1 %% LyX 2.4.0dev created this file. For more info, see https://www.lyx.org/.
2 %% Do not edit unless you really know what you are doing.
3 \documentclass[english]{beamer}
5 \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{lmss}
6 \renewcommand{\ttdefault}{lmtt}
7 \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
8 \usepackage[latin9]{inputenc}
9 \setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
10 \setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
13 \ifx\hypersetup\undefined
15 \hypersetup{unicode=true}
18 \hypersetup{unicode=true}
23 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% LyX specific LaTeX commands.
24 \providecommand{\LyX}{\texorpdfstring{\ensureascii{%
25 L\kern-.1667em\lower.25em\hbox{Y}\kern-.125emX\@}}{LyX}}
26 \DeclareRobustCommand*{\lyxarrow}{%
28 {\leavevmode\,$\triangleleft$\,\allowbreak}
29 {\leavevmode\,$\triangleright$\,\allowbreak}}
31 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Textclass specific LaTeX commands.
32 % this default might be overridden by plain title style
33 \newcommand\makebeamertitle{\frame{\maketitle}}%
34 % (ERT) argument for the TOC
36 \let\origtableofcontents=\tableofcontents
37 \def\tableofcontents{\@ifnextchar[{\origtableofcontents}{\gobbletableofcontents}}
38 \def\gobbletableofcontents#1{\origtableofcontents}
40 \providecommand{\shortcut}[1]{\mbox{\textsf{#1}}}
42 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% User specified LaTeX commands.
43 % We use the "Berkeley" theme with a 3.45em-wide side bar on the left
44 \usetheme[left,width=3.45em]{Berkeley}
51 \frametitle<presentation>{Contents}
58 \begin{frame}[<+->]{Purpose of the Beamer class}
60 With the \structure{Beamer} class, you can produce presentation slides,
63 \item are visually highly customizable
64 \item can be very well structured
65 \item can be constructed step-by-step (``overlay'' concept)
66 \item may contain different navigation paths (note that the slides contain
67 all sorts of hyperlinks)
68 \item use \LaTeX 's superb output quality
69 \item might embed multimedia content (audio, video)
70 \item can easily be transformed to accompanying material (such as an article-like
72 \item and much more \ldots{}
76 \begin{frame}{Purpose of this presentation}
80 \item describes some basic features of \structure{Beamer}
81 \item especially how they can be used with \LyX{}
83 For more general and comprehensive information on \structure{Beamer}
84 itself, please refer to the extensive class manual \cite{beamer-ug}
88 \section{Segments of a presentation}
89 \begin{frame}{The global structure}
91 A presentation usually consists of
94 \item slides that might be grouped to sections/parts
95 \item an appendix with additional information, such as a bibliography
97 We describe these global segments in what follows.
100 \begin{frame}{The title page}
102 Within \LyX , a title page is constructed by the layouts \structure{Title},
103 \structure{Subtitle}, \structure{Author}, \structure{Institute},
104 \structure{Date} and \structure{TitleGraphic}.
106 \item None of these elements is mandatory, but at least one must be given
107 \item The order of insertion does not matter (the real order is defined
108 in the \structure{Beamer} theme)
109 \item For \structure{Title}, \structure{Subtitle}, \structure{Author},
110 \structure{Institute} and \structure{Date}, you can define ``short''
111 forms via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Short Title\slash Date\slash\ldots}
112 These are used in the sidebar\slash heading (given the theme actually
113 provides a sidebar\slash heading)
114 \item If you select \structure{Title (Plain Frame)} instead of \structure{Title},
115 the title page will have no sidebar or heading
119 \begin{frame}{Slides/Frames}
121 Slides are called ``frames'' in \structure{Beamer}. Everything
122 inside a frame is put on one slide (which itself might consist of
125 \item Select the \structure{Frame} style to start a frame
126 \item The frame title is to be inserted in the ``Frame title'' inset,
127 which is automatically inserted for new frames or can be manually
128 inserted via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Frame Title}
129 \item Alternatively, you can also use the \structure{FrameTitle} layout,
130 which additionally offers a (rarely used) short frame title option,
131 and, more importantly, overlay options
132 \item A subtitle can be added via the \structure{FrameSubtitle} layout
133 \item Frame options (see \cite{beamer-ug} for the diverse options) are
134 inserted via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Frame Options}, overlay options
135 via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Overlay Specifications} and \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Default Overlay Specifications}
136 (we explain later what this is)
140 \begin{frame}<1-2>[label=myframe]{Frames can be repeated}
142 Frames can be repeated fully or only in terms of selected sub-slides,
143 multiple times at any later point of the presentation.
