1 %% LyX 2.4.0dev created this file. For more info, see https://www.lyx.org/.
2 %% Do not edit unless you really know what you are doing.
3 \documentclass[english]{beamer}
5 \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{lmss}
6 \renewcommand{\ttdefault}{lmtt}
7 \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
8 \usepackage[latin9]{inputenc}
10 \setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
11 \setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
14 \ifx\hypersetup\undefined
16 \hypersetup{unicode=true}
19 \hypersetup{unicode=true}
24 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% LyX specific LaTeX commands.
25 \providecommand{\LyX}{\texorpdfstring{\ensureascii{%
26 L\kern-.1667em\lower.25em\hbox{Y}\kern-.125emX\@}}{LyX}}
27 \DeclareRobustCommand*{\lyxarrow}{%
29 {\leavevmode\,$\triangleleft$\,\allowbreak}
30 {\leavevmode\,$\triangleright$\,\allowbreak}}
32 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Textclass specific LaTeX commands.
33 % this default might be overridden by plain title style
34 \newcommand\makebeamertitle{\frame{\maketitle}}%
35 % (ERT) argument for the TOC
37 \let\origtableofcontents=\tableofcontents
38 \def\tableofcontents{\@ifnextchar[{\origtableofcontents}{\gobbletableofcontents}}
39 \def\gobbletableofcontents#1{\origtableofcontents}
41 \providecommand{\shortcut}[1]{\mbox{\textsf{#1}}}
43 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% User specified LaTeX commands.
44 % We use the "Berkeley" theme with a 3.45em-wide side bar on the left
45 \usetheme[left,width=3.45em]{Berkeley}
52 \frametitle<presentation>{Contents}
59 \begin{frame}[<+->]{Purpose of the Beamer class}
61 With the \structure{Beamer} class, you can produce presentation slides,
64 \item are visually highly customizable
65 \item can be very well structured
66 \item can be constructed step-by-step (``overlay'' concept)
67 \item may contain different navigation paths (note that the slides contain
68 all sorts of hyperlinks)
69 \item use \LaTeX 's superb output quality
70 \item might embed multimedia content (audio, video)
71 \item can easily be transformed to accompanying material (such as an article-like
73 \item and much more \ldots{}
77 \begin{frame}{Purpose of this presentation}
81 \item describes some basic features of \structure{Beamer}
82 \item especially how they can be used with \LyX{}
84 For more general and comprehensive information on \structure{Beamer}
85 itself, please refer to the extensive class manual \cite{beamer-ug}
89 \section{Segments of a presentation}
90 \begin{frame}{The global structure}
92 A presentation usually consists of
95 \item slides that might be grouped to sections/parts
96 \item an appendix with additional information, such as a bibliography
98 We describe these global segments in what follows.
101 \begin{frame}{The title page}
103 Within \LyX , a title page is constructed by the layouts \structure{Title},
104 \structure{Subtitle}, \structure{Author}, \structure{Institute},
105 \structure{Date} and \structure{TitleGraphic}.
107 \item None of these elements is mandatory, but at least one must be given
108 \item The order of insertion does not matter (the real order is defined
109 in the \structure{Beamer} theme)
110 \item For \structure{Title}, \structure{Subtitle}, \structure{Author},
111 \structure{Institute} and \structure{Date}, you can define ``short''
112 forms via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Short Title\slash Date\slash\ldots}
113 These are used in the sidebar\slash heading (given the theme actually
114 provides a sidebar\slash heading)
115 \item If you select \structure{Title (Plain Frame)} instead of \structure{Title},
116 the title page will have no sidebar or heading
120 \begin{frame}{Slides/Frames}
122 Slides are called ``frames'' in \structure{Beamer}. Everything
123 inside a frame is put on one slide (which itself might consist of
126 \item Select the \structure{Frame} style to start a frame
127 \item The frame title is to be inserted in the ``Frame title'' inset,
128 which is automatically inserted for new frames or can be manually
129 inserted via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Frame Title}
130 \item Alternatively, you can also use the \structure{FrameTitle} layout,
131 which additionally offers a (rarely used) short frame title option,
132 and, more importantly, overlay options
133 \item A subtitle can be added via the \structure{FrameSubtitle} layout
134 \item Frame options (see \cite{beamer-ug} for the diverse options) are
135 inserted via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Frame Options}, overlay options
136 via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Overlay Specifications} and \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Default Overlay Specifications}
137 (we explain later what this is)
141 \begin{frame}<1-2>[label=myframe]{Frames can be repeated}
143 Frames can be repeated fully or only in terms of selected sub-slides,
144 multiple times at any later point of the presentation.
