale a glyph, each
928 pixel is enlarged into several pixels.
929 It is the same effect that happens if you try to enlarge a picture in
933 or any other picture manipulation program.
934 In order to relieve this effect, bitmap fonts are typically provided in
935 several fixed sizes typically from around 8 pixels high up to 34 pixels
936 or so high in steps according to what is believed to be useful.
937 The advantage of bitmap fonts is that no complicated computations are necessary
938 to display each glyph, so bitmap fonts are thus faster displayed than scalable
940 The disadvantage is that sizes that don't exists as fixed versions have
941 to be scaled by doubling pixels, and thus look bad.
944 The net result of all this, is that bitmap fonts are generally best for
945 the small sizes, where they are available, while scalable fonts are generally
946 best for large sizes.
947 The logical conclusion would thus be to use bitmap fonts for the small
948 sizes, and scalable fonts for the large sizes.
949 Unfortunately, this is not a good idea, since bitmap fonts and scalable
950 fonts are not designed to be used together, so the overall look of such
951 a scheme would be bad.
952 The best you can do is thus to try both schemes and decide for yourself
956 By default, LyX uses non-scalable bitmap fonts (when using the XForms frontend).
961 is used, for sans serif fonts,
969 is used as the monospaced/typewriter font.
972 In the following, we will describe what to do if the text does not look
974 We'll start with the most important parameters: DPI and font zoom.
977 DPI setting and Font Zoom
980 LyX automatically tries to scale the fonts to look as close as the paper
981 output size as possible, except for the so-called font zoom factor.
984 In order for this to work on all systems, it relies on the screen DPI (dots
985 per inch) setting to be correct.
986 The DPI setting for your system is autodetected by LyX using the information
987 the X server can provide.
988 You can check what LyX autodetects the DPI setting to, by running LyX as
996 On many systems, X is not set up correctly, so you should check that it
999 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1007 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1010 and write down what the DPI is for the resolution you use (this will be
1011 close to the value LyX detects).
1012 It is the number mentioned as
1013 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1017 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1021 Also write down the number of pixels you have in the width (the first number
1023 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1027 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1033 Then get the good old ruler out of the closet, and measure the width of
1034 the visible screen-image on your monitor.
1035 Convert this measurement to inches if you used a centimeter ruler by dividing
1037 Now you can determine the correct DPI setting for your screen by dividing
1038 the number of pixels in the width by the width of the screen-image on the
1040 If this number is more than, say, 5 DPI from the detected value, you should
1041 either fix the X setup, or at least tell LyX that the DPI is different
1042 than the detected value.
1045 If you can't fix the X setup (which of course is best since other programs
1046 than LyX will benefit from this as well), you can tell LyX the correct
1054 If the text is too small or too big for your taste, you should fiddle with
1055 the font zoom setting.
1056 This setting is used to scale the point size of the text.
1057 If your DPI setting is correct, and the font zoom setting is set to 100,
1058 this means that LyX will try to display the text exactly the same size
1059 as it will appear on the paper-output.
1060 If you set the zoom factor to 200, the text will try to be 2 times as big
1062 Of course, this will only happen if LyX can find a font that has the appropriat
1063 e size, which you can't count on.
1064 Since LyX is a WYSIWYM system anyways, this limitation isn't much of an
1068 The default font zoom setting is 150, since a monitor is typically wider
1069 than a piece of paper, but you should try to fiddle with it through the
1083 dialog to find a size that you like.
1084 When you've found a setting that seems to work nicely for you (tip: use
1092 button to keep the dialog open while you experiment), you can make this
1093 setting the default by using the
1103 While it is often possible to find a suitable size for the text on the screen,
1104 this doesn't necessarily mean that the fonts are the best ones available
1106 In order to help you get the most out of your system, you can use the font
1107 definition commands to fine-tune the look of the text in greater detail
1111 Font definition commands
1114 As mentioned, LyX uses non-scalable bitmap fonts by default with the XForms
1120 is used, for sans serif fonts,
1128 is used as the monospaced/typewriter font.
1131 You can change all of these from within the
1136 The number of fonts that are available on different systems vary, but the
1141 should be available everywhere.
1142 Use that program to find candidate fonts.
1143 When you've found a font that you like, try to insert the first two elements
1145 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1149 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1153 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1157 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1164 ) in the appropriate field in the
1176 LyX will then reformat your document using the new font, and if you like
1177 the font, you should
1185 One place to start for a new font is to see if the scalable font
1186 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1190 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1194 Tip: You can see whether a font is a bitmap font or a scalable font by
1196 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1200 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1204 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1208 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1216 If the value 0 is available, the font is scalable.
1217 If the value 0 isn't available, the font is a bitmap font.
1220 Before you go about scrapping a bitmap font because the larger sizes look
1222 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1226 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1229 , you should toggle the
1230 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1234 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1238 This is only useful if you use bitmap fonts, because only these don't scale
1240 If you define this flag, LyX will only use the fixed font sizes that are
1241 available, and this guarantees that all bitmap fonts look well.
1242 (You can see which individual font sizes are available with the
1251 .) However, the prize is that the difference between the size of the fonts
1252 on screen and the size of fonts on paper will be larger because LyX will
1253 have to be satisfied with the closest available size, and not try to scale
1255 Also, you can risk that some logically different sizes, such as
1263 , will be mapped to the same screen font, making it hard for you to see
1264 the difference on screen.
1265 We've decided not to use scalable fonts by default because of these artifacts,
1266 but since LyX is a WYSIWYM system, many people like to use the flag anyways,
1267 well-knowing that the font size on the screen can't be trusted.
1268 But remember that this flag only makes a difference when you use bitmap
1270 Scalable fonts won't be affected for reasons you should understand by now.
1273 One final note regarding this flag: you should know that there is nothing
1274 wrong with using bitmap and scalable fonts at the same time for different
1276 For instance, it's common to use the scalable
1277 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1281 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1284 for the serif text together with a bitmap version of
1285 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1289 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1293 And you can safely select the
1294 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1298 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1301 button without worries: It will only apply to the Helvetica font.
1304 Sometimes the artifacts introduced by use of the flag can be relieved by
1305 using the fine-detail screen font sizes which defines which point sizes
1306 the different logical font sizes correspond to.
1311 to see exactly what concrete fonts the logical sizes map to, and try adjusting
1312 the corresponding entries in the
1316 dialog until you've managed to hit the nail and get the fonts you want.
1317 This can be hard to do, because LyX uses the DPI setting and the font zoom
1318 settings to calculate which exact screen font size to ask the X server
1319 for, thus obfuscating the mapping.
1320 If you can't make it by trial-and-error, you can make the process more
1321 transparent if you set both the DPI setting and font zoom settings to 100---eve
1322 n when this is known to be wrong.
1323 This will of course make your scalable fonts look weird, so use with care.
1329 By default, LyX will use fonts meant to write Western European text, including
1330 all kinds of English.
1331 This is defined through the so-called
1340 If you want to use LyX to write for instance Eastern European text, Cyrillic
1341 or any other language not covered by the ISO-8859-1 font encoding, you
1342 can define a different one with the encoding setting.
1343 This requires you to have special fonts installed.
1348 to see whether this is the case: check the
1349 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1353 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1357 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1361 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1364 fields for ISO-8859-X values different from ISO-8859-1, and search for
1365 one that contains the national characters of your language.
1366 If you find any, enter this encoding in the dialog.
1367 If not, go searching the Web for appropriate fonts.
1368 For the Qt frontend, it's recommended you use an iso646 font set.
1371 When you've set LyX up to use a different font encoding, you should also
1372 consider changing the font used by dialog windows in LyX.
1379 dialog will not be understandable unless you tell LyX to use a different
1381 By default the menu font is set to
1383 -*-helvetica-medium-r
1385 , but often Helvetica is not available in the font encoding you need, so
1386 the dialog allows this to be changed.
1389 As you can see, there are quite a few options that can be used to fine tune
1390 the look of your fonts.
1391 This should not scare you from fiddling with the settings, because after
1392 all, you will hopefully be using LyX for many hours in the future.
1393 And contrary to real WYSIWYG word processors where you are tied to using
1394 fonts that have to look good both on paper and on screen, LyX gives you
1395 the possibility of using fonts that are designed to look good on the screen
1396 while using a different set of fonts to look good on paper.
1400 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bindings}
1407 Bindings are used to, well, bind a function to a key.
1408 Several prepackaged binding files are available: a CUA set of bindings
1409 (familiar as the typical set of PC and CDE set of keyboard shortcuts),
1410 an Emacs set of bindings, for those of us who follow the One True Way and
1411 refuse to lower our standards,
1417 I'm kidding here, of course!
1420 as well as specialty bindings (broadway and hollywood) and other languages
1421 (French, German, etc.).
1424 If, however, you'd like to customise the keybindings to your own exacting
1425 tastes, then copy the best-fit file in
1434 Don't forget to load this new file into LyX using the
1439 (For the moment you'll have to restart LyX for these changes to take effect.)
1442 LyX supports internationalization of the user interface (see Chapter\SpecialChar ~
1444 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:i18n}
1453 is set, with the environment variable
1457 , LyX will try to use bindfiles by prepending
1462 For example, you can put a translated copy of some standard bind file in
1467 directory, and LyX will use it automatically.
1474 files is straightforward:
1481 bind <key combination> <lyx-function>
1484 Both key combination and lyx-function (including any arguments) must be
1485 enclosed in "double quotes".
1486 All the LyX functions are listed in the
1494 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ui}
1501 The appearance of both the menu and toolbar may both be changed using the
1516 For the moment, only one file exists,
1520 , but feel free to experiment.
1521 Just copy the file to the
1525 directory and play! Note that, for the moment, you'll have to restart LyX
1526 for these changes to take effect.
1533 files is straightforward: have a look at
1546 entries must be ended with an explicit
1571 s and in the case of the
1572 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1576 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1584 One small word of warning.
1589 s may be inserted in a
1597 , but they are defined as
1608 Converters, Formats, Viewers, Editors and Copiers
1611 LyX has a powerful mechanism to convert to and from any file format using
1613 Define a pair of formats, e.g.
1623 Now define a converter from one format to the other.
1624 In our example, two possible mechanisms exist.
1627 A direct conversion, from LaTeX to PDF using pdflatex
1630 A more convoluted route using intermediate formats and converters: LaTeX
1631 to DVI (using latex) to PostScript® (using dvips) to PDF (using ps2pdf).