145 You just need to give the respective frame a label name via the frame
146 option ``label'' (as done here).
150 Then you can repeat this frame by means of the \structure{AgainFrame}
151 layout later in the presentation. Just enter the label name in the
152 \structure{AgainFrame} layout and specify, if required, which sub-slides
153 you want to be repeated via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Overlay Specifications}
154 (again, see below for the concept of ``overlays'').
156 \alert{Here's the proof!} (This text is only shown on sub-slide
157 3 which is itself only shown when this frame is repeated later on)
162 \begin{frame}{Keeping frames together}
164 \framesubtitle{Use nesting!}
166 \item Note that all frame content, if the style is not \structure{Frame},
167 must be nested to the frame environment (via \alert{Edit\lyxarrow Increase List Depth}
168 or \shortcut{Alt+Shift+Right}). This is done automatically if you
169 insert new frame paragraphs.
170 \item Nested content is marked by a red bar in the margin of the \LyX{} workarea
174 \item Non-nested content (such as this) will also be displayed in the presentation
175 (on a separate slide), but not properly aligned
176 \item So please avoid this
179 \begin{frame}{Separating frames}
181 \noindent Consecutive frames have to be separated from each other.
182 This is done by means of the \structure{Separator} inset, which can
183 be produced by hitting return in an empty Standard paragraph right
184 below the frame (see UserGuide, sec.~3.4.6).
187 There is a simple and much more convenient way to start a new frame:
188 Issue \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Separated Frame Below} (\shortcut{undefined}
189 if you are in a non-nested \structure{Frame} paragraph, or \shortcut{Alt+P Shift+Return},
190 respectively, if you are in a nested paragraph within the frame).
191 If you are in the frame heading, \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Separated Frame Above}
192 inserts a new, properly separated frame above the current one!
197 \againframe<3>{myframe}
199 \begin{frame}[plain]{Special frame types}
201 \LyX{} provides two special frame types:
203 \item \structure{Frame (plain)} is a frame without a sidebar/header (such
204 as this one). This is useful for slides with much content\slash wide
206 \item \structure{Frame (fragile)} is to be used if the frame consists of
207 ``fragile'' content, especially verbatim stuff such as program listings
209 If you want a fragile plain frame, pass the option ``plain'' to
210 a fragile frame or the option ``fragile'' to a plain frame.
213 \begin{frame}{Sectioning a presentation}
215 \item To group frames, you can use the usual sectioning commands (\structure{Section},
216 \structure{Subsection} etc.)
217 \item These are shown in the table of contents, the sidebar\slash header
218 (depending on the theme) and the article output (for ``article''
219 see below, the section on ``modes'')
223 \begin{frame}{Parts have special meaning}
225 \item You can also divide your presentation into \structure{Parts}. Note,
226 however, that parts behave differently in \structure{Beamer} than
227 in other document classes: a part is considered to be ``a little
228 `talk of its own' with its own table of contents, its own navigation
229 bars, and so on.'' \cite[sec.~10.3]{beamer-ug}
230 \item This means, for instance, that if you use parts, the table of contents
231 will only list the sections and subsections of the part that contains
232 this table of contents, and the sidebar\slash header will also only
233 show the sections of the current part.
