1 #LyX 1.5.0svn created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
8 \IfFileExists{isolatin.def}
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10 {\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}}
13 \inputencoding default
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17 \font_default_family default
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31 \paperorientation portrait
34 \paragraph_separation indent
36 \quotes_language english
39 \paperpagestyle headings
40 \tracking_changes false
42 \author "Jean-Marc Lasgouttes"
49 Customizing LyX: Features for the Advanced User
57 \begin_layout Standard
59 Principal maintainer of this file is
64 If you have comments or error corrections, please send them to the LyX
65 Documentation mailing list, <lyx-docs@lists.lyx.org>.
73 \begin_layout Standard
74 \begin_inset LatexCommand tableofcontents
85 \begin_layout Standard
86 This manual covers the customization features present in LyX.
87 In it, we discuss issues like keyboard shortcuts, screen previewing options,
88 printer options, sending commands to LyX via the LyX Server, internationalizati
89 on, installing new LaTeX classes and LyX layouts, etc.
90 We can't possibly hope to touch on everything you can change---our developers
91 add new features faster than we can document them---but we will explain
92 the most common customizations and hopefully point you in the right direction
93 for some of the more obscure ones.
97 LyX configuration files
100 \begin_layout Standard
101 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
106 This chapter aims to help you to find your way through the LyX configuration
108 Before continuing to read this chapter, you should find out where your
109 LyX library directory is by using
114 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
122 This directory is the place where LyX places its system-wide configuration
123 files, and we will simply name it
127 in the remainder of this document.
131 \begin_layout Section
139 \begin_layout Standard
144 and its sub-directories contain a number of files and that can be used
145 to customise LyX's behaviour.
146 You can change many of these files from within LyX itself through the
151 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
159 Most customization that you might want to do to LyX is possible through
161 However, many other inner aspects of LyX can be customized by modifying
167 They fall in different categories, described in the following subsections.
170 \begin_layout Subsection
171 Automatically generated files
174 \begin_layout Standard
175 These files are generated when you configure LyX.
176 They contain various default values that are guessed by inspection.
177 In general, it is not a good idea to modify them, since they might be overwritt
182 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
189 contains defaults for various commands.
193 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
200 contains the list of packages that have been recognized by LyX.
201 It is currently unused by the LyX program itself, but the information extracted
202 , and more, is made available with
207 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
219 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
226 is the list of text classes that have been found in your
230 directory, along with the associated LaTeX document class and their description.
234 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
239 is automatically generated during configuration from the file
246 \begin_layout Subsection
251 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
258 this directory contains files with the extension
262 that define the keybindings used in LyX (see section\InsetSpace ~
264 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
265 reference "sec:bindings"
270 If there exists an internationalized version of the bind file named
274 , that will be used first.
275 See Chapter\InsetSpace ~
277 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
278 reference "chap:i18n"
283 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
284 reference "sec:bindings"
292 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
299 contains graphics files that can be included in documents.
304 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
311 contains LyX documentation files (including the one you are currently reading).
316 deserves special attention, as noted above.
317 If there exists an internationalized version of the help-document with
322 prepended to the name, that will be used first.
323 See Chapter\InsetSpace ~
325 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
326 reference "chap:i18n"
334 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
341 contains example files that explain how to use some features.
342 In the file browser, press the
350 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
355 contains image files that are used by the
360 In addition, it also contains the individual icons used in the toolbar
361 and the banners that can be shown when LyX is launched.
365 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
372 contains keyboard keymapping files.
373 See Chapter\InsetSpace ~
375 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
376 reference "sec:keymap"
384 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
391 contains the text class files described in Chapter\InsetSpace ~
393 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
394 reference "chap:textclass"
402 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
407 contains some files that demonstrate the capabilities of the
409 External\InsetSpace ~
416 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
421 contains the standard LyX template files described in Chapter\InsetSpace ~
423 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
424 reference "sec:templates"
432 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
437 contains some LaTeX cls files distributed with LyX.
441 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
446 contains files with the extension
450 that define the user interface to LyX.
451 That is, the files define which items appear in which menus and the items
452 appearing on the toolbar.
453 See Chapter\InsetSpace ~
455 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
463 \begin_layout Subsection
464 Files you don't want to modify
467 \begin_layout Standard
468 These files are used internally by LyX and you generally do not need to
469 modify them unless you are a developer.
473 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
480 this file contains the list of LyX developers.
481 The contents are displayed with the menu entry
486 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
494 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
501 this is a LaTeX script used during the configuration process.
506 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
513 this is the script that is used to re-configure LyX.
514 It creates configuration files in the directory it was run from.
517 \begin_layout Subsection
518 Other files needing a line or two...
522 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
527 this contains tables describing how different character encodings can be
532 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
537 this file contains the templates available to the new
539 External\InsetSpace ~
546 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
551 this file contains a list of all the languages currently supported by LyX.
554 \begin_layout Section
555 Your local configuration directory
558 \begin_layout Standard
559 Even if you are using LyX as an unprivileged user, you might want to change
560 LyX configuration for your own use.
565 directory contains all your personal configuration files.
566 This is the directory described as
567 \begin_inset Quotes eld
571 \begin_inset Quotes erd
579 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
584 This directory is used as a mirror of
588 , which means that every file in
592 is a replacement for the corresponding file in
597 Any configuration file described in the above sections can be placed either
598 in the system-wide directory, in which case it will affect all users, or
599 in your local directory for your own use.
602 \begin_layout Standard
603 To make things clearer, let's provide a few examples:
606 \begin_layout Itemize
607 The preferences set in the
612 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
619 dialog are saved to a file
630 \begin_layout Itemize
631 When you reconfigure using
636 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
647 and the resulting files are written in your local configuration directory
648 (see section\InsetSpace ~
650 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
651 reference "sec:autodetected"
655 to have a list of the
659 settings affected by this section).
660 This means that any additional text class file that you might have added
665 will be added to the list of classes in the
670 ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator
680 \begin_layout Itemize
681 Similarly, if you have installed some LaTeX document classes in your home
682 directory, that LaTeX can find with your
686 path, they will show up in your list of text classes.
690 \begin_layout Standard
691 as long as LyX or yourself have a
695 file for it, of course.
703 \begin_layout Itemize
704 If you get some updated documentation from LyX ftp site and cannot install
705 it because you do not have sysadmin rights on your system, you can just
720 \begin_layout Section
721 Running LyX with multiple configurations
724 \begin_layout Standard
725 The configuration freedom of the local configuration directory may not suffice
726 if you want to have more than one configuration at your disposal.
727 For example, you may want to be use different key bindings or printer settings
729 You can achieve this by having several such directories.
730 You then specify which directory to use at run-time.
733 \begin_layout Standard
734 Invoking LyX with the command line switch
742 instructs the program to read the configuration from that directory, and
743 not from the default directory (you can determine the default directory
744 by running LyX without this switch as described above).
745 If this directory does not exist, LyX offers to create it for you, just
746 like it does for the default directory on the first time you run the program.
747 You can modify the configuration options in this additional
751 exactly as you would for the default directory.
752 These directories are completely independent (but read on).
753 Note that setting the environment variable
757 to some value has exactly the same effect
762 \begin_layout Standard
763 Having several configurations also requires more maintenance: if you want
764 to add a new layout to
768 which you want available from all your configurations, you must add it
769 to each directory separately.
770 You can avoid this with the following trick: after LyX creates the additional
771 directory, most of the subdirectories (see above) are empty.
772 If you want the new configuration to mirror an existing one, replace the
773 empty subdirectory with a symbolic link to the matching subdirectory in
774 the existing configuration.
781 subirectory, however, since it contains a file written by the configuration
782 script (also accessible through
787 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
793 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
794 reference "sec:autodetected"
800 which is configuration-specific.
803 \begin_layout Chapter
814 \begin_layout Section
815 Using the dialog for the first time
818 \begin_layout Standard
823 file will contain only changes that you have made to the default behaviour,
824 some of which is hard-coded into LyX and some of which is contained in
827 LyXDir/lyxrc.defaults
830 Note that in both files lines beginning with a
831 \begin_inset Quotes eld
839 \begin_inset Quotes erd
842 are just comments and not interpreted.
843 However, only system administrators should edit
853 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
860 dialog to create and modify their own
867 \begin_layout Standard
873 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
880 dialog will be largely self-explanatory.
881 Almost all the commands have an associated comment, so you shouldn't have
882 too much trouble modifying it to taste.
883 Before we highlight a few of the more important commands below, however,
888 ing some of your changes (e.g., screen fonts) will have an instant effect.
890 changing the bind file) will not.
891 If nothing appears to have changed, just
895 the changes and restart LyX.
898 \begin_layout Section
902 \begin_layout Standard
903 The font used to display your documents on the LyX screen is very important,
904 since you'll be reading all your documents with this font.
905 Therefore it is important that the font is as readable and good-looking
907 The LyX team tried to provide the best possible default font for you, but
908 since practically all X11 systems are different, it's likely that the default
909 fonts will be sub-optimal on your system.
910 Fortunately, you can do something about this.
911 Before we explain how to do this, you should learn a bit more about fonts
912 so that you are better prepared for choosing your fonts, because it is
913 a trade-off that is specific to your preferences and the capabilities of
917 \begin_layout Standard
918 Notice that this section only deals with the fonts on the
922 inside the LyX window.
923 The fonts that appear on the
931 are independent from these fonts, and are determined by the document class.
936 to learn how to change the font of the printed version of your document.
939 \begin_layout Standard
940 Basically, screen fonts come in two different kinds: scalable outline fonts
941 and non-scalable bitmap fonts.
942 This distinction seems a bit arbitrary, since non-scalable fonts are actually
943 scalable in most modern font renderers.
944 The difference lies in the
948 of the scaling, and the
953 The most important decision is thus whether you should use non-scalable
954 bitmap fonts or scalable outline fonts.
957 \begin_layout Standard
958 The scalable fonts are built from
962 of the single glyphs (i.e.
963 characters) in the font.
964 This means that each glyph is defined using mathematical curves that are
965 well suited for scaling to any requested size.
966 This mathematical definition is interpreted by the font renderer and turned
967 into a small picture composed of pixels according to which size and glyph,
968 the programmer requests.
969 This means that scalable fonts will look pretty good in all sizes.
970 Well, almost all sizes.
971 Since scalable fonts are defined in an abstract way, it can be hard to
972 provide a good rendering at small sizes, where each pixel has to be very
973 carefully computed to provide a good image.
974 Technically it is possible to do this from the mathematical definition,
975 but in order to keep the rendering reasonably fast, tradeoffs have to be
976 made, and the result is that scalable fonts can be difficult to read at
980 \begin_layout Standard
981 Bitmap fonts on the other hand, are defined by bitmap graphics from the
982 start, so they will look good at all the sizes they are meant for.
983 However, they don't scale well, because in order to scale a glyph, each
984 pixel is enlarged into several pixels.
985 It is the same effect that happens if you try to enlarge a picture in
989 or any other picture manipulation program.
990 In order to relieve this effect, bitmap fonts are typically provided in
991 several fixed sizes typically from around 8 pixels high up to 34 pixels
992 or so high in steps according to what is believed to be useful.
993 The advantage of bitmap fonts is that no complicated computations are necessary
994 to display each glyph, so bitmap fonts are thus faster displayed than scalable
996 The disadvantage is that sizes that don't exists as fixed versions have
997 to be scaled by doubling pixels, and thus look bad.
1000 \begin_layout Standard
1001 The net result of all this, is that bitmap fonts are generally best for
1002 the small sizes, where they are available, while scalable fonts are generally
1003 best for large sizes.
1004 The logical conclusion would thus be to use bitmap fonts for the small
1005 sizes, and scalable fonts for the large sizes.
1006 Unfortunately, this is not a good idea, since bitmap fonts and scalable
1007 fonts are not designed to be used together, so the overall look of such
1008 a scheme would be bad.
1009 The best you can do is thus to try both schemes and decide for yourself
1013 \begin_layout Standard
1014 By default, LyX uses non-scalable bitmap fonts (when using the XForms frontend).
1019 is used, for sans serif fonts,
1027 is used as the monospaced/typewriter font.
1030 \begin_layout Standard
1031 In the following, we will describe what to do if the text does not look
1033 We'll start with the most important parameters: DPI and font zoom.
1036 \begin_layout Subsection
1037 DPI setting and Font Zoom
1040 \begin_layout Standard
1041 LyX automatically tries to scale the fonts to look as close as the paper
1042 output size as possible, except for the so-called font zoom factor.
1045 \begin_layout Standard
1046 In order for this to work on all systems, it relies on the screen DPI (dots
1047 per inch) setting to be correct.
1048 The DPI setting for your system is autodetected by LyX using the information
1049 the X server can provide.
1050 You can check what LyX autodetects the DPI setting to, by running LyX as
1058 \begin_layout Standard
1059 On many systems, X is not set up correctly, so you should check that it
1062 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1070 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1073 and write down what the DPI is for the resolution you use (this will be
1074 close to the value LyX detects).
1075 It is the number mentioned as
1076 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1080 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1084 Also write down the number of pixels you have in the width (the first number
1086 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1090 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1096 \begin_layout Standard
1097 Then get the good old ruler out of the closet, and measure the width of
1098 the visible screen-image on your monitor.
1099 Convert this measurement to inches if you used a centimeter ruler by dividing
1101 Now you can determine the correct DPI setting for your screen by dividing
1102 the number of pixels in the width by the width of the screen-image on the
1104 If this number is more than, say, 5 DPI from the detected value, you should
1105 either fix the X setup, or at least tell LyX that the DPI is different
1106 than the detected value.
1109 \begin_layout Standard
1110 If you can't fix the X setup (which of course is best since other programs
1111 than LyX will benefit from this as well), you can tell LyX the correct
1119 \begin_layout Standard
1120 If the text is too small or too big for your taste, you should fiddle with
1121 the font zoom setting.
1122 This setting is used to scale the point size of the text.
1123 If your DPI setting is correct, and the font zoom setting is set to 100,
1124 this means that LyX will try to display the text exactly the same size
1125 as it will appear on the paper-output.
1126 If you set the zoom factor to 200, the text will try to be 2 times as big
1128 Of course, this will only happen if LyX can find a font that has the appropriat
1129 e size, which you can't count on.