1634 LyX will always choose the shortest possible route, so you must specify
1635 two different Format names for
1639 files to be able to use either.
1640 Both are included by default in the
1645 Have a look and then invent your own!
1648 Moreover, each Format can have a Viewer associated with it.
1649 For example, you might want to use
1653 to examine PostScript® files, or
1657 to preview the LaTeX output.
1658 You can alter the viewer to use (and what options to pass to it) via the
1664 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1669 references:Conversion
1672 For example, to change the
1680 format in the dialog, change the viewer to be
1684 (or whatever), and hit
1694 Editors are like viewers: Each Format can have an Editor associated to it,
1695 and they can be altered via the
1700 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1705 references:Conversion
1708 LyX uses them whenever an included file
1714 This can be an included
1718 file, a verbatim included text file, external material or an included graphics
1725 Finally, each Format can have a Copier associated to it.
1726 Since all conversions from one Format to another take place in a temporary
1727 directory, it is sometimes necessary to modify a file before copying it
1728 to the temporary directory
1734 For example, the file may reference other files with relative filenames,
1735 which will become invalid in the temporary directory
1739 This is done by the Copier: It copies a file to (or from) the temporary
1740 directory and may modify it in the process.
1743 BibTeX and makeindex
1746 Both the bibliography generating command (default
1750 ) and the index generating command (default
1763 As an alternative for
1775 The command to enter is
1780 makeindex.sh -m $$lang
1783 where the placeholder
1787 will be replaced by the chosen document (babel) language.
1791 have installed the packages
1808 at a shell prompt for a help page.
1811 ASCII export options
1813 \added_space_top bigskip \noindent
1814 There are a couple of commands that can be used to
1815 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1819 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1822 exported ASCII text files.
1823 Note that LyX automatically detects and uses the best settings for your
1824 system at installation time, but you can modify them if you disagree with
1836 This option defines the command used to produce better ASCII tables with
1841 UNIX-commands (refer to their manpages for more information about them).
1842 Setting this as empty tells LyX to use the internal (inferior) formatter.
1854 With this command you can set the default line length of the ASCII output
1856 Setting it to 0 means endless lines.
1862 There are a bunch of configuration options that are used for interaction
1863 with the external print command from LyX.
1864 Normally the defaults are fine: if, however, your print command takes different
1865 option names, you can modify them here.
1871 You can change the colors used by LyX on-screen using the new
1876 Alternatively, if you're feeling particularly perverse you could use the
1881 bindable function (see the
1886 Input would have the format:
1891 set-color LyXName X11Color
1894 Here is a (partial) list of the functions and default colors:
1898 \begin_inset Tabular
1899 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="3">
1901 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
1902 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
1903 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
1904 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
1905 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1922 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1939 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1957 <row topline="true">
1958 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1975 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1992 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2010 <row topline="true">
2011 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2028 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2045 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2063 <row topline="true">
2064 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2081 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2098 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2116 <row topline="true">
2117 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2134 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2151 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2169 <row topline="true">
2170 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2187 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2201 fraction Lines, brackets, etc.
2204 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2222 <row topline="true">
2223 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2240 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2247 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2265 <row topline="true">
2266 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2283 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2290 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2308 <row topline="true">
2309 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2326 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2333 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2351 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
2352 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2369 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2383 selection background
2386 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2411 The autodetected settings
2415 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:autodetected}
2419 There are several items that are detected for you when you run
2426 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
2432 In this section, we list those which pertain to the user preferences.
2455 , depending on what is available.
2470 plus a bunch of options.
2485 on systems (so-called System V) who have this command, and
2489 otherwise (BSD systems).
2497 print_spool_printerprefix
2508 , depending on whether
2535 fonts are found and LaTeX has support for these fonts built-in.
2536 You can set it manually if you only have the so-called
2546 There are many other configuration options that can be used to customize
2548 We still need to document them here, but again, most should be fairly obvious.
2549 Please ask on the mailing lists if you need some more information; it may
2550 even prompt us to expand this section.
2553 Internationalizing LyX
2554 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:i18n}
2561 LyX supports using a translated interface.
2562 Last time we checked, LyX provided text in 14 languages together with the
2563 default English text.
2564 The language of choice is called your
2569 (For further reading on locale settings, see also the documentation for
2570 locale that comes with your operating system.
2571 For Linux, the manual page for locale(5) could be a good place to start).
2574 Notice that these translations will work, but do contain a few flaws.
2575 In particular, all dialogs have been designed with the English text in
2576 mind, which means that some of the translated text will be too large to
2577 fit within the space allocated.
2578 This is only a display problem and will not cause any harm.
2579 Also, you will find that some of the translations do not define short-cut
2580 keys for everything.
2581 Sometimes, there are simply not enough free letters to do it.
2582 Other times, the translator just hasn't got around to doing it yet.
2583 We'll try to fix these shortcomings in future versions of LyX.
2586 Selecting an alternative language for the user interface
2589 This feature is disabled by default, meaning that system default language
2591 To enable an alternative language, you have to set an appropriate environment
2599 for csh class shells
2614 with the two letter code (or four letter code, like
2618 for British English) for the language you want.
2624 Besides the user interface texts being translated, also the appropriate
2625 manuals will be presented under the Help menu -- if available.
2628 On some systems, you may have to redefine
2644 , to override the system settings; their preference is in this order.
2645 Consult your system documentation.
2646 Normally, you'll want to put the appropriate line in a shell script run
2647 on start-up, so that the translation is on by default.
2648 Remember that this affects
2655 If LyX is configured and compiled with
2656 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2664 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2667 , this will not work.
2673 Translating the graphical user interface (text messages).
2680 library to handle the internationalization of the interface.
2681 To have LyX speak your favorite language in all menus and dialogs, you
2686 -file for that language.
2687 When this is available, you'll have to generate a mo-file from it and install
2693 The process of doing all of this is explained in the documentation for
2698 , but in short, this is what you do (
2702 denotes the language code):
2720 LYX-SOURCE-DIR/po/lyx.pot
2733 doesn't exist, it can be remade with
2737 in that directory, or you can use an existing po-file for some other language
2749 We recommend that you use Emacs to do this, since the
2753 distribution includes a nice mode that supports you in doing this.
2759 For some menu- and widget-labels, there are also shortcut keys that should
2761 Those keys are marked after a `|', and should be translated according to
2762 the words and phrases of the
2767 There is a tool named
2771 written in Prolog in
2773 LYX-SOURCE-DIR/development/tools/
2775 that may be useful to help determine short-cut keys.
2776 Note that XForms (version 0.86 at least) can't handle anything but 7-bit
2777 characters as shortcut keys.
2778 You should also fill also out the information at the beginning of the new
2783 -file with your email-address, etc., so people know where to reach you with
2784 suggestions and entertaining flames.
2795 This can be done with
2818 -file to your locale-tree, at the correct directory for application messages
2823 , and under the name
2832 /usr/local/share/locale/
2856 Adding a new po-file to the
2860 of LyX involves altering the configure scripts and more, but the way
2864 works, you don't actually need the source-code of LyX to translate it---having
2880 If you've written a translation file for a language that LyX does not currently
2881 support, feel free to submit it for inclusion by sending a patch.
2882 In this case, we recommend that you read the
2890 directory for more instructions.
2891 \layout Subsubsection
2896 Sometimes it turns out that one english message needs to be translated into
2897 different messages in the target language.
2898 One example is the message
2902 which has the german translation
2919 does not handle such ambigous translations.
2920 Therefore you have to add some context information to the message: Instead
2927 To[[as in 'From format x to format y']]
2931 To[[as in 'From page x to page y']].
2934 Now the two occurences of
2942 and can be translated correctly to
2957 Of course the context information needs to be stripped off the original
2958 message when no translation is used.
2959 Therefore you have to put it in double square brackets at the end of the
2960 message (see the example above).
2961 The translation mechanism of LyX ensures that everything in double square
2962 brackets at the end of messages is removed before displaying the message.
2965 Translating the documentation.
2968 The online documentation (in the
2975 -menu) can (and should!) be translated.
2976 If there are translated versions of the documentation available
2982 As of February 2003, almost all of the docs have been translated into German
2988 has been translated into at least 12 other languages, with other translations
2990 The library of translated documents is growing rapidly.
2993 , and the locale is set accordingly, these will be used automagically by
2995 LyX looks for translated versions as
3009 denotes the language as set by the environmental variable
3014 If there are none, the default English versions will be displayed.
3015 Note that the translated versions must have the same filenames (
3019 above) as the original.
3020 If you feel up to translating the documentation (an excellent way to proof-read
3021 the original documentation BTW!), there are a few things you should do
3029 , the guide to writing LyX documentation.
3030 Pay special attention to the translator's section.
3033 Check out the documentation translation web page at
3034 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[The LyX Developer's Web Site]{http://www.devel.lyx.org}
3039 That way, you can find out which (if any) documents have already been translate
3040 d into your language.
3041 You can also find out who (if anyone) is organizing the effort to translate
3042 the documentation into your language.
3043 If no one is organizing the effort, please let us know that you're interested.
3046 Once you get to actually translating, here's a few hints for you that may
3050 Join the documentation team! There is information on how to do that in
3059 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3066 ), which by the way is the first document you should translate.
3069 Learn the typographic conventions for the language you are translating to.
3070 Typography is an ancient art and over the centuries, a great variety of
3071 conventions have developed throughout different parts of the world.
3072 Also study the professional terminology amongst typographers in your country.
3073 Inventing your own terminology will only confuse the users.
3076 (Warning! Typography is addictive!)
3079 Make a copy of the document.
3080 This will be your working copy.
3081 You can use this as your personal translated help-file by placing it in
3089 Sometimes the original document (from the LyX-team) will be updated.
3090 Use the ViewCVS tool available at
3091 \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://www.lyx.org/viewcvs.cgi/lyxdoc/}
3095 to see what has been changed
3101 Alternatively, you can keep a copy of the latest version of the English
3102 document which you've translated.
3106 That way you can easily see which parts of the translated document need
3110 If you ever find an error in the original document, fix it and notify the
3111 rest of the documentation team of the changes! (You didn't forget to join
3112 the documentation team did you?)
3115 International Keyboard Support
3120 [Editor's Note: The following section is by
3125 It needs to be fixed to conform to the new Documentation Style sheet and
3126 to make use of the new v1.0 features.