237 \begin{frame}{Re-arranging frames}
240 Did you know that you can easily move and re-arrange whole frames
241 via the outliner (\alert{View\lyxarrow Outline Pane})?
243 Also, you can navigate to a specific frame via the \alert{Navigate}
248 \begin{frame}{The appendix}
250 \item Appendices might be useful for additional\slash reserve material.
251 The appendix is part of the presentation, but not shown in the table
252 of contents\slash sidebar\slash header
253 \item An appendix is inserted as usual in \LyX :
255 \item Use \alert{Document\lyxarrow Start Appendix Here} at the position
256 where the appendix should begin
258 \item Typical content of the appendix is the bibliography
260 \item You insert it as in all other \LyX{} classes, via the \structure{Bibliography}
261 style (see the bibliography at the end of this presentation as an
263 \item Note that you can also use Bib\TeX , although not all Bib\TeX{} styles
264 are prepared to work with \structure{Beamer}
270 \section{The overlay concept}
271 \begin{frame}{What are overlays?}
273 Basically, the overlay concept allows to change the slide content
274 dynamically. You can uncover things/text piecewise, fade out content,
275 highlight things, replace text, images etc.
278 \begin{itemize}[<+->]
279 \item Overlays are useful to build up slides as you speak
280 \item They help you to shift your audience's focus on specific things
281 \item And they help your audience to follow you
282 \item So use overlays! \alert<6>{Really, use them!}
286 \begin{frame}{Overlay types}
288 \structure{Beamer} provides many different overlay types. The most
291 \item [{Hidden~content:}] Stuff that is completely invisible up to a point
292 \item [{Covered~content:}] Stuff that is faded out (not completely invisible)
293 \item [{Highlighted~content:}] Stuff that is somehow emphasized at a certain
296 We give examples for these types in what follows, but begin with some
297 general remarks on overlay possibilities
300 \begin{frame}{General overlay/action possibilities}
302 Many \structure{Beamer} elements provide overlay settings. Basically,
303 you can define on which sub-slide(s) a given content appears (``2'',
304 ``2-4'', ``3-'', ``1,3'' etc.), or in which output mode (``presentation'',
307 \item In \LyX , these settings are generally accessible via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Overlay Specifications}
308 or \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Action Specifications}
313 ``Action'' is a more general concept, which does not only include
314 what we have called ``overlays'' (``on which sub-slide{[}s{]} is
315 this to be shown\slash hidden\slash highlighted''), but also tasks
316 such as ``only show this in the presentation, not on the handout''
317 or ``show this on the second screen only'' (so-called ``modes'').
321 \begin{alertblock}{Note to the \LaTeX{} aficionados}
323 The mentioned overlay/action settings conform to those command/environment
324 options embraced by\alert{\ <\ldots >} and \alert{{[}<\ldots >{]}}
325 in the \LaTeX{} output.
327 Note that \LyX{} adds those braces on export, so you must not enter
328 them yourself. In other words, enter ``1'' or ``+-'' to the overlay/action
329 insets, not ``<1>'' or ``{[}<+->{]}''!
334 \begin{frame}{An example}
336 Take for example a quote. In a \structure{Quote} environment, you
337 can specify the overlay settings via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Overlay Specifications}.
338 If you do this and enter ``2'', the quote will only appear on (sub-)slide
341 Fear no more the heat o\textquoteright{} the sun
343 Nor the furious winter\textquoteright s rages
345 Thou thy worldly task hast done
347 Home art gone, and ta\textquoteright en thy wages
349 This is how the concept works, basically.
352 \begin{frame}{Covering vs. hiding}
354 The difference between ``covering'' and ``hiding'' is that hidden
355 content is treated as if it isn't there, while covered content is
356 just covered (and the space is reserved). If we would have hidden
357 the quote on the last slide and not covered, it would only have taken
359 \begin{quote}<only@2>
360 Fear no more the heat o\textquoteright{} the sun
362 Nor the furious winter\textquoteright s rages
364 Thou thy worldly task hast done
366 Home art gone, and ta\textquoteright en thy wages
369 You can see how this text moves when the quote is un-hidden.
372 \begin{frame}{Coverage degrees}
374 \setbeamercovered{transparent}
376 \structure{Beamer} offers several degrees of ``coverage'', which
377 can be set via the command \alert{\textbackslash setbeamercovered}
378 either globally (for the whole presentation) or locally (e.\,g. for
379 a single frame, as here). By default, content is completely covered.