1130 Since LyX is a WYSIWYM system anyways, this limitation isn't much of an
1134 \begin_layout Standard
1135 The default font zoom setting is 150, since a monitor is typically wider
1136 than a piece of paper, but you should try to fiddle with it through the
1150 dialog to find a size that you like.
1151 When you've found a setting that seems to work nicely for you (tip: use
1159 button to keep the dialog open while you experiment), you can make this
1160 setting the default by using the
1170 \begin_layout Standard
1171 While it is often possible to find a suitable size for the text on the screen,
1172 this doesn't necessarily mean that the fonts are the best ones available
1174 In order to help you get the most out of your system, you can use the font
1175 definition commands to fine-tune the look of the text in greater detail
1179 \begin_layout Subsection
1180 Font definition commands
1183 \begin_layout Standard
1184 As mentioned, LyX uses non-scalable bitmap fonts by default with the XForms
1190 is used, for sans serif fonts,
1198 is used as the monospaced/typewriter font.
1201 \begin_layout Standard
1202 You can change all of these from within the
1207 The number of fonts that are available on different systems vary, but the
1212 should be available everywhere.
1213 Use that program to find candidate fonts.
1214 When you've found a font that you like, try to insert the first two elements
1216 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1220 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1224 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1228 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1235 ) in the appropriate field in the
1247 LyX will then reformat your document using the new font, and if you like
1248 the font, you should
1256 One place to start for a new font is to see if the scalable font
1257 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1261 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1265 Tip: You can see whether a font is a bitmap font or a scalable font by
1267 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1271 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1275 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1279 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1287 If the value 0 is available, the font is scalable.
1288 If the value 0 isn't available, the font is a bitmap font.
1291 \begin_layout Standard
1292 Before you go about scrapping a bitmap font because the larger sizes look
1294 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1298 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1301 , you should toggle the
1302 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1306 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1310 This is only useful if you use bitmap fonts, because only these don't scale
1312 If you define this flag, LyX will only use the fixed font sizes that are
1313 available, and this guarantees that all bitmap fonts look well.
1314 (You can see which individual font sizes are available with the
1323 .) However, the prize is that the difference between the size of the fonts
1324 on screen and the size of fonts on paper will be larger because LyX will
1325 have to be satisfied with the closest available size, and not try to scale
1327 Also, you can risk that some logically different sizes, such as
1335 , will be mapped to the same screen font, making it hard for you to see
1336 the difference on screen.
1337 We've decided not to use scalable fonts by default because of these artifacts,
1338 but since LyX is a WYSIWYM system, many people like to use the flag anyways,
1339 well-knowing that the font size on the screen can't be trusted.
1340 But remember that this flag only makes a difference when you use bitmap
1342 Scalable fonts won't be affected for reasons you should understand by now.
1345 \begin_layout Standard
1346 One final note regarding this flag: you should know that there is nothing
1347 wrong with using bitmap and scalable fonts at the same time for different
1349 For instance, it's common to use the scalable
1350 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1354 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1357 for the serif text together with a bitmap version of
1358 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1362 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1366 And you can safely select the
1367 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1371 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1374 button without worries: It will only apply to the Helvetica font.
1377 \begin_layout Standard
1378 Sometimes the artifacts introduced by use of the flag can be relieved by
1379 using the fine-detail screen font sizes which defines which point sizes
1380 the different logical font sizes correspond to.
1385 to see exactly what concrete fonts the logical sizes map to, and try adjusting
1386 the corresponding entries in the
1390 dialog until you've managed to hit the nail and get the fonts you want.
1391 This can be hard to do, because LyX uses the DPI setting and the font zoom
1392 settings to calculate which exact screen font size to ask the X server
1393 for, thus obfuscating the mapping.
1394 If you can't make it by trial-and-error, you can make the process more
1395 transparent if you set both the DPI setting and font zoom settings to 100---eve
1396 n when this is known to be wrong.
1397 This will of course make your scalable fonts look weird, so use with care.
1400 \begin_layout Subsection
1404 \begin_layout Standard
1405 By default, LyX will use fonts meant to write Western European text, including
1406 all kinds of English.
1407 This is defined through the so-called
1416 If you want to use LyX to write for instance Eastern European text, Cyrillic
1417 or any other language not covered by the ISO-8859-1 font encoding, you
1418 can define a different one with the encoding setting.
1419 This requires you to have special fonts installed.
1424 to see whether this is the case: check the
1425 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1429 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1433 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1437 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1440 fields for ISO-8859-X values different from ISO-8859-1, and search for
1441 one that contains the national characters of your language.
1442 If you find any, enter this encoding in the dialog.
1443 If not, go searching the Web for appropriate fonts.
1444 For the Qt frontend, it's recommended you use an iso646 font set.
1447 \begin_layout Standard
1448 When you've set LyX up to use a different font encoding, you should also
1449 consider changing the font used by dialog windows in LyX.
1456 dialog will not be understandable unless you tell LyX to use a different
1458 By default the menu font is set to
1460 -*-helvetica-medium-r
1462 , but often Helvetica is not available in the font encoding you need, so
1463 the dialog allows this to be changed.
1466 \begin_layout Standard
1467 As you can see, there are quite a few options that can be used to fine tune
1468 the look of your fonts.
1469 This should not scare you from fiddling with the settings, because after
1470 all, you will hopefully be using LyX for many hours in the future.
1471 And contrary to real WYSIWYG word processors where you are tied to using
1472 fonts that have to look good both on paper and on screen, LyX gives you
1473 the possibility of using fonts that are designed to look good on the screen
1474 while using a different set of fonts to look good on paper.
1477 \begin_layout Section
1479 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
1487 \begin_layout Standard
1488 Bindings are used to, well, bind a function to a key.
1489 Several prepackaged binding files are available: a CUA set of bindings
1490 (familiar as the typical set of PC and CDE set of keyboard shortcuts),
1491 an Emacs set of bindings, for those of us who follow the One True Way and
1492 refuse to lower our standards,
1496 \begin_layout Standard
1497 I'm kidding here, of course!
1502 as well as specialty bindings (broadway and hollywood) and other languages
1503 (French, German, etc.).
1506 \begin_layout Standard
1507 If, however, you'd like to customise the keybindings to your own exacting
1508 tastes, then copy the best-fit file in
1517 Don't forget to load this new file into LyX using the
1522 (For the moment you'll have to restart LyX for these changes to take effect.)
1525 \begin_layout Standard
1526 LyX supports internationalization of the user interface (see Chapter\InsetSpace ~
1528 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
1529 reference "chap:i18n"
1538 is set, with the environment variable
1542 , LyX will try to use bindfiles by prepending
1547 For example, you can put a translated copy of some standard bind file in
1552 directory, and LyX will use it automatically.
1555 \begin_layout Standard
1560 files is straightforward:
1563 \begin_layout Standard
1568 bind <key combination> <lyx-function>
1571 \begin_layout Standard
1572 Both key combination and lyx-function (including any arguments) must be
1573 enclosed in "double quotes".
1574 All the LyX functions are listed in the
1581 \begin_layout Section
1583 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
1591 \begin_layout Standard
1592 The appearance of both the menu and toolbar may both be changed using the
1607 For the moment, only one file exists,
1611 , but feel free to experiment.
1612 Just copy the file to the
1616 directory and play! Note that, for the moment, you'll have to restart LyX
1617 for these changes to take effect.
1620 \begin_layout Standard
1625 files is straightforward: have a look at
1638 entries must be ended with an explicit
1663 s and in the case of the
1664 \begin_inset Quotes eld
1668 \begin_inset Quotes erd
1676 One small word of warning.
1681 s may be inserted in a
1689 , but they are defined as
1700 \begin_layout Section
1701 Converters, Formats, Viewers, Editors and Copiers
1704 \begin_layout Standard
1705 LyX has a powerful mechanism to convert to and from any file format using
1707 Define a pair of formats, e.g.
1717 Now define a converter from one format to the other.
1718 In our example, two possible mechanisms exist.
1721 \begin_layout Enumerate
1722 A direct conversion, from LaTeX to PDF using pdflatex
1725 \begin_layout Enumerate
1726 A more convoluted route using intermediate formats and converters: LaTeX
1727 to DVI (using latex) to PostScript® (using dvips) to PDF (using ps2pdf).
1730 \begin_layout Standard
1731 LyX will always choose the shortest possible route, so you must specify
1732 two different Format names for
1736 files to be able to use either.
1737 Both are included by default in the
1742 Have a look and then invent your own!
1745 \begin_layout Standard
1746 Moreover, each Format can have a Viewer associated with it.
1747 For example, you might want to use
1751 to examine PostScript® files, or
1755 to preview the LaTeX output.
1756 You can alter the viewer to use (and what options to pass to it) via the
1762 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1767 references:Conversion
1770 For example, to change the
1778 format in the dialog, change the viewer to be
1782 (or whatever), and hit
1792 \begin_layout Standard
1793 If the operating system has a default viewer associated to a format it is
1794 used instead of the one you can define via the
1799 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1804 references:Conversion
1807 This does currently only work in the Windows® and Mac OS X ports of LyX,
1808 but it is planned to implement this feature on all other ports that can
1812 \begin_layout Standard
1813 Editors are like viewers: Each Format can have an Editor associated to it,
1814 and they can be altered via the
1819 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1824 references:Conversion
1827 LyX uses them whenever an included file
1831 \begin_layout Standard
1832 This can be an included
1836 file, a verbatim included text file, external material or an included graphics
1845 \begin_layout Standard
1846 Finally, each Format can have a Copier associated to it.
1847 Since all conversions from one Format to another take place in a temporary
1848 directory, it is sometimes necessary to modify a file before copying it
1849 to the temporary directory
1853 \begin_layout Standard
1854 For example, the file may reference other files with relative filenames,
1855 which will become invalid in the temporary directory
1861 This is done by the Copier: It copies a file to (or from) the temporary
1862 directory and may modify it in the process.
1865 \begin_layout Standard
1866 Sometimes LyX needs to know a bit more about the properties of a format.
1867 These bits can be specified with flags.
1868 Currently there are two of them:
1871 \begin_layout Standard
1876 flag tells LyX that a format is suitable for document export.
1877 If this flag is set for a format, and if a suitable conversion route exists,
1878 then the format will appear in the
1883 ile\SpecialChar \menuseparator
1891 The format will also appear in the
1898 menu if it has a viewer associated to it.
1899 Pure image formats (e.g.\InsetSpace ~
1904 ) do not have this flag set, formats that can both represent images and
1905 documents (e.g.\InsetSpace ~
1913 \begin_layout Standard
1918 flag tells LyX whether a format can contain vector graphics.
1919 This information is used to determine the target format of included graphics
1925 Included graphics may need to be converted to either
1941 cannot handle other image formats.
1942 If an included graphic is not already in
1954 format it is converted to
1962 flag of the format is set, and otherwise to
1969 \begin_layout Section
1970 BibTeX and makeindex
1973 \begin_layout Standard
1974 Both the bibliography generating command (default
1978 ) and the index generating command (default
1991 As an alternative for
2003 \begin_layout Standard
2004 The command to enter is
2010 makeindex.sh -m $$lang
2013 \begin_layout Standard
2014 where the placeholder
2018 will be replaced by the chosen document (babel) language.
2022 \begin_layout Standard
2023 have installed the packages
2040 at a shell prompt for a help page.
2043 \begin_layout Section
2044 Plain text export options
2047 \begin_layout Standard
2048 \begin_inset VSpace bigskip
2054 \begin_layout Standard
2056 There are a couple of commands that can be used to
2057 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2061 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2064 exported plain text files.
2065 Note that LyX automatically detects and uses the best settings for your
2066 system at installation time, but you can modify them if you disagree with
2070 \begin_layout Description
2074 Plain text\InsetSpace ~
2078 This option defines the command used to produce better plain text tables
2083 UNIX-commands (refer to their manpages for more information about them).
2084 Setting this as empty tells LyX to use the internal (inferior) formatter.
2087 \begin_layout Description
2091 Plain text\InsetSpace ~
2096 With this command you can set the default line length of the plain text
2098 Setting it to 0 means endless lines.
2101 \begin_layout Section
2105 \begin_layout Standard
2106 There are a bunch of configuration options that are used for interaction
2107 with the external print command from LyX.
2108 Normally the defaults are fine: if, however, your print command takes different
2109 option names, you can modify them here.
2112 \begin_layout Subsection
2116 \begin_layout Standard
2117 You can change the colors used by LyX on-screen using the new
2122 Alternatively, if you're feeling particularly perverse you could use the
2127 bindable function (see the
2132 Input would have the format:
2135 \begin_layout Standard
2138 set-color LyXName X11Color
2141 \begin_layout Standard
2142 Here is a (partial) list of the functions and default colors:
2145 \begin_layout Standard
2147 \begin_inset Tabular
2148 <lyxtabular version="3" rows="10" columns="3">
2150 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
2151 <column alignment="left" valignment="top" leftline="true" width="0pt">
2152 <column alignment="center" valignment="top" leftline="true" rightline="true" width="0pt">
2153 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
2154 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2157 \begin_layout Standard
2172 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2175 \begin_layout Standard
2190 <cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2193 \begin_layout Standard
2209 <row topline="true">
2210 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2213 \begin_layout Standard
2228 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2231 \begin_layout Standard
2246 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2249 \begin_layout Standard
2265 <row topline="true">
2266 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2269 \begin_layout Standard
2284 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2287 \begin_layout Standard
2302 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2305 \begin_layout Standard
2321 <row topline="true">
2322 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2325 \begin_layout Standard
2340 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2343 \begin_layout Standard
2358 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2361 \begin_layout Standard
2377 <row topline="true">
2378 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2381 \begin_layout Standard
2396 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2399 \begin_layout Standard
2414 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2417 \begin_layout Standard
2433 <row topline="true">
2434 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2437 \begin_layout Standard
2452 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2455 \begin_layout Standard
2465 fraction Lines, brackets, etc.
