1 #LyX 1.3 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
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8 {\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}}
11 \inputencoding default
14 \paperfontsize default
21 \use_numerical_citations 0
22 \paperorientation portrait
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27 \quotes_language english
31 \paperpagestyle headings
35 Customizing LyX: Features for the Advanced User
44 Principal maintainer of this file is
49 If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX
50 Documentation mailing list, <lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org>.
57 \begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents{}
67 This manual covers the customization features present in LyX.
68 In it, we discuss issues like keyboard shortcuts, screen previewing options,
69 printer options, sending commands to LyX via the LyX Server, internationalizati
70 on, installing new LaTeX classes and LyX layouts, etc.
71 We can't possibly hope to touch on everything you can change---our developers
72 add new features faster than we can document them---but we will explain
73 the most common customizations and hopefully point you in the right direction
74 for some of the more obscure ones.
77 LyX configuration files
81 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:config}
85 This chapter aims to help you to find your way through the LyX configuration
87 Before continuing to read this chapter, you should find out where your
88 LyX library directory is by using
93 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
101 This directory is the place where LyX places its system-wide configuration
102 files, and we will simply name it
106 in the remainder of this document.
121 and its sub-directories contain a number of files and that can be used
122 to customise LyX's behaviour.
123 You can change many of these files from within LyX itself through the
128 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
136 Most customization that you might want to do to LyX is possible through
138 However, many other inner aspects of LyX can be customized by modifying
144 They fall in different categories, described in the following subsections.
147 Automatically generated files
150 These files are generated when you configure LyX.
151 They contain various default values that are guessed by inspection.
152 In general, it is not a good idea to modify them, since they might be overwritt
155 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
163 contains defaults for various commands.
165 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
173 contains the list of packages that have been recognized by LyX.
174 It is currently unused by the LyX program itself, but the information extracted
175 , and more, is made available with
180 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
190 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
198 is the list of text classes that have been found in your
202 directory, along with the associated LaTeX document class and their description.
204 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
210 is automatically generated during configuration from the file
219 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
227 this directory contains files with the extension
231 that define the keybindings used in LyX (see section\SpecialChar ~
233 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bindings}
238 If there exists an internationalized version of the bindfile named
242 , that will be used first.
243 See Chapter\SpecialChar ~
245 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:i18n}
250 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bindings}
256 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
264 contains graphics files that can be included in documents.
267 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
275 contains LyX documentation files (including the one you are currently reading).
280 deserves special attention, as noted above.
281 If there exists an internationalized version of the help-document with
286 prepended to the name, that will be used first.
287 See Chapter\SpecialChar ~
289 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:i18n}
295 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
303 contains example files that explain how to use some features.
304 In the file browser, press the
310 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
316 contains image files that are used by the
321 In addition, it also contains the individual icons used in the toolbar
322 and the banners that can be shown when LyX is launched.
324 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
332 contains keyboard keymapping files.
333 See Chapter\SpecialChar ~
335 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:keymap}
341 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
349 contains the text class files described in Chapter\SpecialChar ~
351 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:textclass}
357 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
363 contains lots of files that together make up reLyX, the translator of
364 \begin_inset Quotes eld
368 \begin_inset Quotes erd
373 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
379 contains some files that demonstrate the capabilities of the
381 External\SpecialChar ~
386 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
392 contains the standard LyX template files described in Chapter\SpecialChar ~
394 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:templates}
400 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
406 contains some LaTeX cls files distributed with LyX.
408 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
414 contains files with the extension
418 that define the user interface to LyX.
419 That is, the files define which items appear in which menus and the items
420 appearing on the toolbar.
421 See Chapter\SpecialChar ~
423 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:ui}
430 Files you don't want to modify
433 These files are used internally by LyX and you generally do not need to
434 modify them unless you are a developer.
436 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
444 this file contains the list of LyX developers.
445 The contents are displayed with the menu entry
450 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
456 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
464 this is a LaTeX script used during the configuration process.
467 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
475 this is the script that is used to re-configure LyX.
476 It creates configuration files in the directory it was run from.
479 Other files needing a line or two...
481 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
487 this contains tables describing how different character encodings can be
490 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
496 this file contains the templates available to the new
498 External\SpecialChar ~
503 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
509 this file contains a list of all the languages currently supported by LyX.
511 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
517 Deprecated and definitely obfuscated.
518 This is the old style preferences file.
519 It will probably disappear in the near future.
522 Your local configuration directory
525 Even if you are using LyX as an unprivileged user, you might want to change
526 LyX configuration for your own use.
531 directory contains all your personal configuration files.
532 This is the directory described as
533 \begin_inset Quotes eld
537 \begin_inset Quotes erd
545 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
550 This directory is used as a mirror of
554 , which means that every file in
558 is a replacement for the corresponding file in
563 Any configuration file described in the above sections can be placed either
564 in the system-wide directory, in which case it will affect all users, or
565 in your local directory for your own use.
568 To make things clearer, let's provide a few examples:
571 The preferences set in the
576 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
583 dialog are saved to a file
594 When you reconfigure using
599 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
610 and the resulting files are written in your local configuration directory
611 (see section\SpecialChar ~
613 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:autodetected}
617 to have a list of the
621 settings affected by this section).
622 This means that any additional text class file that you might have added
627 will be added to the list of classes in the
632 ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator
642 Similarly, if you have installed some LaTeX document classes in your home
643 directory, that LaTeX can find with your
647 path, they will show up in your list of text classes.
653 as long as LyX or yourself have a
657 file for it, of course.
663 If you get some updated documentation from LyX ftp site and cannot install
664 it because you do not have sysadmin rights on your system, you can just
679 Running LyX with multiple configurations
682 The configuration freedom of the local configuration directory may not suffice
683 if you want to have more than one configuration at your disposal.
684 For example, you may want to be use different key bindings or printer settings
686 You can achieve this by having several such directories.
687 You then specify which directory to use at run-time.
690 Invoking LyX with the command line switch
697 instructs the program to read the configuration from that directory, and
698 not from the default directory (you can determine the default directory
699 by running LyX without this switch as described above).
700 If this directory does not exist, LyX offers to create it for you, just
701 like it does for the default directory on the first time you run the program.
702 You can modify the configuration options in this additional
706 exactly as you would for the default directory.
707 These directories are completely independent (but read on).
708 Note that setting the environment variable
712 to some value has exactly the same effect
717 Having several configurations also requires more maintenance: if you want
718 to add a new layout to
722 which you want available from all your configurations, you must add it
723 to each directory separately.
724 You can avoid this with the following trick: after LyX creates the additional
725 directory, most of the subdirectories (see above) are empty.
726 If you want the new configuration to mirror an existing one, replace the
727 empty subdirectory with a symbolic link to the matching subdirectory in
728 the existing configuration.
735 subirectory, however, since it contains a file written by the configuration
736 script (also accessible through
741 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
747 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:autodetected}
753 which is configuration-specific.
766 Using the dialog for the first time
773 file will contain only changes that you have made to the default behaviour,
774 some of which is hard-coded into LyX and some of which is contained in
777 LyXDir/lyxrc.defaults
780 Note that in both files lines beginning with a
781 \begin_inset Quotes eld
789 \begin_inset Quotes erd
792 are just comments and not interpreted.
793 However, only system administrators should edit
804 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
811 dialog to create and modify their own
823 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
830 dialog will be largely self-explanatory.
831 Almost all the commands have an associated comment, so you shouldn't have
832 too much trouble modifying it to taste.
833 Before we highlight a few of the more important commands below, however,
838 ing some of your changes (e.g., screen fonts) will have an instant effect.
840 changing the bind file) will not.
841 If nothing appears to have changed, just
845 the changes and restart LyX.
851 The font used to display your documents on the LyX screen is very important,
852 since you'll be reading all your documents with this font.
853 Therefore it is important that the font is as readable and good-looking
855 The LyX team tried to provide the best possible default font for you, but
856 since practically all X11 systems are different, it's likely that the default
857 fonts will be sub-optimal on your system.
858 Fortunately, you can do something about this.
859 Before we explain how to do this, you should learn a bit more about fonts
860 so that you are better prepared for choosing your fonts, because it is
861 a trade-off that is specific to your preferences and the capabilities of
865 Notice that this section only deals with the fonts on the
869 inside the LyX window.
870 The fonts that appear on the
878 are independent from these fonts, and are determined by the document class.
883 to learn how to change the font of the printed version of your document.
886 Basically, screen fonts come in two different kinds: scalable outline fonts
887 and non-scalable bitmap fonts.
888 This distinction seems a bit arbitrary, since non-scalable fonts are actually
889 scalable in most modern font renderers.
890 The difference lies in the
894 of the scaling, and the
899 The most important decision is thus whether you should use non-scalable
900 bitmap fonts or scalable outline fonts.
903 The scalable fonts are built from
907 of the single glyphs (i.e.
908 characters) in the font.
909 This means that each glyph is defined using mathematical curves that are
910 well suited for scaling to any requested size.
911 This mathematical definition is interpreted by the font renderer and turned
912 into a small picture composed of pixels according to which size and glyph,
913 the programmer requests.
914 This means that scalable fonts will look pretty good in all sizes.
915 Well, almost all sizes.
916 Since scalable fonts are defined in an abstract way, it can be hard to
917 provide a good rendering at small sizes, where each pixel has to be very
918 carefully computed to provide a good image.
919 Technically it is possible to do this from the mathematical definition,
920 but in order to keep the rendering reasonably fast, tradeoffs have to be
921 made, and the result is that scalable fonts can be difficult to read at
925 Bitmap fonts on the other hand, are defined by bitmap graphics from the
926 start, so they will look good at all the sizes they are meant for.
927 However, they don't scale well, because in order to scale a glyph, each
928 pixel is enlarged into several pixels.
929 It is the same effect that happens if you try to enlarge a picture in
933 or any other picture manipulation program.
934 In order to relieve this effect, bitmap fonts are typically provided in
935 several fixed sizes typically from around 8 pixels high up to 34 pixels
936 or so high in steps according to what is believed to be useful.
937 The advantage of bitmap fonts is that no complicated computations are necessary
938 to display each glyph, so bitmap fonts are thus faster displayed than scalable
940 The disadvantage is that sizes that don't exists as fixed versions have
941 to be scaled by doubling pixels, and thus look bad.
944 The net result of all this, is that bitmap fonts are generally best for
945 the small sizes, where they are available, while scalable fonts are generally
946 best for large sizes.
947 The logical conclusion would thus be to use bitmap fonts for the small
948 sizes, and scalable fonts for the large sizes.
949 Unfortunately, this is not a good idea, since bitmap fonts and scalable
950 fonts are not designed to be used together, so the overall look of such
951 a scheme would be bad.
952 The best you can do is thus to try both schemes and decide for yourself
956 By default, LyX uses non-scalable bitmap fonts (when using the XForms frontend).
961 is used, for sans serif fonts,
969 is used as the monospaced/typewriter font.
972 In the following, we will describe what to do if the text does not look
974 We'll start with the most important parameters: DPI and font zoom.
977 DPI setting and Font Zoom
980 LyX automatically tries to scale the fonts to look as close as the paper
981 output size as possible, except for the so-called font zoom factor.
984 In order for this to work on all systems, it relies on the screen DPI (dots
985 per inch) setting to be correct.
986 The DPI setting for your system is autodetected by LyX using the information
987 the X server can provide.