380 In ``transparent'' mode, you can see covered text greyed-out:
382 Fear no more the heat o\textquoteright{} the sun
384 Nor the furious winter\textquoteright s rages
386 Thou thy worldly task hast done
388 Home art gone, and ta\textquoteright en thy wages
390 Check the \structure{Beamer} manual for more possibilities.
393 \begin{frame}{Default overlay/action specifications vs.\\
394 (normal) overlay/action specifications}
396 \item For some environments (such as lists and also frames), you can set
397 ``default specifications'' additionally to normal overlay/action
398 specifications (or in the case of lists: ``overlay specifications''
399 for the whole list and ``item overlay specifications'' for singular
401 \item Default specifications apply to all content of the given environment,
402 if not individually specified otherwise
403 \item They use a placeholder syntax. E.\,g., ``+(1)-'' will uncover all
404 items in a list step by step (with a start offset of 1) if they have
405 no individual item specification:
406 \begin{itemize}[<+(1)->]
413 Please consult the \structure{Beamer} manual for details on this
418 \begin{frame}[<+->]{Default overlay/action specifications vs.\\
419 (normal) overlay/action specifications}
421 \noindent This frame uses a specific default overlay specification
423 which causes each overlay-aware paragraph \ldots{}
425 \item \ldots{} or list item \ldots{}
426 \item \ldots{} to appear \ldots{}
427 \item \ldots{} on a subsequent sub-slide \ldots{}
429 \begin{block}{A block}
431 \ldots{} one after the other
435 \begin{frame}[<alert@+>]{Default overlay/action specifications vs.\\
436 (normal) overlay/action specifications}
438 \noindent And this frame uses a specific default overlay specification
441 \item \ldots{} which causes each overlay-aware list item \ldots{}
442 \item \ldots{} to be highlighted \ldots{}
443 \item \ldots{} on respective sub-slides
449 The \structure{Pause} layout lets you mark a point where all following
450 content will be covered (by default for one slide, with regard to
451 the content preceding the pause):
463 By default, consecutive pauses also end consecutively.
465 Via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Pause Number}, however, you can specify
466 a specific sub-slide at which the given pause ends, independent from
467 the number of pauses inserted before this one.
470 \begin{frame}{Paragraph-wide overlays}
472 \structure{Beamer} and \LyX{} provide you with paragraph layouts whose
473 purpose it is to show/hide whole paragraphs or sequences of paragraphs
474 on specific slides. These are particularly:
475 \begin{uncoverenv}<2->
477 The \structure{Uncovered} layout which uncovers all content on the
478 specified slides \ldots{}
480 \item \ldots{} including nested paragraphs of other layout.
486 The \structure{Only} layout which un-hides content (note again how
487 the surrounding text ``moves'' when this gets visible).
493 And the \structure{Overprint} environment which lets you enter \ldots{}
496 \ldots{} alternative text taking a specific space on specified slides.
499 as demonstrated here.
502 \begin{frame}{Inline overlays}
504 \setbeamercovered{transparent}
506 \structure{Beamer} also supports inline overlays for text parts (as
507 opposed to whole paragraphs), which are accessible via \alert{Edit\lyxarrow Text Style}
510 \item You can \structure{uncover} \uncover<2->{text} on specific slides
511 \item You can make \visible<3->{text} \structure{visible} (which makes
512 a difference to ``uncover'' only with ``transparent'' coverage
513 setting, as used locally on this slide)
514 \item You can show \only<4->{text }\structure{only} on specific slides
515 \item You can make \invisible<5->{text} \structure{invisible}
516 \item And you can show \alt<6->{different}{\structure{alternative}} text
518 As for the paragraph layouts, the overlay settings can be accessed
519 via the \alert{Insert} menu.