2470 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2473 \begin_layout Standard
2489 <row topline="true">
2490 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2493 \begin_layout Standard
2508 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2511 \begin_layout Standard
2517 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2520 \begin_layout Standard
2536 <row topline="true">
2537 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2540 \begin_layout Standard
2555 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2558 \begin_layout Standard
2564 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2567 \begin_layout Standard
2583 <row topline="true">
2584 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2587 \begin_layout Standard
2602 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2605 \begin_layout Standard
2611 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2614 \begin_layout Standard
2630 <row topline="true" bottomline="true">
2631 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2634 \begin_layout Standard
2649 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
2652 \begin_layout Standard
2662 selection background
2667 <cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
2670 \begin_layout Standard
2693 \begin_layout Section
2694 The autodetected settings
2697 \begin_layout Standard
2698 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
2699 name "sec:autodetected"
2703 There are several items that are detected for you when you run
2710 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
2716 In this section, we list those which pertain to the user preferences.
2719 \begin_layout Description
2725 plaintext_roff_command
2740 , depending on what is available.
2743 \begin_layout Description
2756 plus a bunch of options.
2759 \begin_layout Description
2772 on systems (so-called System V) who have this command, and
2776 otherwise (BSD systems).
2779 \begin_layout Description
2785 print_spool_printerprefix
2796 , depending on whether
2807 \begin_layout Description
2824 fonts are found and LaTeX has support for these fonts built-in.
2825 You can set it manually if you only have the so-called
2832 \begin_layout Section
2836 \begin_layout Standard
2837 There are many other configuration options that can be used to customize
2839 We still need to document them here, but again, most should be fairly obvious.
2840 Please ask on the mailing lists if you need some more information; it may
2841 even prompt us to expand this section.
2844 \begin_layout Chapter
2845 Internationalizing LyX
2846 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
2854 \begin_layout Standard
2855 LyX supports using a translated interface.
2856 Last time we checked, LyX provided text in 14 languages together with the
2857 default English text.
2858 The language of choice is called your
2863 (For further reading on locale settings, see also the documentation for
2864 locale that comes with your operating system.
2865 For Linux, the manual page for locale(5) could be a good place to start).
2868 \begin_layout Standard
2869 Notice that these translations will work, but do contain a few flaws.
2870 In particular, all dialogs have been designed with the English text in
2871 mind, which means that some of the translated text will be too large to
2872 fit within the space allocated.
2873 This is only a display problem and will not cause any harm.
2874 Also, you will find that some of the translations do not define short-cut
2875 keys for everything.
2876 Sometimes, there are simply not enough free letters to do it.
2877 Other times, the translator just hasn't got around to doing it yet.
2878 Our localization team -- which you may wish to join -- will try to fix
2879 these shortcomings in future versions of LyX.
2882 \begin_layout Section
2883 Selecting an alternative language for the user interface
2886 \begin_layout Standard
2887 This feature is disabled by default, meaning that system default language
2889 To enable an alternative language, you have to set an appropriate environment
2897 for csh class shells
2912 with the two letter code (or four letter code, like
2916 for British English) for the language you want.
2922 Besides the user interface texts being translated, also the appropriate
2923 manuals will be presented under the Help menu -- if available.
2926 \begin_layout Standard
2927 On some systems, you may have to redefine
2939 , to override the system settings; their preference is in this order
2943 \begin_layout Standard
2944 The shell variable LANGUAGE has been disabled in LyX for technical reasons.
2950 , which corresponds to the way GNU
2955 Consult your system documentation.
2956 Normally, you'll want to put the appropriate line in a shell script run
2957 on start-up, so that the translation is on by default.
2958 Remember that this affects
2962 localized packages, not only LyX!
2965 \begin_layout Standard
2966 If LyX is configured and compiled with
2967 \begin_inset Quotes eld
2975 \begin_inset Quotes erd
2978 , this mechanism will not work.
2981 \begin_layout Section
2985 \begin_layout Subsection
2986 Translating the graphical user interface (text messages).
2989 \begin_layout Standard
2994 library to handle the internationalization of the interface.
2995 To have LyX speak your favorite language in all menus and dialogs, you
3000 -file for that language.
3001 When this is available, you'll have to generate a mo-file from it and install
3007 The process of doing all of this is explained in the documentation for
3012 , but in short, this is what you do (
3016 denotes the language code):
3019 \begin_layout Standard
3023 \begin_layout Standard
3035 \begin_layout Itemize
3038 LYX-SOURCE-DIR/po/lyx.pot
3051 doesn't exist, it can be remade with
3055 in that directory, or you can use an existing po-file for some other language
3059 \begin_layout Itemize
3066 \begin_layout Standard
3067 We recommend that you use Emacs to do this, since the
3071 distribution includes a nice mode that supports you in doing this.
3079 For some menu- and widget-labels, there are also shortcut keys that should
3081 Those keys are marked after a `|', and should be translated according to
3082 the words and phrases of the
3087 There is a tool named
3091 written in Prolog in
3093 LYX-SOURCE-DIR/development/tools/
3095 that may be useful to help determine short-cut keys.
3096 Note that XForms (version 0.86 at least) can't handle anything but 7-bit
3097 characters as shortcut keys.
3098 You should also fill also out the information at the beginning of the new
3103 -file with your email-address, etc., so people know where to reach you with
3104 suggestions and entertaining flames.
3107 \begin_layout Itemize
3116 This can be done with
3137 \begin_layout Itemize
3142 -file to your locale-tree, at the correct directory for application messages
3147 , and under the name
3156 /usr/local/share/locale/
3167 \begin_layout Standard
3171 \begin_layout Standard
3183 \begin_layout Standard
3184 Adding a new po-file to the
3188 of LyX involves altering the configure scripts and more, but the way
3192 works, you don't actually need the source-code of LyX to translate it---having
3208 \begin_layout Standard
3209 If you've written a translation file for a language that LyX does not currently
3210 support, feel free to submit it for inclusion by sending a patch.
3211 In this case, we recommend that you read the
3219 directory for more instructions.
3222 \begin_layout Subsubsection
3226 \begin_layout Standard
3227 Sometimes it turns out that one english message needs to be translated into
3228 different messages in the target language.
3229 One example is the message
3233 which has the german translation
3250 does not handle such ambigous translations.
3251 Therefore you have to add some context information to the message: Instead
3258 To[[as in 'From format x to format y']]
3262 To[[as in 'From page x to page y']].
3265 Now the two occurences of
3273 and can be translated correctly to
3288 \begin_layout Standard
3289 Of course the context information needs to be stripped off the original
3290 message when no translation is used.
3291 Therefore you have to put it in double square brackets at the end of the
3292 message (see the example above).
3293 The translation mechanism of LyX ensures that everything in double square
3294 brackets at the end of messages is removed before displaying the message.
3297 \begin_layout Subsection
3298 Translating the documentation.
3301 \begin_layout Standard
3302 The online documentation (in the
3309 -menu) can (and should!) be translated.
3310 If there are translated versions of the documentation available
3314 \begin_layout Standard
3315 As of February 2003, almost all of the docs have been translated into German
3321 has been translated into at least 12 other languages, with other translations
3323 The library of translated documents is growing rapidly.
3328 , and the locale is set accordingly, these will be used automagically by
3330 LyX looks for translated versions as
3344 denotes the language as set by the environmental variable
3349 If there are none, the default English versions will be displayed.
3350 Note that the translated versions must have the same filenames (
3354 above) as the original.
3355 If you feel up to translating the documentation (an excellent way to proof-read
3356 the original documentation BTW!), there are a few things you should do
3360 \begin_layout Itemize
3365 , the guide to writing LyX documentation.
3366 Pay special attention to the translator's section.
3369 \begin_layout Itemize
3370 Check out the documentation translation web page at
3371 \begin_inset LatexCommand url
3372 name "The LyX Developer's Web Site"
3373 target "http://www.devel.lyx.org"
3378 That way, you can find out which (if any) documents have already been translate
3379 d into your language.
3380 You can also find out who (if anyone) is organizing the effort to translate
3381 the documentation into your language.
3382 If no one is organizing the effort, please let us know that you're interested.
3385 \begin_layout Standard
3386 Once you get to actually translating, here's a few hints for you that may
3390 \begin_layout Itemize
3391 Join the documentation team! There is information on how to do that in
3400 elp\SpecialChar \menuseparator
3407 ), which by the way is the first document you should translate.
3410 \begin_layout Itemize
3411 Learn the typographic conventions for the language you are translating to.
3412 Typography is an ancient art and over the centuries, a great variety of
3413 conventions have developed throughout different parts of the world.
3414 Also study the professional terminology amongst typographers in your country.
3415 Inventing your own terminology will only confuse the users.
3418 (Warning! Typography is addictive!)
3421 \begin_layout Itemize
3422 Make a copy of the document.
3423 This will be your working copy.
3424 You can use this as your personal translated help-file by placing it in
3432 \begin_layout Itemize
3433 Sometimes the original document (from the LyX-team) will be updated.
3434 Use the ViewCVS tool available at
3435 \begin_inset LatexCommand htmlurl
3436 target "http://www.lyx.org/viewcvs.cgi/lyxdoc/"
3440 to see what has been changed
3444 \begin_layout Standard
3445 Alternatively, you can keep a copy of the latest version of the English
3446 document which you've translated.
3452 That way you can easily see which parts of the translated document need
3456 \begin_layout Itemize
3457 If you ever find an error in the original document, fix it and notify the
3458 rest of the documentation team of the changes! (You didn't forget to join
3459 the documentation team did you?)
3462 \begin_layout Section
3463 International Keyboard Support
3466 \begin_layout Standard
3469 [Editor's Note: The following section is by
3477 It needs to be fixed to conform to the new Documentation Style sheet and
3478 to make use of the new v1.0 features.
3479 The whole thing also needs to be merged with the section following it.-jw]
3482 \begin_layout Subsection
3483 Defining Own Keymaps: Keymap File Format
3486 \begin_layout Standard
3487 Let's look at a keyboard definition file a little closer.
3488 It is a plain text file defining
3491 \begin_layout Itemize
3492 key-to-key or key-to-string translations
3495 \begin_layout Itemize
3499 \begin_layout Itemize
3500 dead keys exceptions
3503 \begin_layout Standard
3504 To define key-to-key or key-to-string translation, use this command:
3507 \begin_layout Quotation
3523 \begin_layout Standard
3528 is the key to be translated and
3532 is the string to be inserted into the document.
3533 To define dead keys, use:
3536 \begin_layout Quotation
3552 \begin_layout Standard
3562 The following dead keys are supported (shortcut name is in parentheses):
3565 \begin_layout Quotation
3573 \begin_layout Quotation
3579 \begin_layout Quotation
3585 \begin_layout Quotation
3591 \begin_layout Quotation
3597 \begin_layout Quotation
3604 \begin_layout Standard
3616 \begin_layout Quotation
3622 \begin_layout Quotation
3629 \begin_layout Standard
3641 \begin_layout Quotation
3647 \begin_layout Quotation
3653 \begin_layout Quotation
3660 \begin_layout Standard
3672 \begin_layout Quotation
3679 \begin_layout Standard
3691 \begin_layout Quotation
3697 \begin_layout Quotation
3698 hungarian umlaut (hug)
3703 \begin_layout Quotation
3709 \begin_layout Quotation
3716 \begin_layout Standard
3728 \begin_layout Standard
3729 Since in many international keyboards there are exceptions to what some
3730 dead keys should do, you can define them using
3733 \begin_layout Quotation
3742 deadkey key outstring
3745 \begin_layout Standard
3746 For example, on Slovak keyboard, if you enter caron-o, it generates circumflex-o
3750 \begin_layout Quotation
3764 \begin_layout Standard
3765 to make it work correctly.
3766 Also, you have to define as exceptions dead keys over i and j, to remove
3767 the dot from them before inserting an accent mark.
3768 I will change this when the time comes, but so far I haven't had time.
3771 \begin_layout Standard
3772 Oh, and about characters: backslash is escaped, so to enter it, you'll need
3778 have different meaning.
3783 marks comments, quotes start and end LaTeX-style commands.
3784 To enter quote, you'll need to use
3803 \begin_layout Standard
3804 If you make a keyboard description file that works for your language, please
3805 mail it to me, so I can include it in the next keymap distribution.
3808 \begin_layout Standard
3809 More keywords will be supported in keymap configuration file in future,
3813 \begin_layout Itemize
3831 \begin_layout Itemize
3846 an external keymap translation program
3849 \begin_layout Standard
3850 Also, it should look into
3854 file for defaults, too (for example, a
3860 option to include default keyboard).
3863 \begin_layout Section
3864 International Keymap Stuff
3865 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
3873 \begin_layout Standard
3874 The next two sections describe the
3886 file syntax in detail.
3887 These sections should help you design your own key map if the ones provided
3888 do not meet your needs.
3891 \begin_layout Subsection
3895 \begin_layout Standard
3904 file maps keystrokes to characters or strings.
3905 As the name suggests it sets a keyboard mapping.
3930 are described in this section.
3934 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
3941 Map a character to a string
3944 \begin_layout LyX-Code
3959 \begin_layout Standard
3992 the double-quote (")
4009 must be escaped with a preceding backslash (
4020 \begin_layout Standard
4027 statement to cause the symbol
4033 to be output for the keystroke
4042 \begin_layout LyX-Code
4049 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
4056 Specify an accent character
4059 \begin_layout LyX-Code
4068 \begin_layout Standard
4069 This will make the cha
4107 This is the dead key
4111 \begin_layout Standard
4118 refers to a key that does not produce a character by itself, but when followed
4119 with another key, produces the desired accent character.
4120 For example, a German characte
4122 r with an umlaut like
4132 can be produced in this manner.
4141 \begin_layout Standard
4154 and then another key not in
4171 followed by the other, unallowed key, as output.
4180 cancels a dead key, so if
4197 , the cursor will not go one position backwards but will instead cancel
4214 might have had on the next keystroke.
4218 \begin_layout Standard
4219 The following example specifies that the character ' is to be an acute accent,
4220 allowed on the characters a, e, i, o, u, A, E, I, O, and U:
4223 \begin_layout LyX-Code
4226 kmod ' acute aeiouAEIOU
4230 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
4235 Specify an exception to the accent character
4238 \begin_layout LyX-Code
4247 \begin_layout Standard
4248 This defines an exce
4289 have been assigned a keystroke with a previous
4312 must not belong in the
4364 If such a declaration does not exist in
4420 \begin_layout Standard
4421 The following command produces causes äi to be produced when you enter acute-i
4425 \begin_layout LyX-Code
4440 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
4445 Combine two accent characters
4448 \begin_layout LyX-Code
4454 accent1 accent2 allowed
4457 \begin_layout Standard
4458 This one is getting pretty esoteric.
4459 It allows you to combine the effect
4540 \begin_layout Standard
4541 Consider this example from the
4550 \begin_layout LyX-Code
4553 kmod ; acute aeioyvhAEIOYVH
4557 kcomb acute umlaut iyIY
4560 \begin_layout Standard
4561 This allows you to press
4567 and get the effect of
4584 in this case cancels the last dead key, so if you press
4601 \begin_layout Subsection
4605 \begin_layout Standard
4612 mapping is performed, a
4619 file maps the strings that the symbols generate to characters in the current
4621 The LyX distribution currently includes at least the
4636 \begin_layout Standard
4643 file is a sequence of declarations of the form
4646 \begin_layout LyX-Code
4659 \begin_layout Standard
4660 For example, in order to map
4668 to the corresponding character in the iso-8859-1 set (233), the following
4672 \begin_layout LyX-Code
4680 \begin_layout Standard
4703 the same character can apply to more than one string.