988 You can check what LyX autodetects the DPI setting to, by running LyX as
996 On many systems, X is not set up correctly, so you should check that it
999 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1007 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1010 and write down what the DPI is for the resolution you use (this will be
1011 close to the value LyX detects).
1012 It is the number mentioned as
1013 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1017 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1021 Also write down the number of pixels you have in the width (the first number
1023 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1027 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1033 Then get the good old ruler out of the closet, and measure the width of
1034 the visible screen-image on your monitor.
1035 Convert this measurement to inches if you used a centimeter ruler by dividing
1037 Now you can determine the correct DPI setting for your screen by dividing
1038 the number of pixels in the width by the width of the screen-image on the
1040 If this number is more than, say, 5 DPI from the detected value, you should
1041 either fix the X setup, or at least tell LyX that the DPI is different
1042 than the detected value.
1045 If you can't fix the X setup (which of course is best since other programs
1046 than LyX will benefit from this as well), you can tell LyX the correct
1054 If the text is too small or too big for your taste, you should fiddle with
1055 the font zoom setting.
1056 This setting is used to scale the point size of the text.
1057 If your DPI setting is correct, and the font zoom setting is set to 100,
1058 this means that LyX will try to display the text exactly the same size
1059 as it will appear on the paper-output.
1060 If you set the zoom factor to 200, the text will try to be 2 times as big
1062 Of course, this will only happen if LyX can find a font that has the appropriat
1063 e size, which you can't count on.
1064 Since LyX is a WYSIWYM system anyways, this limitation isn't much of an
1068 The default font zoom setting is 150, since a monitor is typically wider
1069 than a piece of paper, but you should try to fiddle with it through the
1083 dialog to find a size that you like.
1084 When you've found a setting that seems to work nicely for you (tip: use
1092 button to keep the dialog open while you experiment), you can make this
1093 setting the default by using the
1103 While it is often possible to find a suitable size for the text on the screen,
1104 this doesn't necessarily mean that the fonts are the best ones available
1106 In order to help you get the most out of your system, you can use the font
1107 definition commands to fine-tune the look of the text in greater detail
1111 Font definition commands
1114 As mentioned, LyX uses non-scalable bitmap fonts by default with the XForms
1120 is used, for sans serif fonts,
1128 is used as the monospaced/typewriter font.
1131 You can change all of these from within the
1136 The number of fonts that are available on different systems vary, but the
1141 should be available everywhere.
1142 Use that program to find candidate fonts.
1143 When you've found a font that you like, try to insert the first two elements
1145 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1149 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1153 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1157 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1164 ) in the appropriate field in the
1176 LyX will then reformat your document using the new font, and if you like
1177 the font, you should
1185 One place to start for a new font is to see if the scalable font
1186 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1190 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1194 Tip: You can see whether a font is a bitmap font or a scalable font by
1196 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1200 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1204 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1208 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1216 If the value 0 is available, the font is scalable.
1217 If the value 0 isn't available, the font is a bitmap font.
1220 Before you go about scrapping a bitmap font because the larger sizes look
1222 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1226 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1229 , you should toggle the
1230 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1234 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1238 This is only useful if you use bitmap fonts, because only these don't scale
1240 If you define this flag, LyX will only use the fixed font sizes that are
1241 available, and this guarantees that all bitmap fonts look well.
1242 (You can see which individual font sizes are available with the
1251 .) However, the prize is that the difference between the size of the fonts
1252 on screen and the size of fonts on paper will be larger because LyX will
1253 have to be satisfied with the closest available size, and not try to scale
1255 Also, you can risk that some logically different sizes, such as
1263 , will be mapped to the same screen font, making it hard for you to see
1264 the difference on screen.
1265 We've decided not to use scalable fonts by default because of these artifacts,
1266 but since LyX is a WYSIWYM system, many people like to use the flag anyways,
1267 well-knowing that the font size on the screen can't be trusted.
1268 But remember that this flag only makes a difference when you use bitmap
1270 Scalable fonts won't be affected for reasons you should understand by now.
1273 One final note regarding this flag: you should know that there is nothing
1274 wrong with using bitmap and scalable fonts at the same time for different
1276 For instance, it's common to use the scalable
1277 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1281 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1284 for the serif text together with a bitmap version of
1285 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1289 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1293 And you can safely select the
1294 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1298 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1301 button without worries: It will only apply to the Helvetica font.
1304 Sometimes the artifacts introduced by use of the flag can be relieved by
1305 using the fine-detail screen font sizes which defines which point sizes
1306 the different logical font sizes correspond to.
1311 to see exactly what concrete fonts the logical sizes map to, and try adjusting
1312 the corresponding entries in the
1316 dialog until you've managed to hit the nail and get the fonts you want.
1317 This can be hard to do, because LyX uses the DPI setting and the font zoom
1318 settings to calculate which exact screen font size to ask the X server
1319 for, thus obfuscating the mapping.
1320 If you can't make it by trial-and-error, you can make the process more
1321 transparent if you set both the DPI setting and font zoom settings to 100---eve
1322 n when this is known to be wrong.
1323 This will of course make your scalable fonts look weird, so use with care.
1329 By default, LyX will use fonts meant to write Western European text, including
1330 all kinds of English.
1331 This is defined through the so-called
1340 If you want to use LyX to write for instance Eastern European text, Cyrillic
1341 or any other language not covered by the ISO-8859-1 font encoding, you
1342 can define a different one with the encoding setting.
1343 This requires you to have special fonts installed.
1348 to see whether this is the case: check the
1349 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1353 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1357 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1361 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1364 fields for ISO-8859-X values different from ISO-8859-1, and search for
1365 one that contains the national characters of your language.
1366 If you find any, enter this encoding in the dialog.
1367 If not, go searching the Web for appropriate fonts.
1368 For the Qt frontend, it's recommended you use an iso646 font set.
1371 When you've set LyX up to use a different font encoding, you should also
1372 consider changing the font used by dialog windows in LyX.
1379 dialog will not be understandable unless you tell LyX to use a different
1381 By default the menu font is set to
1383 -*-helvetica-medium-r
1385 , but often Helvetica is not available in the font encoding you need, so
1386 the dialog allows this to be changed.
1389 As you can see, there are quite a few options that can be used to fine tune
1390 the look of your fonts.
1391 This should not scare you from fiddling with the settings, because after
1392 all, you will hopefully be using LyX for many hours in the future.
1393 And contrary to real WYSIWYG word processors where you are tied to using
1394 fonts that have to look good both on paper and on screen, LyX gives you
1395 the possibility of using fonts that are designed to look good on the screen
1396 while using a different set of fonts to look good on paper.
1400 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bindings}
1407 Bindings are used to, well, bind a function to a key.
1408 Several prepackaged binding files are available: a CUA set of bindings
1409 (familiar as the typical set of PC and CDE set of keyboard shortcuts),
1410 an Emacs set of bindings, for those of us who follow the One True Way and
1411 refuse to lower our standards,
1417 I'm kidding here, of course!
1420 as well as specialty bindings (broadway and hollywood) and other languages
1421 (French, German, etc.).
1424 If, however, you'd like to customise the keybindings to your own exacting
1425 tastes, then copy the best-fit file in
1434 Don't forget to load this new file into LyX using the
1439 (For the moment you'll have to restart LyX for these changes to take effect.)
1442 LyX supports internationalization of the user interface (see Chapter\SpecialChar ~
1444 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:i18n}
1453 is set, with the environment variable
1457 , LyX will try to use bindfiles by prepending
1462 For example, you can put a translated copy of some standard bind file in
1467 directory, and LyX will use it automatically.
1474 files is straightforward:
1481 bind <key combination> <lyx-function>
1484 Both key combination and lyx-function (including any arguments) must be
1485 enclosed in "double quotes".
1486 All the LyX functions are listed in the
1494 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:ui}
1501 The appearance of both the menu and toolbar may both be changed using the
1516 For the moment, only one file exists,
1520 , but feel free to experiment.
1521 Just copy the file to the
1525 directory and play! Note that, for the moment, you'll have to restart LyX
1526 for these changes to take effect.
1533 files is straightforward: have a look at
1546 entries must be ended with an explicit
1571 s and in the case of the
1572 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1576 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1584 One small word of warning.
1589 s may be inserted in a
1597 , but they are defined as
1608 Converters, Formats, Viewers, Editors and Copiers
1611 LyX has a powerful mechanism to convert to and from any file format using
1613 Define a pair of formats, e.g.
1623 Now define a converter from one format to the other.
1624 In our example, two possible mechanisms exist.
1627 A direct conversion, from LaTeX to PDF using pdflatex
1630 A more convoluted route using intermediate formats and converters: LaTeX
1631 to DVI (using latex) to PostScript® (using dvips) to PDF (using ps2pdf).
1634 LyX will always choose the shortest possible route, so you must specify
1635 two different Format names for
1639 files to be able to use either.
1640 Both are included by default in the
1645 Have a look and then invent your own!
1648 Moreover, each Format can have a Viewer associated with it.
1649 For example, you might want to use
1653 to examine PostScript® files, or
1657 to preview the LaTeX output.
1658 You can alter the viewer to use (and what options to pass to it) via the
1664 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1669 references:Conversion
1672 For example, to change the
1680 format in the dialog, change the viewer to be
1684 (or whatever), and hit
1694 Editors are like viewers: Each Format can have an Editor associated to it,
1695 and they can be altered via the
1700 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1705 references:Conversion
1708 LyX uses them whenever an included file
1714 This can be an included
1718 file, a verbatim included text file, external material or an included graphics
1725 Finally, each Format can have a Copier associated to it.
1726 Since all conversions from one Format to another take place in a temporary
1727 directory, it is sometimes necessary to modify a file before copying it
1728 to the temporary directory
1734 For example, the file may reference other files with relative filenames,
1735 which will become invalid in the temporary directory
1739 This is done by the Copier: It copies a file to (or from) the temporary
1740 directory and may modify it in the process.
1743 BibTeX and makeindex
1746 Both the bibliography generating command (default
1750 ) and the index generating command (default
1763 As an alternative for
1775 The command to enter is
1780 makeindex.sh -m $$lang
1783 where the placeholder
1787 will be replaced by the chosen document (babel) language.
1791 have installed the packages
1808 at a shell prompt for a help page.
1811 ASCII export options
1813 \added_space_top bigskip \noindent
1814 There are a couple of commands that can be used to
1815 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1819 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1822 exported ASCII text files.
1823 Note that LyX automatically detects and uses the best settings for your
1824 system at installation time, but you can modify them if you disagree with
1836 This option defines the command used to produce better ASCII tables with
1841 UNIX-commands (refer to their manpages for more information about them).
1842 Setting this as empty tells LyX to use the internal (inferior) formatter.
1854 With this command you can set the default line length of the ASCII output
1856 Setting it to 0 means endless lines.
1862 There are a bunch of configuration options that are used for interaction
1863 with the external print command from LyX.
1864 Normally the defaults are fine: if, however, your print command takes different
1865 option names, you can modify them here.
1871 You can change the colors used by LyX on-screen using the new
1876 Alternatively, if you're feeling particularly perverse you could use the
1881 bindable function (see the
1886 Input would have the format:
1891 set-color LyXName X11Color
1894 Here is a (partial) list of the functions and default colors:
1898 \begin_inset Tabular
1899 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="3">
1901 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
1902 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
1903 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
1904 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
1905 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1922 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1939 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
1957 <row topline="true">
1958 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1975 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
1992 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2010 <row topline="true">
2011 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2028 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2045 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2063 <row topline="true">
2064 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2081 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2098 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2116 <row topline="true">
2117 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2134 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2151 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2169 <row topline="true">
2170 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2187 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2201 fraction Lines, brackets, etc.