3127 The whole thing also needs to be merged with the section following it.-jw]
3130 Defining Own Keymaps: Keymap File Format
3133 Let's look at a keyboard definition file a little closer.
3134 It is a plain ASCII file defining
3137 key-to-key or key-to-string translations
3143 dead keys exceptions
3146 To define key-to-key or key-to-string translation, use this command:
3168 is the key to be translated and
3172 is the string to be inserted into the document.
3173 To define dead keys, use:
3200 The following dead keys are supported (shortcut name is in parentheses):
3317 hungarian umlaut (hug)
3345 Since in many international keyboards there are exceptions to what some
3346 dead keys should do, you can define them using
3357 deadkey key outstring
3360 For example, on Slovak keyboard, if you enter caron-o, it generates circumflex-o
3377 to make it work correctly.
3378 Also, you have to define as exceptions dead keys over i and j, to remove
3379 the dot from them before inserting an accent mark.
3380 I will change this when the time comes, but so far I haven't had time.
3383 Oh, and about characters: backslash is escaped, so to enter it, you'll need
3389 have different meaning.
3394 marks comments, quotes start and end LaTeX-style commands.
3395 To enter quote, you'll need to use
3414 If you make a keyboard description file that works for your language, please
3415 mail it to me, so I can include it in the next keymap distribution.
3418 More keywords will be supported in keymap configuration file in future,
3453 an external keymap translation program
3456 Also, it should look into
3460 file for defaults, too (for example, a
3466 option to include default keyboard).
3469 International Keymap Stuff
3470 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:keymap}
3477 The next two sections describe the
3489 file syntax in detail.
3490 These sections should help you design your own key map if the ones provided
3491 do not meet your needs.
3505 file maps keystrokes to characters or strings.
3506 As the name suggests it sets a keyboard mapping.
3531 are described in this section.
3533 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3541 Map a character to a string
3573 the double-quote (")
3581 must be escaped with a preceding backslash (
3598 statement to cause the symbol
3604 to be output for the keystroke
3617 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3625 Specify an accent character
3637 This will make the cha
3652 This is the dead key
3664 refers to a key that does not produce a character by itself, but when followed
3665 with another key, produces the desired accent character.
3666 For example, a German characte
3668 r with an umlaut like
3672 can be produced in this manner.
3685 and then another key not in
3693 followed by the other, unallowed key, as output.
3702 cancels a dead key, so if
3713 , the cursor will not go one position backwards but will instead cancel
3720 might have had on the next keystroke.
3724 The following example specifies that the character ' is to be an acute accent,
3725 allowed on the characters a, e, i, o, u, A, E, I, O, and U:
3730 kmod ' acute aeiouAEIOU
3732 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3738 Specify an exception to the accent character
3751 This defines an exce
3770 have been assigned a keystroke with a previous
3784 must not belong in the
3804 If such a declaration does not exist in
3841 The following command produces causes äi to be produced when you enter acute-i
3857 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3863 Combine two accent characters
3871 accent1 accent2 allowed
3874 This one is getting pretty esoteric.
3875 It allows you to combine the effect
3920 Consider this example from the
3931 kmod ; acute aeioyvhAEIOYVH
3935 kcomb acute umlaut iyIY
3938 This allows you to press
3944 and get the effect of
3961 in this case cancels the last dead key, so if you press
3989 mapping is performed, a
3996 file maps the strings that the symbols generate to characters in the current
3998 The LyX distribution currently includes at least the
4021 file is a sequence of declarations of the form
4034 For example, in order to map
4042 to the corresponding character in the iso-8859-1 set (233), the following
4072 the same character can apply to more than one string.
4110 If LyX cannot find a mapping for the string produced by the keystroke or
4111 a deadkey sequence, it will check if it looks like an accented char and
4112 try to draw an accent over the character on screen.
4118 There is a second way to add support for international characters through
4119 so-called dead-keys.
4120 A dead-key works in combination with a letter to produce an accented character.
4121 Here, we'll explain how to create a really simple dead-key to illustrate
4125 Suppose you happen to need the circumflex character,
4126 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4131 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4139 -key [a.k.a.\SpecialChar ~
4144 ] to the LyX command
4153 Now, whenever you type the
4157 -key followed by a letter, that letter will have a circumflex accent on
4159 For example, the sequence
4160 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4168 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4171 produces the letter:
4172 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4176 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4180 If you tried to type
4181 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4189 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4192 , however, LyX will complain with a beep, since a
4193 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4201 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4204 never takes a circumflex accent.
4209 after a dead-key produces the bare-accent.
4210 Please note this last point! If you bind a key to a dead-key, you'll need
4211 to rebind the character on that key to yet another key.
4216 to a cedilla is a bad idea, since you'll only get cedillas instead of commas.
4219 One common way to bind dead-keys is to use
4231 in combination with an accent, like
4232 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4240 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4244 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4252 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4256 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4264 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4268 Another way involves using
4276 [remember them from section?] to set up the special
4285 acts in some ways just like
4289 and permits you to bind keys to accented characters.
4290 You can also turn keys into dead-keys by binding them to something like
4295 and then binding this symbolic key to the corresponding LyX command.
4305 : This is exactly what I do in my
4316 Scroll\SpecialChar ~
4323 and a bunch of these
4324 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4332 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4335 symbolic keys bound such things as
4337 Scroll\SpecialChar ~
4342 Scroll\SpecialChar ~
4346 This is how I produce my accented characters.
4349 You can make just about anything into the
4357 keys, a spare function key, etc.
4358 As for the LyX commands that produce accents, check the entry for
4367 You'll find the complete list there.
4370 Saving your Language Configuration
4374 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:savlang}
4378 You can edit your preferences so that your desired language environment
4379 is automatically configured when LyX starts up, via the
4384 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4394 Installing New Document Classes, Layouts, and Templates
4395 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:textclass}
4405 Installing New Document Classes
4411 In this chapter, we describe the procedures for creating and installing
4412 new LyX layout and template files, as well as offer a refresher on correctly
4413 installing new LaTeX document classes.
4414 Some definitions: a document class is a LaTeX file (usually ending in
4422 ) which describes the format of a document such as an article, report, journal
4424 and all the commands needed to realize that format.
4425 A layout file is a LyX file which corresponds to a LaTeX document class
4426 and which tells LyX how to
4427 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4431 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4434 things on the screen to make the display look something like the final
4436 More precisely, a layout file describes a
4437 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4441 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4444 which is the internal construct LyX uses to render the screen display.
4446 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4450 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4454 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4458 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4461 can be used somewhat interchangeably, but it is better to refer to the
4462 file as the layout, and the thing living in LyX's memory as the text class.
4463 A template file is simply a LyX document which contains a set of predefined
4464 entries for a given document class which are generally required for that
4466 Templates are especially useful for things like journal manuscripts which
4467 are to be submitted electronically.
4470 Installing a new LaTeX package
4473 Some installations may not include a LaTeX package that you would like to
4475 For example, you might need FoilTeX, a common (and very powerful) package
4476 for preparing slides or viewgraphs for overhead projectors.
4477 Here are the formal steps involved in getting the package up and running
4478 if you are using teTeX or some other web2c based distribution.
4482 Get the package from CTAN or wherever.
4490 Inventory of your LaTeX configuration
4492 manual for details of what CTAN is and where supported document classes
4503 (this usually lives in the directory
4507 , though you can run
4512 It describes how to add a local
4516 directory; follow the instructions.
4517 You need to insert the name of your local
4530 is a logical place to install software that did not come with your distribution
4536 Usually, you will have to modify only two things:
4544 to the directory you chose; e.g.
4549 TEXMFLOCAL = /usr/local/texmf
4565 TEXMF = {$HOMETEXMF,!!$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFMAIN}
4579 You must follow the directory structure of your existing
4583 directory (for example, latex packages should go under
4585 /usr/local/texmf/tex/latex/
4590 Install the package.
4591 For example, you would unpack the FoilTeX tarball and create
4593 /usr/local/texmf/tex/latex/foiltex
4600 directory contains various files.
4610 /usr/local/texmf/ls-R
4615 From within LyX, do:
4620 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4631 Now you should see your new package---for example
4640 ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4655 Note that there are simpler ways of installing packages: you can add a
4656 link to the new package directory in the system LaTeX directory (
4660 , don't forget to then run
4664 ), or sometimes simply set the
4668 environment variable to include the new package.
4669 However, the formal procedure described in
4673 is guaranteed to work, so you should follow it unless circumstances absolutely
4674 prevent it: such as, when you don't have superuser access.
4680 This section describes how to write and install your own LyX layout files
4681 (also known as text classes) and walks through the
4685 text class format as an example.
4690 files describe what paragraph styles are available for a given document
4691 class and how LyX should display them.
4692 We try to provide a thorough description of the process here; however,
4693 there are so many different types of documents supported by LaTeX classes
4694 we can't hope to cover every different possibility or problem you might
4699 When you plan to write a new layout, it is extremely helpful to look at
4700 the example layouts distributed with LyX.
4701 If you use a nice LaTeX document class that might be of interest for others,
4702 too, and have a nice corresponding LyX layout, feel free to contribute
4703 the stuff to us, so we may put it into the distribution.
4706 All the tags described in this chapter are case-insensitive; this means
4719 are really the same command.
4720 The possible values are printed in brackets after the feature's name.
4721 The default value if a feature isn't specified inside a text class-description
4729 If the argument has a datatype like
4730 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4734 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4738 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4742 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4745 , the default is shown like this:
4755 Supporting new document classes
4758 There are two situations you are likely to encounter when wanting to support
4759 a new LaTeX document class, involving LaTeX2e class (
4777 If your new document class is provided as a style file that is used in conjuncti
4778 on with an existing, supported document class, start by copying the existing
4779 class's layout file into your local directory.
4780 For the sake of example we'll assume that the style file is called
4784 and it is meant to be used with
4788 which is a standard class.
4791 cp report.layout ~/.lyx/layouts/myclass.layout
4798 and change the line:
4803 DeclareLaTeXClass{report}
4811 DeclareLaTeXClass[report, myclass.sty]{report (myclass)}
4826 near the top of the file.
4829 Start LyX and select
4834 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4842 Restart LyX and try creating a new document.
4847 " as a document class option in the
4852 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4860 It is likely that some of the sectioning commands and such will differ
4861 from how the base class
4874 works, so you can fiddle around with the settings for the different sections
4876 See below for more discussion on this.
4886 In this case, you will probably have to
4887 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4891 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4895 We strongly suggest copying an existing layout file which uses a similar
4896 LaTeX class and modifying it if at all possible.
4897 At least use an existing file as a starting point so you can find out what
4898 items you need to worry about.