4714 \begin_layout LyX-Code
4740 \begin_layout Standard
4741 If LyX cannot find a mapping for the string produced by the keystroke or
4742 a deadkey sequence, it will check if it looks like an accented char and
4743 try to draw an accent over the character on screen.
4746 \begin_layout Subsection
4750 \begin_layout Standard
4751 There is a second way to add support for international characters through
4752 so-called dead-keys.
4753 A dead-key works in combination with a letter to produce an accented character.
4754 Here, we'll explain how to create a really simple dead-key to illustrate
4758 \begin_layout Standard
4759 Suppose you happen to need the circumflex character,
4760 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4764 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4772 -key [a.k.a.\InsetSpace ~
4777 ] to the LyX command
4786 Now, whenever you type the
4790 -key followed by a letter, that letter will have a circumflex accent on
4792 For example, the sequence
4793 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4801 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4804 produces the letter:
4805 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4809 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4813 If you tried to type
4814 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4822 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4825 , however, LyX will complain with a beep, since a
4826 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4834 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4837 never takes a circumflex accent.
4842 after a dead-key produces the bare-accent.
4843 Please note this last point! If you bind a key to a dead-key, you'll need
4844 to rebind the character on that key to yet another key.
4849 to a cedilla is a bad idea, since you'll only get cedillas instead of commas.
4852 \begin_layout Standard
4853 One common way to bind dead-keys is to use
4865 in combination with an accent, like
4866 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4874 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4878 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4886 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4890 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4898 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4902 Another way involves using
4910 [remember them from section?] to set up the special
4919 acts in some ways just like
4923 and permits you to bind keys to accented characters.
4924 You can also turn keys into dead-keys by binding them to something like
4929 and then binding this symbolic key to the corresponding LyX command.
4933 \begin_layout Standard
4938 : This is exactly what I do in my
4956 and a bunch of these
4957 \begin_inset Quotes eld
4965 \begin_inset Quotes erd
4968 symbolic keys bound such things as
4979 This is how I produce my accented characters.
4984 You can make just about anything into the
4992 keys, a spare function key, etc.
4993 As for the LyX commands that produce accents, check the entry for
5002 You'll find the complete list there.
5005 \begin_layout Subsection
5006 Saving your Language Configuration
5009 \begin_layout Standard
5010 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
5015 You can edit your preferences so that your desired language environment
5016 is automatically configured when LyX starts up, via the
5021 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5031 \begin_layout Chapter
5032 Installing New Document Classes, Layouts, and Templates
5033 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
5034 name "chap:textclass"
5042 \begin_layout Standard
5043 Installing New Document Classes
5051 \begin_layout Standard
5052 In this chapter, we describe the procedures for creating and installing
5053 new LyX layout and template files, as well as offer a refresher on correctly
5054 installing new LaTeX document classes.
5055 Some definitions: a document class is a LaTeX file (usually ending in
5063 ) which describes the format of a document such as an article, report, journal
5065 and all the commands needed to realize that format.
5066 A layout file is a LyX file which corresponds to a LaTeX document class
5067 and which tells LyX how to
5068 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5072 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5075 things on the screen to make the display look something like the final
5077 More precisely, a layout file describes a
5078 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5082 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5085 which is the internal construct LyX uses to render the screen display.
5087 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5091 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5095 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5099 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5102 can be used somewhat interchangeably, but it is better to refer to the
5103 file as the layout, and the thing living in LyX's memory as the text class.
5104 A template file is simply a LyX document which contains a set of predefined
5105 entries for a given document class which are generally required for that
5107 Templates are especially useful for things like journal manuscripts which
5108 are to be submitted electronically.
5111 \begin_layout Section
5112 Installing a new LaTeX package
5115 \begin_layout Standard
5116 Some installations may not include a LaTeX package that you would like to
5118 For example, you might need FoilTeX, a common (and very powerful) package
5119 for preparing slides or viewgraphs for overhead projectors.
5120 Here are the formal steps involved in getting the package up and running
5121 if you are using teTeX or some other web2c based distribution.
5125 \begin_layout Enumerate
5126 Get the package from CTAN or wherever.
5130 \begin_layout Standard
5133 Inventory of your LaTeX configuration
5135 manual for details of what CTAN is and where supported document classes
5144 \begin_layout Enumerate
5149 (this usually lives in the directory
5153 , though you can run
5158 It describes how to add a local
5162 directory; follow the instructions.
5163 You need to insert the name of your local
5176 is a logical place to install software that did not come with your distribution
5182 Usually, you will have to modify only two things:
5186 \begin_layout Enumerate
5191 to the directory you chose; e.g.
5196 TEXMFLOCAL = /usr/local/texmf
5199 \begin_layout Enumerate
5213 TEXMF = {$HOMETEXMF,!!$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFMAIN}
5217 \begin_layout Enumerate
5228 You must follow the directory structure of your existing
5232 directory (for example, latex packages should go under
5234 /usr/local/texmf/tex/latex/
5239 \begin_layout Enumerate
5240 Install the package.
5241 For example, you would unpack the FoilTeX tarball and create
5243 /usr/local/texmf/tex/latex/foiltex
5250 directory contains various files.
5253 \begin_layout Enumerate
5261 /usr/local/texmf/ls-R
5266 \begin_layout Enumerate
5267 From within LyX, do:
5272 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5283 \begin_layout Standard
5284 Now you should see your new package---for example
5293 ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5308 Note that there are simpler ways of installing packages: you can add a
5309 link to the new package directory in the system LaTeX directory (
5313 , don't forget to then run
5317 ), or sometimes simply set the
5321 environment variable to include the new package.
5322 However, the formal procedure described in
5326 is guaranteed to work, so you should follow it unless circumstances absolutely
5327 prevent it: such as, when you don't have superuser access.
5330 \begin_layout Section
5334 \begin_layout Standard
5335 This section describes how to write and install your own LyX layout files
5336 (also known as text classes) and walks through the
5340 text class format as an example.
5345 files describe what paragraph styles are available for a given document
5346 class and how LyX should display them.
5347 We try to provide a thorough description of the process here; however,
5348 there are so many different types of documents supported by LaTeX classes
5349 we can't hope to cover every different possibility or problem you might
5354 \begin_layout Standard
5355 When you plan to write a new layout, it is extremely helpful to look at
5356 the example layouts distributed with LyX.
5357 If you use a nice LaTeX document class that might be of interest for others,
5358 too, and have a nice corresponding LyX layout, feel free to contribute
5359 the stuff to us, so we may put it into the distribution.
5362 \begin_layout Standard
5363 All the tags described in this chapter are case-insensitive; this means
5376 are really the same command.
5377 The possible values are printed in brackets after the feature's name.
5378 The default value if a feature isn't specified inside a text class-description
5386 If the argument has a datatype like
5387 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5391 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5395 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5399 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5402 , the default is shown like this:
5412 \begin_layout Subsection
5413 Supporting new document classes
5416 \begin_layout Standard
5417 There are two situations you are likely to encounter when wanting to support
5418 a new LaTeX document class, involving LaTeX2e class (
5429 \begin_layout Subsection
5437 \begin_layout Standard
5438 If your new document class is provided as a style file that is used in conjuncti
5439 on with an existing, supported document class, start by copying the existing
5440 class's layout file into your local directory.
5441 For the sake of example we'll assume that the style file is called
5445 and it is meant to be used with
5449 which is a standard class.
5452 \begin_layout LyX-Code
5453 cp report.layout ~/.lyx/layouts/myclass.layout
5456 \begin_layout Standard
5461 and change the line:
5464 \begin_layout LyX-Code
5467 DeclareLaTeXClass{report}
5470 \begin_layout Standard
5474 \begin_layout LyX-Code
5477 DeclareLaTeXClass[report, myclass.sty]{report (myclass)}
5480 \begin_layout Standard
5484 \begin_layout LyX-Code
5494 \begin_layout Standard
5495 near the top of the file.
5498 \begin_layout Standard
5499 Start LyX and select
5504 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5512 Restart LyX and try creating a new document.
5517 " as a document class option in the
5522 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5530 It is likely that some of the sectioning commands and such will differ
5531 from how the base class
5535 \begin_layout Standard
5545 works, so you can fiddle around with the settings for the different sections
5547 See below for more discussion on this.
5550 \begin_layout Subsection
5558 \begin_layout Standard
5559 In this case, you will probably have to
5560 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5564 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5568 We strongly suggest copying an existing layout file which uses a similar
5569 LaTeX class and modifying it if at all possible.
5570 At least use an existing file as a starting point so you can find out what
5571 items you need to worry about.
5572 Again, the specifics are covered below.
5575 \begin_layout Section
5576 Declaring a new text class
5579 \begin_layout Standard
5580 When it's finally time to get your hands dirty and create or edit your own
5581 layout file, the following sections describe what you're up against.
5582 Our advice is to go slowly, save and test often, listen to soothing music,
5583 and enjoy one or two of your favorite adult beverages; more if you are
5584 getting particularly stuck.
5585 It's really not that hard, except that the multitude of options can become
5586 overwhelming if you try to do to much in one sitting.
5587 Go have another adult beverage, just for good measure.
5590 \begin_layout Standard
5594 \begin_layout Standard
5595 Lines in a layout file which begin with a
5600 There is one exception to this rule: all layouts should begin with lines
5604 \begin_layout LyX-Code
5607 #% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this
5610 \begin_layout LyX-Code
5615 DeclareLaTeXClass{article}
5618 \begin_layout Standard
5619 The second line is used when you configure LyX.
5620 The layout file is read by the LaTeX script
5624 , in a special mode where
5629 The first line is just a LaTeX comment, and the second one contains the
5630 declaration of the text class.
5631 If these lines appear in a file named
5635 , then they define a text class of name
5639 (the name of the layout file) which uses the LaTeX document class
5643 (the default is to use the same name as the layout).
5645 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5649 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5652 that appears above is used as a description of the text class in the
5657 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5667 \begin_layout Standard
5668 Let's assume that you wrote your own text class that uses the
5672 documentclass, but where you changed the appearance of the section headings.
5673 If you put it in a file
5677 , the header of this file should be:
5680 \begin_layout LyX-Code
5683 #% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this
5686 \begin_layout LyX-Code
5691 DeclareLaTeXClass[article]{article (with my own headings)}
5694 \begin_layout Standard
5695 This declares a text class
5699 , associated with the LaTeX document class
5704 \begin_inset Quotes eld
5707 article (with my own headings)
5708 \begin_inset Quotes erd
5712 If your text class depends on several packages, you can declare it as:
5715 \begin_layout LyX-Code
5718 #% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this
5721 \begin_layout LyX-Code
5726 DeclareLaTeXClass[article,foo.sty]{article (with my own headings)}
5729 \begin_layout Standard
5730 This indicates that your text class uses the foo.sty package.
5731 Finally, it is also possible to declare classes for SGML and DocBook code.
5732 Typical declarations will look like
5735 \begin_layout LyX-Code
5738 #% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this
5741 \begin_layout LyX-Code
5746 DeclareSGMLClass{SGML (LinuxDoc)}
5749 \begin_layout Standard
5753 \begin_layout LyX-Code
5754 #% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this
5757 \begin_layout LyX-Code
5760 DeclareDocBookClass[article]{SGML (DocBook article)}
5763 \begin_layout Standard
5764 Note that these declarations can also be given an optional parameter declaring
5765 the name of the document class (but not a list).
5768 \begin_layout Standard
5769 When the text class has been modified to your taste, all you have to do
5770 is to copy it either in
5783 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5791 Exit LyX and restart it; then your new text class should be available along
5795 \begin_layout Subsection
5799 \begin_layout Standard
5800 The first non-comment line must contain the file format number:
5803 \begin_layout Description
5814 ] This tag was introduced with LyX 1.4.0 (layout files of LyX 1.3.x and earlier
5815 don't have an explicit file format).
5816 The file format that is documented here is
5823 \begin_layout Subsection
5824 General text class parameters
5827 \begin_layout Standard
5828 These are the general parameters which describe the form of the entire document:
5831 \begin_layout Standard
5835 \begin_layout Standard
5847 \begin_layout Description
5861 ] Whether the class-default should have one or two columns.
5862 Can be changed in the
5867 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5875 This setting (same goes for
5879 , too) is important: if your text class has two columns by default but you
5880 forget to set it correctly, the
5888 be output when you select
5897 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5905 \begin_layout Description
5919 ] Whether the class-default should be printing on one or both sides of the
5921 Can be changed in the
5926 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5936 \begin_layout Description
5950 ] The class default pagestyle.
5951 Can be changed in the
5956 ocument\SpecialChar \menuseparator
5966 \begin_layout Description
5970 ClassOptions\SpecialChar \ldots{}
5974 This section describes various global options supported by the document
5976 See Section\InsetSpace ~
5978 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
5979 reference "sec:classoptions"
5986 \begin_layout Description
6004 ] Whether the class already provides the feature
6009 A feature is in general the name of a package (amsmath, makeidx, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
6011 macro (url, boldsymbol,\SpecialChar \ldots{}
6012 ); the complete list of supported features is unfortunat
6016 \begin_layout Description
6023 This is used to describe the default font of the document.
6024 See Section\InsetSpace ~
6026 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
6027 reference "sec:fonts"
6034 \begin_layout Description
6045 ] This is the style that will be assigned to new paragraphs, usually
6050 This will default to the first defined style if not given, but you are
6051 highly encouraged to use this directive.
6054 \begin_layout Description
6071 ] Indicates what kind of markup is used to define the title of a document.