2204 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2222 <row topline="true">
2223 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2240 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2247 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2265 <row topline="true">
2266 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2283 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2290 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2308 <row topline="true">
2309 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2326 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2333 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2351 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
2352 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2369 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2383 selection background
2386 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2411 The autodetected settings
2415 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:autodetected}
2419 There are several items that are detected for you when you run
2426 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
2432 In this section, we list those which pertain to the user preferences.
2455 , depending on what is available.
2470 plus a bunch of options.
2485 on systems (so-called System V) who have this command, and
2489 otherwise (BSD systems).
2497 print_spool_printerprefix
2508 , depending on whether
2535 fonts are found and LaTeX has support for these fonts built-in.
2536 You can set it manually if you only have the so-called
2546 There are many other configuration options that can be used to customize
2548 We still need to document them here, but again, most should be fairly obvious.
2549 Please ask on the mailing lists if you need some more information; it may
2550 even prompt us to expand this section.
2553 Internationalizing LyX
2554 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:i18n}
2561 LyX supports using a translated interface.
2562 Last time we checked, LyX provided text in 14 languages together with the
2563 default English text.
2564 The language of choice is called your
2569 (For further reading on locale settings, see also the documentation for
2570 locale that comes with your operating system.
2571 For Linux, the manual page for locale(5) could be a good place to start).
2574 Notice that these translations will work, but do contain a few flaws.
2575 In particular, all dialogs have been designed with the English text in
2576 mind, which means that some of the translated text will be too large to
2577 fit within the space allocated.
2578 This is only a display problem and will not cause any harm.
2579 Also, you will find that some of the translations do not define short-cut
2580 keys for everything.
2581 Sometimes, there are simply not enough free letters to do it.
2582 Other times, the translator just hasn't got around to doing it yet.
2583 We'll try to fix these shortcomings in future versions of LyX.
2586 Selecting an alternative language for the user interface
2589 This feature is disabled by default, meaning that the text will be English.
2590 To enable an alternative language, you have to set an appropriate environment
2598 for csh class shells
2613 with the two letter code for the language you want.
2621 Normally, you'll want to put the appropriate line in
2629 so that the translation is on by default.
2630 Remember that if LyX is configured and compiled with
2631 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2639 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2642 , this will not work.
2648 Translating the graphical user interface (text messages).
2655 library to handle the internationalization of the interface.
2656 To have LyX speak your favorite language in all menus and dialogs, you
2661 -file for that language.
2662 When this is available, you'll have to generate a mo-file from it and install
2668 The process of doing all of this is explained in the documentation for
2673 , but in short, this is what you do (
2677 denotes the language code):
2695 LYX-SOURCE-DIR/po/lyx.pot
2708 doesn't exist, it can be remade with
2712 in that directory, or you can use an existing po-file for some other language
2724 We recommend that you use Emacs to do this, since the
2728 distribution includes a nice mode that supports you in doing this.
2734 For some menu- and widget-labels, there are also shortcut keys that should
2736 Those keys are marked after a `|', and should be translated according to
2737 the words and phrases of the
2742 There is a tool named
2746 written in Prolog in
2748 LYX-SOURCE-DIR/development/tools/
2750 that may be useful to help determine short-cut keys.
2751 Note that XForms (version 0.86 at least) can't handle anything but 7-bit
2752 characters as shortcut keys.
2753 You should also fill also out the information at the beginning of the new
2758 -file with your email-address, etc., so people know where to reach you with
2759 suggestions and entertaining flames.
2770 This can be done with
2793 -file to your locale-tree, at the correct directory for application messages
2798 , and under the name
2807 /usr/local/share/locale/
2831 Adding a new po-file to the
2835 of LyX involves altering the configure scripts and more, but the way
2839 works, you don't actually need the source-code of LyX to translate it---having
2855 If you've written a translation file for a language that LyX does not currently
2856 support, feel free to submit it for inclusion by sending a patch.
2857 In this case, we recommend that you read the
2865 directory for more instructions.
2866 \layout Subsubsection
2871 Sometimes it turns out that one english message needs to be translated into
2872 different messages in the target language.
2873 One example is the message
2877 which has the german translation
2894 does not handle such ambigous translations.
2895 Therefore you have to add some context information to the message: Instead
2902 To[[as in 'From format x to format y']]
2906 To[[as in 'From page x to page y']].
2909 Now the two occurences of
2917 and can be translated correctly to
2932 Of course the context information needs to be stripped off the original
2933 message when no translation is used.
2934 Therefore you have to put it in double square brackets at the end of the
2935 message (see the example above).
2936 The translation mechanism of LyX ensures that everything in double square
2937 brackets at the end of messages is removed before displaying the message.
2940 Translating the documentation.
2943 The online documentation (in the
2950 -menu) can (and should!) be translated.
2951 If there are translated versions of the documentation available
2957 As of February 2003, almost all of the docs have been translated into German
2963 has been translated into at least 12 other languages, with other translations
2965 The library of translated documents is growing rapidly.
2968 , and the locale is set accordingly, these will be used automagically by
2970 LyX looks for translated versions as
2984 denotes the language as set by the environmental variable
2989 If there are none, the default English versions will be displayed.
2990 Note that the translated versions must have the same filenames (
2994 above) as the original.
2995 If you feel up to translating the documentation (an excellent way to proof-read
2996 the original documentation BTW!), there are a few things you should do
3004 , the guide to writing LyX documentation.
3005 Pay special attention to the translator's section.
3008 Check out the documentation translation web page at
3009 \begin_inset LatexCommand \url[The LyX Developer's Web Site]{http://www.devel.lyx.org}
3014 That way, you can find out which (if any) documents have already been translate
3015 d into your language.
3016 You can also find out who (if anyone) is organizing the effort to translate
3017 the documentation into your language.
3018 If no one is organizing the effort, please let us know that you're interested.
3021 Once you get to actually translating, here's a few hints for you that may
3025 Join the documentation team! There is information on how to do that in
3034 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3041 ), which by the way is the first document you should translate.
3044 Learn the typographic conventions for the language you are translating to.
3045 Typography is an ancient art and over the centuries, a great variety of
3046 conventions have developed throughout different parts of the world.
3047 Also study the professional terminology amongst typographers in your country.
3048 Inventing your own terminology will only confuse the users.
3051 (Warning! Typography is addictive!)
3054 Make a copy of the document.
3055 This will be your working copy.
3056 You can use this as your personal translated help-file by placing it in
3064 Sometimes the original document (from the LyX-team) will be updated.
3065 Use the ViewCVS tool available at
3066 \begin_inset LatexCommand \htmlurl{http://www.lyx.org/viewcvs.cgi/lyxdoc/}
3070 to see what has been changed
3076 Alternatively, you can keep a copy of the latest version of the English
3077 document which you've translated.
3081 That way you can easily see which parts of the translated document need
3085 If you ever find an error in the original document, fix it and notify the
3086 rest of the documentation team of the changes! (You didn't forget to join
3087 the documentation team did you?)
3090 International Keyboard Support
3095 [Editor's Note: The following section is by
3100 It needs to be fixed to conform to the new Documentation Style sheet and
3101 to make use of the new v1.0 features.
3102 The whole thing also needs to be merged with the section following it.-jw]
3105 Defining Own Keymaps: Keymap File Format
3108 Let's look at a keyboard definition file a little closer.
3109 It is a plain ASCII file defining
3112 key-to-key or key-to-string translations
3118 dead keys exceptions
3121 To define key-to-key or key-to-string translation, use this command:
3143 is the key to be translated and
3147 is the string to be inserted into the document.
3148 To define dead keys, use:
3175 The following dead keys are supported (shortcut name is in parentheses):
3292 hungarian umlaut (hug)
3320 Since in many international keyboards there are exceptions to what some
3321 dead keys should do, you can define them using
3332 deadkey key outstring
3335 For example, on Slovak keyboard, if you enter caron-o, it generates circumflex-o
3352 to make it work correctly.
3353 Also, you have to define as exceptions dead keys over i and j, to remove
3354 the dot from them before inserting an accent mark.
3355 I will change this when the time comes, but so far I haven't had time.
3358 Oh, and about characters: backslash is escaped, so to enter it, you'll need
3364 have different meaning.
3369 marks comments, quotes start and end LaTeX-style commands.
3370 To enter quote, you'll need to use
3389 If you make a keyboard description file that works for your language, please
3390 mail it to me, so I can include it in the next keymap distribution.
3393 More keywords will be supported in keymap configuration file in future,
3428 an external keymap translation program
3431 Also, it should look into
3435 file for defaults, too (for example, a
3441 option to include default keyboard).
3444 International Keymap Stuff
3445 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:keymap}
3452 The next two sections describe the
3464 file syntax in detail.
3465 These sections should help you design your own key map if the ones provided
3466 do not meet your needs.
3480 file maps keystrokes to characters or strings.
3481 As the name suggests it sets a keyboard mapping.
3506 are described in this section.
3508 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3516 Map a character to a string
3548 the double-quote (")
3556 must be escaped with a preceding backslash (
3573 statement to cause the symbol
3579 to be output for the keystroke
3592 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3600 Specify an accent character
3612 This will make the cha
3627 This is the dead key
3639 refers to a key that does not produce a character by itself, but when followed
3640 with another key, produces the desired accent character.
3641 For example, a German characte
3643 r with an umlaut like
3647 can be produced in this manner.
3660 and then another key not in
3668 followed by the other, unallowed key, as output.
3677 cancels a dead key, so if
3688 , the cursor will not go one position backwards but will instead cancel
3695 might have had on the next keystroke.
3699 The following example specifies that the character ' is to be an acute accent,
3700 allowed on the characters a, e, i, o, u, A, E, I, O, and U:
3705 kmod ' acute aeiouAEIOU
3707 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3713 Specify an exception to the accent character
3726 This defines an exce
3745 have been assigned a keystroke with a previous
3759 must not belong in the
3779 If such a declaration does not exist in
3816 The following command produces causes äi to be produced when you enter acute-i
3832 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3838 Combine two accent characters
3846 accent1 accent2 allowed
3849 This one is getting pretty esoteric.
3850 It allows you to combine the effect
3895 Consider this example from the
3906 kmod ; acute aeioyvhAEIOYVH
3910 kcomb acute umlaut iyIY
3913 This allows you to press
3919 and get the effect of
3936 in this case cancels the last dead key, so if you press
3964 mapping is performed, a
3971 file maps the strings that the symbols generate to characters in the current
3973 The LyX distribution currently includes at least the
3996 file is a sequence of declarations of the form
4009 For example, in order to map
4017 to the corresponding character in the iso-8859-1 set (233), the following
4047 the same character can apply to more than one string.
4085 If LyX cannot find a mapping for the string produced by the keystroke or
4086 a deadkey sequence, it will check if it looks like an accented char and
4087 try to draw an accent over the character on screen.
4093 There is a second way to add support for international characters through
4094 so-called dead-keys.
4095 A dead-key works in combination with a letter to produce an accented character.
4096 Here, we'll explain how to create a really simple dead-key to illustrate
4100 Suppose you happen to need the circumflex character,
4101 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4106 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4114 -key [a.k.a.\SpecialChar ~
4119 ] to the LyX command
4128 Now, whenever you type the
4132 -key followed by a letter, that letter will have a circumflex accent on
4134 For example, the sequence
4135 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4143 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4146 produces the letter:
4147 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4151 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4155 If you tried to type
4156 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4164 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4167 , however, LyX will complain with a beep, since a
4168 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4176 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4179 never takes a circumflex accent.