146 You just need to give the respective frame a label name via the frame
147 option ``label'' (as done here).
151 Then you can repeat this frame by means of the \structure{AgainFrame}
152 layout later in the presentation. Just enter the label name in the
153 \structure{AgainFrame} layout and specify, if required, which sub-slides
154 you want to be repeated via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Overlay Specifications}
155 (again, see below for the concept of ``overlays'').
157 \alert{Here's the proof!} (This text is only shown on sub-slide
158 3 which is itself only shown when this frame is repeated later on)
163 \begin{frame}{Keeping frames together}
165 \framesubtitle{Use nesting!}
167 \item Note that all frame content, if the style is not \structure{Frame},
168 must be nested to the frame environment (via \alert{Edit\lyxarrow Increase List Depth}
169 or \shortcut{Alt+Shift+Right}). This is done automatically if you
170 insert new frame paragraphs.
171 \item Nested content is marked by a red bar in the margin of the \LyX{} workarea
175 \item Non-nested content (such as this) will also be displayed in the presentation
176 (on a separate slide), but not properly aligned
177 \item So please avoid this
180 \begin{frame}{Separating frames}
182 \noindent Consecutive frames have to be separated from each other.
183 This is done by means of the \structure{Separator} inset, which can
184 be produced by hitting return in an empty Standard paragraph right
185 below the frame (see UserGuide, sec.~3.4.6).
188 There is a simple and much more convenient way to start a new frame:
189 Issue \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Separated Frame Below} (\shortcut{undefined}
190 if you are in a non-nested \structure{Frame} paragraph, or \shortcut{Alt+P Shift+Return},
191 respectively, if you are in a nested paragraph within the frame).
192 If you are in the frame heading, \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Separated Frame Above}
193 inserts a new, properly separated frame above the current one!
198 \againframe<3>{myframe}
200 \begin{frame}[plain]{Special frame types}
202 \LyX{} provides two special frame types:
204 \item \structure{Frame (plain)} is a frame without a sidebar/header (such
205 as this one). This is useful for slides with much content\slash wide
207 \item \structure{Frame (fragile)} is to be used if the frame consists of
208 ``fragile'' content, especially verbatim stuff such as program listings
210 If you want a fragile plain frame, pass the option ``plain'' to
211 a fragile frame or the option ``fragile'' to a plain frame.
214 \begin{frame}{Sectioning a presentation}
216 \item To group frames, you can use the usual sectioning commands (\structure{Section},
217 \structure{Subsection} etc.)
218 \item These are shown in the table of contents, the sidebar\slash header
219 (depending on the theme) and the article output (for ``article''
220 see below, the section on ``modes'')
224 \begin{frame}{Parts have special meaning}
226 \item You can also divide your presentation into \structure{Parts}. Note,
227 however, that parts behave differently in \structure{Beamer} than
228 in other document classes: a part is considered to be ``a little
229 `talk of its own' with its own table of contents, its own navigation
230 bars, and so on.'' \cite[sec.~10.3]{beamer-ug}
231 \item This means, for instance, that if you use parts, the table of contents
232 will only list the sections and subsections of the part that contains
233 this table of contents, and the sidebar\slash header will also only
234 show the sections of the current part.
