1 %% LyX 2.4.0dev created this file. For more info, see https://www.lyx.org/.
2 %% Do not edit unless you really know what you are doing.
3 \documentclass[american,english]{beamer}
5 \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{lmss}
6 \renewcommand{\ttdefault}{lmtt}
7 \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
8 \usepackage[latin9]{inputenc}
9 \setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
10 \setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
13 \ifx\hypersetup\undefined
15 \hypersetup{unicode=true}
18 \hypersetup{unicode=true}
23 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% LyX specific LaTeX commands.
24 \providecommand{\LyX}{\texorpdfstring%
25 {L\kern-.1667em\lower.25em\hbox{Y}\kern-.125emX\@}
27 \DeclareRobustCommand*{\lyxarrow}{%
29 {\leavevmode\,$\triangleleft$\,\allowbreak}
30 {\leavevmode\,$\triangleright$\,\allowbreak}}
32 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Textclass specific LaTeX commands.
33 % this default might be overridden by plain title style
34 \newcommand\makebeamertitle{\frame{\maketitle}}%
35 % (ERT) argument for the TOC
37 \let\origtableofcontents=\tableofcontents
38 \def\tableofcontents{\@ifnextchar[{\origtableofcontents}{\gobbletableofcontents}}
39 \def\gobbletableofcontents#1{\origtableofcontents}
41 \providecommand{\shortcut}[1]{\mbox{\textsf{#1}}}
43 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% User specified LaTeX commands.
44 % We use the "Berkeley" theme with a 3.45em-wide side bar on the left
45 \usetheme[left,width=3.45em]{Berkeley}
52 \frametitle<presentation>{Contents}
59 \begin{frame}[<+->]{Purpose of the Beamer class}
61 With the \structure{Beamer} class, you can produce presentation slides,
64 \item are visually highly customizable
65 \item can be very well structured
66 \item can be constructed step-by-step (``overlay'' concept)
67 \item may contain different navigation paths (note that the slides contain
68 all sorts of hyperlinks)
69 \item use \LaTeX 's superb output quality
70 \item might embed multimedia content (audio, video)
71 \item can easily be transformed to accompanying material (such as an article-like
73 \item and much more \ldots{}
77 \begin{frame}{Purpose of this presentation}
81 \item describes some basic features of \structure{Beamer}
82 \item especially how they can be used with \LyX{}
84 For more general and comprehensive information on \structure{Beamer}
85 itself, please refer to the extensive class manual \cite{beamer-ug}
89 \section{Segments of a presentation}
90 \begin{frame}{The global structure}
92 A presentation usually consists of
95 \item slides that might be grouped to sections/parts
96 \item an appendix with additional information, such as a bibliography
98 We describe these global segments in what follows.
101 \begin{frame}{The title page}
103 Within \LyX , a title page is constructed by the layouts \structure{Title},
104 \structure{Subtitle}, \structure{Author}, \structure{Institute},
105 \structure{Date} and \structure{TitleGraphic}.
107 \item None of these elements is mandatory, but at least one must be given
108 \item The order of insertion does not matter (the real order is defined
109 in the \structure{Beamer} theme)
110 \item For \structure{Title}, \structure{Subtitle}, \structure{Author},
111 \structure{Institute} and \structure{Date}, you can define ``short''
112 forms via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Short Title\slash Date\slash\ldots}
113 These are used in the sidebar\slash heading (given the theme actually
114 provides a sidebar\slash heading)
115 \item If you select \structure{Title (Plain Frame)} instead of \structure{Title},
116 the title page will have no sidebar or heading
120 \begin{frame}{Slides/Frames}
122 Slides are called ``frames'' in \structure{Beamer}. Everything
123 inside a frame is put on one slide (which itself might consist of
126 \item Select the \structure{Frame} style to start a frame
127 \item The frame title is to be inserted in the ``Frame title'' inset,
128 which is automatically inserted for new frames or can be manually
129 inserted via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Frame Title}
130 \item Alternatively, you can also use the \structure{FrameTitle} layout,
131 which additionally offers a (rarely used) short frame title option,
132 and, more importantly, overlay options
133 \item A subtitle can be added via the \structure{FrameSubtitle} layout
134 \item Frame options (see \cite{beamer-ug} for the diverse options) are
135 inserted via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Frame Options}, overlay options
136 via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Overlay Specifications} and \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Default Overlay Specifications}
137 (we explain later what this is)
141 \begin{frame}<1-2>[label=myframe]{Frames can be repeated}
143 Frames can be repeated fully or only in terms of selected sub-slides,
144 multiple times at any later point of the presentation.