6076 means that the macro with name
6080 will be inserted after the last layout which has
6081 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6089 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6097 corresponds to the case where the block of paragraphs which have
6098 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6106 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6109 should be enclosed into the
6118 \begin_layout Description
6129 ] The name of the command/environment mentionned above.
6132 \begin_layout Description
6136 Preamble\SpecialChar \ldots{}
6140 A set of macro definitions that will be output at the beginning of the
6142 Use this for global definitions.
6145 \begin_layout Description
6152 As its name implies, this command allows you to include another layout
6153 definition file within yours to avoid duplicating commands.
6154 Common examples are the standard layout files, for example,
6158 , which contains most of the basic layouts.
6161 \begin_layout Description
6165 Style\SpecialChar \ldots{}
6169 This sequence defines a new style.
6170 If the style already exists, it will redefine some of its parameters instead.
6171 See Section\InsetSpace ~
6173 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
6174 reference "sec:style"
6181 \begin_layout Description
6188 This command deletes an existing style.
6189 This is particularly useful when you want to suppress a style that has
6190 be defined in an input file.
6193 \begin_layout Description
6197 Float\SpecialChar \ldots{}
6201 This sequence defines a new float.
6202 See Section\InsetSpace ~
6204 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
6205 reference "sec:floats"
6212 \begin_layout Description
6219 This command deletes an existing float.
6220 This is particularly useful when you want to suppress a float that has
6221 be defined in an input file.
6224 \begin_layout Description
6228 CharStyle\SpecialChar \ldots{}
6232 This section defines a new character style.
6233 See Section\InsetSpace ~
6235 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
6236 reference "sec:charstyle"
6243 \begin_layout Description
6247 Counter\SpecialChar \ldots{}
6251 This sequence defines a new counter.
6252 See Section\InsetSpace ~
6254 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
6255 reference "sec:counter"
6262 \begin_layout Standard
6266 \begin_layout Standard
6278 \begin_layout Subsection
6286 \begin_layout Standard
6287 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
6288 name "sec:classoptions"
6296 section can contain the following entries:
6299 \begin_layout Description
6310 ] The list of available font sizes for the document's main font, separated
6312 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6320 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6326 \begin_layout Description
6335 string="empty|plain|headings|fancy"
6337 ] The list of available page styles, separated by
6338 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6346 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6352 \begin_layout Description
6363 ] Some document class options, separated by a comma, that will be added
6364 to the optional part of the
6373 \begin_layout Subsection
6374 Specific Paragraph Layouts
6377 \begin_layout Standard
6378 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
6383 A paragraph layout description looks like this
6387 \begin_layout Standard
6388 Note that this will either define a new layout or modify an existing one.
6396 \begin_layout LyX-Code
6403 \begin_layout LyX-Code
6407 \begin_layout LyX-Code
6411 \begin_layout Standard
6412 where the following commands are allowed:
6415 \begin_layout Standard
6419 \begin_layout Standard
6431 \begin_layout Description
6442 This is used to copy all the features of an existing layout into the current
6447 \begin_layout Description
6459 , Command, Environment, Item_Environment,
6465 ] How the layout should be translated into LaTeX.
6470 means nothing special.
6483 {\SpecialChar \ldots{}
6498 }\SpecialChar \ldots{}
6522 is generated for each paragraph of this environment.
6535 is passed as an argument to the environment.
6540 can be defined in the
6545 ayout\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6559 is perhaps a bit misleading, since these rules apply to SGML classes, too.
6560 Visit the SGML class files for specific examples.
6563 \begin_layout Description
6574 If 1, marks the layout as being part of a title block (see also the
6585 \begin_layout Description
6592 The name of the corresponding LaTeX stuff.
6593 Either the environment or command name.
6596 \begin_layout Description
6603 The optional parameter for the corresponding
6610 This parameter cannot be changed from within LyX.
6613 \begin_layout Description
6624 ] The number of optional arguments that can be used with this layout.
6625 This is useful for things like section headings, and only makes sense with
6629 \begin_layout Description
6641 , Manual, Dynamic, First_Dynamic, Right_Address_Box
6645 The kind of margin that the layout has on the left side.
6650 just means a fixed margin.
6655 means that the left margin depends on the string entered in the
6660 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
6665 aragraph\InsetSpace ~
6669 This is used to typeset nice lists without tabulators.
6674 means that the margin depends on the size of the label.
6675 This is used for automatic enumerated headlines.
6676 It is obvious that the headline
6677 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6680 5.4.3.2.1 Very long headline
6681 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6684 must have a wider left margin (as wide as
6685 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6689 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6692 plus the space) than
6693 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6696 3.2 Very long headline
6697 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6700 , even if other word processors are not able to do this.
6705 is similar, but only the very first row of the paragraph is dynamic, while
6706 the others are static; this is used, for example, for descriptions.
6711 means the margin is chosen in a way that the longest row of this paragraph
6712 fits to the right margin.
6713 This is used to typeset an address on the right edge of the page.
6716 \begin_layout Description
6733 ] Whether the following Paragraph is allowed to indent its very first row.
6738 means that it is not allowed to do so,
6742 means it could do so if it wants to.
6745 \begin_layout Description
6756 ] The indent of the very first line of a paragraph.
6757 The argument is passed as a string.
6762 means that the paragraph is indented with the width of
6771 You can get a negative width by prefixing the string with
6776 This way was chosen so that the look is the same with each used screen
6782 will be fixed for a certain layout.
6783 The exception is Standard layout, since the indentation of a Standard layout
6784 paragraph can be prohibited with
6789 Also, Standard layout paragraphs inside environments use the
6793 of the environment, not their native one.
6794 For example, Standard paragraphs inside an enumeration are not indented.
6797 \begin_layout Description
6808 ] LyX allows to choose either
6809 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6813 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6817 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6821 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6824 to typeset a document.
6826 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6830 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6833 is chosen, this value is completely ignored.
6835 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6839 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6842 is chosen, the parindent of a LaTeXtype
6843 \begin_inset Quotes eld
6847 \begin_inset Quotes erd
6850 layout is ignored and all paragraphs are additionally separated by this
6852 The vertical space is calculated with
6854 value*DefaultHeight()
6860 is the height of a row with the normal font.
6861 This way, the look stays the same with different screen fonts.
6864 \begin_layout Description
6875 ] The vertical space with which the very first of a chain of paragraphs
6876 with this layout is separated from the previous paragraph.
6877 If the previous paragraph has another layout, the separations are not simply
6878 added, but the maximum is taken.
6881 \begin_layout Description
6896 for the very last paragraph.
6899 \begin_layout Description
6910 ] The vertical space between two paragraphs of this layout.
6913 \begin_layout Description
6924 ] This is an extra space between the paragraphs of an environment layout.
6925 If you put other layouts into an environment, each is separated with the
6931 But the whole items of the environment are additionally separated with
6940 \begin_layout Description
6951 ] If you put layouts into environments, the leftmargins are not simply added,
6952 but added with a factor
6953 \begin_inset Formula $\frac{4}{depth+4}$
6957 Note that this parameter is also used when the border is defined as
6966 Then it is added to the manual or dynamic border.
6967 This string has the same meaning as for
6974 \begin_layout Description
6992 \begin_layout Description
7004 , Manual, Static, Top_Environment,
7006 Centered_Top_Environment, Sensitive,
7015 means the label is the very first word (up to the first real blank).
7020 means it is defined in the layout (see
7031 Centered_Top_Environment
7033 are special cases of
7038 The label will be printed above the paragraph, but only at the top of an
7039 environment or the top of a chain of paragraphs with this layout.
7040 Usage is for example the
7049 This is also the case for
7053 labels with latex type
7057 , in order to make layouts for theorems work correctly.
7062 is a special case for the caption-labels
7063 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7067 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7071 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7075 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7083 means the (hardcoded) label string depends on the kind of float.
7088 label type defines automatically numbered labels.
7091 \begin_layout Description
7104 The name of the counter for automatic numbering (see Section\InsetSpace ~
7106 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
7107 reference "sec:counter"
7112 This must be given if
7125 \begin_layout Description
7136 ] The horizontal space between the label and the text body.
7137 Only used for labels that are not above the text body.
7140 \begin_layout Description
7147 [float=0] The vertical space between the label and the text body.
7148 Only used for labels that are above the text body (
7154 Centered_Top_Environment
7159 \begin_layout Description
7170 ] The string used for a label with a
7179 this string is also used as a suggestion for the
7183 that can be set in the
7188 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
7193 aragraph\InsetSpace ~
7203 is set, this string can be contain special formatting commands as explained
7204 in Section\InsetSpace ~
7206 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
7207 reference "sec:counter"
7214 \begin_layout Description
7225 ] This is used inside the appendix instead of
7246 \begin_layout Description
7253 The level of the style in the table of contents.
7254 This is used for automatic numbering of section headings.
7257 \begin_layout Description
7269 , Box, Filled_Box, Static
7271 ] The type of label that stands at the end of the paragraph (or sequence
7294 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7298 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7310 ) is a white (resp.\InsetSpace ~
7311 black) square suitable for end of proof markers,
7315 is an explicit text string.
7318 \begin_layout Description
7329 ] The string used for a label with a
7341 \begin_layout Description
7353 , left, right, center
7355 ] Paragraph alignment.
7358 \begin_layout Description
7370 , left, right, center
7377 Some LaTeX styles prohibit certain alignments, since those wouldn't make
7379 For example a right-aligned or centered enumeration isn't possible.
7382 \begin_layout Description
7396 ] With this parameter the
7401 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7404 Vertical space above
7405 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7413 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
7418 aragraph\InsetSpace ~
7421 dialog can be set when initializing a paragraph with this layout
7425 \begin_layout Standard
7428 Note from Jean-Marc:
7430 I'm not sure that this setting has much use, and it should probably be
7431 removed in later versions.
7440 \begin_layout Description
7461 \begin_layout Description
7475 ] Whether fragile commands in this layout should be
7484 \begin_layout Description
7501 ] Whether newlines are translated into LaTeX newlines (
7510 The translation can be switched off to allow more comfortable LaTeX editing
7514 \begin_layout Description
7528 ] Whether the contents of this paragraph should be output in raw form, meaning
7529 without special translations that LaTeX would require.
7530 This somehow replaces the older
7537 \begin_layout Description
7551 ] Usually LyX doesn't allow you to insert more than one space between words,
7552 since a space is considered as the separation between two words, not a
7553 character or symbol of its own.
7554 This is a very fine thing but sometimes annoying, for example when typing
7555 program code or plain LaTeX code.
7561 Note that LyX will create protected blanks for the additional blanks when
7562 in another mode than LaTeX-mode.
7565 \begin_layout Description
7579 ] Usually LyX does not allow you to leave a paragraph empty, since it would
7580 lead to empty LaTeX output.
7581 There are some cases where this could be desirable however: in a letter
7582 template, the required fields can be provided as empty fields, so that
7583 people do not forget them; in some special classes, a layout can be used
7584 as some kind of break, which does not contain actual text.
7587 \begin_layout Description
7599 , onehalf, double, other
7605 ] This defines what the default spacing should be in the layout.
7618 correspond respectively to a multiplier value of 1, 1.25 and 1.667.
7619 If you specify the argument
7623 , then you should also provide a numerical argument which will be the actual
7625 Note that, contrary to other parameters,
7629 implies the generation of specific LaTeX code, using the package
7636 \begin_layout Description
7643 The font used for both the text body
7648 See section\InsetSpace ~
7650 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
7651 reference "sec:fonts"
7656 Note that defining this font automatically defines the
7663 \begin_layout Description
7670 The font used for the text body .
7671 See section\InsetSpace ~
7673 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
7674 reference "sec:fonts"
7681 \begin_layout Description
7688 The font used for the label.
7689 See section\InsetSpace ~
7691 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
7692 reference "sec:fonts"
7699 \begin_layout Description
7703 Preamble\SpecialChar \ldots{}
7707 A set of macro definitions that will be output at the beginning of the
7708 LaTeX files when the layout is used.
7709 Use this to define the macros needed by this particular layout.
7712 \begin_layout Description
7719 the name of a style which preamble should be output
7723 the one mentionned above.
7724 This allows to ensure some ordering of the preamble snippets when macros
7725 definitions depend on one another
7729 \begin_layout Standard
7730 Note that, besides that functionality, there is no way to ensure any ordering
7732 The ordering that you see in a given version of LyX may change without
7733 warning in later versions.
7741 \begin_layout Standard
7745 \begin_layout Standard
7757 \begin_layout Subsection
7761 \begin_layout Standard
7762 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
7767 Since version 1.3.0 of LyX, it is necessary to define the floats (
7775 , \SpecialChar \ldots{}
7776 ) in the text class itself.
7777 If you are looking here to learn how to upgrade an existing text class,
7778 it will probably turn out that all you have to do is to add
7781 \begin_layout LyX-Code
7785 \begin_layout Standard
7786 at a reasonable location of the text class.
7790 \begin_layout Standard
7791 Don't forget to also have a look at counters in next section.
7796 If you want to implement a text class that proposes some other float types
7797 (like the AGU class bundled with LyX), the information below will hopefully
7801 \begin_layout Description
7813 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7817 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7821 \begin_inset Quotes eld
7825 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7828 of the new class of floats, like program or algorithm.
7829 After the appropriate
7850 \begin_layout Description
7862 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7866 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7869 ] The string that will be used in the menus and also for the caption.
7872 \begin_layout Description
7893 if the float is already defined by the documentclass.
7898 , the float will be defined using the LaTeX package
7905 \begin_layout Description
7917 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7921 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7924 ] This (optional) argument determines whether floats of this class will
7925 be numbered within some sectional unit of the document.
7926 For example, if within is equal to
7930 , the floats will be numbered within chapters.
7934 \begin_layout Description
7946 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7950 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7953 ] The style used when defining the float using
7962 \begin_layout Description
7974 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7978 \begin_inset Quotes erd
7981 ] The default placement for the given class of floats.
7982 They are like in standard LaTeX:
7998 for top, bottom, page, and here, respectively.
8002 \begin_layout Standard
8003 Note that the order of these letters in the string is irrelevant, like in
8009 On top of that there is a new type,
8013 , which does not really correspond to a float, since it means: put it
8014 \begin_inset Quotes eld
8018 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8022 Note, however that the
8026 specifier is special and, because of implementation details cannot be used
8027 in non-builtin float types.