238 \begin{frame}{Re-arranging frames}
241 Did you know that you can easily move and re-arrange whole frames
242 via the outliner (\alert{View\lyxarrow Outline Pane})?
244 Also, you can navigate to a specific frame via the \alert{Navigate}
249 \begin{frame}{The appendix}
251 \item Appendices might be useful for additional\slash reserve material.
252 The appendix is part of the presentation, but not shown in the table
253 of contents\slash sidebar\slash header
254 \item An appendix is inserted as usual in \LyX :
256 \item Use \alert{Document\lyxarrow Start Appendix Here} at the position
257 where the appendix should begin
259 \item Typical content of the appendix is the bibliography
261 \item You insert it as in all other \LyX{} classes, via the \structure{Bibliography}
262 style (see the bibliography at the end of this presentation as an
264 \item Note that you can also use Bib\TeX , although not all Bib\TeX{} styles
265 are prepared to work with \structure{Beamer}
271 \section{The overlay concept}
272 \begin{frame}{What are overlays?}
274 Basically, the overlay concept allows to change the slide content
275 dynamically. You can uncover things/text piecewise, fade out content,
276 highlight things, replace text, images etc.
279 \begin{itemize}[<+->]
280 \item Overlays are useful to build up slides as you speak
281 \item They help you to shift your audience's focus on specific things
282 \item And they help your audience to follow you
283 \item So use overlays! \alert<6>{Really, use them!}
287 \begin{frame}{Overlay types}
289 \structure{Beamer} provides many different overlay types. The most
292 \item [{Hidden~content:}] Stuff that is completely invisible up to a point
293 \item [{Covered~content:}] Stuff that is faded out (not completely invisible)
294 \item [{Highlighted~content:}] Stuff that is somehow emphasized at a certain
297 We give examples for these types in what follows, but begin with some
298 general remarks on overlay possibilities
301 \begin{frame}{General overlay/action possibilities}
303 Many \structure{Beamer} elements provide overlay settings. Basically,
304 you can define on which sub-slide(s) a given content appears (``2'',
305 ``2-4'', ``3-'', ``1,3'' etc.), or in which output mode (``presentation'',
308 \item In \LyX , these settings are generally accessible via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Overlay Specifications}
309 or \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Action Specifications}
314 ``Action'' is a more general concept, which does not only include
315 what we have called ``overlays'' (``on which sub-slide{[}s{]} is
316 this to be shown\slash hidden\slash highlighted''), but also tasks
317 such as ``only show this in the presentation, not on the handout''
318 or ``show this on the second screen only'' (so-called ``modes'').
322 \begin{alertblock}{Note to the \LaTeX{} aficionados}
324 The mentioned overlay/action settings conform to those command/environment
325 options embraced by\alert{\ <\ldots >} and \alert{{[}<\ldots >{]}}
326 in the \LaTeX{} output.
328 Note that \LyX{} adds those braces on export, so you must not enter
329 them yourself. In other words, enter ``1'' or ``+-'' to the overlay/action
330 insets, not ``<1>'' or ``{[}<+->{]}''!
335 \begin{frame}{An example}
337 Take for example a quote. In a \structure{Quote} environment, you
338 can specify the overlay settings via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Overlay Specifications}.
339 If you do this and enter ``2'', the quote will only appear on (sub-)slide
342 Fear no more the heat o\textquoteright{} the sun
344 Nor the furious winter\textquoteright s rages
346 Thou thy worldly task hast done
348 Home art gone, and ta\textquoteright en thy wages
350 This is how the concept works, basically.
353 \begin{frame}{Covering vs. hiding}
355 The difference between ``covering'' and ``hiding'' is that hidden
356 content is treated as if it isn't there, while covered content is
357 just covered (and the space is reserved). If we would have hidden
358 the quote on the last slide and not covered, it would only have taken
360 \begin{quote}<only@2>
361 Fear no more the heat o\textquoteright{} the sun
363 Nor the furious winter\textquoteright s rages
365 Thou thy worldly task hast done
367 Home art gone, and ta\textquoteright en thy wages
370 You can see how this text moves when the quote is un-hidden.
373 \begin{frame}{Coverage degrees}
375 \setbeamercovered{transparent}
377 \structure{Beamer} offers several degrees of ``coverage'', which
378 can be set via the command \alert{\textbackslash setbeamercovered}
379 either globally (for the whole presentation) or locally (e.\,g. for
380 a single frame, as here). By default, content is completely covered.