4899 Again, the specifics are covered below.
4902 Declaring a new text class
4905 When it's finally time to get your hands dirty and create or edit your own
4906 layout file, the following sections describe what you're up against.
4907 Our advice is to go slowly, save and test often, listen to soothing music,
4908 and enjoy one or two of your favorite adult beverages; more if you are
4909 getting particularly stuck.
4910 It's really not that hard, except that the multitude of options can become
4911 overwhelming if you try to do to much in one sitting.
4912 Go have another adult beverage, just for good measure.
4918 Lines in a layout file which begin with a
4923 There is one exception to this rule: all layouts should begin with lines
4929 #% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this
4936 DeclareLaTeXClass{article}
4939 The second line is used when you configure LyX.
4940 The layout file is read by the LaTeX script
4944 , in a special mode where
4949 The first line is just a LaTeX comment, and the second one contains the
4950 declaration of the text class.
4951 If these lines appear in a file named
4955 , then they define a text class of name
4959 (the name of the layout file) which uses the LaTeX document class
4963 (the default is to use the same name as the layout).
4965 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4969 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4972 that appears above is used as a description of the text class in the
4977 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4987 Let's assume that you wrote your own text class that uses the
4991 documentclass, but where you changed the appearance of the section headings.
4992 If you put it in a file
4996 , the header of this file should be:
5001 #% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this
5008 DeclareLaTeXClass[article]{article (with my own headings)}
5011 This declares a text class
5015 , associated with the LaTeX document class
5020 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5023 article (with my own headings)
5024 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5028 If your text class depends on several packages, you can declare it as:
5033 #% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this
5040 DeclareLaTeXClass[article,foo.sty]{article (with my own headings)}
5043 This indicates that your text class uses the foo.sty package.
5044 Finally, it is also possible to declare classes for SGML and DocBook code.
5045 Typical declarations will look like
5050 #% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this
5057 DeclareSGMLClass{SGML (LinuxDoc)}
5063 #% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this
5068 DeclareDocBookClass[article]{SGML (DocBook article)}
5071 Note that these declarations can also be given an optional parameter declaring
5072 the name of the document class (but not a list).
5075 When the text class has been modified to your taste, all you have to do
5076 is to copy it either in
5089 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5097 Exit LyX and restart it; then your new text class should be available along
5101 General text class parameters
5104 These are the general parameters which describe the form of the entire document:
5133 ] Whether the class-default should have one or two columns.
5134 Can be changed in the
5139 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5150 This setting (same goes for
5154 , too) is important: if your text class has two columns by default but you
5155 forget to set it correctly, the
5163 be output when you select
5172 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5193 ] Whether the class-default should be printing on one or both sides of the
5195 Can be changed in the
5203 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5227 ] The class default pagestyle.
5228 Can be changed in the
5233 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5257 , Counter_Section, Counter_Subsection, Counter_Subsubsection, Counter_Paragraph,
5260 Counter_Subparagraph, Counter_EnumI, Counter_EnumII,
5262 Counter_EnumIII, Counter_EnumIV
5264 ] The highest level of automatic enumeration.
5269 for a book or report and
5274 If there is no enumeration needed at all, for example inside a letter class,
5290 ClassOptions\SpecialChar \ldots{}
5294 This section describes various global options supported by the document
5296 See Section\SpecialChar ~
5298 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:classoptions}
5318 ] Whether the class already loads the
5323 This is the case of the
5347 ] Whether the class already provides the functionality of the
5352 This is the case of the
5376 ] Whether the class already provides the functionality of the
5381 This is the case of the
5394 This is used to describe the default font of the document.
5395 See Section\SpecialChar ~
5397 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts}
5414 ] This is the style that will be assigned to new paragraphs, usually
5419 This will default to the first defined style if not given, but you are
5420 highly encouraged to use this directive.
5439 ] Indicates what kind of markup is used to define the title of a document.
5444 means that the macro with name
5448 will be inserted after the last layout which has
5449 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5457 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5465 corresponds to the case where the block of paragraphs which have
5466 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5474 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5477 should be enclosed into the
5496 ] The name of the command/environment mentionned above.
5502 Preamble\SpecialChar \ldots{}
5506 A set of macro definitions that will be output at the beginning of the
5508 Use this for global definitions.
5517 As its name implies, this command allows you to include another layout
5518 definition file within yours to avoid duplicating commands.
5519 Common examples are the standard layout files, for example,
5523 , which contains most of the basic layouts.
5529 Style\SpecialChar \ldots{}
5533 This sequence defines a new style.
5534 See Section\SpecialChar ~
5536 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:style}
5549 This command deletes an existing style.
5550 This is particularly useful when you want to suppress a style that has
5551 be defined in an input file.
5557 Float\SpecialChar \ldots{}
5561 This sequance defines a new float.
5562 See Section\SpecialChar ~
5564 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:floats}
5577 This command deletes an existing float.
5578 This is particularly useful when you want to suppress a float that has
5579 be defined in an input file.
5585 Counter\SpecialChar \ldots{}
5589 This sequence defines a new counter.
5590 See Section\SpecialChar ~
5592 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:counter}
5620 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:classoptions}
5628 section can contain the following entries:
5641 ] The list of available font sizes for the document's main font, separated
5643 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5651 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5665 string="empty|plain|headings|fancy"
5667 ] The list of available page styles, separated by
5668 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5676 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5692 ] Some document class options, separated by a comma, that will be added
5693 to the optional part of the
5702 Specific Paragraph Layouts
5706 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:style}
5710 A paragraph layout description looks like this
5716 Note that this will either define a new layout or modify an existing one.
5734 where the following commands are allowed:
5756 This is used to copy all the features of an existing layout into the current
5772 , Command, Environment, Item_Environment,
5778 ] How the layout should be translated into LaTeX.
5783 means nothing special.
5796 {\SpecialChar \ldots{}
5811 }\SpecialChar \ldots{}
5835 is generated for each paragraph of this environment.
5848 is passed as an argument to the environment.
5853 can be defined in the
5858 ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5872 is perhaps a bit misleading, since these rules apply to SGML classes, too.
5873 Visit the SGML class files for specific examples.
5883 If 1, marks the layout as being part of a title block (see also the
5900 The name of the corresponding LaTeX stuff.
5901 Either the environment or command name.
5910 The optional parameter for the corresponding
5917 This parameter cannot be changed from within LyX.
5930 ] The number of optional arguments that can be used with this layout.
5931 This is useful for things like section headings, and only makes sense with
5946 , Manual, Dynamic, First_Dynamic, Right_Address_Box
5950 The kind of margin that the layout has on the left side.
5955 just means a fixed margin.
5960 means that the left margin depends on the string entered in the
5965 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5970 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
5974 This is used to typeset nice lists without tabulators.
5979 means that the margin depends on the size of the label.
5980 This is used for automatic enumerated headlines.
5981 It is obvious that the headline
5982 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5985 5.4.3.2.1 Very long headline
5986 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5989 must have a wider left margin (as wide as
5990 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5994 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5997 plus the space) than
5998 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6001 3.2 Very long headline
6002 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6005 , even if other word processors are not able to do this.
6010 is similar, but only the very first row of the paragraph is dynamic, while
6011 the others are static; this is used, for example, for descriptions.
6016 means the margin is chosen in a way that the longest row of this paragraph
6017 fits to the right margin.
6018 This is used to typeset an address on the right edge of the page.
6034 ] Whether the following Paragraph is allowed to indent its very first row.
6039 means that it is not allowed to do so,
6043 means it could do so if it wants to.
6056 ] The indent of the very first line of a paragraph.
6057 The argument is passed as a string.
6062 means that the paragraph is indented with the width of
6071 You can get a negative width by prefixing the string with
6076 This way was chosen so that the look is the same with each used screen
6082 will be fixed for a certain layout.
6083 The exception is Standard layout, since the indentation of a Standard layout
6084 paragraph can be prohibited with
6089 Also, Standard layout paragraphs inside environments use the
6093 of the environment, not their native one.
6094 For example, Standard paragraphs inside an enumeration are not indented.
6107 ] LyX allows to choose either
6108 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6112 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6116 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6120 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6123 to typeset a document.
6125 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6129 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6132 is chosen, this value is completely ignored.
6134 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6138 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6141 is chosen, the parindent of a LaTeXtype
6142 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6146 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6149 layout is ignored and all paragraphs are additionally separated by this
6151 The vertical space is calculated with
6153 value*DefaultHeight()
6159 is the height of a row with the normal font.
6160 This way, the look stays the same with different screen fonts.
6173 ] The vertical space with which the very first of a chain of paragraphs
6174 with this layout is separated from the previous paragraph.
6175 If the previous paragraph has another layout, the separations are not simply
6176 added, but the maximum is taken.
6193 for the very last paragraph.
6206 ] The vertical space between two paragraphs of this layout.
6219 ] This is an extra space between the paragraphs of an environment layout.
6220 If you put other layouts into an environment, each is separated with the
6226 But the whole items of the environment are additionally separated with
6245 ] If you put layouts into environments, the leftmargins are not simply added,
6246 but added with a factor
6247 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{4}{depth+4}$
6251 Note that this parameter is also used when the border is defined as
6260 Then it is added to the manual or dynamic border.
6261 This string has the same meaning as for
6296 , Manual, Static, Top_Environment,
6298 Centered_Top_Environment, Sensitive, Counter_Chapter,
6300 Counter_Section, Counter_Subsection, Counter_Subsubsection,
6302 Counter_Paragraph, Counter_Subparagraph, Counter_EnumI,
6308 Counter_EnumII, Counter_EnumIII, Counter_EnumIV
6316 means the label is the very first word (up to the first real blank).
6321 means it is defined in the layout (see
6332 Centered_Top_Environment
6334 are special cases of
6339 The label will be printed above the paragraph, but only at the top of an
6340 environment or the top of a chain of paragraphs with this layout.
6341 Usage is for example the
6350 This is also the case for
6354 labels with latex type
6358 , in order to make layouts for theorems work correctly.
6363 is a special case for the caption-labels
6364 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6368 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6372 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6376 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6384 means the (hardcoded) label string depends on the kind of float.
6389 label types should be self explanatory.
6402 ] The horizontal space between the label and the text body.