8028 If you do not understand what this means, just use
8035 \begin_layout Description
8047 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8051 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8054 ] The file name extension of an auxiliary file for the list of figures (or
8056 LaTeX writes the captions to this file.
8059 \begin_layout Description
8071 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8075 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8078 ] The heading used for the list of floats.
8081 \begin_layout Subsection
8085 \begin_layout Standard
8086 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
8087 name "sec:charstyle"
8091 You can define character styles since version 1.4.0 of LyX.
8096 section can contain the following entries:
8099 \begin_layout Description
8106 The font used for both the text body
8111 See section\InsetSpace ~
8113 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
8114 reference "sec:fonts"
8119 Note that defining this font automatically defines the
8126 \begin_layout Description
8133 The font used for the label.
8134 See section\InsetSpace ~
8136 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
8137 reference "sec:fonts"
8144 \begin_layout Description
8151 The name of the corresponding LaTeX stuff.
8152 Either the environment or command name.
8155 \begin_layout Description
8162 The optional parameter for the corresponding
8169 This parameter cannot be changed from within LyX.
8172 \begin_layout Description
8179 See section\InsetSpace ~
8181 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
8182 reference "sec:style"
8189 \begin_layout Description
8193 Preamble\SpecialChar \ldots{}
8197 See section\InsetSpace ~
8199 \begin_inset LatexCommand ref
8200 reference "sec:style"
8207 \begin_layout Subsection
8211 \begin_layout Standard
8212 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
8217 Since version 1.3.0 of LyX, it is necessary to define the counters (
8225 , \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8226 ) in the text class itself.
8227 If you are looking here to learn how to upgrade an existing text class,
8228 it will probably turn out that all you have to do is to add
8231 \begin_layout LyX-Code
8232 Input stdcounters.inc
8235 \begin_layout Standard
8236 The definition of counters is presently a bit primitive in LyX, since many
8237 things are still hardcoded.
8238 The following two parameters can be used:
8241 \begin_layout Description
8253 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8257 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8260 ] The name of the counter
8263 \begin_layout Description
8275 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8279 \begin_inset Quotes erd
8282 ] If this is set to the name of another counter, the present counter will
8283 be reset everytime the other one is increased (is that unclear enough?).
8286 \begin_layout Standard
8287 When a counter has been associated to a style, it is possible to use some
8288 special constructs in
8303 \begin_layout Itemize
8312 will be replaced the expanded
8323 This is used for example to define the label of a subsection in terms of
8324 the label of a section.
8327 \begin_layout Itemize
8328 counter values can be expressed using LaTeX-like macros
8352 \begin_layout Description
8363 to arabic numerals, like 1, 2, 3\SpecialChar \ldots{}
8368 \begin_layout Standard
8378 Actually, the situation is a bit more complicated than that: any
8397 other than those descibed below will produce arabic numerals.
8398 It would not be surprising to see this change in the future.
8406 \begin_layout Description
8413 for lower-case letters: a, b, c, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8417 \begin_layout Description
8424 for upper-case letters: A, B, C, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8428 \begin_layout Description
8435 for lower-case roman numerals: i, ii, iii, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
8439 \begin_layout Description
8446 for upper-case roman numerals: I, II, III\SpecialChar \ldots{}
8450 \begin_layout Description
8457 for hebrew numerals.
8461 \begin_layout Subsection
8465 \begin_layout Standard
8466 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
8471 A font description looks like that:
8474 \begin_layout LyX-Code
8484 \begin_layout LyX-Code
8488 \begin_layout LyX-Code
8492 \begin_layout Standard
8493 and the following commands are available:
8496 \begin_layout Description
8513 \begin_layout Description
8530 \begin_layout Description
8542 , Italic, SmallCaps, Slanted
8547 \begin_layout Description
8563 , large, larger, largest, huge, giant
8568 \begin_layout Description
8580 , black, white, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow
8585 \begin_layout Subsection
8586 Upgrading old layout files
8589 \begin_layout Standard
8590 The file format of layout files changes from time to time, so old layout
8591 files need to be converted.
8592 This process has been automated in LyX 1.4.0: If LyX reads an old format
8593 layout file it will call the conversion tool
8595 $LyXDir/scripts/layout2layout.py
8597 and convert it to a temporary file in current format.
8598 The original file is left untouched, so that you can still use it with
8600 If you want to convert the layout file permanently, just call the converter
8604 \begin_layout LyX-Code
8605 python $LyXDir/scripts/layout2layout.py myclass.layout myclassnew.layout
8608 \begin_layout Standard
8620 \begin_layout Standard
8621 The automatic conversion does only handle syntax changes.
8622 It cannot handle the case where the contents of included files was changed.
8623 For example, layout files based on
8636 If you get error messages about undefined counters, try to convert your
8656 \begin_layout Section
8658 \begin_inset LatexCommand label
8659 name "sec:templates"
8666 \begin_layout Standard
8667 Templates are created just like usual documents.
8668 The only difference is that usual documents contain all possible settings,
8669 including the fontscheme and the papersize.
8670 Usually a user doesn't want a template to overwrite his defaults in these
8672 For that reason, the designer of a template should remove the corresponding
8685 from the template LyX file.
8686 This can be done with any simple text-editor, for example
8698 \begin_layout Standard
8699 Put the edited template files you create in
8703 , copy the ones you use from the global template directory in
8707 to the same place, and redefine the template path in the
8712 dit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
8731 \begin_layout Standard
8732 Note that there is a template which has a particular meaning:
8737 This template is loaded everytime you create a new document with
8744 \SpecialChar \menuseparator
8752 in order to provide useful defaults.
8753 To create this template from inside LyX, all you have to do is to open
8754 a document with the correct settings, and use the
8760 e as Document Defaults
8765 \begin_layout Chapter
8766 Including External Material
8769 \begin_layout Section
8773 \begin_layout Standard
8774 \begin_inset Note Note
8777 \begin_layout Standard
8778 This section is completely outdated.
8783 One often requested feature from LyX users is to be able to interface LyX
8784 with Xfig, Dia, or other similar applications that specialize in producing
8785 a certain kind of diagram, figure, schematic or whatever material might
8786 be relevant to include in your document.
8787 Previously, it was only possible to include boring, static, fixed images
8788 in LyX documents with the graphics feature, but there are several limitations
8789 attached to this approach:
8792 \begin_layout Itemize
8793 If you want to change the figure, you have to invoke an external program
8797 \begin_layout Itemize
8798 LyX does not notice that the referenced files change, so the on-screen display
8799 can fast become obsolete, and this is aggravated by the lack of a means
8800 of updating the display
8803 \begin_layout Itemize
8804 The graphics stuff does not provide any mechanisms for coping with different
8805 exported formats such as DocBook, HTML or plain text
8808 \begin_layout Standard
8809 The external material facility attempts to solve all of these problems
8813 \begin_layout Standard
8814 Even if the graphics facility can't solve all problems, it is still valuable
8815 because it does provide in-line preview of the graphics, and supports advanced
8816 geometric transformations with a comfortable user interface.
8822 It does this by offering a general method to interface LyX to external
8824 Instead of introducing a long list of different constructs tailored for
8825 each specific application, we chose to sacrifice the in-line displaying
8826 of the included material in order to provide a general construct to cover
8827 a wide range of applications.
8828 The result is the external material construct.
8829 External material presents itself in the document simply as a button, but
8830 don't let this fool you.
8831 When you click on it, a dialog will appear that allows you to chose exactly
8832 what material to include, and in the following sections you will learn
8833 that this is indeed a powerful mechanism that can solve all of the above
8837 \begin_layout Section
8841 \begin_layout Standard
8842 The external material feature is based on the concept of a
8847 A template is a specification of how LyX should interface with a certain
8849 As bundled, LyX comes with predefined templates for Xfig figures, Dia diagrams,
8850 various raster format images, gnuplot, and more.
8851 You can check the actual list by using the menu
8853 Insert\SpecialChar \menuseparator
8854 File\SpecialChar \menuseparator
8863 Furthermore, it is possible to roll your own template to support a specific
8865 Later we'll describe in more detail what is involved, and hopefully you
8866 will submit all the templates you create so we can include them in a later
8870 \begin_layout Standard
8871 Another basic idea of the external material feature is to distinguish between
8872 the original file that serves as a base for final material and the produced
8873 file that is included in your exported or printed document.
8874 For example, consider the case of a figure produced with
8879 The Xfig application itself works on an original file with the
8884 Within XFig, you create and change your figure, and when you are done,
8890 When you want to include the figure in your document, you invoke
8894 in order to create a PostScript file that can readily be included in your
8900 file is the original file, and the PostScript file is the produced file.
8903 \begin_layout Standard
8904 This distinction is important in order to allow updating of the material
8905 while you are in the process of writing the document.
8906 Furthermore, it provides us with the flexibility that is needed to support
8907 multiple export formats.
8908 For instance, in the case of a plain text file, it is not exactly an award-winn
8909 ing idea to include the figure as raw PostScript.
8910 Instead, you'd either prefer to just include a reference to the figure,
8911 or try to invoke some graphics to Ascii converter to make the final result
8912 look similar to the real graphics.
8913 The external material management allows you to do this, because it is parameter
8914 ized on the different export formats that LyX supports.
8917 \begin_layout Standard
8918 Besides supporting the production of different products according to the
8919 exported format, it supports tight integration with editing and viewing
8921 In the case of an XFig figure, you are able to invoke
8925 on the original file with a single click from within the external material
8926 dialog in LyX, and also preview the produced PostScript file with
8931 No more fiddling around with the command line and/or file browsers to locate
8932 and manipulate the original or produced files.
8933 In this way, you are finally able to take full advantage of the many different
8934 applications that are relevant to use when you write your documents, and
8935 ultimately be more productive.
8938 \begin_layout Section
8939 External material dialog
8942 \begin_layout Standard
8947 dialog is described in the
8956 \begin_layout Section
8960 \begin_layout Standard
8961 In this section, we should include some examples of use of the external
8963 Those examples could include:
8966 \begin_layout Itemize
8967 External raster images
8970 \begin_layout Itemize
8971 External XFig figures
8974 \begin_layout Itemize
8978 \begin_layout Itemize
8982 \begin_layout Itemize
8983 The use of makefiles
8986 \begin_layout Itemize
8987 Recursive external LyX templates
8990 \begin_layout Section
8991 The external template configuration file
8994 \begin_layout Standard
8995 It is relatively easy to add custom external template definitions to LyX.
8996 However, be aware this doing this in an careless manner most probably
9000 introduce an easily exploitable security hole.
9001 So before you do this, please read the discussion about security which
9005 \begin_layout Standard
9006 Having said that, we encourage you to submit any interesting templates that
9011 \begin_layout Standard
9012 The external templates are defined in the
9014 lib/external_templates
9017 You can place your own version in
9019 .lyx/external_templates
9024 \begin_layout Standard
9025 A typical template looks like this:
9028 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9032 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9033 GuiName "XFig: $$AbsOrRelPathParent$$Basename"
9036 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9040 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9044 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9048 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9052 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9056 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9057 AutomaticProduction true
9060 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9064 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9068 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9072 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9073 TransformCommand Rotate RotationLatexCommand
9076 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9077 TransformCommand Resize ResizeLatexCommand
9080 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9081 Product "$$RotateFront$$ResizeFront
9084 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9089 input{$$AbsOrRelPathMaster$$Basename.pstex_t}
9092 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9093 $$ResizeBack$$RotateBack"
9096 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9100 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9101 UpdateResult "$$AbsPath$$Basename.pstex_t"
9104 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9105 Requirement "graphicx"
9108 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9109 ReferencedFile latex "$$AbsOrRelPathMaster$$Basename.pstex_t"
9112 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9113 ReferencedFile latex "$$AbsPath$$Basename.eps"
9116 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9117 ReferencedFile dvi "$$AbsPath$$Basename.eps"
9120 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9124 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9128 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9129 TransformCommand Rotate RotationLatexCommand
9132 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9133 TransformCommand Resize ResizeLatexCommand
9136 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9137 Product "$$RotateFront$$ResizeFront
9140 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9145 input{$$AbsOrRelPathMaster$$Basename.pdftex_t}
9148 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9149 $$ResizeBack$$RotateBack"
9152 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9156 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9157 UpdateResult "$$AbsPath$$Basename.pdftex_t"
9160 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9161 Requirement "graphicx"
9164 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9165 ReferencedFile latex "$$AbsOrRelPathMaster$$Basename.pdftex_t"
9168 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9169 ReferencedFile latex "$$AbsPath$$Basename.pdf"
9172 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9176 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9180 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9181 Product "$$Contents(
9183 "$$AbsPath$$Basename.asc
9188 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9189 UpdateFormat asciixfig
9192 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9193 UpdateResult "$$AbsPath$$Basename.asc"
9196 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9200 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9204 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9205 Product "<graphic fileref=
9207 "$$AbsOrRelPathMaster$$Basename.eps
9212 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9216 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9220 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9221 UpdateResult "$$AbsPath$$Basename.eps"
9224 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9225 ReferencedFile docbook "$$AbsPath$$Basename.eps"
9228 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9229 ReferencedFile docbook-xml "$$AbsPath$$Basename.eps"
9232 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9236 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9240 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9241 Product "[XFig: $$FName]"
9244 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9248 \begin_layout LyX-Code
9252 \begin_layout Standard
9253 As you can see, the template is enclosed in
9257 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
9263 It contains a header specifying some general settings, and for each supported
9264 primary document file format a section
9268 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
9276 \begin_layout Subsection
9280 \begin_layout Description
9284 Template\InsetSpace ~
9288 A unique name for the template.
9289 It must not contain substitution macros (see below).
9292 \begin_layout Description
9296 GuiName\InsetSpace ~
9300 The text that is displayed on the button.
9301 This command must occur exactly once.
9304 \begin_layout Description
9308 HelpText\InsetSpace ~
9313 The help text that is used in the External dialog.
9314 Provide enough information to explain to the user just what the template
9315 can provide him with.
9316 This command must occur exactly once.
9319 \begin_layout Description
9323 InputFormat\InsetSpace ~
9327 The file format of the original file.
9328 This must be the name of a format that is known to LyX (see the
9333 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
9338 references:Conversion
9345 if the template can handle original files of more than one format.
9346 LyX will attempt to interrogate the file itself in order to deduce its
9347 format in this case.