381 In ``transparent'' mode, you can see covered text greyed-out:
383 Fear no more the heat o\textquoteright{} the sun
385 Nor the furious winter\textquoteright s rages
387 Thou thy worldly task hast done
389 Home art gone, and ta\textquoteright en thy wages
391 Check the \structure{Beamer} manual for more possibilities.
394 \begin{frame}{Default overlay/action specifications vs.\\
395 (normal) overlay/action specifications}
397 \item For some environments (such as lists and also frames), you can set
398 ``default specifications'' additionally to normal overlay/action
399 specifications (or in the case of lists: ``overlay specifications''
400 for the whole list and ``item overlay specifications'' for singular
402 \item Default specifications apply to all content of the given environment,
403 if not individually specified otherwise
404 \item They use a placeholder syntax. E.\,g., ``+(1)-'' will uncover all
405 items in a list step by step (with a start offset of 1) if they have
406 no individual item specification:
407 \begin{itemize}[<+(1)->]
414 Please consult the \structure{Beamer} manual for details on this
419 \begin{frame}[<+->]{Default overlay/action specifications vs.\\
420 (normal) overlay/action specifications}
422 \noindent This frame uses a specific default overlay specification
424 which causes each overlay-aware paragraph \ldots{}
426 \item \ldots{} or list item \ldots{}
427 \item \ldots{} to appear \ldots{}
428 \item \ldots{} on a subsequent sub-slide \ldots{}
430 \begin{block}{A block}
432 \ldots{} one after the other
436 \begin{frame}[<alert@+>]{Default overlay/action specifications vs.\\
437 (normal) overlay/action specifications}
439 \noindent And this frame uses a specific default overlay specification
442 \item \ldots{} which causes each overlay-aware list item \ldots{}
443 \item \ldots{} to be highlighted \ldots{}
444 \item \ldots{} on respective sub-slides
450 The \structure{Pause} layout lets you mark a point where all following
451 content will be covered (by default for one slide, with regard to
452 the content preceding the pause):
464 By default, consecutive pauses also end consecutively.
466 Via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Pause Number}, however, you can specify
467 a specific sub-slide at which the given pause ends, independent from
468 the number of pauses inserted before this one.
471 \begin{frame}{Paragraph-wide overlays}
473 \structure{Beamer} and \LyX{} provide you with paragraph layouts whose
474 purpose it is to show/hide whole paragraphs or sequences of paragraphs
475 on specific slides. These are particularly:
476 \begin{uncoverenv}<2->
478 The \structure{Uncovered} layout which uncovers all content on the
479 specified slides \ldots{}
481 \item \ldots{} including nested paragraphs of other layout.
487 The \structure{Only} layout which un-hides content (note again how
488 the surrounding text ``moves'' when this gets visible).
494 And the \structure{Overprint} environment which lets you enter \ldots{}
497 \ldots{} alternative text taking a specific space on specified slides.
500 as demonstrated here.
503 \begin{frame}{Inline overlays}
505 \setbeamercovered{transparent}
507 \structure{Beamer} also supports inline overlays for text parts (as
508 opposed to whole paragraphs), which are accessible via \alert{Edit\lyxarrow Text Style}
511 \item You can \structure{uncover} \uncover<2->{text} on specific slides
512 \item You can make \visible<3->{text} \structure{visible} (which makes
513 a difference to ``uncover'' only with ``transparent'' coverage
514 setting, as used locally on this slide)
515 \item You can show \only<4->{text }\structure{only} on specific slides
516 \item You can make \invisible<5->{text} \structure{invisible}
517 \item And you can show \alt<6->{different}{\structure{alternative}} text
519 As for the paragraph layouts, the overlay settings can be accessed
520 via the \alert{Insert} menu.