6403 Only used for labels that are not above the text body.
6412 [float=0] The vertical space between the label and the text body.
6413 Only used for labels that are above the text body (
6419 Centered_Top_Environment
6434 ] The string used for a label with a
6443 this string is also used as a suggestion for the
6447 that can be set in the
6452 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6457 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
6461 When the labeltype is
6468 , this string is prepended to the counter.
6482 , Box, Filled_Box, Static
6484 ] The type of label that stands at the end of the paragraph (or sequence
6507 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6511 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6523 ) is a white (resp.\SpecialChar ~
6524 black) square suitable for end of proof markers,
6528 is an explicit text string.
6541 ] The string used for a label with a
6564 , left, right, center
6566 ] Paragraph alignment.
6580 , left, right, center
6587 Some LaTeX styles prohibit certain alignments, since those wouldn't make
6589 For example a right-aligned or centered enumeration isn't possible.
6605 ] With this parameter the
6610 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6613 Vertical space above
6614 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6622 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6627 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
6630 dialog can be set when initializing a paragraph with this layout
6638 Note from Jean-Marc:
6640 I'm not sure that this setting has much use, and it should probably be removed
6681 ] Whether fragile commands in this layout should be
6703 ] Whether newlines are translated into LaTeX newlines (
6712 The translation can be switched off to allow more comfortable LaTeX editing
6729 ] Whether the contents of this paragraph should be output in raw form, meaning
6730 without special translations that LaTeX would require.
6731 This somehow replaces the older
6751 ] Usually LyX doesn't allow you to insert more than one space between words,
6752 since a space is considered as the separation between two words, not a
6753 character or symbol of its own.
6754 This is a very fine thing but sometimes annoying, for example when typing
6755 program code or plain LaTeX code.
6761 Note that LyX will create protected blanks for the additional blanks when
6762 in another mode than LaTeX-mode.
6778 ] Usually LyX does not allow you to leave a paragraph empty, since it would
6779 lead to empty LaTeX output.
6780 There are some cases where this could be desirable however: in a letter
6781 template, the required fields can be provided as empty fields, so that
6782 people do not forget them; in some special classes, a layout can be used
6783 as some kind of break, which does not contain actual text.
6797 , onehalf, double, other
6802 ] This defines what the default spacing should be in the layout.
6815 correspond respectively to a multiplier value of 1, 1.25 and 1.667.
6816 If you specify the argument
6820 , then you should also provide a numerical argument which will be the actual
6822 Note that, contrary to other parameters,
6826 implies the generation of specific LaTeX code, using the package
6840 The font used for both the text body
6845 See section\SpecialChar ~
6847 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts}
6852 Note that defining this font automatically defines the
6865 The font used for the text body .
6866 See section\SpecialChar ~
6868 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts}
6881 The font used for the label.
6882 See section\SpecialChar ~
6884 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts}
6894 Preamble\SpecialChar \ldots{}
6898 A set of macro definitions that will be output at the beginning of the
6899 LaTeX files when the layout is used.
6900 Use this to define the macros needed by this particular layout.
6909 the name of a style which preamble should be output
6913 the one mentionned above.
6914 This allows to ensure some ordering of the preamble snippets when macros
6915 definitions depend on one another
6921 Note that, besides that functionality, there is no way to ensure any ordering
6923 The ordering that you see in a given version of LyX may change without
6924 warning in later versions).
6947 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:floats}
6951 Since version 1.3.0 of LyX, it is necessary to define the floats (
6959 , \SpecialChar \ldots{}
6960 ) in the text class itself.
6961 If you are looking here to learn how to upgrade an existing text class,
6962 it will probably turn out that all you have to do is to add
6968 at a reasonable location of the text class.
6974 Don't forget to also have a look at counters in next section.
6977 If you want to implement a text class that proposes some other float types
6978 (like the AGU class bundled with LyX), the information below will hopefully
6993 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6997 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7001 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7005 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7008 of the new class of floats, like program or algorithm.
7009 After the appropriate
7041 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7045 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7048 ] The string that will be used in the menus and also for the caption.
7071 if the float is already defined by the documentclass.
7076 , the float will be defined using the LaTeX package
7094 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7098 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7101 ] This (optional) argument determines whether floats of this class will
7102 be numbered within some sectional unit of the document.
7103 For example, if within is equal to
7107 , the floats will be numbered within chapters.
7122 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7126 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7129 ] The style used when defining the float using
7149 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7153 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7156 ] The default placement for the given class of floats.
7157 They are like in standard LaTeX:
7173 for top, bottom, page, and here, respectively.
7179 Note that the order of these letters in the string is irrelevant, like in
7183 On top of that there is a new type,
7187 , which does not really correspond to a float, since it means: put it
7188 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7192 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7196 Note, however that the
7200 specifier is special and, because of implementation details cannot be used
7201 in non-builtin float types.
7202 If you do not understand what this means, just use
7220 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7224 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7227 ] The file name extension of an auxiliary file for the list of figures (or
7229 LaTeX writes the captions to this file.
7243 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7247 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7250 ] The heading used for the list of floats.
7257 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:counter}
7261 Since version 1.3.0 of LyX, it is necessary to define the counters (
7269 , \SpecialChar \ldots{}
7270 ) in the text class itself.
7271 If you are looking here to learn how to upgrade an existing text class,
7272 it will probably turn out that all you have to do is to add
7275 Input stdcounters.inc
7278 The definition of counters if presently a bit primitive in LyX, since many
7279 things are still hardcoded.
7280 The following two parameters can be used:
7294 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7298 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7301 ] The name of the counter
7315 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7319 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7322 ] If this is set to the name of another counter, the present counter will
7323 be reset everytime the other one is increased (is that unclear enough?).
7330 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:fonts}
7334 A font description looks like that:
7352 and the following commands are available:
7398 , Italic, SmallCaps, Slanted
7415 , large, larger, largest, huge, giant
7432 , black, white, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow
7438 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:templates}
7445 Templates are created just like usual documents.
7446 The only difference is that usual documents contain all possible settings,
7447 including the fontscheme and the papersize.
7448 Usually a user doesn't want a template to overwrite his defaults in these
7450 For that reason, the designer of a template should remove the corresponding
7463 from the template LyX file.
7464 This can be done with any simple text-editor, for example
7476 Put the edited template files you create in
7480 , copy the ones you use from the global template directory in
7484 to the same place, and redefine the template path in the
7489 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
7508 Note that there is a template which has a particular meaning:
7513 This template is loaded everytime you create a new document with
7520 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
7528 in order to provide useful defaults.
7529 To create this template from inside LyX, all you have to do is to open
7530 a document with the correct settings, and use the
7536 e as Document Defaults
7541 Including External Material
7553 This section is completely outdated.
7556 One often requested feature from LyX users is to be able to interface LyX
7557 with XFig, Dia, or other similar applications that specialize in producing
7558 a certain kind of diagram, figure, schematic or whatever material might
7559 be relevant to include in your document.
7560 Previously, it was only possible to include boring, static, fixed images
7561 in LyX documents with the graphics feature, but there are several limitations
7562 attached to this approach:
7565 If you want to change the figure, you have to invoke an external program
7569 LyX does not notice that the referenced files change, so the on-screen display
7570 can fast become obsolete, and this is aggravated by the lack of a means
7571 of updating the display
7574 The graphics stuff does not provide any mechanisms for coping with different
7575 exported formats such as DocBook, HTML or raw Ascii
7578 The external material facility attempts to solve all of these problems
7584 Even if the graphics facility can't solve all problems, it is still valuable
7585 because it does provide in-line preview of the graphics, and supports advanced
7586 geometric transformations with a comfortable user interface.
7590 It does this by offering a general method to interface LyX to external
7592 Instead of introducing a long list of different constructs tailored for
7593 each specific application, we chose to sacrifice the in-line displaying
7594 of the included material in order to provide a general construct to cover
7595 a wide range of applications.
7596 The result is the external material construct.
7597 External material presents itself in the document simply as a button, but
7598 don't let this fool you.
7599 When you click on it, a dialog will appear that allows you to chose exactly
7600 what material to include, and in the following sections you will learn
7601 that this is indeed a powerful mechanism that can solve all of the above
7608 The external material feature is based on the concept of a
7613 A template is a specification of how LyX should interface with a certain
7615 As bundled, LyX comes with predefined templates for XFig figures, Dia diagrams,
7616 various raster format images, gnuplot, and more.
7617 You can check the actual list by using the
7619 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
7628 Furthermore, it is possible to roll your own template to support a specific
7630 Later we'll describe in more detail what is involved, and hopefully you
7631 will submit all the templates you create so we can include them in a later
7635 Another basic idea of the external material feature is to distinguish between
7636 the original file that serves as a base for final material and the produced
7637 file that is included in your exported or printed document.
7638 For example, consider the case of a figure produced with XFig.
7639 The XFig application itself works on an original file with the
7644 Within XFig, you create and change your figure, and when you are done,
7650 When you want to include the figure in your document, you invoke
7654 in order to create a PostScript file that can readily be included in your
7660 file is the original file, and the PostScript file is the produced file.
7663 This distinction is important in order to allow updating of the material
7664 while you are in the process of writing the document.
7665 Furthermore, it provides us with the flexibility that is needed to support
7666 multiple export formats.
7667 For instance, in the case of an Ascii resulting file, it is not exactly
7668 an award-winning idea to include the figure as raw PostScript.
7669 Instead, you'd either prefer to just include a reference to the figure,
7670 or try to invoke some graphics to Ascii converter to make the final result
7671 look similar to the real graphics.
7672 The external material management allows you to do this, because it is parameter
7673 ized on the different export formats that LyX supports.
7676 Besides supporting the production of different products according to the
7677 exported format, it supports tight integration with editing and viewing
7679 In the case of an XFig figure, you are able to invoke
7683 on the original file with a single click from within the external material
7684 dialog in LyX, and also preview the produced PostScript file with
7689 No more fiddling around with the command line and/or file browsers to locate
7690 and manipulate the original or produced files.
7691 In this way, you are finally able to take full advantage of the many different
7692 applications that are relevant to use when you write your documents, and
7693 ultimately be more productive.
7702 This paragraph is outdated
7705 So, all in all, LyX has information about a number of different programs
7706 to use behind the scenes in order to realize all of this machinery.