146 You just need to give the respective frame a label name via the frame
147 option ``label'' (as done here).
151 Then you can repeat this frame by means of the \structure{AgainFrame}
152 layout later in the presentation. Just enter the label name in the
153 \structure{AgainFrame} layout and specify, if required, which sub-slides
154 you want to be repeated via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Overlay Specifications}
155 (again, see below for the concept of ``overlays'').
157 \alert{Here's the proof!} (This text is only shown on sub-slide
158 3 which is itself only shown when this frame is repeated later on)
163 \begin{frame}{Keeping frames together}
165 \framesubtitle{Use nesting!}
167 \item Note that all frame content, if the style is not \structure{Frame},
168 must be nested to the frame environment (via \alert{Edit\lyxarrow Increase List Depth}
169 or \shortcut{\selectlanguage{american}%
170 Alt+Shift+Right\selectlanguage{english}%
171 }). This is done automatically if you insert new frame paragraphs.
172 \item Nested content is marked by a red bar in the margin of the \LyX{} workarea
176 \item Non-nested content (such as this) will also be displayed in the presentation
177 (on a separate slide), but not properly aligned
178 \item So please avoid this
181 \begin{frame}{Separating frames}
183 \noindent Consecutive frames have to be separated from each other.
184 This is done by means of the \structure{Separator} inset, which can
185 be produced by hitting return in an empty Standard paragraph right
186 below the frame (see UserGuide, sec.~3.4.6).
189 There is a simple and much more convenient way to start a new frame:
190 Issue \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Separated Frame Below} (\shortcut{undefined}
191 if you are in a non-nested \structure{Frame} paragraph, or \shortcut{\selectlanguage{american}%
192 Alt+P Shift+Return\selectlanguage{english}%
193 }, respectively, if you are in a nested paragraph within the frame).
194 If you are in the frame heading, \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Separated Frame Above}
195 inserts a new, properly separated frame above the current one!
200 \againframe<3>{myframe}
202 \begin{frame}[plain]{Special frame types}
204 \LyX{} provides two special frame types:
206 \item \structure{Frame (plain)} is a frame without a sidebar/header (such
207 as this one). This is useful for slides with much content\slash wide
209 \item \structure{Frame (fragile)} is to be used if the frame consists of
210 ``fragile'' content, especially verbatim stuff such as program listings
212 If you want a fragile plain frame, pass the option ``plain'' to
213 a fragile frame or the option ``fragile'' to a plain frame.
216 \begin{frame}{Sectioning a presentation}
218 \item To group frames, you can use the usual sectioning commands (\structure{Section},
219 \structure{Subsection} etc.)
220 \item These are shown in the table of contents, the sidebar\slash header
221 (depending on the theme) and the article output (for ``article''
222 see below, the section on ``modes'')
226 \begin{frame}{Parts have special meaning}
228 \item You can also divide your presentation into \structure{Parts}. Note,
229 however, that parts behave differently in \structure{Beamer} than
230 in other document classes: a part is considered to be ``a little
231 `talk of its own' with its own table of contents, its own navigation
232 bars, and so on.'' \cite[sec.~10.3]{beamer-ug}
233 \item This means, for instance, that if you use parts, the table of contents
234 will only list the sections and subsections of the part that contains
235 this table of contents, and the sidebar\slash header will also only
236 show the sections of the current part.