9348 This command must occur exactly once.
9351 \begin_layout Description
9355 FileFilter\InsetSpace ~
9359 A glob pattern that is used in the file dialog to filter out the desired
9361 If there is more than one possible file extension (e.g.\InsetSpace ~
9370 ), use something like
9375 This command must occur exactly once.
9378 \begin_layout Description
9382 AutomaticProduction\InsetSpace ~
9386 Wether the file represented by the template must be generated by LyX.
9387 This command must occur exactly once.
9390 \begin_layout Description
9394 Transform\InsetSpace ~
9395 Rotate|Resize|Clip|Extra
9398 This command specifies which transformations are supported by this template.
9399 It may occur zero or more times.
9400 This command enables the corresponding tabs in the external dialog.
9405 command must have either a corresponding
9418 Otherwise the transformation will not be supported by that format.
9421 \begin_layout Subsection
9425 \begin_layout Description
9430 LaTeX|PDFLaTeX|PlainText|DocBook|LinuxDoc
9433 The primary document file format that this format definition is for.
9434 Not every template has a sensible representation in all document file formats.
9435 Please define nevertheless a
9439 section for all formats.
9440 Use a dummy text when no representation is available (see the LinuxDoc
9441 format in the example above).
9442 Then you can at least see a reference to the external material in the exported
9446 \begin_layout Description
9450 TransformCommand\InsetSpace ~
9452 RotationLatexCommand
9455 This command specifies that the built in LaTeX command should be used for
9457 This command may occur once or not at all.
9460 \begin_layout Description
9464 TransformCommand\InsetSpace ~
9469 This command specifies that the built in LaTeX command should be used for
9471 This command may occur once or not at all.
9474 \begin_layout Description
9478 TransformOption\InsetSpace ~
9483 This command specifies that rotation is done via an optional argument.
9484 This command may occur once or not at all.
9487 \begin_layout Description
9491 TransformOption\InsetSpace ~
9496 This command specifies that resizing is done via an optional argument.
9497 This command may occur once or not at all.
9500 \begin_layout Description
9504 TransformOption\InsetSpace ~
9509 This command specifies that clipping is done via an optional argument.
9510 This command may occur once or not at all.
9513 \begin_layout Description
9517 TransformOption\InsetSpace ~
9522 This command specifies that an extra optional argument is used.
9523 This command may occur once or not at all.
9526 \begin_layout Description
9530 Product\InsetSpace ~
9534 The text that is inserted in the exported document.
9535 This is actually the most important command and can be quite complex.
9536 This command must occur exactly once.
9539 \begin_layout Description
9543 UpdateFormat\InsetSpace ~
9547 The file format of the converted file.
9548 This must be the name of a format that is known to LyX (see the
9553 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
9558 references:Conversion
9561 This command must occur exactly once.
9564 \begin_layout Description
9568 UpdateResult\InsetSpace ~
9572 The file name of the converted file.
9573 The file name must be absolute.
9574 This command must occur exactly once.
9577 \begin_layout Description
9581 ReferencedFile\InsetSpace ~
9582 <format>\InsetSpace ~
9586 This command denotes files that are created by the conversion process and
9587 are needed for a particular export format.
9588 If the filename is relative, it is interpreted relative to the master document.
9589 This command may be given zero or more times.
9592 \begin_layout Description
9596 Requirement\InsetSpace ~
9600 The name of a required LaTeX package.
9601 The package is included via
9607 in the LaTeX preamble.
9608 This command may occur zero or more times.
9611 \begin_layout Description
9615 Preamble\InsetSpace ~
9619 This command specifies a preamble snippet that will be included in the
9621 It has to be defined using
9625 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
9631 This command may occur zero or more times.
9634 \begin_layout Description
9643 This command defines an additional macro
9656 itself may contain substitution macros.
9657 The advantage over using
9665 is that the substituted value of
9669 is sanitized so that it is a valid optional argument in the document format.
9670 This command may occur zero or more times.
9673 \begin_layout Subsection
9674 Preamble definitions
9677 \begin_layout Standard
9678 The external template configuration file may contain additional preamble
9679 definitions enclosed by
9683 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
9689 They can be used by the templates in the
9696 \begin_layout Section
9697 The substitution mechanism
9700 \begin_layout Standard
9701 When the external material facility invokes an external program, it is done
9702 on the basis of a command defined in the template configuration file.
9703 These commands can contain various macros that are expanded before execution.
9704 Execution always take place in the directory of the containing document.
9707 \begin_layout Standard
9708 Also, whenever external material is to be displayed, the name will be produced
9709 by the substitution mechanism, and most other commands in the template
9710 definition support substitution as well.
9713 \begin_layout Standard
9714 The available macros are the following:
9717 \begin_layout Description
9718 $$FName The filename of the file specified in the external material dialog.
9719 This is either an absolute name, or it is relative to the LyX document.
9722 \begin_layout Description
9723 $$Basename The filename without path and without the extension.
9726 \begin_layout Description
9727 $$Extension The file extension (including the dot).
9730 \begin_layout Description
9731 $$FPath The path part of
9735 (absolute name or relative to the LyX document).
9738 \begin_layout Description
9739 $$AbsPath The absolute file path.
9742 \begin_layout Description
9743 $$RelPathMaster The file path, relative to the master LyX document.
9746 \begin_layout Description
9747 $$RelPathParent The file path, relative to the LyX document.
9750 \begin_layout Description
9751 $$AbsOrRelPathMaster The file path, absolute or relative to the master LyX
9755 \begin_layout Description
9756 $$AbsOrRelPathParent The file path, absolute or relative to the LyX document.
9759 \begin_layout Description
9760 $$Tempname A name and full path to a temporary file which will be automatically
9761 deleted whenever the containing document is closed, or the external material
9765 \begin_layout Description
9767 \begin_inset Quotes eld
9771 \begin_inset Quotes erd
9774 ) This macro will expand to the contents of the file with the name
9781 \begin_layout Description
9782 $$Sysdir This macro will expand to the absolute path of the system directory.
9783 This is typically used to point to the various helper scripts that are
9787 \begin_layout Standard
9788 All path macros contain a trailing directory separator, so you can construct
9790 the absolute filename with
9792 $$AbsPath$$Basename$$Extension
9797 \begin_layout Standard
9798 The macros above are substituted in all commands unless otherwise noted.
9803 supports additionally the following substitutions if they are enabled by
9815 \begin_layout Description
9816 $$ResizeFront The front part of the resize command.
9819 \begin_layout Description
9820 $$ResizeBack The back part of the resize command.
9823 \begin_layout Description
9824 $$RotateFront The front part of the rotation command.
9827 \begin_layout Description
9828 $$RotateBack The back part of the rotation command.
9831 \begin_layout Standard
9832 The value string of the
9836 command supports additionally the following substitutions if they are enabled
9848 \begin_layout Description
9849 $$Clip The clip option.
9852 \begin_layout Description
9853 $$Extra The extra option.
9856 \begin_layout Description
9857 $$Resize The resize option.
9860 \begin_layout Description
9861 $$Rotate The rotation option.
9864 \begin_layout Standard
9865 You may ask why there are so many path macros.
9866 There are mainly two reasons:
9869 \begin_layout Standard
9870 First, relative and absolute file names should remain relative or absolute,
9872 Users may have reasons to prefer either form.
9873 Relative names are useful for portable documents that should work on different
9874 machines, for example.
9875 Absolute names may be required by some programs.
9878 \begin_layout Standard
9879 Second, LaTeX treats relative file names differently than LyX and other
9880 programs in nested included files.
9881 For LyX, a relative file name is always relative to the document that contains
9883 For LaTeX, it is always relative to the master document.
9884 These two definitions are identical if you have only one document, but
9885 differ if you have a master document that includes part documents.
9886 That means that relative filenames must be transformed when presented to
9888 Fortunately LyX does this automatically for you if you choose the right
9892 \begin_layout Standard
9893 So which path macro should be used in new template definitions? The rule
9897 \begin_layout Itemize
9902 if an absolute path is required.
9905 \begin_layout Itemize
9908 $$AbsOrRelPathMaster
9910 if the substituted string is some kind of LaTeX input.
9913 \begin_layout Itemize
9916 $$AbsOrRelPathParent
9918 in order to preserve the user's choice.
9921 \begin_layout Standard
9922 There are special cases where this rule does not work and e.g.\InsetSpace ~
9924 are needed, but normally it will work just fine.
9925 One example for such a case is the command
9927 ReferencedFile latex "$$AbsOrRelPathMaster$$Basename.pstex_t"
9929 in the XFig template above: We can't use the absolute name because the
9934 files needs the relative name in order to rewrite the file content.
9937 \begin_layout Section
9941 \begin_layout Standard
9942 \begin_inset Note Note
9945 \begin_layout Standard
9946 This section is outdated
9951 The external material feature interfaces with a lot of external programs
9952 and does so automatically, so we have to consider the security implications
9954 In particular, since you have the option of including your own filenames
9955 and/or parameter strings and those are expanded into a command, it seems
9956 that it would be possible to create a malicious document which executes
9957 arbitrary commands when a user views or prints the document.
9958 This is something we definately want to avoid.
9961 \begin_layout Standard
9962 However, since the external program commands are specified in the template
9963 configuration file only, there are no security issues if LyX is properly
9964 configured with safe templates only.
9965 This is so because the external programs are invoked with the
9969 -system call rather than the
9973 system-call, so it's not possible to execute arbitrary commands from the
9974 filename or parameter section via the shell.
9977 \begin_layout Standard
9978 This also implies that you are restricted in what command strings you can
9979 use in the external material templates.
9980 In particular, pipes and redirection are not readily available.
9981 This has to be so if LyX should remain safe.
9982 If you want to use some of the shell features, you should write a safe
9983 script to do this in a controlled manner, and then invoke the script from
9989 directory of the LyX installation, you can find a safe wrapper script
9991 general_command_wrapper.py
9993 that supports redirection of input and output.
9994 That can serve as an example for how to write safe template scripts.
9995 For a more advanced example that uses
9999 and friends, take a look at the
10006 \begin_layout Standard
10007 It is possible to design a template that interacts directly with the shell,
10008 but since this would allow a malicious user to execute arbitrary commands
10009 by writing clever filenames and/or parameters, we generally recommend that
10010 you only use safe scripts that work with the
10014 system call in a controlled manner.
10015 Of course, for use in a controlled environment, it can be tempting to just
10016 fall back to use ordinary shell scripts.
10017 If you do so, be aware that you
10021 provide an easily exploitable security hole in your system.
10022 Of course it stands to reason that such unsafe templates will never be
10023 included in the standard LyX distribution, although we do encourage people
10024 to submit new templates in the open source tradition.
10025 But LyX as shipped from the official distribution channels will never have
10029 \begin_layout Standard
10030 Including external material provides a lot of power, and you have to be
10031 careful not to introduce security hazards with this power.
10032 A subtle error in a single line in an innocent looking script can open
10033 the door to huge security problems.
10034 So if you do not fully understand the issues, we recommend that you consult
10035 a knowledgable security professional or the LyX development team if you
10036 have any questions about whether a given template is safe or not.
10037 And do this before you use it in an uncontrolled environment.
10040 \begin_layout Chapter
10044 \begin_layout Section
10048 \begin_layout Standard
10049 The LyX server is a method implemented in LyX that will enable other programs
10050 to talk to LyX, invoke LyX commands, and retrieve information about the
10051 LyX internal state.
10052 This is only intended for advanced users, but they should find it useful.
10055 \begin_layout Section
10056 Starting the LyX Server
10059 \begin_layout Standard
10060 The LyX server works through the use of a pair of named pipes.
10061 These are usually located in your home directory and have the names
10062 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10070 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10074 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10082 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10086 External programs write into
10090 and read back data from
10095 The stem of the pipe names can be defined in the
10100 ools\SpecialChar \menuseparator
10107 dialog, for example
10109 "/home/myhome/.lyxpipe"
10114 \begin_layout Standard
10123 ' to create the pipes.
10124 The above setting also has the effect of activating the LyX server.
10125 If one of the pipes already exists, LyX will assume that another LyX process
10126 is already running and will not start the server.
10127 To have several LyX processes with servers at the same time, you have to
10128 change the configuration between the start of the programs.
10131 \begin_layout Standard
10132 If you are developing a client program, you might find it useful to enable
10133 debugging information from the LyX server.
10134 Do this by starting LyX as
10136 lyx -dbg lyxserver.
10139 \begin_layout Standard
10140 Warning: if LyX crashes, it may not manage to remove the pipes; in this
10141 case you must remove them manually.
10142 If LyX starts and the pipes exist already, it will not start any server.
10145 \begin_layout Standard
10146 Other than this, there are a few points to consider:
10149 \begin_layout Itemize
10150 Both server and clients must run on UNIX or OS/2 machines.
10151 Communications between LyX on UNIX and clients on OS/2 or vice versa is
10152 not possible right now.
10155 \begin_layout Itemize
10156 On OS/2, only one client can connect to LyXServer at a time.
10159 \begin_layout Itemize
10160 On OS/2, clients must open inpipe with
10167 \begin_layout Standard
10168 You can find a complete example client written in C in the source distribution
10171 development/server_monitor.c
10176 \begin_layout Section
10177 Normal communication
10180 \begin_layout Standard
10181 To issue a LyX call, the client writes a line of ASCII text into the input
10183 This line has the following format:
10186 \begin_layout Quote
10200 \begin_layout Standard
10205 is a name that the client can choose arbitrarily.
10206 Its only use is that LyX will echo it if it sends an answer - so a client
10207 can dispatch results from different requesters.
10210 \begin_layout Standard
10215 is the function you want LyX to perform.
10216 It is the same as the commands you'd use in the minibuffer.
10219 \begin_layout Standard
10224 is an optional argument which is meaningful only to some functions (for
10226 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10230 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10233 which will insert the argument as text at the cursor position.)
10236 \begin_layout Standard
10237 The answer from LyX will arrive in the output pipe and be of the form
10240 \begin_layout Quote
10254 \begin_layout Standard
10263 are just echoed from the command request, while
10267 is more or less useful information filled according to how the command
10268 execution worked out.
10269 Some commands will return information about the internal state of LyX,
10271 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10275 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10278 , while other will return an empty data-response.
10279 This means that the command execution went fine.
10282 \begin_layout Standard
10283 In case of errors, the response from LyX will have this form
10286 \begin_layout Quote
10300 \begin_layout Standard
10305 should contain an explanation of why the command failed.