7707 This information, in fact, is exactly what is contained in the templates.
7708 To each template, there is associated a list of command lines that are
7709 used to invoke applications, convert the original file to the produced
7711 This mechanism allows the advanced user to extend the capabilities of LyX
7712 without fiddling with the source code.
7713 It requires some footwork to define all the different commands and flags,
7714 but luckily, the LyX team did all the hard work and specified these for
7718 But before the trees grow into the skies, we have to admit that we did take
7720 Since you can produce many different kinds of files to go with each exported
7721 format, one could also expect that it would be possible to preview each
7723 The LyX team decided against this in order to keep the user interface simple.
7724 Instead of providing a button for each exported file format, we decided
7725 to introduce the concept of the primary file format and just have one button.
7735 in the external material dialog, you will get a view of the produced file
7736 in the primary file format.
7737 And the primary file format is specified by your document class.
7738 For most document classes, the primary file format is LaTeX, but for the
7739 DocBook document classes, the primary file format is DocBook.
7740 So, when you view the produced file, keep in mind that it will only be
7741 a preview of what the main result will be.
7742 If you want to see how other exported formats turn out, you have to export
7743 them and preview them by hand.
7746 The external material dialog
7749 You insert external material from the
7757 When you do this, a button is inserted into your document, and the external
7758 material dialog is shown.
7759 This dialog allows you to describe exactly what material should be included,
7760 and also how it should be included.
7761 Furthermore, it provides access to the external applications to either
7762 view, edit or produce the material that is used in the resulting file.
7771 This paragraph is outdated
7774 At the top of this dialog, there is a drop-down list where you can chose
7775 which template should be used.
7776 Just below the template drop-down, there's a text area with a short blurb
7777 about the chosen template that should help you use it.
7778 Most often, it will provide a short description of the template, and a
7779 few hints on how to parameterize the use of it.
7780 Further down, you'll find a filename input field along with a
7781 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7785 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7788 button that allows you to chose which file should be included with the
7789 standard file browser.
7790 Thus this field specifies the original file.
7791 Since the produced file is automatically generated when needed, there is
7792 no need to give access to it in the user interface.
7801 This paragraph is outdated
7804 At the bottom of the dialog, you'll find a general input box called
7809 This box is generally used to parameterize the specific template.
7810 The specific use should be covered in the help blurb associated with the
7811 template, but it typically allows you to define variations on how the produced
7812 file should be generated.
7821 This paragraph is outdated
7824 At the right side of the dialog, you'll find three buttons:
7852 These in turn allow you to edit your original file with the appropriate
7853 editing application, view the produced file as included in the primary
7854 format document, and finally force an update of the resulting material
7855 in the primary format.
7865 button will be disabled, because most templates are configured to automatically
7866 update the produced file when needed.
7867 In those cases, there is no need to force the production of a new produced
7869 However, some templates are configured to not be automatically producing
7870 the residual product, because the cost of producing the produced file might
7871 be so large that it would be a pain to do it all the time.
7872 Those types are known as
7877 In those cases, you can use the button to force the production of the produced
7878 file exactly when you need it, and thus control the amount of work that
7884 responsibility to do this to keep the produced files current at all times:
7885 before printing, before exporting, before viewing, etc.
7886 At some time in the future, it might be possible that LyX will help you
7887 with this task.Any changes in the template, filename or parameters are actually
7888 applied whenever you press
7916 In this section, we should include some examples of use of the external
7918 Those examples could include:
7921 External raster images
7924 External XFig figures
7933 The use of makefiles
7936 Recursive external LyX templates
7939 The external template configuration file
7942 It is relatively easy to add custom external template definitions to LyX.
7943 However, be aware this doing this in an careless manner most probably
7947 introduce an easily exploitable security hole.
7948 So before you do this, please read the discussion about security which
7952 Having said that, we encourage you to submit any interesting templates that
7957 The external templates are defined in the
7959 lib/external_templates
7962 You can place your own version in
7964 .lyx/external_templates
7969 A typical template looks like this:
7975 GuiName "XFig: $$AbsOrRelPathParent$$Basename"
7993 AutomaticProduction true
8005 TransformCommand Rotate RotationLatexCommand
8008 TransformCommand Resize ResizeLatexCommand
8011 Product "$$RotateFront$$ResizeFront
8018 input{$$AbsOrRelPathMaster$$Basename.pstex_t}
8021 $$ResizeBack$$RotateBack"
8027 UpdateResult "$$AbsPath$$Basename.pstex_t"
8030 Requirement "graphicx"
8033 ReferencedFile latex "$$AbsOrRelPathMaster$$Basename.pstex_t"
8036 ReferencedFile latex "$$AbsPath$$Basename.eps"
8039 ReferencedFile dvi "$$AbsPath$$Basename.eps"
8048 TransformCommand Rotate RotationLatexCommand
8051 TransformCommand Resize ResizeLatexCommand
8054 Product "$$RotateFront$$ResizeFront
8061 input{$$AbsOrRelPathMaster$$Basename.pdftex_t}
8064 $$ResizeBack$$RotateBack"
8070 UpdateResult "$$AbsPath$$Basename.pdftex_t"
8073 Requirement "graphicx"
8076 ReferencedFile latex "$$AbsOrRelPathMaster$$Basename.pdftex_t"
8079 ReferencedFile latex "$$AbsPath$$Basename.pdf"
8088 Product "$$Contents(
8090 "$$AbsPath$$Basename.asc
8095 UpdateFormat asciixfig
8098 UpdateResult "$$AbsPath$$Basename.asc"
8107 Product "<graphic fileref=
8109 "$$AbsOrRelPathMaster$$Basename.eps
8120 UpdateResult "$$AbsPath$$Basename.eps"
8123 ReferencedFile docbook "$$AbsPath$$Basename.eps"
8126 ReferencedFile docbook-xml "$$AbsPath$$Basename.eps"
8135 Product "[XFig: $$FName]"
8144 As you can see, the template is enclosed in
8148 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8154 It contains a header specifying some general settings, and for each supported
8155 primary document file format a section
8159 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8173 Template\SpecialChar ~
8177 A unique name for the template.
8178 It must not contain substitution macros (see below).
8184 GuiName\SpecialChar ~
8188 The text that is displayed on the button.
8189 This command must occur exactly once.
8195 HelpText\SpecialChar ~
8196 <text>\SpecialChar ~
8200 The help text that is used in the External dialog.
8201 Provide enough information to explain to the user just what the template
8202 can provide him with.
8203 This command must occur exactly once.
8209 InputFormat\SpecialChar ~
8213 The file format of the original file.
8214 This must be the name of a format that is known to LyX (see the
8219 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
8224 references:Conversion
8231 if the template can handle original files of more than one format.
8232 LyX will attempt to interrogate the file itself in order to deduce its
8233 format in this case.
8234 This command must occur exactly once.
8240 FileFilter\SpecialChar ~
8244 A glob pattern that is used in the file dialog to filter out the desired
8246 If there is more than one possible file extension (e.g.\SpecialChar ~
8255 ), use something like
8260 This command must occur exactly once.
8266 AutomaticProduction\SpecialChar ~
8270 Wether the file represented by the template must be generated by LyX.
8271 This command must occur exactly once.
8277 Transform\SpecialChar ~
8278 Rotate|Resize|Clip|Extra
8281 This command specifies which transformations are supported by this template.
8282 It may occur zero or more times.
8283 This command enables the corresponding tabs in the external dialog.
8288 command must have either a corresponding
8301 Otherwise the transformation will not be supported by that format.
8310 Format\SpecialChar ~
8311 LaTeX|PDFLaTeX|Ascii|DocBook|LinuxDoc
8314 The primary document file format that this format definition is for.
8315 Not every template has a sensible representation in all document file formats.
8316 Please define nevertheless a
8320 section for all formats.
8321 Use a dummy text when no representation is available (see the LinuxDoc
8322 format in the example above).
8323 Then you can at least see a reference to the external material in the exported
8330 TransformCommand\SpecialChar ~
8331 Rotate\SpecialChar ~
8332 RotationLatexCommand
8335 This command specifies that the built in LaTeX command should be used for
8337 This command may occur once or not at all.
8343 TransformCommand\SpecialChar ~
8344 Resize\SpecialChar ~
8348 This command specifies that the built in LaTeX command should be used for
8350 This command may occur once or not at all.
8356 TransformOption\SpecialChar ~
8357 Rotate\SpecialChar ~
8361 This command specifies that rotation is done via an optional argument.
8362 This command may occur once or not at all.
8368 TransformOption\SpecialChar ~
8369 Resize\SpecialChar ~
8373 This command specifies that resizing is done via an optional argument.
8374 This command may occur once or not at all.
8380 TransformOption\SpecialChar ~
8385 This command specifies that clipping is done via an optional argument.
8386 This command may occur once or not at all.
8392 TransformOption\SpecialChar ~
8397 This command specifies that an extra optional argument is used.
8398 This command may occur once or not at all.
8404 Product\SpecialChar ~
8408 The text that is inserted in the exported document.
8409 This is actually the most important command and can be quite complex.
8410 This command must occur exactly once.
8416 UpdateFormat\SpecialChar ~
8420 The file format of the converted file.
8421 This must be the name of a format that is known to LyX (see the
8426 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
8431 references:Conversion
8434 This command must occur exactly once.
8440 UpdateResult\SpecialChar ~
8444 The file name of the converted file.
8445 The file name must be absolute.
8446 This command must occur exactly once.
8452 ReferencedFile\SpecialChar ~
8453 <format>\SpecialChar ~
8457 This command denotes files that are created by the conversion process and
8458 are needed for a particular export format.
8459 If the filename is relative, it is interpreted relative to the master document.
8460 This command may be given zero or more times.
8466 Requirement\SpecialChar ~
8470 The name of a required LaTeX package.
8471 The package is included via
8477 in the LaTeX preamble.
8478 This command may occur zero or more times.
8484 Preamble\SpecialChar ~
8488 This command specifies a preamble snippet that will be included in the
8490 It has to be defined using
8494 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8500 This command may occur zero or more times.
8506 Option\SpecialChar ~
8507 <name>\SpecialChar ~
8511 This command defines an additional macro
8524 itself may contain substitution macros.
8525 The advantage over using
8533 is that the substituted value of
8537 is sanitized so that it is a valid optional argument in the document format.
8538 This command may occur zero or more times.
8541 Preamble definitions
8544 The external template configuration file may contain additional preamble
8545 definitions enclosed by
8549 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8555 They can be used by the templates in the
8562 The substitution mechanism
8565 When the external material facility invokes an external program, it is done
8566 on the basis of a command defined in the template configuration file.