522 \begin{frame}{Overlay-aware commands}
524 Many ``inline'' commands (also to be found at \alert{Edit\lyxarrow Text Style})
527 \item Thus, you can make for instance text on specific slides \emph<2>{emphasized},
528 \textbf<3>{bold}, shown in \alert<4>{alert} or \structure<5>{structure}
531 \begin{block}<6>{Tip}
533 Use these Emphasize and Bold insets (instead of the usual respective
534 font settings) also if you do not need overlay specifications. Due
535 to the way emphasized and bold is defined in \structure{Beamer},
536 normal emphasizing and boldface can lead to \LaTeX{} errors, e.\,g.
537 when used in section headings.
542 \section{Specific environments}
543 \begin{frame}{Specific environments}
545 Specific environments, particularly suited for presentations are:
547 \item Diverse ``blocks''
548 \item Theorem-style environments
551 We sketch them briefly in what follows.
554 \begin{frame}{Blocks}
556 Blocks can contain all sorts of information. We used them here for
557 ``tips'' and ``hints''. The class provides 3 pre-defined blocks
559 \begin{block}<2->{Block}
561 A general-purpose block
563 \begin{exampleblock}<3->{Example Block}
565 A block for ``examples''
567 \begin{alertblock}<4->{Alert Block}
569 And an ``alert'' block for important remarks.
573 \begin{frame}{Handling Blocks}
575 \item In \LyX , blocks have a similar user interface to frames, which means
578 \item Content inside blocks needs to be nested (if the paragraph layout
579 is not \structure{Block})
580 \item Consecutive blocks of the same type must be separated by the \structure{Separator}
582 \begin{block}<only@2>{Tip}
584 Use \alert{Edit\lyxarrow Start New Environment} (\shortcut{undefined})
585 to quickly start a new block from within a previous block!
588 \item Blocks are overlay-aware
592 \begin{frame}{Theorem-style environments}
594 \framesubtitle{(Theorem, Corollary, Definition, Definitions, Example, Examples,
597 Theorems look similar to blocks in the output, but they have a fixed
598 title (depending on the type).
610 Via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Additional Theorem Text}, you can add
611 some extra text to this fixed title
612 \begin{example}[a bad one!]
614 An example with additional text (brackets added automatically)
619 \begin{frame}{Columns}
621 Sometimes it is useful to divide a presentation into columns
624 \column{.4\textwidth}
626 To do this, first select \structure{Columns} (note the plural) to
631 \column{.4\textwidth}
633 And then, in the following paragraph, select \structure{Column} (singular)
634 to start a specific column
644 \item In the \structure{Column} (singular) environment, you need to specify
645 the width using \LaTeX{} syntax (but also something like ``3.5cm''
647 \item Any (singular) \structure{Column} must be nested to the (plural)
648 \structure{Columns}. Likewise, column content can be any paragraph
649 style that is nested to a singular \structure{Column}
654 \section{Short remarks on modes}
657 In \structure{Beamer} terms, a ``mode'' is a specific output route.
658 There are several modes for different purposes. We just want to highlight
661 \item The ``beamer'' mode
662 \item The ``presentation'' mode
663 \item The ``article'' mode
665 The beamer mode is the default. Unless explicitly specified otherwise,
666 your \structure{Beamer} document is in ``beamer'' mode.
669 \begin{frame}<presentation>{Switching Modes}
671 However, you can switch document parts, frames, headings and all ``action''-aware
672 environments to a different mode. For instance, we have switched this
673 frame to ``presentation'' mode.
675 \item What does this mean?
677 \item It means that this frame will only be visible in the presentation,
678 not in the accompanying ``article'', if you produce such an article
679 (we will elaborate on this a bit below)
684 \begin{frame}<article>{Switching Modes}
686 This frame will not be visible in the presentation, but only in the
687 article, since it is in ``article'' mode.