10308 \begin_layout Standard
10312 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10313 echo "LYXCMD:test:beginning-of-buffer:" >~/.lyxpipe.in
10316 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10317 echo "LYXCMD:test:get-xy:" >~/.lyxpipe.in
10319 read a <~/.lyxpipe.out
10324 \begin_layout Section
10328 \begin_layout Standard
10329 LyX can notify clients of events going on asynchronously.
10330 Currently it will only do this if the user binds a key sequence with the
10332 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10336 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10340 The format of the string LyX sends is as follows:
10343 \begin_layout Quote
10352 \begin_layout Standard
10357 is the printed representation of the key sequence that was actually typed
10361 \begin_layout Standard
10362 This mechanism can be used to extend LyX's command set and implement macros:
10363 bind some key sequence to
10364 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10368 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10371 , start a client that listens on the out pipe, dispatches the command according
10372 to the sequence and starts a function that may use LyX calls and LyX requests
10373 to issue a command or a series of commands to LyX.
10376 \begin_layout Section
10377 The simple LyX Server Protocol
10380 \begin_layout Standard
10381 LyX implements a simple protocol that can be used for session management.
10382 All messages are of the form
10385 \begin_layout Quote
10395 \begin_layout Standard
10401 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10405 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10409 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10413 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10418 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10422 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10425 is received from a client, LyX will report back to inform the client that
10426 it's listening to it's messages, while
10427 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10431 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10434 sent from LyX will inform clients that LyX is closing.
10437 \begin_layout Chapter
10442 \begin_layout Standard
10443 This appendix is a huge cross-reference to all the English language keybindings.
10444 Originally, we simply wanted to list all of the key bindings followed by
10445 the function it's bound to.
10446 That way, a user can look up a key to find out what it does.
10447 We then decided, what the hey, why not include the default toolbar and
10448 menu bindings, too.
10449 Please note this section is likely to be very out of date.
10452 \begin_layout Standard
10453 The form is really self-explanatory, but here are a few tips: all entries
10454 are arranged roughly alphabetically for a given modifier (
10463 For the general keyboard layout, simpler prefixes precede the more complex
10473 All entries were gleaned from the default user interface and binding files
10474 located in the directories
10476 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
10481 \SpecialChar \ldots{}
10484 ; they should be treated as the final word on the bindings.
10487 \begin_layout Standard
10488 As a final note, be aware that some window managers (such as FVWM) take
10489 control of some of the function keys or motion keys.
10494 is listed here as generating
10498 , but FVWM grabs it and uses it to change virtual desktops instead.
10499 Very annoying unless you instruct your window manager to stop intercepting
10503 \begin_layout Section
10507 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10511 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10515 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10519 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10520 Icon "buffer-write"
10523 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10524 Icon "buffer-print"
10527 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10531 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10535 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10539 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10543 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10547 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10551 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10555 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10559 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10563 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10567 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10571 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10575 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10576 Icon "footnote-insert"
10579 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10580 Icon "marginpar-insert"
10583 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10587 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10591 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10592 Icon "figure-insert"
10595 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10596 Icon "dialog-tabular-insert"
10599 \begin_layout LyX-Code
10603 \begin_layout Section
10607 \begin_layout Standard
10608 Note that the following bindings are for LyX with English menus.
10609 The second character of the binding depends on the menu language.
10611 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10619 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10622 is with German menus
10623 \begin_inset Quotes eld
10631 \begin_inset Quotes erd
10635 To find out the shortcuts of your language press the Meta (Alt)-key and
10636 press then the keys of the underlined characters of the menu names.
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11703 menu-separator-insert
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11714 hyphenation-point-insert
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11736 command-sequence math-insert ^;math-mode;
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11747 command-sequence math-insert _;math-mode;
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11774 file-insert-plaintext lines
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11945 layout-save-default
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11987 Layout\SpecialChar \menuseparator
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12462 layout ShortFoilhead
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12570 drop-layouts-choice
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12694 asterisk\InsetSpace ~
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12720 asterisk\InsetSpace ~
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12910 \begin_layout Standard
12911 These ones are kept for backwards compatibility, but only make sense on
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14019 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14030 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14041 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14052 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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14217 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14228 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14239 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14250 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14257 protected-space-insert
14261 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14272 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14283 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14294 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14301 buffer-new-template
14305 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14316 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14327 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14338 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14349 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14360 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14371 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14382 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14389 end-of-sentence-period-insert
14393 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14404 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14415 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14422 hyphenation-point-insert
14426 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14437 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14444 protected-space-insert
14448 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14459 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14470 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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14492 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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14536 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14547 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14558 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14569 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14580 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14591 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14602 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14613 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14620 word-delete-forward
14624 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14631 word-delete-backward
14635 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14646 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14657 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14668 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14679 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14686 paragraph-down-select
14690 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14701 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14708 buffer-begin-select
14712 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14719 word-backward-select
14723 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14730 word-forward-select
14734 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14741 paragraph-up-select
14745 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14756 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14763 break-paragraph-keep-layout
14767 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14778 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14789 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14800 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14811 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14822 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
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14866 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14877 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14887 \begin_layout Subsection
14893 \begin_layout Standard
14894 These are LyX keyboard definitions for mathematics, similar to those of
14898 \begin_layout Standard
14899 The bindings file and the present documentation were prepared by Serge Winitzki
14900 with assistance from Jean-Marc Lasgouttes.
14901 Version 1.3, for LyX 1.2.x and 1.3.x.
14904 \begin_layout Standard
14905 These definitions make it a lot easier to type equations without using the
14906 mouse, especially for people familiar with Scientific Word.
14907 The standard LyX bindings such as
14918 \begin_layout Standard
14919 Tip: to find the "LyX bind name" for a key, look at the status bar after
14920 typing some non-existent key combination.
14922 to find how "Ctrl-&" is referenced, press Ctrl-S and then Ctrl-&: the status
14923 bar shows "C-s S-C-ampersand." (This does not work in LyX 1.3.0!)
14927 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14936 -- Copy, cut, paste is as in Sciword,
14952 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
14961 -- Display equation toggle: type
14965 to insert a displayed formula (
14970 \begin_inset Quotes eld
14974 \begin_inset Quotes erd
14982 in a displayed formula to convert it back to an inline formula.
14986 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15001 to insert a fraction (
15006 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15010 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15014 You can also select an expression and type
15018 to convert it to the numerator of a fraction.
15027 end of the denominator will delete the numerator and convert the denominator
15032 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15044 \begin_inset Formula $\int$
15052 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15056 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15063 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15070 line-delete-forward
15072 -- Emacs-like binding: delete forward of cursor to end of line.
15076 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15085 -- A text/math toggle (
15090 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15094 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15097 ): switches to math in text mode, and also inserts roman text in math mode.
15107 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15111 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15118 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15127 -- Add/remove numbering in a single equation.
15131 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15140 -- Add/remove numbering at a line in equation arrays.
15143 \begin_layout Standard
15144 The above commands are toggles that control the numbering of equations (
15149 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15153 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15157 Note: when deleting a number in a labeled eqnarray, the label is not really
15158 removed (the TeX code becomes
15159 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15171 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15174 ) and this generates a (harmless) LaTeX warning.
15178 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15187 -- Open a new document.
15192 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15201 -- Insert a quote character " (
15206 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15210 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15215 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15219 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15222 double quote character that you get by default.
15226 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15237 -- Square root sign
15238 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt{x}$
15246 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15250 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15257 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15269 \begin_inset Formula $\sqrt[n]{x}$
15276 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15285 -- Another binding for a switch between the text and the math mode (
15290 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15294 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15298 Note that the roman text inserted in math mode is special.
15302 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15315 the selected text (text mode only, use things like
15331 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15340 -- W*ndows heritage.
15344 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15353 -- Close the current document (again, a W*ndows heritage).
15357 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15368 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15379 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15389 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15393 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15397 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15401 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15407 \begin_layout Standard
15408 Bracket delimiters: press
15412 -<bracket key> to insert a matching pair of delimiters.
15417 inserts a pair of parentheses
15418 \begin_inset Formula $\left[\right]$
15426 does the same thing.) It will switch to math mode if needed.
15427 The supported characters are ( [ { < |.
15428 It is the same to press the right or the left bracket.
15429 The corresponding delimiters are
15430 \begin_inset Formula $\left(\right)$
15434 \begin_inset Formula $\left[\right]$
15438 \begin_inset Formula $\left\{ \right\} $
15442 \begin_inset Formula $\left\langle \right\rangle $
15446 \begin_inset Formula $\left|\right|$
15451 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15455 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15458 and resize with their contents.
15459 Use Math Panel to get other or non-matching delimiters.
15460 Press backspace on the
15464 delimiter to remove both
15465 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15469 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15472 delimiters without removing their contents.
15476 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15485 -- for convenience, pressing
15499 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15510 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15521 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15532 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15543 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15554 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15561 math-delim langle rangle
15563 -- angular delimiters
15564 \begin_inset Formula $\left\langle \right\rangle $
15567 , not to confuse with ordinary < > signs.
15571 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15578 math-delim langle rangle
15581 \begin_layout Standard
15582 The bar bracket: on some keyboards (e.g.\InsetSpace ~
15583 some British ones), the bar character
15588 -something and on some wayward Unices to "brokenbar".
15589 So we define all of these keys as well.
15593 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15604 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15615 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15626 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15637 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15647 \begin_layout Standard
15648 Accents are in most cases
15652 -<accent key>, e.g.\InsetSpace ~
15666 for tilde (you also need to press
15672 \begin_inset Quotes eld
15684 \begin_inset Quotes erd
15688 Some accents work only in math mode and others only in text mode.
15692 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15701 -- overdot accent, ȧ (text mode only).
15705 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15717 \begin_inset Formula $\dot{a}$
15720 (math mode only -- in physics this denotes a first derivative).
15724 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15735 -- Vector accent over math
15736 \begin_inset Formula $\overrightarrow{x}$
15743 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15752 -- umlaut accent, ä (text mode only)
15756 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15767 -- double dot accent,
15768 \begin_inset Formula $\ddot{a}$
15771 (math mode only -- in physics this denotes a second derivative).
15772 To get a triple dot in math mode, use
15780 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15789 -- grave accent à (text mode only, use
15799 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15808 -- tilde accent ã (text mode only, use
15818 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15827 -- acute accent á (text mode only, use
15837 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15846 -- circumflex (caret) accent â (text mode only, use
15855 \begin_layout Standard
15857 The new key S-F2 for creating a LaTeX file seems handy.
15861 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15870 -- Save current document.
15874 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15881 buffer-export latex
15883 -- Write a LaTeX file for the current document.
15887 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15896 -- Find and replace dialog.
15900 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15917 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15930 to quit LyX is the W*ndows w*ndow manager's mnemonic.
15933 \begin_layout Standard
15942 are used to switch fonts.
15947 to switch back to the normal font.
15948 The non-default font switches
15956 all work as toggles.
15957 They also work on the whole word if you put the cursor in the middle of
15958 the word, or if you select some text.
15962 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15971 -- stop using any special font
15975 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
15992 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16009 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16026 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16040 (Used sometimes for people's names.)
16043 \begin_layout Standard
16049 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16053 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16060 key (useful e.g.\InsetSpace ~
16061 if the keyboard has no working
16068 \begin_layout Standard
16069 Here are some Sciword-inspired mnemonics for frequently used math symbols.
16070 Many symbols start with a
16079 cannot be itself bound to anything.
16083 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16095 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16099 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16103 \begin_inset Formula $\prime$
16107 This is frequently unnecessary: in most cases the normal apostrophe works
16110 \begin_inset Formula $x'+2x=0$
16113 , but in some cases this would generate a double superscript error in LaTeX.
16115 \begin_inset Formula $x^{\prime2}$
16119 \begin_inset Formula $x$
16122 prime squared) must be entered with the prime character.
16126 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16134 command-sequence math-superscript; math-insert
16138 -- Insert a prime as a superscript (see example above).
16142 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16151 -- Insert an upper index.
16158 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16167 -- Insert a lower index.
16174 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16186 -- Partial derivative symbol
16187 \begin_inset Formula $\partial$
16194 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16206 -- Summation symbol
16207 \begin_inset Formula $\sum$
16210 (not the same as the Greek letter uppercase Sigma
16211 \begin_inset Formula $\Sigma$
16214 because it can resize and allows smart upper/lower limits).
16218 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16231 \begin_inset Formula $\prod$
16234 (not the same as the Greek letter uppercase Pi,
16235 \begin_inset Formula $\Pi$
16242 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16255 \begin_inset Formula $\infty$
16262 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16275 \begin_inset Formula $\times$
16282 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16292 -- Insert a stacked array
16293 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{c}
16295 \end{array}\end{array}$
16299 (Frequently useful in formulae.)
16303 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16314 \begin_inset Formula $\times$
16318 \begin_inset Formula $\begin{array}{ccc}
16323 (Then you can modify its size using the
16325 Edit\SpecialChar \menuseparator
16332 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16345 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16349 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16353 \begin_inset Formula $\dagger$
16360 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16373 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16377 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16381 \begin_inset Formula $\equiv$
16388 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16400 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16403 Approximate equality
16404 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16408 \begin_inset Formula $\approx$
16415 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16427 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16431 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16435 \begin_inset Formula $\sim$
16442 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16454 \begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
16458 \begin_inset Formula $\lim_{x\rightarrow0}$
16465 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16477 \begin_inset Formula $\leq$
16484 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16495 -- Greater-or-equal
16496 \begin_inset Formula $\geq$
16503 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16516 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16520 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16524 \begin_inset Formula $\ll$
16527 (useful in physics)
16531 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16544 \begin_inset Quotes eld
16548 \begin_inset Quotes erd
16552 \begin_inset Formula $\gg$
16558 \begin_layout Subsection
16559 Standard math bindings
16563 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16577 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16589 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16601 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16615 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16627 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16639 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16653 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16665 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16677 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16689 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16703 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16717 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16731 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16745 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16759 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16773 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16785 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16799 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16811 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16823 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16835 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16847 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16861 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16873 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16885 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16897 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16905 math-delim langle rangle
16909 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16917 math-delim rangle langle
16921 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16933 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16947 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16960 \begin_layout Subsection
16965 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16977 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
16989 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
17001 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000
17013 \labelwidthstring 00.00.0000