240 \begin{frame}{Re-arranging frames}
243 Did you know that you can easily move and re-arrange whole frames
244 via the outliner (\alert{View\lyxarrow Outline Pane})?
246 Also, you can navigate to a specific frame via the \alert{Navigate}
251 \begin{frame}{The appendix}
253 \item Appendices might be useful for additional\slash reserve material.
254 The appendix is part of the presentation, but not shown in the table
255 of contents\slash sidebar\slash header
256 \item An appendix is inserted as usual in \LyX :
258 \item Use \alert{Document\lyxarrow Start Appendix Here} at the position
259 where the appendix should begin
261 \item Typical content of the appendix is the bibliography
263 \item You insert it as in all other \LyX{} classes, via the \structure{Bibliography}
264 style (see the bibliography at the end of this presentation as an
266 \item Note that you can also use Bib\TeX , although not all Bib\TeX{} styles
267 are prepared to work with \structure{Beamer}
273 \section{The overlay concept}
274 \begin{frame}{What are overlays?}
276 Basically, the overlay concept allows to change the slide content
277 dynamically. You can uncover things/text piecewise, fade out content,
278 highlight things, replace text, images etc.
281 \begin{itemize}[<+->]
282 \item Overlays are useful to build up slides as you speak
283 \item They help you to shift your audience's focus on specific things
284 \item And they help your audience to follow you
285 \item So use overlays! \alert<6>{Really, use them!}
289 \begin{frame}{Overlay types}
291 \structure{Beamer} provides many different overlay types. The most
294 \item [{Hidden~content:}] Stuff that is completely invisible up to a point
295 \item [{Covered~content:}] Stuff that is faded out (not completely invisible)
296 \item [{Highlighted~content:}] Stuff that is somehow emphasized at a certain
299 We give examples for these types in what follows, but begin with some
300 general remarks on overlay possibilities
303 \begin{frame}{General overlay/action possibilities}
305 Many \structure{Beamer} elements provide overlay settings. Basically,
306 you can define on which sub-slide(s) a given content appears (``2'',
307 ``2-4'', ``3-'', ``1,3'' etc.), or in which output mode (``presentation'',
310 \item In \LyX , these settings are generally accessible via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Overlay Specifications}
311 or \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Action Specifications}
316 ``Action'' is a more general concept, which does not only include
317 what we have called ``overlays'' (``on which sub-slide{[}s{]} is
318 this to be shown\slash hidden\slash highlighted''), but also tasks
319 such as ``only show this in the presentation, not on the handout''
320 or ``show this on the second screen only'' (so-called ``modes'').
324 \begin{alertblock}{Note to the \LaTeX{} aficionados}
326 The mentioned overlay/action settings conform to those command/environment
327 options embraced by\alert{\ <\ldots >} and \alert{{[}<\ldots >{]}}
328 in the \LaTeX{} output.
330 Note that \LyX{} adds those braces on export, so you must not enter
331 them yourself. In other words, enter ``1'' or ``+-'' to the overlay/action
332 insets, not ``<1>'' or ``{[}<+->{]}''!
337 \begin{frame}{An example}
339 Take for example a quote. In a \structure{Quote} environment, you
340 can specify the overlay settings via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Overlay Specifications}.
341 If you do this and enter ``2'', the quote will only appear on (sub-)slide
344 Fear no more the heat o\textquoteright{} the sun
346 Nor the furious winter\textquoteright s rages
348 Thou thy worldly task hast done
350 Home art gone, and ta\textquoteright en thy wages
352 This is how the concept works, basically.
355 \begin{frame}{Covering vs. hiding}
357 The difference between ``covering'' and ``hiding'' is that hidden
358 content is treated as if it isn't there, while covered content is
359 just covered (and the space is reserved). If we would have hidden
360 the quote on the last slide and not covered, it would only have taken
362 \begin{quote}<only@2>
363 Fear no more the heat o\textquoteright{} the sun
365 Nor the furious winter\textquoteright s rages
367 Thou thy worldly task hast done
369 Home art gone, and ta\textquoteright en thy wages
372 You can see how this text moves when the quote is un-hidden.
375 \begin{frame}{Coverage degrees}
377 \setbeamercovered{transparent}
379 \structure{Beamer} offers several degrees of ``coverage'', which
380 can be set via the command \alert{\textbackslash setbeamercovered}
381 either globally (for the whole presentation) or locally (e.\,g. for
382 a single frame, as here). By default, content is completely covered.