8567 These commands can contain various macros that are expanded before execution.
8568 Execution always take place in the directory of the containing document.
8571 Also, whenever external material is to be displayed, the name will be produced
8572 by the substitution mechanism, and most other commands in the template
8573 definition support substitution as well.
8576 The available macros are the following:
8579 $$FName The filename of the file specified in the external material dialog.
8580 This is either an absolute name, or it is relative to the LyX document.
8583 $$Basename The filename without path and without the extension.
8586 $$Extension The file extension (including the dot).
8589 $$FPath The path part of
8593 (absolute name or relative to the LyX document).
8596 $$AbsPath The absolute file path.
8599 $$RelPathMaster The file path, relative to the master LyX document.
8602 $$RelPathParent The file path, relative to the LyX document.
8605 $$AbsOrRelPathMaster The file path, absolute or relative to the master LyX
8609 $$AbsOrRelPathParent The file path, absolute or relative to the LyX document.
8612 $$Tempname A name and full path to a temporary file which will be automatically
8613 deleted whenever the containing document is closed, or the external material
8618 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8622 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8625 ) This macro will expand to the contents of the file with the name
8632 $$Sysdir This macro will expand to the absolute path of the system directory.
8633 This is typically used to point to the various helper scripts that are
8637 All path macros contain a trailing directory separator, so you can construct
8639 the absolute filename with
8641 $$AbsPath$$Basename$$Extension
8646 The macros above are substituted in all commands unless otherwise noted.
8651 supports additionally the following substitutions if they are enabled by
8663 $$ResizeFront The front part of the resize command.
8666 $$ResizeBack The back part of the resize command.
8669 $$RotateFront The front part of the rotation command.
8672 $$RotateBack The back part of the rotation command.
8675 The value string of the
8679 command supports additionally the following substitutions if they are enabled
8691 $$Clip The clip option.
8694 $$Extra The extra option.
8697 $$Resize The resize option.
8700 $$Rotate The rotation option.
8703 You may ask why there are so many path macros.
8704 There are mainly two reasons:
8707 First, relative and absolute file names should remain relative or absolute,
8709 Users may have reasons to prefer either form.
8710 Relative names are useful for portable documents that should work on different
8711 machines, for example.
8712 Absolute names may be required by some programs.
8715 Second, LaTeX treats relative file names differently than LyX and other
8716 programs in nested included files.
8717 For LyX, a relative file name is always relative to the document that contains
8719 For LaTeX, it is always relative to the master document.
8720 These two definitions are identical if you have only one document, but
8721 differ if you have a master document that includes part documents.
8722 That means that relative filenames must be transformed when presented to
8724 Fortunately LyX does this automatically for you if you choose the right
8728 So which path macro should be used in new template definitions? The rule
8736 if an absolute path is required.
8741 $$AbsOrRelPathMaster
8743 if the substituted string is some kind of LaTeX input.
8748 $$AbsOrRelPathParent
8750 in order to preserve the user's choice.
8753 There are special cases where this rule does not work and e.g.\SpecialChar ~
8755 are needed, but normally it will work just fine.
8756 One example for such a case is the command
8758 ReferencedFile latex "$$AbsOrRelPathMaster$$Basename.pstex_t"
8760 in the XFig template above: We can't use the absolute name because the
8765 files needs the relative name in order to rewrite the file content.
8777 This section is outdated
8780 The external material feature interfaces with a lot of external programs
8781 and does so automatically, so we have to consider the security implications
8783 In particular, since you have the option of including your own filenames
8784 and/or parameter strings and those are expanded into a command, it seems
8785 that it would be possible to create a malicious document which executes
8786 arbitrary commands when a user views or prints the document.
8787 This is something we definately want to avoid.
8790 However, since the external program commands are specified in the template
8791 configuration file only, there are no security issues if LyX is properly
8792 configured with safe templates only.
8793 This is so because the external programs are invoked with the
8797 -system call rather than the
8801 system-call, so it's not possible to execute arbitrary commands from the
8802 filename or parameter section via the shell.
8805 This also implies that you are restricted in what command strings you can
8806 use in the external material templates.
8807 In particular, pipes and redirection are not readily available.
8808 This has to be so if LyX should remain safe.
8809 If you want to use some of the shell features, you should write a safe
8810 script to do this in a controlled manner, and then invoke the script from
8816 directory of the LyX installation, you can find a safe wrapper script
8818 general_command_wrapper.py
8820 that supports redirection of input and output.
8821 That can serve as an example for how to write safe template scripts.
8822 For a more advanced example that uses
8826 and friends, take a look at the
8833 It is possible to design a template that interacts directly with the shell,
8834 but since this would allow a malicious user to execute arbitrary commands
8835 by writing clever filenames and/or parameters, we generally recommend that
8836 you only use safe scripts that work with the
8840 system call in a controlled manner.
8841 Of course, for use in a controlled environment, it can be tempting to just
8842 fall back to use ordinary shell scripts.
8843 If you do so, be aware that you
8847 provide an easily exploitable security hole in your system.
8848 Of course it stands to reason that such unsafe templates will never be
8849 included in the standard LyX distribution, although we do encourage people
8850 to submit new templates in the open source tradition.
8851 But LyX as shipped from the official distribution channels will never have
8855 Including external material provides a lot of power, and you have to be
8856 careful not to introduce security hazards with this power.
8857 A subtle error in a single line in an innocent looking script can open
8858 the door to huge security problems.
8859 So if you do not fully understand the issues, we recommend that you consult
8860 a knowledgable security professional or the LyX development team if you
8861 have any questions about whether a given template is safe or not.
8862 And do this before you use it in an uncontrolled environment.
8871 The LyX server is a method implemented in LyX that will enable other programs
8872 to talk to LyX, invoke LyX commands, and retrieve information about the
8874 This is only intended for advanced users, but they should find it useful.
8877 Starting the LyX Server
8880 The LyX server works through the use of a pair of named pipes.
8881 These are usually located in your home directory and have the names
8882 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8890 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8894 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8902 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8906 External programs write into
8910 and read back data from
8915 The stem of the pipe names can be defined in the
8920 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
8929 "/home/myhome/.lyxpipe"
8942 ' to create the pipes.
8943 The above setting also has the effect of activating the LyX server.
8944 If one of the pipes already exists, LyX will assume that another LyX process
8945 is already running and will not start the server.
8946 To have several LyX processes with servers at the same time, you have to
8947 change the configuration between the start of the programs.
8950 If you are developing a client program, you might find it useful to enable
8951 debugging information from the LyX server.
8952 Do this by starting LyX as
8957 Warning: if LyX crashes, it may not manage to remove the pipes; in this
8958 case you must remove them manually.
8959 If LyX starts and the pipes exist already, it will not start any server.
8962 Other than this, there are a few points to consider:
8965 Both server and clients must run on UNIX or OS/2 machines.
8966 Communications between LyX on UNIX and clients on OS/2 or vice versa is
8967 not possible right now.
8970 On OS/2, only one client can connect to LyXServer at a time.
8973 On OS/2, clients must open inpipe with
8980 You can find a complete example client written in C in the source distribution
8983 development/server_monitor.c
8988 Normal communication
8991 To issue a LyX call, the client writes a line of ASCII text into the input
8993 This line has the following format:
9013 is a name that the client can choose arbitrarily.
9014 Its only use is that LyX will echo it if it sends an answer - so a client
9015 can dispatch results from different requesters.
9022 is the function you want LyX to perform.
9023 It is the same as the commands you'd use in the minibuffer.
9030 is an optional argument which is meaningful only to some functions (for
9032 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9036 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9039 which will insert the argument as text at the cursor position.)
9042 The answer from LyX will arrive in the output pipe and be of the form
9066 are just echoed from the command request, while
9070 is more or less useful information filled according to how the command
9071 execution worked out.
9072 Some commands will return information about the internal state of LyX,
9074 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9078 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9081 , while other will return an empty data-response.
9082 This means that the command execution went fine.
9085 In case of errors, the response from LyX will have this form
9105 should contain an explanation of why the command failed.
9111 echo "LYXCMD:test:beginning-of-buffer:" >~/.lyxpipe.in
9114 echo "LYXCMD:test:get-xy:" >~/.lyxpipe.in
9116 read a <~/.lyxpipe.out
9124 LyX can notify clients of events going on asynchronously.
9125 Currently it will only do this if the user binds a key sequence with the
9127 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9131 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9135 The format of the string LyX sends is as follows:
9150 is the printed representation of the key sequence that was actually typed
9154 This mechanism can be used to extend LyX's command set and implement macros:
9155 bind some key sequence to
9156 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9160 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9163 , start a client that listens on the out pipe, dispatches the command according
9164 to the sequence and starts a function that may use LyX calls and LyX requests
9165 to issue a command or a series of commands to LyX.
9168 The simple LyX Server Protocol
9171 LyX implements a simple protocol that can be used for session management.
9172 All messages are of the form
9189 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9193 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9197 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9201 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9206 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9210 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9213 is received from a client, LyX will report back to inform the client that
9214 it's listening to it's messages, while
9215 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9219 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9222 sent from LyX will inform clients that LyX is closing.
9228 This appendix is a huge cross-reference to all the English language keybindings.
9229 Originally, we simply wanted to list all of the key bindings followed by
9230 the function it's bound to.
9231 That way, a user can look up a key to find out what it does.
9232 We then decided, what the hey, why not include the default toolbar and
9234 Please note this section is likely to be very out of date.
9237 The form is really self-explanatory, but here are a few tips: all entries
9238 are arranged roughly alphabetically for a given modifier (
9247 For the general keyboard layout, simpler prefixes precede the more complex
9257 All entries were gleaned from the default user interface and binding files
9258 located in the directories
9260 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
9265 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
9268 ; they should be treated as the final word on the bindings.
9271 As a final note, be aware that some window managers (such as FVWM) take
9272 control of some of the function keys or motion keys.
9277 is listed here as generating
9281 , but FVWM grabs it and uses it to change virtual desktops instead.