4184 after a dead-key produces the bare-accent.
4185 Please note this last point! If you bind a key to a dead-key, you'll need
4186 to rebind the character on that key to yet another key.
4191 to a cedilla is a bad idea, since you'll only get cedillas instead of commas.
4194 One common way to bind dead-keys is to use
4206 in combination with an accent, like
4207 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4215 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4219 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4227 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4231 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4239 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4243 Another way involves using
4251 [remember them from section?] to set up the special
4260 acts in some ways just like
4264 and permits you to bind keys to accented characters.
4265 You can also turn keys into dead-keys by binding them to something like
4270 and then binding this symbolic key to the corresponding LyX command.
4280 : This is exactly what I do in my
4291 Scroll\SpecialChar ~
4298 and a bunch of these
4299 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4307 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4310 symbolic keys bound such things as
4312 Scroll\SpecialChar ~
4317 Scroll\SpecialChar ~
4321 This is how I produce my accented characters.
4324 You can make just about anything into the
4332 keys, a spare function key, etc.
4333 As for the LyX commands that produce accents, check the entry for
4342 You'll find the complete list there.
4345 Saving your Language Configuration
4349 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:savlang}
4353 You can edit your preferences so that your desired language environment
4354 is automatically configured when LyX starts up, via the
4359 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4369 Installing New Document Classes, Layouts, and Templates
4370 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:textclass}
4380 Installing New Document Classes
4386 In this chapter, we describe the procedures for creating and installing
4387 new LyX layout and template files, as well as offer a refresher on correctly
4388 installing new LaTeX document classes.
4389 Some definitions: a document class is a LaTeX file (usually ending in
4397 ) which describes the format of a document such as an article, report, journal
4399 and all the commands needed to realize that format.
4400 A layout file is a LyX file which corresponds to a LaTeX document class
4401 and which tells LyX how to
4402 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4406 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4409 things on the screen to make the display look something like the final
4411 More precisely, a layout file describes a
4412 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4416 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4419 which is the internal construct LyX uses to render the screen display.
4421 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4425 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4429 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4433 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4436 can be used somewhat interchangeably, but it is better to refer to the
4437 file as the layout, and the thing living in LyX's memory as the text class.
4438 A template file is simply a LyX document which contains a set of predefined
4439 entries for a given document class which are generally required for that
4441 Templates are especially useful for things like journal manuscripts which
4442 are to be submitted electronically.
4445 Installing a new LaTeX package
4448 Some installations may not include a LaTeX package that you would like to
4450 For example, you might need FoilTeX, a common (and very powerful) package
4451 for preparing slides or viewgraphs for overhead projectors.
4452 Here are the formal steps involved in getting the package up and running
4453 if you are using teTeX or some other web2c based distribution.
4457 Get the package from CTAN or wherever.
4465 Inventory of your LaTeX configuration
4467 manual for details of what CTAN is and where supported document classes
4478 (this usually lives in the directory
4482 , though you can run
4487 It describes how to add a local
4491 directory; follow the instructions.
4492 You need to insert the name of your local
4505 is a logical place to install software that did not come with your distribution
4511 Usually, you will have to modify only two things:
4519 to the directory you chose; e.g.
4524 TEXMFLOCAL = /usr/local/texmf
4540 TEXMF = {$HOMETEXMF,!!$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFMAIN}
4554 You must follow the directory structure of your existing
4558 directory (for example, latex packages should go under
4560 /usr/local/texmf/tex/latex/
4565 Install the package.
4566 For example, you would unpack the FoilTeX tarball and create
4568 /usr/local/texmf/tex/latex/foiltex
4575 directory contains various files.
4585 /usr/local/texmf/ls-R
4590 From within LyX, do:
4595 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4606 Now you should see your new package---for example
4615 ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4630 Note that there are simpler ways of installing packages: you can add a
4631 link to the new package directory in the system LaTeX directory (
4635 , don't forget to then run
4639 ), or sometimes simply set the
4643 environment variable to include the new package.
4644 However, the formal procedure described in
4648 is guaranteed to work, so you should follow it unless circumstances absolutely
4649 prevent it: such as, when you don't have superuser access.
4655 This section describes how to write and install your own LyX layout files
4656 (also known as text classes) and walks through the
4660 text class format as an example.
4665 files describe what paragraph styles are available for a given document
4666 class and how LyX should display them.
4667 We try to provide a thorough description of the process here; however,
4668 there are so many different types of documents supported by LaTeX classes
4669 we can't hope to cover every different possibility or problem you might
4674 When you plan to write a new layout, it is extremely helpful to look at
4675 the example layouts distributed with LyX.
4676 If you use a nice LaTeX document class that might be of interest for others,
4677 too, and have a nice corresponding LyX layout, feel free to contribute
4678 the stuff to us, so we may put it into the distribution.
4681 All the tags described in this chapter are case-insensitive; this means
4694 are really the same command.
4695 The possible values are printed in brackets after the feature's name.
4696 The default value if a feature isn't specified inside a text class-description
4704 If the argument has a datatype like
4705 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4709 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4713 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4717 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4720 , the default is shown like this:
4730 Supporting new document classes
4733 There are two situations you are likely to encounter when wanting to support
4734 a new LaTeX document class, involving LaTeX2e class (
4752 If your new document class is provided as a style file that is used in conjuncti
4753 on with an existing, supported document class, start by copying the existing
4754 class's layout file into your local directory.
4755 For the sake of example we'll assume that the style file is called
4759 and it is meant to be used with
4763 which is a standard class.
4766 cp report.layout ~/.lyx/layouts/myclass.layout
4773 and change the line:
4778 DeclareLaTeXClass{report}
4786 DeclareLaTeXClass[report, myclass.sty]{report (myclass)}
4801 near the top of the file.
4804 Start LyX and select
4809 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4817 Restart LyX and try creating a new document.
4822 " as a document class option in the
4827 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4835 It is likely that some of the sectioning commands and such will differ
4836 from how the base class
4849 works, so you can fiddle around with the settings for the different sections
4851 See below for more discussion on this.
4861 In this case, you will probably have to
4862 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4866 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4870 We strongly suggest copying an existing layout file which uses a similar
4871 LaTeX class and modifying it if at all possible.
4872 At least use an existing file as a starting point so you can find out what
4873 items you need to worry about.
4874 Again, the specifics are covered below.
4877 Declaring a new text class
4880 When it's finally time to get your hands dirty and create or edit your own
4881 layout file, the following sections describe what you're up against.
4882 Our advice is to go slowly, save and test often, listen to soothing music,
4883 and enjoy one or two of your favorite adult beverages; more if you are
4884 getting particularly stuck.
4885 It's really not that hard, except that the multitude of options can become
4886 overwhelming if you try to do to much in one sitting.
4887 Go have another adult beverage, just for good measure.
4893 Lines in a layout file which begin with a
4898 There is one exception to this rule: all layouts should begin with lines
4904 #% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this
4911 DeclareLaTeXClass{article}
4914 The second line is used when you configure LyX.
4915 The layout file is read by the LaTeX script
4919 , in a special mode where
4924 The first line is just a LaTeX comment, and the second one contains the
4925 declaration of the text class.
4926 If these lines appear in a file named
4930 , then they define a text class of name
4934 (the name of the layout file) which uses the LaTeX document class
4938 (the default is to use the same name as the layout).
4940 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4944 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4947 that appears above is used as a description of the text class in the
4952 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
4962 Let's assume that you wrote your own text class that uses the
4966 documentclass, but where you changed the appearance of the section headings.
4967 If you put it in a file
4971 , the header of this file should be:
4976 #% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this
4983 DeclareLaTeXClass[article]{article (with my own headings)}
4986 This declares a text class
4990 , associated with the LaTeX document class
4995 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4998 article (with my own headings)
4999 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5003 If your text class depends on several packages, you can declare it as:
5008 #% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this
5015 DeclareLaTeXClass[article,foo.sty]{article (with my own headings)}
5018 This indicates that your text class uses the foo.sty package.
5019 Finally, it is also possible to declare classes for SGML and DocBook code.
5020 Typical declarations will look like
5025 #% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this
5032 DeclareSGMLClass{SGML (LinuxDoc)}
5038 #% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this
5043 DeclareDocBookClass[article]{SGML (DocBook article)}
5046 Note that these declarations can also be given an optional parameter declaring
5047 the name of the document class (but not a list).
5050 When the text class has been modified to your taste, all you have to do
5051 is to copy it either in
5064 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5072 Exit LyX and restart it; then your new text class should be available along
5076 General text class parameters
5079 These are the general parameters which describe the form of the entire document:
5108 ] Whether the class-default should have one or two columns.
5109 Can be changed in the
5114 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5125 This setting (same goes for
5129 , too) is important: if your text class has two columns by default but you
5130 forget to set it correctly, the
5138 be output when you select
5147 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5168 ] Whether the class-default should be printing on one or both sides of the
5170 Can be changed in the
5178 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5202 ] The class default pagestyle.
5203 Can be changed in the
5208 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5232 , Counter_Section, Counter_Subsection, Counter_Subsubsection, Counter_Paragraph,
5235 Counter_Subparagraph, Counter_EnumI, Counter_EnumII,
5237 Counter_EnumIII, Counter_EnumIV
5239 ] The highest level of automatic enumeration.
5244 for a book or report and
5249 If there is no enumeration needed at all, for example inside a letter class,
5265 ClassOptions\SpecialChar \ldots{}
5269 This section describes various global options supported by the document
5271 See Section\SpecialChar ~
5273 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:classoptions}
5293 ] Whether the class already loads the
5298 This is the case of the
5322 ] Whether the class already provides the functionality of the
5327 This is the case of the
5351 ] Whether the class already provides the functionality of the
5356 This is the case of the
5369 This is used to describe the default font of the document.
5370 See Section\SpecialChar ~
5372 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts}
5389 ] This is the style that will be assigned to new paragraphs, usually
5394 This will default to the first defined style if not given, but you are
5395 highly encouraged to use this directive.
5414 ] Indicates what kind of markup is used to define the title of a document.
5419 means that the macro with name
5423 will be inserted after the last layout which has
5424 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5432 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5440 corresponds to the case where the block of paragraphs which have
5441 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5449 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5452 should be enclosed into the
5471 ] The name of the command/environment mentionned above.
5477 Preamble\SpecialChar \ldots{}
5481 A set of macro definitions that will be output at the beginning of the
5483 Use this for global definitions.
5492 As its name implies, this command allows you to include another layout
5493 definition file within yours to avoid duplicating commands.
5494 Common examples are the standard layout files, for example,
5498 , which contains most of the basic layouts.
5504 Style\SpecialChar \ldots{}
5508 This sequence defines a new style.
5509 See Section\SpecialChar ~
5511 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:style}
5524 This command deletes an existing style.
5525 This is particularly useful when you want to suppress a style that has
5526 be defined in an input file.
5532 Float\SpecialChar \ldots{}
5536 This sequance defines a new float.
5537 See Section\SpecialChar ~
5539 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:floats}
5552 This command deletes an existing float.
5553 This is particularly useful when you want to suppress a float that has
5554 be defined in an input file.