690 \begin{frame}{So what?}
692 This is actually pretty useful! You can set up a single document and
693 produce both a presentation and \textendash{} using the article mode
694 \textendash{} a handout.
696 \item And we mean a \emph{real}, useful handout, not one of those scaled
697 slide printouts that are so common nowadays (but if you insist, you
698 can produce one of those as well)
699 \item Modes allow you to add extra text to the handout or hide parts from
701 \item You can use for instance different graphics for the presentation and
703 \item and so on \ldots{}
707 \begin{frame}{Examples}
709 As said, many elements are mode-aware.
711 \item You can show particular text \only<presentation>{only in the presentation}\only<article>{only in the article}
712 via \alert{Edit\lyxarrow Text Style\lyxarrow Only}
714 \mode<article>{\begin{itemize}
715 \item Or put all sorts of complex contents via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Custom Insets\lyxarrow ArticleMode}
716 in an inset that will only be output in article mode
718 }\mode<presentation>{\begin{itemize}
719 \item Or put all sorts of complex contents via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Custom Insets\lyxarrow PresentationMode}
720 in an inset that will only be output in presentation mode
724 \item Or you can define that an \emph<presentation>{emphasizing} should
725 only apply to the presentation, \textbf<article>{a bold face} only
727 \item You can also show section headings or frame titles\slash subtitles
728 only in the presentation\slash article (like we do for the ``Contents''
729 and ``References'' frame titles in this presentation)
730 \item And much more of this sort \ldots{}
734 \begin{frame}{Setting up an article}
736 Setting up a beamer article with \LyX{} is easy.
738 \item Just create a new document with the class \structure{Beamer Article (Standard Class)}
739 or \structure{Beamer Article (KOMA-Script)}
740 \item Then add the presentation to this document as a child (via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow File\lyxarrow Child Document\ldots})
741 \item And that's it. Now you can produce the handout and the presentation
742 by compiling one of these two documents, while you only need to edit
743 one, namely the presentation
745 Check out the accompanying beamer-article example document for this
746 presentation. You can find it in the same folder as this document.
750 \section{Changing the look}
751 \begin{frame}{Themes}
753 \item \structure{Beamer} presentations are themeable. Themes determine
754 the colors used, the macro structure (use of sidebars, headlines etc.),
755 the fonts, the look of list items, blocks and in general the whole
756 look and feel of a presentation
757 \item \structure{Beamer} itself ships a number of different-looking themes
758 to chose from (we use the ``Berkeley'' theme in this presentation;
759 see \alert{Document\lyxarrow Settings\lyxarrow\LaTeX{} Preamble}
760 for how we activated and slightly tweaked the theme)
761 \item In addition to this standard set, you can get more themes from \href{http://www.ctan.org}{CTAN}
762 and other places at the Internet
763 \item If you still are not satisified or if you need a theme matching to
764 your University's or company's corporate design, the \structure{Beamer}
765 manual \cite{beamer-ug} explains how you can setup your own theme
769 \begin{frame}{Themes can be modified}
771 But you do not need to write a theme from scratch if you want to alter
774 \item Existing themes can be modified both in details and in major areas
775 (such as the coloring)
776 \item Consult the \structure{Beamer} manual \cite{beamer-ug} for details
781 \section{And more \ldots}
782 \begin{frame}{\ldots{} much more!}
784 Note that \structure{Beamer} can do much more than we have described
785 here. The \structure{Beamer} manual \cite{beamer-ug} provides a
786 comprehensive documentation.
788 Also, have a look at the \structure{Beamer} examples and templates
799 \frametitle<presentation>{References}
803 \begin{thebibliography}{1}
804 \bibitem{beamer-ug}Tantau, Till et al.:\newblock The beamer class.
805 \url{https://ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/beamer/doc/beameruserguide.pdf}.
806 \end{thebibliography}