523 \begin{frame}{Overlay-aware commands}
525 Many ``inline'' commands (also to be found at \alert{Edit\lyxarrow Text Style})
528 \item Thus, you can make for instance text on specific slides \emph<2>{emphasized},
529 \textbf<3>{bold}, shown in \alert<4>{alert} or \structure<5>{structure}
532 \begin{block}<6>{Tip}
534 Use these Emphasize and Bold insets (instead of the usual respective
535 font settings) also if you do not need overlay specifications. Due
536 to the way emphasized and bold is defined in \structure{Beamer},
537 normal emphasizing and boldface can lead to \LaTeX{} errors, e.\,g.
538 when used in section headings.
543 \section{Specific environments}
544 \begin{frame}{Specific environments}
546 Specific environments, particularly suited for presentations are:
548 \item Diverse ``blocks''
549 \item Theorem-style environments
552 We sketch them briefly in what follows.
555 \begin{frame}{Blocks}
557 Blocks can contain all sorts of information. We used them here for
558 ``tips'' and ``hints''. The class provides 3 pre-defined blocks
560 \begin{block}<2->{Block}
562 A general-purpose block
564 \begin{exampleblock}<3->{Example Block}
566 A block for ``examples''
568 \begin{alertblock}<4->{Alert Block}
570 And an ``alert'' block for important remarks.
574 \begin{frame}{Handling Blocks}
576 \item In \LyX , blocks have a similar user interface to frames, which means
579 \item Content inside blocks needs to be nested (if the paragraph layout
580 is not \structure{Block})
581 \item Consecutive blocks of the same type must be separated by the \structure{Separator}
583 \begin{block}<only@2>{Tip}
585 Use \alert{Edit\lyxarrow Start New Environment} (\shortcut{undefined})
586 to quickly start a new block from within a previous block!
589 \item Blocks are overlay-aware
593 \begin{frame}{Theorem-style environments}
595 \framesubtitle{(Theorem, Corollary, Definition, Definitions, Example, Examples,
598 Theorems look similar to blocks in the output, but they have a fixed
599 title (depending on the type).
611 Via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Additional Theorem Text}, you can add
612 some extra text to this fixed title
613 \begin{example}[a bad one!]
615 An example with additional text (brackets added automatically)
620 \begin{frame}{Columns}
622 Sometimes it is useful to divide a presentation into columns
625 \column{.4\textwidth}
627 To do this, first select \structure{Columns} (note the plural) to
632 \column{.4\textwidth}
634 And then, in the following paragraph, select \structure{Column} (singular)
635 to start a specific column
645 \item In the \structure{Column} (singular) environment, you need to specify
646 the width using \LaTeX{} syntax (but also something like ``3.5cm''
648 \item Any (singular) \structure{Column} must be nested to the (plural)
649 \structure{Columns}. Likewise, column content can be any paragraph
650 style that is nested to a singular \structure{Column}
655 \section{Short remarks on modes}
658 In \structure{Beamer} terms, a ``mode'' is a specific output route.
659 There are several modes for different purposes. We just want to highlight
662 \item The ``beamer'' mode
663 \item The ``presentation'' mode
664 \item The ``article'' mode
666 The beamer mode is the default. Unless explicitly specified otherwise,
667 your \structure{Beamer} document is in ``beamer'' mode.
670 \begin{frame}<presentation>{Switching Modes}
672 However, you can switch document parts, frames, headings and all ``action''-aware
673 environments to a different mode. For instance, we have switched this
674 frame to ``presentation'' mode.
676 \item What does this mean?
678 \item It means that this frame will only be visible in the presentation,
679 not in the accompanying ``article'', if you produce such an article
680 (we will elaborate on this a bit below)
685 \begin{frame}<article>{Switching Modes}
687 This frame will not be visible in the presentation, but only in the
688 article, since it is in ``article'' mode.