5560 Counter\SpecialChar \ldots{}
5564 This sequence defines a new counter.
5565 See Section\SpecialChar ~
5567 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:counter}
5595 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:classoptions}
5603 section can contain the following entries:
5616 ] The list of available font sizes for the document's main font, separated
5618 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5626 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5640 string="empty|plain|headings|fancy"
5642 ] The list of available page styles, separated by
5643 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5651 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5667 ] Some document class options, separated by a comma, that will be added
5668 to the optional part of the
5677 Specific Paragraph Layouts
5681 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:style}
5685 A paragraph layout description looks like this
5691 Note that this will either define a new layout or modify an existing one.
5709 where the following commands are allowed:
5731 This is used to copy all the features of an existing layout into the current
5747 , Command, Environment, Item_Environment,
5753 ] How the layout should be translated into LaTeX.
5758 means nothing special.
5771 {\SpecialChar \ldots{}
5786 }\SpecialChar \ldots{}
5810 is generated for each paragraph of this environment.
5823 is passed as an argument to the environment.
5828 can be defined in the
5833 ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5847 is perhaps a bit misleading, since these rules apply to SGML classes, too.
5848 Visit the SGML class files for specific examples.
5858 If 1, marks the layout as being part of a title block (see also the
5875 The name of the corresponding LaTeX stuff.
5876 Either the environment or command name.
5885 The optional parameter for the corresponding
5892 This parameter cannot be changed from within LyX.
5905 ] The number of optional arguments that can be used with this layout.
5906 This is useful for things like section headings, and only makes sense with
5921 , Manual, Dynamic, First_Dynamic, Right_Address_Box
5925 The kind of margin that the layout has on the left side.
5930 just means a fixed margin.
5935 means that the left margin depends on the string entered in the
5940 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5945 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
5949 This is used to typeset nice lists without tabulators.
5954 means that the margin depends on the size of the label.
5955 This is used for automatic enumerated headlines.
5956 It is obvious that the headline
5957 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5960 5.4.3.2.1 Very long headline
5961 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5964 must have a wider left margin (as wide as
5965 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5969 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5972 plus the space) than
5973 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5976 3.2 Very long headline
5977 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5980 , even if other word processors are not able to do this.
5985 is similar, but only the very first row of the paragraph is dynamic, while
5986 the others are static; this is used, for example, for descriptions.
5991 means the margin is chosen in a way that the longest row of this paragraph
5992 fits to the right margin.
5993 This is used to typeset an address on the right edge of the page.
6009 ] Whether the following Paragraph is allowed to indent its very first row.
6014 means that it is not allowed to do so,
6018 means it could do so if it wants to.
6031 ] The indent of the very first line of a paragraph.
6032 The argument is passed as a string.
6037 means that the paragraph is indented with the width of
6046 You can get a negative width by prefixing the string with
6051 This way was chosen so that the look is the same with each used screen
6057 will be fixed for a certain layout.
6058 The exception is Standard layout, since the indentation of a Standard layout
6059 paragraph can be prohibited with
6064 Also, Standard layout paragraphs inside environments use the
6068 of the environment, not their native one.
6069 For example, Standard paragraphs inside an enumeration are not indented.
6082 ] LyX allows to choose either
6083 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6087 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6091 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6095 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6098 to typeset a document.
6100 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6104 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6107 is chosen, this value is completely ignored.
6109 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6113 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6116 is chosen, the parindent of a LaTeXtype
6117 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6121 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6124 layout is ignored and all paragraphs are additionally separated by this
6126 The vertical space is calculated with
6128 value*DefaultHeight()
6134 is the height of a row with the normal font.
6135 This way, the look stays the same with different screen fonts.
6148 ] The vertical space with which the very first of a chain of paragraphs
6149 with this layout is separated from the previous paragraph.
6150 If the previous paragraph has another layout, the separations are not simply
6151 added, but the maximum is taken.
6168 for the very last paragraph.
6181 ] The vertical space between two paragraphs of this layout.
6194 ] This is an extra space between the paragraphs of an environment layout.
6195 If you put other layouts into an environment, each is separated with the
6201 But the whole items of the environment are additionally separated with
6220 ] If you put layouts into environments, the leftmargins are not simply added,
6221 but added with a factor
6222 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{4}{depth+4}$
6226 Note that this parameter is also used when the border is defined as
6235 Then it is added to the manual or dynamic border.
6236 This string has the same meaning as for
6271 , Manual, Static, Top_Environment,
6273 Centered_Top_Environment, Sensitive, Counter_Chapter,
6275 Counter_Section, Counter_Subsection, Counter_Subsubsection,
6277 Counter_Paragraph, Counter_Subparagraph, Counter_EnumI,
6283 Counter_EnumII, Counter_EnumIII, Counter_EnumIV
6291 means the label is the very first word (up to the first real blank).
6296 means it is defined in the layout (see
6307 Centered_Top_Environment
6309 are special cases of
6314 The label will be printed above the paragraph, but only at the top of an
6315 environment or the top of a chain of paragraphs with this layout.
6316 Usage is for example the
6325 This is also the case for
6329 labels with latex type
6333 , in order to make layouts for theorems work correctly.
6338 is a special case for the caption-labels
6339 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6343 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6347 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6351 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6359 means the (hardcoded) label string depends on the kind of float.
6364 label types should be self explanatory.
6377 ] The horizontal space between the label and the text body.
6378 Only used for labels that are not above the text body.
6387 [float=0] The vertical space between the label and the text body.
6388 Only used for labels that are above the text body (
6394 Centered_Top_Environment
6409 ] The string used for a label with a
6418 this string is also used as a suggestion for the
6422 that can be set in the
6427 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6432 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
6436 When the labeltype is
6443 , this string is prepended to the counter.
6457 , Box, Filled_Box, Static
6459 ] The type of label that stands at the end of the paragraph (or sequence
6482 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6486 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6498 ) is a white (resp.\SpecialChar ~
6499 black) square suitable for end of proof markers,
6503 is an explicit text string.
6516 ] The string used for a label with a
6539 , left, right, center
6541 ] Paragraph alignment.
6555 , left, right, center
6562 Some LaTeX styles prohibit certain alignments, since those wouldn't make
6564 For example a right-aligned or centered enumeration isn't possible.
6580 ] With this parameter the
6585 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6588 Vertical space above
6589 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6597 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6602 aragraph\SpecialChar ~
6605 dialog can be set when initializing a paragraph with this layout
6613 Note from Jean-Marc:
6615 I'm not sure that this setting has much use, and it should probably be removed
6656 ] Whether fragile commands in this layout should be
6678 ] Whether newlines are translated into LaTeX newlines (
6687 The translation can be switched off to allow more comfortable LaTeX editing
6704 ] Whether the contents of this paragraph should be output in raw form, meaning
6705 without special translations that LaTeX would require.
6706 This somehow replaces the older
6726 ] Usually LyX doesn't allow you to insert more than one space between words,
6727 since a space is considered as the separation between two words, not a
6728 character or symbol of its own.
6729 This is a very fine thing but sometimes annoying, for example when typing
6730 program code or plain LaTeX code.
6736 Note that LyX will create protected blanks for the additional blanks when
6737 in another mode than LaTeX-mode.
6753 ] Usually LyX does not allow you to leave a paragraph empty, since it would
6754 lead to empty LaTeX output.
6755 There are some cases where this could be desirable however: in a letter
6756 template, the required fields can be provided as empty fields, so that
6757 people do not forget them; in some special classes, a layout can be used
6758 as some kind of break, which does not contain actual text.
6772 , onehalf, double, other
6777 ] This defines what the default spacing should be in the layout.
6790 correspond respectively to a multiplier value of 1, 1.25 and 1.667.
6791 If you specify the argument
6795 , then you should also provide a numerical argument which will be the actual
6797 Note that, contrary to other parameters,
6801 implies the generation of specific LaTeX code, using the package
6815 The font used for both the text body
6820 See section\SpecialChar ~
6822 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts}
6827 Note that defining this font automatically defines the
6840 The font used for the text body .
6841 See section\SpecialChar ~
6843 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts}
6856 The font used for the label.
6857 See section\SpecialChar ~
6859 \begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts}
6869 Preamble\SpecialChar \ldots{}
6873 A set of macro definitions that will be output at the beginning of the
6874 LaTeX files when the layout is used.
6875 Use this to define the macros needed by this particular layout.
6884 the name of a style which preamble should be output
6888 the one mentionned above.
6889 This allows to ensure some ordering of the preamble snippets when macros
6890 definitions depend on one another
6896 Note that, besides that functionality, there is no way to ensure any ordering
6898 The ordering that you see in a given version of LyX may change without
6899 warning in later versions).
6922 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:floats}
6926 Since version 1.3.0 of LyX, it is necessary to define the floats (
6934 , \SpecialChar \ldots{}
6935 ) in the text class itself.
6936 If you are looking here to learn how to upgrade an existing text class,
6937 it will probably turn out that all you have to do is to add
6943 at a reasonable location of the text class.
6949 Don't forget to also have a look at counters in next section.
6952 If you want to implement a text class that proposes some other float types
6953 (like the AGU class bundled with LyX), the information below will hopefully
6968 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6972 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6976 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6980 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6983 of the new class of floats, like program or algorithm.
6984 After the appropriate
7016 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7020 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7023 ] The string that will be used in the menus and also for the caption.
7046 if the float is already defined by the documentclass.
7051 , the float will be defined using the LaTeX package
7069 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7073 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7076 ] This (optional) argument determines whether floats of this class will
7077 be numbered within some sectional unit of the document.
7078 For example, if within is equal to
7082 , the floats will be numbered within chapters.
7097 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7101 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7104 ] The style used when defining the float using
7124 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7128 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7131 ] The default placement for the given class of floats.
7132 They are like in standard LaTeX:
7148 for top, bottom, page, and here, respectively.
7154 Note that the order of these letters in the string is irrelevant, like in
7158 On top of that there is a new type,
7162 , which does not really correspond to a float, since it means: put it
7163 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7167 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7171 Note, however that the
7175 specifier is special and, because of implementation details cannot be used
7176 in non-builtin float types.
7177 If you do not understand what this means, just use
7195 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7199 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7202 ] The file name extension of an auxiliary file for the list of figures (or
7204 LaTeX writes the captions to this file.
7218 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7222 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7225 ] The heading used for the list of floats.
7232 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:counter}
7236 Since version 1.3.0 of LyX, it is necessary to define the counters (
7244 , \SpecialChar \ldots{}
7245 ) in the text class itself.
7246 If you are looking here to learn how to upgrade an existing text class,
7247 it will probably turn out that all you have to do is to add
7250 Input stdcounters.inc
7253 The definition of counters if presently a bit primitive in LyX, since many
7254 things are still hardcoded.
7255 The following two parameters can be used:
7269 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7273 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7276 ] The name of the counter
7290 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7294 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7297 ] If this is set to the name of another counter, the present counter will
7298 be reset everytime the other one is increased (is that unclear enough?).
7305 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:fonts}
7309 A font description looks like that:
7327 and the following commands are available:
7373 , Italic, SmallCaps, Slanted
7390 , large, larger, largest, huge, giant
7407 , black, white, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow
7413 \begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:templates}
7420 Templates are created just like usual documents.
7421 The only difference is that usual documents contain all possible settings,
7422 including the fontscheme and the papersize.
7423 Usually a user doesn't want a template to overwrite his defaults in these
7425 For that reason, the designer of a template should remove the corresponding
7438 from the template LyX file.