383 In ``transparent'' mode, you can see covered text greyed-out:
385 Fear no more the heat o\textquoteright{} the sun
387 Nor the furious winter\textquoteright s rages
389 Thou thy worldly task hast done
391 Home art gone, and ta\textquoteright en thy wages
393 Check the \structure{Beamer} manual for more possibilities.
396 \begin{frame}{Default overlay/action specifications vs.\\
397 (normal) overlay/action specifications}
399 \item For some environments (such as lists and also frames), you can set
400 ``default specifications'' additionally to normal overlay/action
401 specifications (or in the case of lists: ``overlay specifications''
402 for the whole list and ``item overlay specifications'' for singular
404 \item Default specifications apply to all content of the given environment,
405 if not individually specified otherwise
406 \item They use a placeholder syntax. E.\,g., ``+(1)-'' will uncover all
407 items in a list step by step (with a start offset of 1) if they have
408 no individual item specification:
409 \begin{itemize}[<+(1)->]
416 Please consult the \structure{Beamer} manual for details on this
421 \begin{frame}[<+->]{Default overlay/action specifications vs.\\
422 (normal) overlay/action specifications}
424 \noindent This frame uses a specific default overlay specification
426 which causes each overlay-aware paragraph \ldots{}
428 \item \ldots{} or list item \ldots{}
429 \item \ldots{} to appear \ldots{}
430 \item \ldots{} on a subsequent sub-slide \ldots{}
432 \begin{block}{A block}
434 \ldots{} one after the other
438 \begin{frame}[<alert@+>]{Default overlay/action specifications vs.\\
439 (normal) overlay/action specifications}
441 \noindent And this frame uses a specific default overlay specification
444 \item \ldots{} which causes each overlay-aware list item \ldots{}
445 \item \ldots{} to be highlighted \ldots{}
446 \item \ldots{} on respective sub-slides
452 The \structure{Pause} layout lets you mark a point where all following
453 content will be covered (by default for one slide, with regard to
454 the content preceding the pause):
466 By default, consecutive pauses also end consecutively.
468 Via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Pause Number}, however, you can specify
469 a specific sub-slide at which the given pause ends, independent from
470 the number of pauses inserted before this one.
473 \begin{frame}{Paragraph-wide overlays}
475 \structure{Beamer} and \LyX{} provide you with paragraph layouts whose
476 purpose it is to show/hide whole paragraphs or sequences of paragraphs
477 on specific slides. These are particularly:
478 \begin{uncoverenv}<2->
480 The \structure{Uncovered} layout which uncovers all content on the
481 specified slides \ldots{}
483 \item \ldots{} including nested paragraphs of other layout.
489 The \structure{Only} layout which un-hides content (note again how
490 the surrounding text ``moves'' when this gets visible).
496 And the \structure{Overprint} environment which lets you enter \ldots{}
499 \ldots{} alternative text taking a specific space on specified slides.
502 as demonstrated here.
505 \begin{frame}{Inline overlays}
507 \setbeamercovered{transparent}
509 \structure{Beamer} also supports inline overlays for text parts (as
510 opposed to whole paragraphs), which are accessible via \alert{Edit\lyxarrow Text Style}
513 \item You can \structure{uncover} \uncover<2->{text} on specific slides
514 \item You can make \visible<3->{text} \structure{visible} (which makes
515 a difference to ``uncover'' only with ``transparent'' coverage
516 setting, as used locally on this slide)
517 \item You can show \only<4->{text }\structure{only} on specific slides
518 \item You can make \invisible<5->{text} \structure{invisible}
519 \item And you can show \alt<6->{different}{\structure{alternative}} text
521 As for the paragraph layouts, the overlay settings can be accessed
522 via the \alert{Insert} menu.