9282 Very annoying unless you instruct your window manager to stop intercepting
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11467 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11477 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11485 hyphenation-point-insert
11487 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11497 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11505 line-delete-forward
11507 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11517 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11527 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11537 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11547 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11557 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11565 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11575 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11585 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11595 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11605 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11615 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11625 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11636 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11647 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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11669 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11681 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11692 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11703 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11714 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11725 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11737 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11748 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11759 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11771 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11783 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11795 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11807 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11819 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11831 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11842 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11853 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11864 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11873 menu-open Documents
11875 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11886 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11897 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11908 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11919 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11930 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11939 buffer-toggle-read-only
11941 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11952 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11963 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11974 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11984 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11994 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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12024 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12034 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12044 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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12064 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12074 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12084 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12094 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12104 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12114 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12122 word-delete-forward
12124 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12132 word-delete-backward
12134 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12144 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12152 end-of-sentence-period-insert
12154 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12162 protected-space-insert
12164 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12174 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12184 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12194 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12204 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12214 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12224 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12232 buffer-begin-select
12234 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12244 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12252 paragraph-up-select
12254 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12262 paragraph-down-select
12264 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12272 word-backward-select
12274 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12282 word-forward-select
12284 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12294 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12302 word-delete-forward
12304 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12314 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12324 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12334 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12344 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12352 break-paragraph-keep-layout
12354 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12367 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12377 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12387 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12397 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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12427 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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12487 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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12517 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12527 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12537 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12547 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12557 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12567 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12577 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12587 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12595 protected-space-insert
12597 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12607 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12617 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12627 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12635 buffer-new-template
12637 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12647 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12657 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12667 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12677 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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12707 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12715 end-of-sentence-period-insert
12717 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12727 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12737 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12745 hyphenation-point-insert
12747 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12757 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12765 protected-space-insert
12767 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12777 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12787 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12797 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12807 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12817 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12827 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12837 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12847 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12857 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12867 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12877 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12887 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12897 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12907 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12917 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12925 word-delete-forward
12927 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12935 word-delete-backward
12937 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12947 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12957 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12967 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12977 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12985 paragraph-down-select
12987 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12997 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13005 buffer-begin-select
13007 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13015 word-backward-select
13017 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13025 word-forward-select
13027 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13035 paragraph-up-select
13037 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13047 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13055 break-paragraph-keep-layout
13057 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13067 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13077 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13087 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13097 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13107 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13115 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13125 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13135 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13145 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13155 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13171 These are LyX keyboard definitions for mathematics, similar to those of
13175 The bindings file and the present documentation were prepared by Serge Winitzki
13176 with assistance from Jean-Marc Lasgouttes.
13177 Version 1.3, for LyX 1.2.x and 1.3.x.
13180 These definitions make it a lot easier to type equations without using the
13181 mouse, especially for people familiar with Scientific Word.
13182 The standard LyX bindings such as
13193 Tip: to find the "LyX bind name" for a key, look at the status bar after
13194 typing some non-existent key combination.
13196 to find how "Ctrl-&" is referenced, press Ctrl-S and then Ctrl-&: the status
13197 bar shows "C-s S-C-ampersand." (This does not work in LyX 1.3.0!)
13199 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13209 -- Copy, cut, paste is as in Sciword,
13223 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13233 -- Display equation toggle: type
13237 to insert a displayed formula (
13242 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13246 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13254 in a displayed formula to convert it back to an inline formula.
13256 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13272 to insert a fraction (
13277 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13281 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13285 You can also select an expression and type
13289 to convert it to the numerator of a fraction.
13298 end of the denominator will delete the numerator and convert the denominator
13301 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13314 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
13322 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13326 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13331 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13339 line-delete-forward
13341 -- Emacs-like binding: delete forward of cursor to end of line.
13343 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13353 -- A text/math toggle (
13358 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13362 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13365 ): switches to math in text mode, and also inserts roman text in math mode.
13375 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13379 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13384 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13394 -- Add/remove numbering in a single equation.
13396 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13406 -- Add/remove numbering at a line in equation arrays.
13409 The above commands are toggles that control the numbering of equations (
13414 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13418 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13422 Note: when deleting a number in a labeled eqnarray, the label is not really
13423 removed (the TeX code becomes
13424 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13436 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13439 ) and this generates a (harmless) LaTeX warning.
13441 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13451 -- Open a new document.
13454 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13464 -- Insert a quote character " (
13469 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13473 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13478 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13482 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13485 double quote character that you get by default.
13487 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13499 -- Square root sign
13500 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{x}$
13508 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13512 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13517 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13530 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[n]{x}$
13535 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13545 -- Another binding for a switch between the text and the math mode (
13550 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13554 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13558 Note that the roman text inserted in math mode is special.
13560 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13574 the selected text (text mode only, use things like
13588 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13598 -- W*ndows heritage.
13600 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13610 -- Close the current document (again, a W*ndows heritage).
13612 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13622 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13632 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13643 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13647 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13651 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13655 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13661 Bracket delimiters: press
13665 -<bracket key> to insert a matching pair of delimiters.
13670 inserts a pair of parentheses
13671 \begin_inset Formula $\left[\right]$
13679 does the same thing.) It will switch to math mode if needed.
13680 The supported characters are ( [ { < |.
13681 It is the same to press the right or the left bracket.
13682 The corresponding delimiters are
13683 \begin_inset Formula $\left(\right)$
13687 \begin_inset Formula $\left[\right]$
13691 \begin_inset Formula $\left\{ \right\} $
13695 \begin_inset Formula $\left\langle \right\rangle $
13699 \begin_inset Formula $\left|\right|$
13704 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13708 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13711 and resize with their contents.
13712 Use Math Panel to get other or non-matching delimiters.
13713 Press backspace on the
13717 delimiter to remove both
13718 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13722 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13725 delimiters without removing their contents.
13727 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13737 -- for convenience, pressing
13749 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13759 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13769 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13779 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13789 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13799 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13807 math-delim langle rangle
13809 -- angular delimiters
13810 \begin_inset Formula $\left\langle \right\rangle $
13813 , not to confuse with ordinary < > signs.
13815 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13823 math-delim langle rangle
13826 The bar bracket: on some keyboards (e.g.\SpecialChar ~
13827 some British ones), the bar character
13832 -something and on some wayward Unices to "brokenbar".
13833 So we define all of these keys as well.
13835 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13845 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13855 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13865 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13875 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13886 Accents are in most cases
13890 -<accent key>, e.g.\SpecialChar ~
13904 for tilde (you also need to press
13910 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13922 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13926 Some accents work only in math mode and others only in text mode.
13928 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13938 -- overdot accent, \i \.{a}
13941 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13954 \begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$
13957 (math mode only -- in physics this denotes a first derivative).
13959 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13971 -- Vector accent over math
13972 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{x}$
13977 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13987 -- umlaut accent, ä (text mode only)
13989 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14001 -- double dot accent,
14002 \begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$
14005 (math mode only -- in physics this denotes a second derivative).
14006 To get a triple dot in math mode, use
14012 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14022 -- grave accent à (text mode only, use
14030 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14040 -- tilde accent ã (text mode only, use
14048 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14058 -- acute accent á (text mode only, use
14066 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14076 -- circumflex (caret) accent â (text mode only, use
14086 The new key S-F2 for creating a LaTeX file seems handy.
14088 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14098 -- Save current document.
14100 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14108 buffer-export latex
14110 -- Write a LaTeX file for the current document.
14112 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14122 -- Find and replace dialog.
14124 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14140 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14154 to quit LyX is the W*ndows w*ndow manager's mnemonic.
14165 are used to switch fonts.
14170 to switch back to the normal font.
14171 The non-default font switches
14179 all work as toggles.
14180 They also work on the whole word if you put the cursor in the middle of
14181 the word, or if you select some text.
14183 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14193 -- stop using any special font
14195 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14211 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14227 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14243 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14258 (Used sometimes for people's names.)
14266 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14270 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14277 key (useful e.g.\SpecialChar ~
14278 if the keyboard has no working
14285 Here are some Sciword-inspired mnemonics for frequently used math symbols.
14286 Many symbols start with a
14295 cannot be itself bound to anything.
14297 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14310 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14314 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14318 \begin_inset Formula $\prime$
14322 This is frequently unnecessary: in most cases the normal apostrophe works
14325 \begin_inset Formula $x'+2x=0$
14328 , but in some cases this would generate a double superscript error in LaTeX.
14330 \begin_inset Formula $x^{\prime2}$
14334 \begin_inset Formula $x$
14337 prime squared) must be entered with the prime character.
14339 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14348 command-sequence math-superscript; math-insert
14352 -- Insert a prime as a superscript (see example above).
14354 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14364 -- Insert an upper index.
14369 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14379 -- Insert a lower index.
14384 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14397 -- Partial derivative symbol
14398 \begin_inset Formula $\partial$
14403 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14416 -- Summation symbol
14417 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
14420 (not the same as the Greek letter uppercase Sigma
14421 \begin_inset Formula $\Sigma$
14424 because it can resize and allows smart upper/lower limits).
14426 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14440 \begin_inset Formula $\prod$
14443 (not the same as the Greek letter uppercase Pi,
14444 \begin_inset Formula $\Pi$
14449 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14463 \begin_inset Formula $\infty$
14468 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14482 \begin_inset Formula $\times$
14487 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14498 -- Insert a stacked array
14499 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{c}
14501 \\\end{array}\end{array}$
14505 (Frequently useful in formulae.)
14507 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14519 \begin_inset Formula $\times$
14523 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc}
14528 (Then you can modify its size using the
14530 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14535 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14549 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14553 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14557 \begin_inset Formula $\dagger$
14562 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14576 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14580 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14584 \begin_inset Formula $\equiv$
14589 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14602 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14605 Approximate equality
14606 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14610 \begin_inset Formula $\approx$
14615 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14628 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14632 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14636 \begin_inset Formula $\sim$
14641 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14654 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
14658 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}$
14663 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14676 \begin_inset Formula $\leq$
14681 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14693 -- Greater-or-equal
14694 \begin_inset Formula $\geq$
14699 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14713 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14717 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14721 \begin_inset Formula $\ll$
14724 (useful in physics)
14726 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14740 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14744 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14748 \begin_inset Formula $\gg$
14754 Standard math bindings
14756 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14769 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14780 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14791 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14804 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14815 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14826 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14839 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14850 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14861 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14872 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14885 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14898 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14911 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14924 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14937 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14950 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14961 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14974 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14985 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14996 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15007 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15018 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15031 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15042 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15053 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15064 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15073 math-delim langle rangle
15075 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15084 math-delim rangle langle
15086 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15097 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15110 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15126 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15135 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15144 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15153 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15162 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000