7439 This can be done with any simple text-editor, for example
7451 Put the edited template files you create in
7455 , copy the ones you use from the global template directory in
7459 to the same place, and redefine the template path in the
7464 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
7483 Note that there is a template which has a particular meaning:
7488 This template is loaded everytime you create a new document with
7495 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
7503 in order to provide useful defaults.
7504 To create this template from inside LyX, all you have to do is to open
7505 a document with the correct settings, and use the
7511 e as Document Defaults
7516 Including External Material
7528 This section is completely outdated.
7531 One often requested feature from LyX users is to be able to interface LyX
7532 with XFig, Dia, or other similar applications that specialize in producing
7533 a certain kind of diagram, figure, schematic or whatever material might
7534 be relevant to include in your document.
7535 Previously, it was only possible to include boring, static, fixed images
7536 in LyX documents with the graphics feature, but there are several limitations
7537 attached to this approach:
7540 If you want to change the figure, you have to invoke an external program
7544 LyX does not notice that the referenced files change, so the on-screen display
7545 can fast become obsolete, and this is aggravated by the lack of a means
7546 of updating the display
7549 The graphics stuff does not provide any mechanisms for coping with different
7550 exported formats such as DocBook, HTML or raw Ascii
7553 The external material facility attempts to solve all of these problems
7559 Even if the graphics facility can't solve all problems, it is still valuable
7560 because it does provide in-line preview of the graphics, and supports advanced
7561 geometric transformations with a comfortable user interface.
7565 It does this by offering a general method to interface LyX to external
7567 Instead of introducing a long list of different constructs tailored for
7568 each specific application, we chose to sacrifice the in-line displaying
7569 of the included material in order to provide a general construct to cover
7570 a wide range of applications.
7571 The result is the external material construct.
7572 External material presents itself in the document simply as a button, but
7573 don't let this fool you.
7574 When you click on it, a dialog will appear that allows you to chose exactly
7575 what material to include, and in the following sections you will learn
7576 that this is indeed a powerful mechanism that can solve all of the above
7583 The external material feature is based on the concept of a
7588 A template is a specification of how LyX should interface with a certain
7590 As bundled, LyX comes with predefined templates for XFig figures, Dia diagrams,
7591 various raster format images, gnuplot, and more.
7592 You can check the actual list by using the
7594 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
7603 Furthermore, it is possible to roll your own template to support a specific
7605 Later we'll describe in more detail what is involved, and hopefully you
7606 will submit all the templates you create so we can include them in a later
7610 Another basic idea of the external material feature is to distinguish between
7611 the original file that serves as a base for final material and the produced
7612 file that is included in your exported or printed document.
7613 For example, consider the case of a figure produced with XFig.
7614 The XFig application itself works on an original file with the
7619 Within XFig, you create and change your figure, and when you are done,
7625 When you want to include the figure in your document, you invoke
7629 in order to create a PostScript file that can readily be included in your
7635 file is the original file, and the PostScript file is the produced file.
7638 This distinction is important in order to allow updating of the material
7639 while you are in the process of writing the document.
7640 Furthermore, it provides us with the flexibility that is needed to support
7641 multiple export formats.
7642 For instance, in the case of an Ascii resulting file, it is not exactly
7643 an award-winning idea to include the figure as raw PostScript.
7644 Instead, you'd either prefer to just include a reference to the figure,
7645 or try to invoke some graphics to Ascii converter to make the final result
7646 look similar to the real graphics.
7647 The external material management allows you to do this, because it is parameter
7648 ized on the different export formats that LyX supports.
7651 Besides supporting the production of different products according to the
7652 exported format, it supports tight integration with editing and viewing
7654 In the case of an XFig figure, you are able to invoke
7658 on the original file with a single click from within the external material
7659 dialog in LyX, and also preview the produced PostScript file with
7664 No more fiddling around with the command line and/or file browsers to locate
7665 and manipulate the original or produced files.
7666 In this way, you are finally able to take full advantage of the many different
7667 applications that are relevant to use when you write your documents, and
7668 ultimately be more productive.
7677 This paragraph is outdated
7680 So, all in all, LyX has information about a number of different programs
7681 to use behind the scenes in order to realize all of this machinery.
7682 This information, in fact, is exactly what is contained in the templates.
7683 To each template, there is associated a list of command lines that are
7684 used to invoke applications, convert the original file to the produced
7686 This mechanism allows the advanced user to extend the capabilities of LyX
7687 without fiddling with the source code.
7688 It requires some footwork to define all the different commands and flags,
7689 but luckily, the LyX team did all the hard work and specified these for
7693 But before the trees grow into the skies, we have to admit that we did take
7695 Since you can produce many different kinds of files to go with each exported
7696 format, one could also expect that it would be possible to preview each
7698 The LyX team decided against this in order to keep the user interface simple.
7699 Instead of providing a button for each exported file format, we decided
7700 to introduce the concept of the primary file format and just have one button.
7710 in the external material dialog, you will get a view of the produced file
7711 in the primary file format.
7712 And the primary file format is specified by your document class.
7713 For most document classes, the primary file format is LaTeX, but for the
7714 DocBook document classes, the primary file format is DocBook.
7715 So, when you view the produced file, keep in mind that it will only be
7716 a preview of what the main result will be.
7717 If you want to see how other exported formats turn out, you have to export
7718 them and preview them by hand.
7721 The external material dialog
7724 You insert external material from the
7732 When you do this, a button is inserted into your document, and the external
7733 material dialog is shown.
7734 This dialog allows you to describe exactly what material should be included,
7735 and also how it should be included.
7736 Furthermore, it provides access to the external applications to either
7737 view, edit or produce the material that is used in the resulting file.
7746 This paragraph is outdated
7749 At the top of this dialog, there is a drop-down list where you can chose
7750 which template should be used.
7751 Just below the template drop-down, there's a text area with a short blurb
7752 about the chosen template that should help you use it.
7753 Most often, it will provide a short description of the template, and a
7754 few hints on how to parameterize the use of it.
7755 Further down, you'll find a filename input field along with a
7756 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7760 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7763 button that allows you to chose which file should be included with the
7764 standard file browser.
7765 Thus this field specifies the original file.
7766 Since the produced file is automatically generated when needed, there is
7767 no need to give access to it in the user interface.
7776 This paragraph is outdated
7779 At the bottom of the dialog, you'll find a general input box called
7784 This box is generally used to parameterize the specific template.
7785 The specific use should be covered in the help blurb associated with the
7786 template, but it typically allows you to define variations on how the produced
7787 file should be generated.
7796 This paragraph is outdated
7799 At the right side of the dialog, you'll find three buttons:
7827 These in turn allow you to edit your original file with the appropriate
7828 editing application, view the produced file as included in the primary
7829 format document, and finally force an update of the resulting material
7830 in the primary format.
7840 button will be disabled, because most templates are configured to automatically
7841 update the produced file when needed.
7842 In those cases, there is no need to force the production of a new produced
7844 However, some templates are configured to not be automatically producing
7845 the residual product, because the cost of producing the produced file might
7846 be so large that it would be a pain to do it all the time.
7847 Those types are known as
7852 In those cases, you can use the button to force the production of the produced
7853 file exactly when you need it, and thus control the amount of work that
7859 responsibility to do this to keep the produced files current at all times:
7860 before printing, before exporting, before viewing, etc.
7861 At some time in the future, it might be possible that LyX will help you
7862 with this task.Any changes in the template, filename or parameters are actually
7863 applied whenever you press
7891 In this section, we should include some examples of use of the external
7893 Those examples could include:
7896 External raster images
7899 External XFig figures
7908 The use of makefiles
7911 Recursive external LyX templates
7914 The external template configuration file
7917 It is relatively easy to add custom external template definitions to LyX.
7918 However, be aware this doing this in an careless manner most probably
7922 introduce an easily exploitable security hole.
7923 So before you do this, please read the discussion about security which
7927 Having said that, we encourage you to submit any interesting templates that
7932 The external templates are defined in the
7934 lib/external_templates
7937 You can place your own version in
7939 .lyx/external_templates
7944 A typical template looks like this:
7950 GuiName "XFig: $$AbsOrRelPathParent$$Basename"
7968 AutomaticProduction true
7980 TransformCommand Rotate RotationLatexCommand
7983 TransformCommand Resize ResizeLatexCommand
7986 Product "$$RotateFront$$ResizeFront
7993 input{$$AbsOrRelPathMaster$$Basename.pstex_t}
7996 $$ResizeBack$$RotateBack"
8002 UpdateResult "$$AbsPath$$Basename.pstex_t"
8005 Requirement "graphicx"
8008 ReferencedFile latex "$$AbsOrRelPathMaster$$Basename.pstex_t"
8011 ReferencedFile latex "$$AbsPath$$Basename.eps"
8014 ReferencedFile dvi "$$AbsPath$$Basename.eps"
8023 TransformCommand Rotate RotationLatexCommand
8026 TransformCommand Resize ResizeLatexCommand
8029 Product "$$RotateFront$$ResizeFront
8036 input{$$AbsOrRelPathMaster$$Basename.pdftex_t}
8039 $$ResizeBack$$RotateBack"
8045 UpdateResult "$$AbsPath$$Basename.pdftex_t"
8048 Requirement "graphicx"
8051 ReferencedFile latex "$$AbsOrRelPathMaster$$Basename.pdftex_t"
8054 ReferencedFile latex "$$AbsPath$$Basename.pdf"
8063 Product "$$Contents(
8065 "$$AbsPath$$Basename.asc
8070 UpdateFormat asciixfig
8073 UpdateResult "$$AbsPath$$Basename.asc"
8082 Product "<graphic fileref=
8084 "$$AbsOrRelPathMaster$$Basename.eps
8095 UpdateResult "$$AbsPath$$Basename.eps"
8098 ReferencedFile docbook "$$AbsPath$$Basename.eps"
8101 ReferencedFile docbook-xml "$$AbsPath$$Basename.eps"
8110 Product "[XFig: $$FName]"
8119 As you can see, the template is enclosed in
8123 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8129 It contains a header specifying some general settings, and for each supported
8130 primary document file format a section
8134 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8148 Template\SpecialChar ~
8152 A unique name for the template.
8153 It must not contain substitution macros (see below).
8159 GuiName\SpecialChar ~
8163 The text that is displayed on the button.
8164 This command must occur exactly once.
8170 HelpText\SpecialChar ~
8171 <text>\SpecialChar ~
8175 The help text that is used in the External dialog.
8176 Provide enough information to explain to the user just what the template
8177 can provide him with.
8178 This command must occur exactly once.
8184 InputFormat\SpecialChar ~
8188 The file format of the original file.
8189 This must be the name of a format that is known to LyX (see the
8194 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
8199 references:Conversion
8206 if the template can handle original files of more than one format.
8207 LyX will attempt to interrogate the file itself in order to deduce its
8208 format in this case.
8209 This command must occur exactly once.
8215 FileFilter\SpecialChar ~
8219 A glob pattern that is used in the file dialog to filter out the desired
8221 If there is more than one possible file extension (e.g.\SpecialChar ~
8230 ), use something like
8235 This command must occur exactly once.
8241 AutomaticProduction\SpecialChar ~
8245 Wether the file represented by the template must be generated by LyX.
8246 This command must occur exactly once.
8252 Transform\SpecialChar ~
8253 Rotate|Resize|Clip|Extra
8256 This command specifies which transformations are supported by this template.
8257 It may occur zero or more times.
8258 This command enables the corresponding tabs in the external dialog.
8263 command must have either a corresponding
8276 Otherwise the transformation will not be supported by that format.
8285 Format\SpecialChar ~
8286 LaTeX|PDFLaTeX|Ascii|DocBook|LinuxDoc
8289 The primary document file format that this format definition is for.
8290 Not every template has a sensible representation in all document file formats.
8291 Please define nevertheless a
8295 section for all formats.