525 \begin{frame}{Overlay-aware commands}
527 Many ``inline'' commands (also to be found at \alert{Edit\lyxarrow Text Style})
530 \item Thus, you can make for instance text on specific slides \emph<2>{emphasized},
531 \textbf<3>{bold}, shown in \alert<4>{alert} or \structure<5>{structure}
534 \begin{block}<6>{Tip}
536 Use these Emphasize and Bold insets (instead of the usual respective
537 font settings) also if you do not need overlay specifications. Due
538 to the way emphasized and bold is defined in \structure{Beamer},
539 normal emphasizing and boldface can lead to \LaTeX{} errors, e.\,g.
540 when used in section headings.
545 \section{Specific environments}
546 \begin{frame}{Specific environments}
548 Specific environments, particularly suited for presentations are:
550 \item Diverse ``blocks''
551 \item Theorem-style environments
554 We sketch them briefly in what follows.
557 \begin{frame}{Blocks}
559 Blocks can contain all sorts of information. We used them here for
560 ``tips'' and ``hints''. The class provides 3 pre-defined blocks
562 \begin{block}<2->{Block}
564 A general-purpose block
566 \begin{exampleblock}<3->{Example Block}
568 A block for ``examples''
570 \begin{alertblock}<4->{Alert Block}
572 And an ``alert'' block for important remarks.
576 \begin{frame}{Handling Blocks}
578 \item In \LyX , blocks have a similar user interface to frames, which means
581 \item Content inside blocks needs to be nested (if the paragraph layout
582 is not \structure{Block})
583 \item Consecutive blocks of the same type must be separated by the \structure{Separator}
585 \begin{block}<only@2>{Tip}
587 Use \alert{Edit\lyxarrow Start New Environment} (\shortcut{undefined})
588 to quickly start a new block from within a previous block!
591 \item Blocks are overlay-aware
595 \begin{frame}{Theorem-style environments}
597 \framesubtitle{(Theorem, Corollary, Definition, Definitions, Example, Examples,
600 Theorems look similar to blocks in the output, but they have a fixed
601 title (depending on the type).
613 Via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Additional Theorem Text}, you can add
614 some extra text to this fixed title
615 \begin{example}[a bad one!]
617 An example with additional text (brackets added automatically)
622 \begin{frame}{Columns}
624 Sometimes it is useful to divide a presentation into columns
627 \column{.4\textwidth}
629 To do this, first select \structure{Columns} (note the plural) to
634 \column{.4\textwidth}
636 And then, in the following paragraph, select \structure{Column} (singular)
637 to start a specific column
647 \item In the \structure{Column} (singular) environment, you need to specify
648 the width using \LaTeX{} syntax (but also something like ``3.5cm''
650 \item Any (singular) \structure{Column} must be nested to the (plural)
651 \structure{Columns}. Likewise, column content can be any paragraph
652 style that is nested to a singular \structure{Column}
657 \section{Short remarks on modes}
660 In \structure{Beamer} terms, a ``mode'' is a specific output route.
661 There are several modes for different purposes. We just want to highlight
664 \item The ``beamer'' mode
665 \item The ``presentation'' mode
666 \item The ``article'' mode
668 The beamer mode is the default. Unless explicitly specified otherwise,
669 your \structure{Beamer} document is in ``beamer'' mode.
672 \begin{frame}<presentation>{Switching Modes}
674 However, you can switch document parts, frames, headings and all ``action''-aware
675 environments to a different mode. For instance, we have switched this
676 frame to ``presentation'' mode.
678 \item What does this mean?
680 \item It means that this frame will only be visible in the presentation,
681 not in the accompanying ``article'', if you produce such an article
682 (we will elaborate on this a bit below)
687 \begin{frame}<article>{Switching Modes}
689 This frame will not be visible in the presentation, but only in the
690 article, since it is in ``article'' mode.