691 \begin{frame}{So what?}
693 This is actually pretty useful! You can set up a single document and
694 produce both a presentation and \textendash{} using the article mode
695 \textendash{} a handout.
697 \item And we mean a \emph{real}, useful handout, not one of those scaled
698 slide printouts that are so common nowadays (but if you insist, you
699 can produce one of those as well)
700 \item Modes allow you to add extra text to the handout or hide parts from
702 \item You can use for instance different graphics for the presentation and
704 \item and so on \ldots{}
708 \begin{frame}{Examples}
710 As said, many elements are mode-aware.
712 \item You can show particular text \only<presentation>{only in the presentation}\only<article>{only in the article}
713 via \alert{Edit\lyxarrow Text Style\lyxarrow Only}
715 \mode<article>{\begin{itemize}
716 \item Or put all sorts of complex contents via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Custom Insets\lyxarrow ArticleMode}
717 in an inset that will only be output in article mode
719 }\mode<presentation>{\begin{itemize}
720 \item Or put all sorts of complex contents via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow Custom Insets\lyxarrow PresentationMode}
721 in an inset that will only be output in presentation mode
725 \item Or you can define that an \emph<presentation>{emphasizing} should
726 only apply to the presentation, \textbf<article>{a bold face} only
728 \item You can also show section headings or frame titles\slash subtitles
729 only in the presentation\slash article (like we do for the ``Contents''
730 and ``References'' frame titles in this presentation)
731 \item And much more of this sort \ldots{}
735 \begin{frame}{Setting up an article}
737 Setting up a beamer article with \LyX{} is easy.
739 \item Just create a new document with the class \structure{Beamer Article (Standard Class)}
740 or \structure{Beamer Article (KOMA-Script)}
741 \item Then add the presentation to this document as a child (via \alert{Insert\lyxarrow File\lyxarrow Child Document\ldots})
742 \item And that's it. Now you can produce the handout and the presentation
743 by compiling one of these two documents, while you only need to edit
744 one, namely the presentation
746 Check out the accompanying beamer-article example document for this
747 presentation. You can find it in the same folder as this document.
751 \section{Changing the look}
752 \begin{frame}{Themes}
754 \item \structure{Beamer} presentations are themeable. Themes determine
755 the colors used, the macro structure (use of sidebars, headlines etc.),
756 the fonts, the look of list items, blocks and in general the whole
757 look and feel of a presentation
758 \item \structure{Beamer} itself ships a number of different-looking themes
759 to chose from (we use the ``Berkeley'' theme in this presentation;
760 see \alert{Document\lyxarrow Settings\lyxarrow\LaTeX{} Preamble}
761 for how we activated and slightly tweaked the theme)
762 \item In addition to this standard set, you can get more themes from \href{http://www.ctan.org}{CTAN}
763 and other places at the Internet
764 \item If you still are not satisified or if you need a theme matching to
765 your University's or company's corporate design, the \structure{Beamer}
766 manual \cite{beamer-ug} explains how you can setup your own theme
770 \begin{frame}{Themes can be modified}
772 But you do not need to write a theme from scratch if you want to alter
775 \item Existing themes can be modified both in details and in major areas
776 (such as the coloring)
777 \item Consult the \structure{Beamer} manual \cite{beamer-ug} for details
782 \section{And more \ldots}
783 \begin{frame}{\ldots{} much more!}
785 Note that \structure{Beamer} can do much more than we have described
786 here. The \structure{Beamer} manual \cite{beamer-ug} provides a
787 comprehensive documentation.
789 Also, have a look at the \structure{Beamer} examples and templates
800 \frametitle<presentation>{References}
804 \begin{thebibliography}{1}
805 \bibitem{beamer-ug}Tantau, Till et al.:\newblock The beamer class.
806 \url{https://ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/beamer/doc/beameruserguide.pdf}.
807 \end{thebibliography}