8296 Use a dummy text when no representation is available (see the LinuxDoc
8297 format in the example above).
8298 Then you can at least see a reference to the external material in the exported
8305 TransformCommand\SpecialChar ~
8306 Rotate\SpecialChar ~
8307 RotationLatexCommand
8310 This command specifies that the built in LaTeX command should be used for
8312 This command may occur once or not at all.
8318 TransformCommand\SpecialChar ~
8319 Resize\SpecialChar ~
8323 This command specifies that the built in LaTeX command should be used for
8325 This command may occur once or not at all.
8331 TransformOption\SpecialChar ~
8332 Rotate\SpecialChar ~
8336 This command specifies that rotation is done via an optional argument.
8337 This command may occur once or not at all.
8343 TransformOption\SpecialChar ~
8344 Resize\SpecialChar ~
8348 This command specifies that resizing is done via an optional argument.
8349 This command may occur once or not at all.
8355 TransformOption\SpecialChar ~
8360 This command specifies that clipping is done via an optional argument.
8361 This command may occur once or not at all.
8367 TransformOption\SpecialChar ~
8372 This command specifies that an extra optional argument is used.
8373 This command may occur once or not at all.
8379 Product\SpecialChar ~
8383 The text that is inserted in the exported document.
8384 This is actually the most important command and can be quite complex.
8385 This command must occur exactly once.
8391 UpdateFormat\SpecialChar ~
8395 The file format of the converted file.
8396 This must be the name of a format that is known to LyX (see the
8401 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
8406 references:Conversion
8409 This command must occur exactly once.
8415 UpdateResult\SpecialChar ~
8419 The file name of the converted file.
8420 The file name must be absolute.
8421 This command must occur exactly once.
8427 ReferencedFile\SpecialChar ~
8428 <format>\SpecialChar ~
8432 This command denotes files that are created by the conversion process and
8433 are needed for a particular export format.
8434 If the filename is relative, it is interpreted relative to the master document.
8435 This command may be given zero or more times.
8441 Requirement\SpecialChar ~
8445 The name of a required LaTeX package.
8446 The package is included via
8452 in the LaTeX preamble.
8453 This command may occur zero or more times.
8459 Preamble\SpecialChar ~
8463 This command specifies a preamble snippet that will be included in the
8465 It has to be defined using
8469 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8475 This command may occur zero or more times.
8481 Option\SpecialChar ~
8482 <name>\SpecialChar ~
8486 This command defines an additional macro
8499 itself may contain substitution macros.
8500 The advantage over using
8508 is that the substituted value of
8512 is sanitized so that it is a valid optional argument in the document format.
8513 This command may occur zero or more times.
8516 Preamble definitions
8519 The external template configuration file may contain additional preamble
8520 definitions enclosed by
8524 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8530 They can be used by the templates in the
8537 The substitution mechanism
8540 When the external material facility invokes an external program, it is done
8541 on the basis of a command defined in the template configuration file.
8542 These commands can contain various macros that are expanded before execution.
8543 Execution always take place in the directory of the containing document.
8546 Also, whenever external material is to be displayed, the name will be produced
8547 by the substitution mechanism, and most other commands in the template
8548 definition support substitution as well.
8551 The available macros are the following:
8554 $$FName The filename of the file specified in the external material dialog.
8555 This is either an absolute name, or it is relative to the LyX document.
8558 $$Basename The filename without path and without the extension.
8561 $$Extension The file extension (including the dot).
8564 $$FPath The path part of
8568 (absolute name or relative to the LyX document).
8571 $$AbsPath The absolute file path.
8574 $$RelPathMaster The file path, relative to the master LyX document.
8577 $$RelPathParent The file path, relative to the LyX document.
8580 $$AbsOrRelPathMaster The file path, absolute or relative to the master LyX
8584 $$AbsOrRelPathParent The file path, absolute or relative to the LyX document.
8587 $$Tempname A name and full path to a temporary file which will be automatically
8588 deleted whenever the containing document is closed, or the external material
8593 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8597 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8600 ) This macro will expand to the contents of the file with the name
8607 $$Sysdir This macro will expand to the absolute path of the system directory.
8608 This is typically used to point to the various helper scripts that are
8612 All path macros contain a trailing directory separator, so you can construct
8614 the absolute filename with
8616 $$AbsPath$$Basename$$Extension
8621 The macros above are substituted in all commands unless otherwise noted.
8626 supports additionally the following substitutions if they are enabled by
8638 $$ResizeFront The front part of the resize command.
8641 $$ResizeBack The back part of the resize command.
8644 $$RotateFront The front part of the rotation command.
8647 $$RotateBack The back part of the rotation command.
8650 The value string of the
8654 command supports additionally the following substitutions if they are enabled
8666 $$Clip The clip option.
8669 $$Extra The extra option.
8672 $$Resize The resize option.
8675 $$Rotate The rotation option.
8678 You may ask why there are so many path macros.
8679 There are mainly two reasons:
8682 First, relative and absolute file names should remain relative or absolute,
8684 Users may have reasons to prefer either form.
8685 Relative names are useful for portable documents that should work on different
8686 machines, for example.
8687 Absolute names may be required by some programs.
8690 Second, LaTeX treats relative file names differently than LyX and other
8691 programs in nested included files.
8692 For LyX, a relative file name is always relative to the document that contains
8694 For LaTeX, it is always relative to the master document.
8695 These two definitions are identical if you have only one document, but
8696 differ if you have a master document that includes part documents.
8697 That means that relative filenames must be transformed when presented to
8699 Fortunately LyX does this automatically for you if you choose the right
8703 So which path macro should be used in new template definitions? The rule
8711 if an absolute path is required.
8716 $$AbsOrRelPathMaster
8718 if the substituted string is some kind of LaTeX input.
8723 $$AbsOrRelPathParent
8725 in order to preserve the user's choice.
8728 There are special cases where this rule does not work and e.g.\SpecialChar ~
8730 are needed, but normally it will work just fine.
8731 One example for such a case is the command
8733 ReferencedFile latex "$$AbsOrRelPathMaster$$Basename.pstex_t"
8735 in the XFig template above: We can't use the absolute name because the
8740 files needs the relative name in order to rewrite the file content.
8752 This section is outdated
8755 The external material feature interfaces with a lot of external programs
8756 and does so automatically, so we have to consider the security implications
8758 In particular, since you have the option of including your own filenames
8759 and/or parameter strings and those are expanded into a command, it seems
8760 that it would be possible to create a malicious document which executes
8761 arbitrary commands when a user views or prints the document.
8762 This is something we definately want to avoid.
8765 However, since the external program commands are specified in the template
8766 configuration file only, there are no security issues if LyX is properly
8767 configured with safe templates only.
8768 This is so because the external programs are invoked with the
8772 -system call rather than the
8776 system-call, so it's not possible to execute arbitrary commands from the
8777 filename or parameter section via the shell.
8780 This also implies that you are restricted in what command strings you can
8781 use in the external material templates.
8782 In particular, pipes and redirection are not readily available.
8783 This has to be so if LyX should remain safe.
8784 If you want to use some of the shell features, you should write a safe
8785 script to do this in a controlled manner, and then invoke the script from
8791 directory of the LyX installation, you can find a safe wrapper script
8793 general_command_wrapper.py
8795 that supports redirection of input and output.
8796 That can serve as an example for how to write safe template scripts.
8797 For a more advanced example that uses
8801 and friends, take a look at the
8808 It is possible to design a template that interacts directly with the shell,
8809 but since this would allow a malicious user to execute arbitrary commands
8810 by writing clever filenames and/or parameters, we generally recommend that
8811 you only use safe scripts that work with the
8815 system call in a controlled manner.
8816 Of course, for use in a controlled environment, it can be tempting to just
8817 fall back to use ordinary shell scripts.
8818 If you do so, be aware that you
8822 provide an easily exploitable security hole in your system.
8823 Of course it stands to reason that such unsafe templates will never be
8824 included in the standard LyX distribution, although we do encourage people
8825 to submit new templates in the open source tradition.
8826 But LyX as shipped from the official distribution channels will never have
8830 Including external material provides a lot of power, and you have to be
8831 careful not to introduce security hazards with this power.
8832 A subtle error in a single line in an innocent looking script can open
8833 the door to huge security problems.
8834 So if you do not fully understand the issues, we recommend that you consult
8835 a knowledgable security professional or the LyX development team if you
8836 have any questions about whether a given template is safe or not.
8837 And do this before you use it in an uncontrolled environment.
8846 The LyX server is a method implemented in LyX that will enable other programs
8847 to talk to LyX, invoke LyX commands, and retrieve information about the
8849 This is only intended for advanced users, but they should find it useful.
8852 Starting the LyX Server
8855 The LyX server works through the use of a pair of named pipes.
8856 These are usually located in your home directory and have the names
8857 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8865 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8869 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8877 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8881 External programs write into
8885 and read back data from
8890 The stem of the pipe names can be defined in the
8895 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
8904 "/home/myhome/.lyxpipe"
8917 ' to create the pipes.
8918 The above setting also has the effect of activating the LyX server.
8919 If one of the pipes already exists, LyX will assume that another LyX process
8920 is already running and will not start the server.
8921 To have several LyX processes with servers at the same time, you have to
8922 change the configuration between the start of the programs.
8925 If you are developing a client program, you might find it useful to enable
8926 debugging information from the LyX server.
8927 Do this by starting LyX as
8932 Warning: if LyX crashes, it may not manage to remove the pipes; in this
8933 case you must remove them manually.
8934 If LyX starts and the pipes exist already, it will not start any server.
8937 Other than this, there are a few points to consider:
8940 Both server and clients must run on UNIX or OS/2 machines.
8941 Communications between LyX on UNIX and clients on OS/2 or vice versa is
8942 not possible right now.
8945 On OS/2, only one client can connect to LyXServer at a time.
8948 On OS/2, clients must open inpipe with
8955 You can find a complete example client written in C in the source distribution
8958 development/server_monitor.c
8963 Normal communication
8966 To issue a LyX call, the client writes a line of ASCII text into the input
8968 This line has the following format:
8988 is a name that the client can choose arbitrarily.
8989 Its only use is that LyX will echo it if it sends an answer - so a client
8990 can dispatch results from different requesters.
8997 is the function you want LyX to perform.
8998 It is the same as the commands you'd use in the minibuffer.
9005 is an optional argument which is meaningful only to some functions (for
9007 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9011 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9014 which will insert the argument as text at the cursor position.)
9017 The answer from LyX will arrive in the output pipe and be of the form
9041 are just echoed from the command request, while
9045 is more or less useful information filled according to how the command
9046 execution worked out.
9047 Some commands will return information about the internal state of LyX,
9049 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9053 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9056 , while other will return an empty data-response.
9057 This means that the command execution went fine.
9060 In case of errors, the response from LyX will have this form
9080 should contain an explanation of why the command failed.
9086 echo "LYXCMD:test:beginning-of-buffer:" >~/.lyxpipe.in
9089 echo "LYXCMD:test:get-xy:" >~/.lyxpipe.in
9091 read a <~/.lyxpipe.out
9099 LyX can notify clients of events going on asynchronously.
9100 Currently it will only do this if the user binds a key sequence with the
9102 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9106 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9110 The format of the string LyX sends is as follows:
9125 is the printed representation of the key sequence that was actually typed
9129 This mechanism can be used to extend LyX's command set and implement macros:
9130 bind some key sequence to
9131 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9135 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9138 , start a client that listens on the out pipe, dispatches the command according
9139 to the sequence and starts a function that may use LyX calls and LyX requests
9140 to issue a command or a series of commands to LyX.