693 \begin{frame}{So what?}
695 This is actually pretty useful! You can set up a single document and
696 produce both a presentation and \textendash{} using the article mode
697 \textendash{} a handout.
699 \item And we mean a \emph{real}, useful handout, not one of those scaled
700 slide printouts that are so common nowadays (but if you insist, you
701 can produce one of those as well)
702 \item Modes allow you to add extra text to the handout or hide parts from
704 \item You can use for instance different graphics for the presentation and
706 \item and so on \ldots{}
710 \begin{frame}{Examples}
712 As said, many elements are mode-aware.
714 \item You can show particular text \only<presentation>{only in the presentation}\only<article>{only in the article}
715 via \alert{Edit\lyxarrow Text Style\lyxarrow Only}
717 \mode<article>{\begin{itemize}
718 \item Or put all sorts of complex contents via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Custom Insets\lyxarrow ArticleMode}
719 in an inset that will only be output in article mode
721 }\mode<presentation>{\begin{itemize}
722 \item Or put all sorts of complex contents via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Custom Insets\lyxarrow PresentationMode}
723 in an inset that will only be output in presentation mode
727 \item Or you can define that an \emph<presentation>{emphasizing} should
728 only apply to the presentation, \textbf<article>{a bold face} only
730 \item You can also show section headings or frame titles\slash subtitles
731 only in the presentation\slash article (like we do for the ``Contents''
732 and ``References'' frame titles in this presentation)
733 \item And much more of this sort \ldots{}
737 \begin{frame}{Setting up an article}
739 Setting up a beamer article with \LyX{} is easy.
741 \item Just create a new document with the class \structure{Beamer Article (Standard Class)}
742 or \structure{Beamer Article (KOMA-Script)}
743 \item Then add the presentation to this document as a child (via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow File\lyxarrow Child Document\ldots})
744 \item And that's it. Now you can produce the handout and the presentation
745 by compiling one of these two documents, while you only need to edit
746 one, namely the presentation
748 Check out the accompanying beamer-article example document for this
749 presentation. You can find it in the same folder as this document.
753 \section{Changing the look}
754 \begin{frame}{Themes}
756 \item \structure{Beamer} presentations are themeable. Themes determine
757 the colors used, the macro structure (use of sidebars, headlines etc.),
758 the fonts, the look of list items, blocks and in general the whole
759 look and feel of a presentation
760 \item \structure{Beamer} itself ships a number of different-looking themes
761 to chose from (we use the ``Berkeley'' theme in this presentation;
762 see \alert{Document\lyxarrow Settings\lyxarrow\LaTeX{} Preamble}
763 for how we activated and slightly tweaked the theme)
764 \item In addition to this standard set, you can get more themes from \href{http://www.ctan.org}{CTAN}
765 and other places at the Internet
766 \item If you still are not satisified or if you need a theme matching to
767 your University's or company's corporate design, the \structure{Beamer}
768 manual \cite{beamer-ug} explains how you can setup your own theme
772 \begin{frame}{Themes can be modified}
774 But you do not need to write a theme from scratch if you want to alter
777 \item Existing themes can be modified both in details and in major areas
778 (such as the coloring)
779 \item Consult the \structure{Beamer} manual \cite{beamer-ug} for details
784 \section{And more \ldots}
785 \begin{frame}{\ldots{} much more!}
787 Note that \structure{Beamer} can do much more than we have described
788 here. The \structure{Beamer} manual \cite{beamer-ug} provides a
789 comprehensive documentation.
791 Also, have a look at the \structure{Beamer} examples and templates
802 \frametitle<presentation>{References}
806 \begin{thebibliography}{1}
807 \bibitem{beamer-ug}Tantau, Till et al.:\newblock The beamer class.
808 \url{https://ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/beamer/doc/beameruserguide.pdf}.
809 \end{thebibliography}