9143 The simple LyX Server Protocol
9146 LyX implements a simple protocol that can be used for session management.
9147 All messages are of the form
9164 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9168 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9172 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9176 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9181 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9185 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9188 is received from a client, LyX will report back to inform the client that
9189 it's listening to it's messages, while
9190 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9194 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9197 sent from LyX will inform clients that LyX is closing.
9203 This appendix is a huge cross-reference to all the English language keybindings.
9204 Originally, we simply wanted to list all of the key bindings followed by
9205 the function it's bound to.
9206 That way, a user can look up a key to find out what it does.
9207 We then decided, what the hey, why not include the default toolbar and
9209 Please note this section is likely to be very out of date.
9212 The form is really self-explanatory, but here are a few tips: all entries
9213 are arranged roughly alphabetically for a given modifier (
9222 For the general keyboard layout, simpler prefixes precede the more complex
9232 All entries were gleaned from the default user interface and binding files
9233 located in the directories
9235 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
9240 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
9243 ; they should be treated as the final word on the bindings.
9246 As a final note, be aware that some window managers (such as FVWM) take
9247 control of some of the function keys or motion keys.
9252 is listed here as generating
9256 , but FVWM grabs it and uses it to change virtual desktops instead.
9257 Very annoying unless you instruct your window manager to stop intercepting
9315 Icon "footnote-insert"
9318 Icon "marginpar-insert"
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11817 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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11839 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11848 menu-open Documents
11850 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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11872 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11883 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11894 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11905 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11914 buffer-toggle-read-only
11916 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11927 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11938 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11949 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
11959 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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12069 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12079 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12089 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12097 word-delete-forward
12099 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12107 word-delete-backward
12109 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12119 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12127 end-of-sentence-period-insert
12129 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12137 protected-space-insert
12139 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12149 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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12199 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12207 buffer-begin-select
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12219 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12227 paragraph-up-select
12229 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12237 paragraph-down-select
12239 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12247 word-backward-select
12249 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12257 word-forward-select
12259 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12269 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12277 word-delete-forward
12279 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12289 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12299 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12309 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12319 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12327 break-paragraph-keep-layout
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12342 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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12570 protected-space-insert
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12610 buffer-new-template
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12690 end-of-sentence-period-insert
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12702 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12712 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12720 hyphenation-point-insert
12722 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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12740 protected-space-insert
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12752 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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12900 word-delete-forward
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12910 word-delete-backward
12912 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12922 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12932 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12942 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12952 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12960 paragraph-down-select
12962 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12972 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12980 buffer-begin-select
12982 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
12990 word-backward-select
12992 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13000 word-forward-select
13002 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13010 paragraph-up-select
13012 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13022 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13030 break-paragraph-keep-layout
13032 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13042 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13052 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13062 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13072 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13082 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13090 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13100 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13110 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13120 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13130 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13146 These are LyX keyboard definitions for mathematics, similar to those of
13150 The bindings file and the present documentation were prepared by Serge Winitzki
13151 with assistance from Jean-Marc Lasgouttes.
13152 Version 1.3, for LyX 1.2.x and 1.3.x.
13155 These definitions make it a lot easier to type equations without using the
13156 mouse, especially for people familiar with Scientific Word.
13157 The standard LyX bindings such as
13168 Tip: to find the "LyX bind name" for a key, look at the status bar after
13169 typing some non-existent key combination.
13171 to find how "Ctrl-&" is referenced, press Ctrl-S and then Ctrl-&: the status
13172 bar shows "C-s S-C-ampersand." (This does not work in LyX 1.3.0!)
13174 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13184 -- Copy, cut, paste is as in Sciword,
13198 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13208 -- Display equation toggle: type
13212 to insert a displayed formula (
13217 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13221 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13229 in a displayed formula to convert it back to an inline formula.
13231 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13247 to insert a fraction (
13252 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13256 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13260 You can also select an expression and type
13264 to convert it to the numerator of a fraction.
13273 end of the denominator will delete the numerator and convert the denominator
13276 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13289 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
13297 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13301 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13306 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13314 line-delete-forward
13316 -- Emacs-like binding: delete forward of cursor to end of line.
13318 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13328 -- A text/math toggle (
13333 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13337 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13340 ): switches to math in text mode, and also inserts roman text in math mode.
13350 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13354 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13359 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13369 -- Add/remove numbering in a single equation.
13371 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13381 -- Add/remove numbering at a line in equation arrays.
13384 The above commands are toggles that control the numbering of equations (
13389 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13393 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13397 Note: when deleting a number in a labeled eqnarray, the label is not really
13398 removed (the TeX code becomes
13399 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13411 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13414 ) and this generates a (harmless) LaTeX warning.
13416 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13426 -- Open a new document.
13429 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13439 -- Insert a quote character " (
13444 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13448 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13453 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13457 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13460 double quote character that you get by default.
13462 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13474 -- Square root sign
13475 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{x}$
13483 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13487 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13492 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13505 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[n]{x}$
13510 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13520 -- Another binding for a switch between the text and the math mode (
13525 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13529 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13533 Note that the roman text inserted in math mode is special.
13535 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13549 the selected text (text mode only, use things like
13563 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13573 -- W*ndows heritage.
13575 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13585 -- Close the current document (again, a W*ndows heritage).
13587 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13597 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13607 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13618 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13622 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13626 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13630 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13636 Bracket delimiters: press
13640 -<bracket key> to insert a matching pair of delimiters.
13645 inserts a pair of parentheses
13646 \begin_inset Formula $\left[\right]$
13654 does the same thing.) It will switch to math mode if needed.
13655 The supported characters are ( [ { < |.
13656 It is the same to press the right or the left bracket.
13657 The corresponding delimiters are
13658 \begin_inset Formula $\left(\right)$
13662 \begin_inset Formula $\left[\right]$
13666 \begin_inset Formula $\left\{ \right\} $
13670 \begin_inset Formula $\left\langle \right\rangle $
13674 \begin_inset Formula $\left|\right|$
13679 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13683 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13686 and resize with their contents.
13687 Use Math Panel to get other or non-matching delimiters.
13688 Press backspace on the
13692 delimiter to remove both
13693 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13697 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13700 delimiters without removing their contents.
13702 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13712 -- for convenience, pressing
13724 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13734 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13744 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13754 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13764 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13774 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13782 math-delim langle rangle
13784 -- angular delimiters
13785 \begin_inset Formula $\left\langle \right\rangle $
13788 , not to confuse with ordinary < > signs.
13790 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13798 math-delim langle rangle
13801 The bar bracket: on some keyboards (e.g.\SpecialChar ~
13802 some British ones), the bar character
13807 -something and on some wayward Unices to "brokenbar".
13808 So we define all of these keys as well.
13810 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13820 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13830 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13840 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13850 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13861 Accents are in most cases
13865 -<accent key>, e.g.\SpecialChar ~
13879 for tilde (you also need to press
13885 \begin_inset Quotes eld
13897 \begin_inset Quotes erd
13901 Some accents work only in math mode and others only in text mode.
13903 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13913 -- overdot accent, \i \.{a}
13916 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13929 \begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$
13932 (math mode only -- in physics this denotes a first derivative).
13934 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13946 -- Vector accent over math
13947 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{x}$
13952 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13962 -- umlaut accent, ä (text mode only)
13964 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13976 -- double dot accent,
13977 \begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$
13980 (math mode only -- in physics this denotes a second derivative).
13981 To get a triple dot in math mode, use
13987 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
13997 -- grave accent à (text mode only, use
14005 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14015 -- tilde accent ã (text mode only, use
14023 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14033 -- acute accent á (text mode only, use
14041 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14051 -- circumflex (caret) accent â (text mode only, use
14061 The new key S-F2 for creating a LaTeX file seems handy.
14063 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14073 -- Save current document.
14075 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14083 buffer-export latex
14085 -- Write a LaTeX file for the current document.
14087 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14097 -- Find and replace dialog.
14099 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14115 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14129 to quit LyX is the W*ndows w*ndow manager's mnemonic.
14140 are used to switch fonts.
14145 to switch back to the normal font.
14146 The non-default font switches
14154 all work as toggles.
14155 They also work on the whole word if you put the cursor in the middle of
14156 the word, or if you select some text.
14158 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14168 -- stop using any special font
14170 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14186 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14202 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14218 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14233 (Used sometimes for people's names.)
14241 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14245 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14252 key (useful e.g.\SpecialChar ~
14253 if the keyboard has no working
14260 Here are some Sciword-inspired mnemonics for frequently used math symbols.
14261 Many symbols start with a
14270 cannot be itself bound to anything.
14272 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14285 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14289 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14293 \begin_inset Formula $\prime$
14297 This is frequently unnecessary: in most cases the normal apostrophe works
14300 \begin_inset Formula $x'+2x=0$
14303 , but in some cases this would generate a double superscript error in LaTeX.
14305 \begin_inset Formula $x^{\prime2}$
14309 \begin_inset Formula $x$
14312 prime squared) must be entered with the prime character.
14314 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14323 command-sequence math-superscript; math-insert
14327 -- Insert a prime as a superscript (see example above).
14329 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14339 -- Insert an upper index.
14344 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14354 -- Insert a lower index.
14359 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14372 -- Partial derivative symbol
14373 \begin_inset Formula $\partial$
14378 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14391 -- Summation symbol
14392 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
14395 (not the same as the Greek letter uppercase Sigma
14396 \begin_inset Formula $\Sigma$
14399 because it can resize and allows smart upper/lower limits).
14401 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14415 \begin_inset Formula $\prod$
14418 (not the same as the Greek letter uppercase Pi,
14419 \begin_inset Formula $\Pi$
14424 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14438 \begin_inset Formula $\infty$
14443 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14457 \begin_inset Formula $\times$
14462 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14473 -- Insert a stacked array
14474 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{c}
14476 \\\end{array}\end{array}$
14480 (Frequently useful in formulae.)
14482 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14494 \begin_inset Formula $\times$
14498 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc}
14503 (Then you can modify its size using the
14505 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
14510 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14524 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14528 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14532 \begin_inset Formula $\dagger$
14537 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14551 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14555 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14559 \begin_inset Formula $\equiv$
14564 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14577 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14580 Approximate equality
14581 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14585 \begin_inset Formula $\approx$
14590 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14603 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14607 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14611 \begin_inset Formula $\sim$
14616 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14629 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
14633 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}$
14638 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14651 \begin_inset Formula $\leq$
14656 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14668 -- Greater-or-equal
14669 \begin_inset Formula $\geq$
14674 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14688 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14692 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14696 \begin_inset Formula $\ll$
14699 (useful in physics)
14701 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14715 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14719 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14723 \begin_inset Formula $\gg$
14729 Standard math bindings
14731 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14744 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14755 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14766 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14779 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14790 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14801 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14814 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14825 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14836 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14847 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14860 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14873 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14886 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14899 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14912 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14925 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14936 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14949 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14960 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14971 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14982 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14993 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15006 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15017 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15028 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15039 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15048 math-delim langle rangle
15050 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15059 math-delim rangle langle
15061 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15072 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15085 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15101 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15110 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15119 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15128 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15137 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000